The Social Dimension of Technology: The Control of Chemical and Biological Weapons
Abstract This paper deals with a number of conceptual issues that arise from attempts by governments and civil society to control the spread of chemical and biological weapons. The first part outlines key aspects of the international control of chemical and biological weapons, focusing on the main treaties that outlaw these weapons. It then highlights some of the key practical and conceptual dilemmas in implementing these controls. These are the problems of definition, ‘dual-use’, how distinguishing defensive from offensive research, verification, and difficulty of analyzing chemical and biological warfare from a cultural perspective. Also this second part contains a discussion of some of the author’s own research on the history of chemical and biological warfare, and adds some reflections on how this work might inform some of the contemporary practical issues in the control of chemical and biological warfare.The most obvious contribution that philosophers can (and do) make to the control of chemical and biological weapons is in the field of ethics; the author argues that other debates from philosophy of science, over terms such as tacit knowledge, ontology, underdetermination and feminist philosophy of science, have the potential to shed further light on the dilemmas facing the arms control community.
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Balmer, Brian (2001). Britain and Biological Warfare: Expert Advice and Science Policy, 1935-1965. Basingstoke: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230508095
BMA (1999). Biotechnology, Weapons and Humanity. Londres: British Medical Association.
Clunan, Anne, Lavoy, Peter R. y Martin, Susan B. (2008). Terrorism, War, or Disease? Unraveling the Use of Biological. Weapons, Stanford Security Studies, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Cole, Leonard A. (2003). The Anthrax Letters: A Medical Detective Story. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press.
Coleman, Kim (2005). A History of Chemical Warfare. Basingstoke: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501836
Dando, Malcolm R. (1994). Biological Warfare in the 21st Century. Londres: Brasseys.
Dando, Malcolm R. (2002). Preventing Biological Warfare: The Failure of American Leadership (Global Issues). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403907196
Guillemin, Jeanne (1999). Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520222045.001.0001
Guillemin, Jeanne (2011). American Anthrax: Fear, Crime and the Investigation of the Nation's Deadliest Bioterror Attack. N. York: Henry Holt.
Harris, Robert y Paxman, Jeremy (1982). A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Gas and Germ Warfare. Londres: Chatto and Windus.
Kenyon, Ian (2000). Chemical weapons in the twentieth century: their use and their control. The CBW Conventions Bulletin, 48, 1-15.
McLeish, Caitriona (2007). Reflecting on the Dual-Use Problem. En Brian Rappert y Caitriona McLeish (eds.), A Web of Prevention: Biological Weapons, Life Sciences and the Governance of Research (pp. 189-207). Londres: Earthscan.
McLeish, Caitriona y Balmer, Brian (2012). Development of the V-series nerve agents. En Jonathan B. Tucker (ed.), Innovation and Security: Preventing the Misuse of New Biological and Chemical Technologies (pp. 273-287). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Mayor, Adrienne (2003). Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Londres: Duckworth.
Miller, Judith, Engelberg, Stephen y Broad, William (2001). Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War. Londres: Simon and Schuster.
Reader, William J. (1975). Imperial Chemical Industries: A History. Vol. 2: The First Quarter-century, 1926-52. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Selgelid, Michael J. (2007). A tale of two studies: Ethics, bioterrorism and the censorship of science. Hastings Center Report, 37(3), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1353/hcr.2007.0046
Strauss, Harlee y King, Jonathan (1986). The fallacy of defensive biological weapons programmes. En Geissler, Erhard (ed.), Biological and Toxin Weapons Today (pp. 66-73). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tucker, Jonathan B. (1994). Dilemmas of a Dual-Use Technology: Toxins in Medicine and Warfare. Politics and the Life Sciences, 13(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0730938400022218
Tucker, Jonathan B. (2007). War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda. N. York: Anchor Books.
Walker, John R. (2012). Britain and Disarmament: The UK and Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Weapons Arms Control and Programmes, 1956-1975. Farnham: Ashgate.
Wheelis, Mark, Rózsa, Lajos y Dando, Malcolm R. (eds.) (2006). Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
BMA (1999). Biotechnology, Weapons and Humanity. Londres: British Medical Association.
Clunan, Anne, Lavoy, Peter R. y Martin, Susan B. (2008). Terrorism, War, or Disease? Unraveling the Use of Biological. Weapons, Stanford Security Studies, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Cole, Leonard A. (2003). The Anthrax Letters: A Medical Detective Story. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press.
Coleman, Kim (2005). A History of Chemical Warfare. Basingstoke: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501836
Dando, Malcolm R. (1994). Biological Warfare in the 21st Century. Londres: Brasseys.
Dando, Malcolm R. (2002). Preventing Biological Warfare: The Failure of American Leadership (Global Issues). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403907196
Guillemin, Jeanne (1999). Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520222045.001.0001
Guillemin, Jeanne (2011). American Anthrax: Fear, Crime and the Investigation of the Nation's Deadliest Bioterror Attack. N. York: Henry Holt.
Harris, Robert y Paxman, Jeremy (1982). A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Gas and Germ Warfare. Londres: Chatto and Windus.
Kenyon, Ian (2000). Chemical weapons in the twentieth century: their use and their control. The CBW Conventions Bulletin, 48, 1-15.
McLeish, Caitriona (2007). Reflecting on the Dual-Use Problem. En Brian Rappert y Caitriona McLeish (eds.), A Web of Prevention: Biological Weapons, Life Sciences and the Governance of Research (pp. 189-207). Londres: Earthscan.
McLeish, Caitriona y Balmer, Brian (2012). Development of the V-series nerve agents. En Jonathan B. Tucker (ed.), Innovation and Security: Preventing the Misuse of New Biological and Chemical Technologies (pp. 273-287). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Mayor, Adrienne (2003). Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Londres: Duckworth.
Miller, Judith, Engelberg, Stephen y Broad, William (2001). Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War. Londres: Simon and Schuster.
Reader, William J. (1975). Imperial Chemical Industries: A History. Vol. 2: The First Quarter-century, 1926-52. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Selgelid, Michael J. (2007). A tale of two studies: Ethics, bioterrorism and the censorship of science. Hastings Center Report, 37(3), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1353/hcr.2007.0046
Strauss, Harlee y King, Jonathan (1986). The fallacy of defensive biological weapons programmes. En Geissler, Erhard (ed.), Biological and Toxin Weapons Today (pp. 66-73). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tucker, Jonathan B. (1994). Dilemmas of a Dual-Use Technology: Toxins in Medicine and Warfare. Politics and the Life Sciences, 13(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0730938400022218
Tucker, Jonathan B. (2007). War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda. N. York: Anchor Books.
Walker, John R. (2012). Britain and Disarmament: The UK and Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Weapons Arms Control and Programmes, 1956-1975. Farnham: Ashgate.
Wheelis, Mark, Rózsa, Lajos y Dando, Malcolm R. (eds.) (2006). Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Balmer, B. (2020). The Social Dimension of Technology: The Control of Chemical and Biological Weapons. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 9(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2020916176
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