La cientifización de la raza: el carácter pseudocientífico de las disciplinas
Resumen La naturalización de la raza y los intentos por parte de ciertas disciplinas científicas de elaborar una jerarquización racial forman parte de la historia de la ciencia. En este artículo se analizan disciplinas que pertenecen al denominado “racismo científico” para justificar su carácter pseudocientífico tanto desde una perspectiva diacrónica como desde una perspectiva sincrónica, prestando especial atención a la utilización que en ellas se hace de un concepto esencialista de raza. En primer lugar, se abordan criterios para identificar las pseudociencias, así como rasgos que estas presentan. A continuación, se someten a análisis las disciplinas objeto de estudio, incidiendo en los momentos de transición de unas a otras. Tras ello se concluye que las disciplinas estudiadas fueron afectadas por prejuicios y una fuerte ideología racial que repercuten directamente en su estatus pseudocientífico.
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Giménez-Roldán, Santiago (2016). Paul Broca's search for Basque skulls: The full story. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 25(4), 371-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2014.886811
Gobineau, Arthur de (1915). The Inequiality of Human Races. London: William Heinemann.
Goode, Erich (2013). Paranormalism and Pseudoscience as Deviance. En M. Pigliucci y M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience (pp. 145-164). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226051826.003.0009
Gómez Rodríguez, Amparo (2004). La estirpe maldita: la construcción científica de lo femenino. Madrid: Minerva Ediciones.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). The Mismeasure of Man (Revised and Expanded). Nueva York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Gregory, Jane y Miller, Steven (1998). Science in Public: Communication, Culture and Credibility. Cambridge: Basic Books.
Hansson, Sven O. (2013). Defining Pseudoscience and Science. En M. Pigliucci y M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience (pp. 61-77). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Jahoda, Gustav (2009). Intra-European Racism in Nineteenth-Century Anthropology. History and Anthropology, 20(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757200802654258
Kaufman, Matthew H. (1998). The Edinburgh Phrenological Debate of 1823 Held in the Royal Medical Society. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 11(4), 377-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0911-6044(98)00025-6
Lapouge, Georges Vacher de (1899). L'Aryen: Son Role Social. París: Albert Fontemoing.
Lapouge, Georges Vacher de (1909). Race et Milieu Social : Essais d'Anthroposociologie. Paris: Marcel Riviére.
Laudan, Larry (1983). The Demise of the Demarcation Problem. En R. S. Cohen y L. Laudan (Eds.), Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (vol. 76). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7055-7_6
Lieberman, Leonard (2001). How "Caucasoids" Got Such Big Crania and Why They Shrank. Current Anthropology, 42(1), 69-95. https://doi.org/10.1086/318434
Lombroso, Cesare (1911). Crime: Its Causes and Remedies. London: William Heinemann.
Lombroso, Cesare (2006). Criminal Man. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822387800
López Cerezo, José Antonio y Luján López, José Luis (1989). El artefacto de la inteligencia. Barcelona, España: Anthropos.
Lyons, Sherrie (1998). Science or Pseudoscience: Phrenology as a Cautionary Tale for Evolutionary Psychology. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 41(4), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1998.0027
Nott, Josiah C. y Gliddon, George R. (1854). Types of Mankind. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
Ripley, William Z. (1915). The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study. New York: D. Appleton & Company.
Sakalauskait?-Juodeikien?, Egl?, Eling, Paul y Finger, Stanley (2017). The reception of Gall's organology in early-nineteenth-century Vilnius. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 26(4), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2017.1332561
Shapin, Steven (1975). Phrenological Knowledge and the Social Structure of Early Nineteenth-Century Edinburgh. Annals of Science, 32(3), 219-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00033797500200261
Shermer, Michael (2013). Science and Pseudoscience: The Difference in Practice and the Difference it Makes. En M. Pigliucci y M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience (pp. 121-144). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Sysling, Fenneke (2018). Science and self-assessment: phrenological charts 1840-1940. British Society for the History of Science, 51(2), 261-280. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087418000055
Thomassen, Jacob L. y Beierholm, Simon (2020). Franz Joseph Gall came to Copenhagen, and for a brief moment the brain was the talk of the town. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29(1), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2019.1684777
Thurs, Daniel P. y Numbers, Ronald L. (2013). Science, Pseudoscience, and Science Falsely So-Called. En M. Pigliucci y M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience (pp. 121-144). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226051826.003.0008
Van Wyhe, John (2004). Was Phrenology a Reform Science? Towards a New Generalization for Phrenology. History of Science, 42, 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/007327530404200303
Whitaker, Harry y Jarema, Gonia (2017). The split between Gall and Spurzheim (1813-1818). Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 26(2), 216-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2016.1204807
Fabian, Ann (2010). The Skull Collectors: Race, Science, and America's Unburied Dead. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226233499.001.0001
Giménez-Roldán, Santiago (2016). Paul Broca's search for Basque skulls: The full story. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 25(4), 371-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2014.886811
Gobineau, Arthur de (1915). The Inequiality of Human Races. London: William Heinemann.
Goode, Erich (2013). Paranormalism and Pseudoscience as Deviance. En M. Pigliucci y M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience (pp. 145-164). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226051826.003.0009
Gómez Rodríguez, Amparo (2004). La estirpe maldita: la construcción científica de lo femenino. Madrid: Minerva Ediciones.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). The Mismeasure of Man (Revised and Expanded). Nueva York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Gregory, Jane y Miller, Steven (1998). Science in Public: Communication, Culture and Credibility. Cambridge: Basic Books.
Hansson, Sven O. (2013). Defining Pseudoscience and Science. En M. Pigliucci y M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience (pp. 61-77). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Jahoda, Gustav (2009). Intra-European Racism in Nineteenth-Century Anthropology. History and Anthropology, 20(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757200802654258
Kaufman, Matthew H. (1998). The Edinburgh Phrenological Debate of 1823 Held in the Royal Medical Society. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 11(4), 377-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0911-6044(98)00025-6
Lapouge, Georges Vacher de (1899). L'Aryen: Son Role Social. París: Albert Fontemoing.
Lapouge, Georges Vacher de (1909). Race et Milieu Social : Essais d'Anthroposociologie. Paris: Marcel Riviére.
Laudan, Larry (1983). The Demise of the Demarcation Problem. En R. S. Cohen y L. Laudan (Eds.), Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (vol. 76). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7055-7_6
Lieberman, Leonard (2001). How "Caucasoids" Got Such Big Crania and Why They Shrank. Current Anthropology, 42(1), 69-95. https://doi.org/10.1086/318434
Lombroso, Cesare (1911). Crime: Its Causes and Remedies. London: William Heinemann.
Lombroso, Cesare (2006). Criminal Man. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822387800
López Cerezo, José Antonio y Luján López, José Luis (1989). El artefacto de la inteligencia. Barcelona, España: Anthropos.
Lyons, Sherrie (1998). Science or Pseudoscience: Phrenology as a Cautionary Tale for Evolutionary Psychology. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 41(4), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1998.0027
Nott, Josiah C. y Gliddon, George R. (1854). Types of Mankind. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
Ripley, William Z. (1915). The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study. New York: D. Appleton & Company.
Sakalauskait?-Juodeikien?, Egl?, Eling, Paul y Finger, Stanley (2017). The reception of Gall's organology in early-nineteenth-century Vilnius. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 26(4), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2017.1332561
Shapin, Steven (1975). Phrenological Knowledge and the Social Structure of Early Nineteenth-Century Edinburgh. Annals of Science, 32(3), 219-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00033797500200261
Shermer, Michael (2013). Science and Pseudoscience: The Difference in Practice and the Difference it Makes. En M. Pigliucci y M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience (pp. 121-144). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Sysling, Fenneke (2018). Science and self-assessment: phrenological charts 1840-1940. British Society for the History of Science, 51(2), 261-280. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087418000055
Thomassen, Jacob L. y Beierholm, Simon (2020). Franz Joseph Gall came to Copenhagen, and for a brief moment the brain was the talk of the town. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29(1), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2019.1684777
Thurs, Daniel P. y Numbers, Ronald L. (2013). Science, Pseudoscience, and Science Falsely So-Called. En M. Pigliucci y M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience (pp. 121-144). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226051826.003.0008
Van Wyhe, John (2004). Was Phrenology a Reform Science? Towards a New Generalization for Phrenology. History of Science, 42, 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/007327530404200303
Whitaker, Harry y Jarema, Gonia (2017). The split between Gall and Spurzheim (1813-1818). Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 26(2), 216-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2016.1204807
Martínez González, C. (2020). La cientifización de la raza: el carácter pseudocientífico de las disciplinas. Artefactos. Revista De Estudios Filosóficos Sobre Ciencia Y Tecnología, 9(2), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.14201/art202092526
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