El trastorno del espectro autista en la Unión Europea (ASDEU)
Resumen La mejora de los servicios de apoyo para las personas con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) y a sus familias en Europa requiere conocer su realidad epidemiológica, así como identificar las experiencias y procedimientos para la detección, diagnóstico, tratamiento y apoyo más eficaces y mejor valorados por los receptores de estos servicios. El proyecto “El Trastorno del Espectro Autista en la Unión Europea” (ASDEU) ha impulsado entre 2014 y 2018 un conjunto de estrategias de investigación que han permitido aplicar un modelo de salud pública sobre los TEA centrado en los métodos de estimación de la prevalencia, los programas de detección precoz y la mejora del diagnóstico y la intervención temprana. En este artículo se presenta un resumen de los resultados obtenidos, así como de las conclusiones principales. Se destaca la necesidad de contar con un sistema fiable de medición de la prevalencia de los TEA en la Unión Europea, siendo la versión metodológica más eficiente la basada en registros de TEA de base poblacional; así mismo se propone fortalecer las estrategias de detección para hacerla más sistemática a nivel poblacional; mejorar los procesos de diagnóstico para que sean más rápidos, incluyan información sobre las necesidades de apoyo de la persona e incorporen a las familias; y potenciar la intervención temprana con mayor participación de las familias y vinculación al entorno habitual del menor.
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ALTIERE, M. J. y KLUGE, S. von. (2009). Searching for acceptance: challenges encountered while raising a child with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 34(2), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250902845202
APA. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn (1.a ed., vol. 1-1). American Psychiatric Publishing.
BEJARANO-MARTÍN, Á., CANAL-BEDIA, R., MAGÁN-MAGANTO, M., FERNÁNDEZ-ÁLVAREZ, C., CILLEROS-MARTÍN, M. V., SÁNCHEZ-GÓMEZ, M. C., GARCÍA-PRIMO, P., ROSE-SWEENEY, M., BOILSON, A., LINERTOVÁ, R., ROEYERS, H., VAN DER PAELT, S., SCHENDEL, D., WARBERG, C., CRAMER, S., NARZISI, A., MURATORI, F., SCATTONI, M. L., MOILANEN, I., … y POSADA DE LA PAZ, M. (2019). Early detection, diagnosis and intervention services for young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union (ASDEU): family and professional perspectives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04253-0
BEJARANO-MARTÍN, Á., CANAL-BEDIA, R., MAGÁN-MAGANTO, M., FERNÁNDEZ-ÁLVAREZ, C., LÓA-JÓNSDÓTTIR, S., SAEMUNDSEN, E., VICENTE, A., CAFÉ, C., RASGA, C., GARCÍA-PRIMO, P. y POSADA, M. (2020). Efficacy of focused social and communication intervention practices for young children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 51, 430-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.01.004
BISHOP, S. L., RICHLER, J., CAIN, A. C. y LORD, C. (2007). Predictors of perceived negative impact in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112(6), 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[450:POPNII]2.0.CO;2
BLUTH, K., ROBERSON, P. N. E., BILLEN, R. M. y SAMS, J. M. (2013). A stress model for couples parenting children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and the introduction of a Mindfulness intervention. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 5(3), 194-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12015
BOILSON, A. M., STAINES, A., RAMÍREZ, A., POSADA, M. y SWEENEY, M. R. (2016). Operationalisation of the European protocol for autism prevalence (EPAP) for Autism Spectrum Disorder prevalence measurement in Ireland. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(9), 3054-3067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2837-y
CANU, D., VAN DER PAELT, S., CANAL-BEDIA, R., POSADA, M., VANVUCHELEN, M. y ROEYERS, H. (2020). Early non-social behavioural indicators of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD: a systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01487-7
CAÑETE, M., SÁNCHEZ, M.a C. y CORCHO, P. (2018). Necesidades de apoyo percibidas por padres de niños con autismo entre 2-5 años, en México. Siglo Cero, 49(3), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20184937593
CHIRI, G. y WARFIELD, M. E. (2012). Unmet need and problems accessing core health care services for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(5), 1081-1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0833-6
COMISIÓN EUROPEA. (2020). Servicio de Información Comunitario sobre Investigación y Desarrollo (CORDIS). https://cordis.europa.eu/es. Acceso el 01/06/2020.
CRANE, L., BATTY, R., ADEYINKA, H., GODDARD, L., HENRY, L. A. y HILL, E. L. (2018). Autism diagnosis in the United Kingdom: perspectives of autistic adults, parents and professionals. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 3761-3772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3639-1
CRANE, L., CHESTER, J. W., GODDARD, L., HENRY, L. A. y HILL, E. (2016). Experiences of autism diagnosis: a survey of over 1000 parents in the United Kingdom. Autism, 20(2), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315573636
DELOBEL-AYOUB, M., SAEMUNDSEN, E., GISSLER, M., EGO, A., MOILANEN, I., EBELING, H., RAFNSSON, V., KLAPOUSZCZAK, D., THORSTEINSSON, E., ARNALDSDÓTTIR, K. M., ROGE, B., ARNAUD, C. y SCHENDEL, D. (2020). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in 7-9-year-old children in Denmark, Finland, France and Iceland: a population-based registries approach within the ASDEU Project. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(3), 949-959. https://doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04328-y
DIVAN, G., VAJARATKAR, V., DESAI, M. U., STRIK?LIEVERS, L. y PATEL, V. (2012). Challenges, coping strategies, and unmet needs of families with a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Goa, India. Autism Research, 5(3), 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1225
FUENTES, J., BASURKO, A., ISASA, I., GALENDE, I., MUGUERZA, M. D., GARCÍA?PRIMO, P., GARCÍA, J., FERNÁNDEZ?ÁLVAREZ, C. J., CANAL?BEDIA, R. y POSADA DE LA PAZ, M. (2020). The ASDEU autism prevalence study in northern Spain. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01539-y
HAYES, S. A. y WATSON, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: a meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629-642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y
HEPBURN, S. L., DIGUISEPPI, C., ROSENBERG, S., KAPARICH, K., ROBINSON, C. y MILLER, L. (2008). Use of a teacher nomination strategy to screen for autism spectrum disorders in general education classrooms: a pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(2), 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0404-2
HODGETTS, S., ZWAIGENBAUM, L. y NICHOLAS, D. (2015). Profile and predictors of service needs for families of children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 19(6), 673-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314543531
HOWLIN, P., SAVAGE, S., MOSS, P., TEMPIER, A. y RUTTER, M. (2013). Cognitive and language skills in adults with autism: a 40-year follow-up. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, n/a–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12115
ISKROV, G., DECHEVA, G., POPOVA, E., STEFANOV, R. y POSADA DE LA PAZ, M. (2018). Prevalence study on autism spectrum disorders in Bulgaria. Redki Bolesti i Lekarstva Siratsi, 9(2), 8-12. [In Bulgarian]. doi: 10.36865/2018.v9i2.6
KOGAN, M. D., STRICKLAND, B. B., BLUMBERG, S. J., SINGH, G. K., PERRIN, J. M. y DYCK, P. C. van. (2008). A national profile of the health care experiences and family impact of Autism Spectrum Disorder among children in the United States, 2005-2006. Pediatrics, 122(6), e1149-e1158. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1057
KRAUSS, M. W., GULLEY, S., SCIEGAJ, M. y WELLS, N. (2003). Access to specialty medical care for children with mental retardation, autism, and other special health care needs. Mental Retardation, 41(5), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2003)41<329:ATSMCF>2.0.CO;2
LIPTAK, G. S., STUART, T. y AUINGER, P. (2006). Health care utilization and expenditures for children with autism: data from U.S. national samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7), 871-879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0119-9
MAGÁN-MAGANTO, M., BEJARANO-MARTÍN, Á., FERNÁNDEZ-ÁLVAREZ, C., NARZISI, A., GARCÍA-PRIMO, P., KAWA, R., POSADA, M. y CANAL-BEDIA, R. (2017). Early detection and intervention of ASD: a European overview. Brain Sciences, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7120159
MAGIATI, I., TAY, X. W. y HOWLIN, P. (2014). Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 73-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.11.002
MODABBERNIA, A., VELTHORST, E. y REICHENBERG, A. (2017). Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Molecular Autism, 8, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0121-4
MOH, T. A. y MAGIATI, I. (2012). Factors associated with parental stress and satisfaction during the process of diagnosis of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.011
NARZISI, A., COSTANZA, C., UMBERTO, B. y FILIPPO, M. (2014). Non-pharmacological treatments in Autism Spectrum Disorders: an overview on early interventions for pre-schoolers. Current Clinical Pharmacology, 9(1), 17-26.
NARZISI, A., POSADA, M., BARBIERI, F., CHERICONI, N., CIUFFOLINI, D., PINZINO, M., ROMANO, R., SCATTONI, M. L., TANCREDI, R., CALDERONI, S. y MURATORI, F. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a large Italian catchment area: a school-based population study within the ASDEU project. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 6, 29, e5. https://doi: 10.1017/S2045796018000483
ODOM, S. L., BOYD, B. A., HALL, L. J. y HUME, K. (2010). Evaluation of comprehensive treatment models for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(4), 425-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0825-1
OSBORNE, L. A., MCHUGH, L., SAUNDERS, J. y REED, P. (2008). A possible contra-indication for early diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Conditions: impact on parenting stress. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(4), 707-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2008.02.005
POSADA, M. y RAMÍREZ, R. (2008). Proposal for the European protocol for autism spectrum disorder prevalence (EPAP). http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_information/dissemination/diseases/docs/autism6.pdf
ROBINS, D. L., CASAGRANDE, K., BARTON, M., CHEN, C. M. A., DUMONT-MATHIEU, T. y FEIN, D. (2014). Validation of the modified checklist for autism in Toddlers, revised with follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F). Pediatrics, 133(1), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1813
ROBINS, D. L., FEIN, D., BARTON, M. L. y GREEN, J. A. (2001). The modified checklist for autism in Toddlers: an initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 131-144.
SACKETT, D. L., STRAUS, S. E., RICHARDSON, W. S., ROSENBERG, W. y HAYNES, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Churchill Livingstone.
THOMAS, R. E., SPRAGINS, W., MAZLOUM, G., CRONKHITE, M. y MARU, G. (2016). Rates of detection of developmental problems at the 18-month well-baby visit by family physicians’ using four evidence-based screening tools compared to usual care: a randomized controlled trial. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(3), 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12333
WANG, L., MANDELL, D. S., LAWER, L., CIDAV, Z. y LESLIE, D. L. (2013). Healthcare service use and costs for Autism Spectrum Disorder: a comparison between medicaid and private insurance. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(5), 1057-1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1649-y
WONG, C., ODOM, S. L., HUME, K. A., COX, A. W., FETTIG, A., KUCHARCZYK, S., BROCK, M. E., PLAVNICK, J. B., FLEURY, V. P. y SCHULTZ, T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 1951-1966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z
ZABLOTSKY, B., COLPE, L. J., PRINGLE, B. A., KOGAN, M. D., RICE, C. y BLUMBERG, S. J. (2017). Age of parental concern, diagnosis, and service initiation among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 122(1), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-122.1.49
APA. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn (1.a ed., vol. 1-1). American Psychiatric Publishing.
BEJARANO-MARTÍN, Á., CANAL-BEDIA, R., MAGÁN-MAGANTO, M., FERNÁNDEZ-ÁLVAREZ, C., CILLEROS-MARTÍN, M. V., SÁNCHEZ-GÓMEZ, M. C., GARCÍA-PRIMO, P., ROSE-SWEENEY, M., BOILSON, A., LINERTOVÁ, R., ROEYERS, H., VAN DER PAELT, S., SCHENDEL, D., WARBERG, C., CRAMER, S., NARZISI, A., MURATORI, F., SCATTONI, M. L., MOILANEN, I., … y POSADA DE LA PAZ, M. (2019). Early detection, diagnosis and intervention services for young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union (ASDEU): family and professional perspectives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04253-0
BEJARANO-MARTÍN, Á., CANAL-BEDIA, R., MAGÁN-MAGANTO, M., FERNÁNDEZ-ÁLVAREZ, C., LÓA-JÓNSDÓTTIR, S., SAEMUNDSEN, E., VICENTE, A., CAFÉ, C., RASGA, C., GARCÍA-PRIMO, P. y POSADA, M. (2020). Efficacy of focused social and communication intervention practices for young children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 51, 430-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.01.004
BISHOP, S. L., RICHLER, J., CAIN, A. C. y LORD, C. (2007). Predictors of perceived negative impact in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112(6), 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[450:POPNII]2.0.CO;2
BLUTH, K., ROBERSON, P. N. E., BILLEN, R. M. y SAMS, J. M. (2013). A stress model for couples parenting children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and the introduction of a Mindfulness intervention. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 5(3), 194-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12015
BOILSON, A. M., STAINES, A., RAMÍREZ, A., POSADA, M. y SWEENEY, M. R. (2016). Operationalisation of the European protocol for autism prevalence (EPAP) for Autism Spectrum Disorder prevalence measurement in Ireland. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(9), 3054-3067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2837-y
CANU, D., VAN DER PAELT, S., CANAL-BEDIA, R., POSADA, M., VANVUCHELEN, M. y ROEYERS, H. (2020). Early non-social behavioural indicators of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD: a systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01487-7
CAÑETE, M., SÁNCHEZ, M.a C. y CORCHO, P. (2018). Necesidades de apoyo percibidas por padres de niños con autismo entre 2-5 años, en México. Siglo Cero, 49(3), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20184937593
CHIRI, G. y WARFIELD, M. E. (2012). Unmet need and problems accessing core health care services for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(5), 1081-1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0833-6
COMISIÓN EUROPEA. (2020). Servicio de Información Comunitario sobre Investigación y Desarrollo (CORDIS). https://cordis.europa.eu/es. Acceso el 01/06/2020.
CRANE, L., BATTY, R., ADEYINKA, H., GODDARD, L., HENRY, L. A. y HILL, E. L. (2018). Autism diagnosis in the United Kingdom: perspectives of autistic adults, parents and professionals. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 3761-3772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3639-1
CRANE, L., CHESTER, J. W., GODDARD, L., HENRY, L. A. y HILL, E. (2016). Experiences of autism diagnosis: a survey of over 1000 parents in the United Kingdom. Autism, 20(2), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315573636
DELOBEL-AYOUB, M., SAEMUNDSEN, E., GISSLER, M., EGO, A., MOILANEN, I., EBELING, H., RAFNSSON, V., KLAPOUSZCZAK, D., THORSTEINSSON, E., ARNALDSDÓTTIR, K. M., ROGE, B., ARNAUD, C. y SCHENDEL, D. (2020). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in 7-9-year-old children in Denmark, Finland, France and Iceland: a population-based registries approach within the ASDEU Project. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(3), 949-959. https://doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04328-y
DIVAN, G., VAJARATKAR, V., DESAI, M. U., STRIK?LIEVERS, L. y PATEL, V. (2012). Challenges, coping strategies, and unmet needs of families with a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Goa, India. Autism Research, 5(3), 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1225
FUENTES, J., BASURKO, A., ISASA, I., GALENDE, I., MUGUERZA, M. D., GARCÍA?PRIMO, P., GARCÍA, J., FERNÁNDEZ?ÁLVAREZ, C. J., CANAL?BEDIA, R. y POSADA DE LA PAZ, M. (2020). The ASDEU autism prevalence study in northern Spain. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01539-y
HAYES, S. A. y WATSON, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: a meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629-642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y
HEPBURN, S. L., DIGUISEPPI, C., ROSENBERG, S., KAPARICH, K., ROBINSON, C. y MILLER, L. (2008). Use of a teacher nomination strategy to screen for autism spectrum disorders in general education classrooms: a pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(2), 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0404-2
HODGETTS, S., ZWAIGENBAUM, L. y NICHOLAS, D. (2015). Profile and predictors of service needs for families of children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 19(6), 673-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314543531
HOWLIN, P., SAVAGE, S., MOSS, P., TEMPIER, A. y RUTTER, M. (2013). Cognitive and language skills in adults with autism: a 40-year follow-up. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, n/a–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12115
ISKROV, G., DECHEVA, G., POPOVA, E., STEFANOV, R. y POSADA DE LA PAZ, M. (2018). Prevalence study on autism spectrum disorders in Bulgaria. Redki Bolesti i Lekarstva Siratsi, 9(2), 8-12. [In Bulgarian]. doi: 10.36865/2018.v9i2.6
KOGAN, M. D., STRICKLAND, B. B., BLUMBERG, S. J., SINGH, G. K., PERRIN, J. M. y DYCK, P. C. van. (2008). A national profile of the health care experiences and family impact of Autism Spectrum Disorder among children in the United States, 2005-2006. Pediatrics, 122(6), e1149-e1158. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1057
KRAUSS, M. W., GULLEY, S., SCIEGAJ, M. y WELLS, N. (2003). Access to specialty medical care for children with mental retardation, autism, and other special health care needs. Mental Retardation, 41(5), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2003)41<329:ATSMCF>2.0.CO;2
LIPTAK, G. S., STUART, T. y AUINGER, P. (2006). Health care utilization and expenditures for children with autism: data from U.S. national samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7), 871-879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0119-9
MAGÁN-MAGANTO, M., BEJARANO-MARTÍN, Á., FERNÁNDEZ-ÁLVAREZ, C., NARZISI, A., GARCÍA-PRIMO, P., KAWA, R., POSADA, M. y CANAL-BEDIA, R. (2017). Early detection and intervention of ASD: a European overview. Brain Sciences, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7120159
MAGIATI, I., TAY, X. W. y HOWLIN, P. (2014). Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 73-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.11.002
MODABBERNIA, A., VELTHORST, E. y REICHENBERG, A. (2017). Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Molecular Autism, 8, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0121-4
MOH, T. A. y MAGIATI, I. (2012). Factors associated with parental stress and satisfaction during the process of diagnosis of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.011
NARZISI, A., COSTANZA, C., UMBERTO, B. y FILIPPO, M. (2014). Non-pharmacological treatments in Autism Spectrum Disorders: an overview on early interventions for pre-schoolers. Current Clinical Pharmacology, 9(1), 17-26.
NARZISI, A., POSADA, M., BARBIERI, F., CHERICONI, N., CIUFFOLINI, D., PINZINO, M., ROMANO, R., SCATTONI, M. L., TANCREDI, R., CALDERONI, S. y MURATORI, F. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a large Italian catchment area: a school-based population study within the ASDEU project. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 6, 29, e5. https://doi: 10.1017/S2045796018000483
ODOM, S. L., BOYD, B. A., HALL, L. J. y HUME, K. (2010). Evaluation of comprehensive treatment models for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(4), 425-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0825-1
OSBORNE, L. A., MCHUGH, L., SAUNDERS, J. y REED, P. (2008). A possible contra-indication for early diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Conditions: impact on parenting stress. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(4), 707-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2008.02.005
POSADA, M. y RAMÍREZ, R. (2008). Proposal for the European protocol for autism spectrum disorder prevalence (EPAP). http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_information/dissemination/diseases/docs/autism6.pdf
ROBINS, D. L., CASAGRANDE, K., BARTON, M., CHEN, C. M. A., DUMONT-MATHIEU, T. y FEIN, D. (2014). Validation of the modified checklist for autism in Toddlers, revised with follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F). Pediatrics, 133(1), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1813
ROBINS, D. L., FEIN, D., BARTON, M. L. y GREEN, J. A. (2001). The modified checklist for autism in Toddlers: an initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 131-144.
SACKETT, D. L., STRAUS, S. E., RICHARDSON, W. S., ROSENBERG, W. y HAYNES, R. B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Churchill Livingstone.
THOMAS, R. E., SPRAGINS, W., MAZLOUM, G., CRONKHITE, M. y MARU, G. (2016). Rates of detection of developmental problems at the 18-month well-baby visit by family physicians’ using four evidence-based screening tools compared to usual care: a randomized controlled trial. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(3), 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12333
WANG, L., MANDELL, D. S., LAWER, L., CIDAV, Z. y LESLIE, D. L. (2013). Healthcare service use and costs for Autism Spectrum Disorder: a comparison between medicaid and private insurance. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(5), 1057-1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1649-y
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