Cuando los partidos políticos se encuentran con sus votantes: un análisis de los vínculos políticos a través de las redes partidarias y las expectativas distributivas en Argentina y Chile
Resumen Este artículo propone un nuevo método comparado para el estudio de los vínculos entre los partidos políticos y los electores. Visto desde los electores, la principal distinción entre los partidos clientelares y los programáticos se encuentra en el modo de acceso a los beneficios públicos. En el primer caso, partidos clientelares, las redes partidarias median en el acceso a los beneficios públicos. En el segundo caso, partidos programáticos, los beneficiarios son definidos por el gobierno mediante política pública y el acceso a los mismos es independiente de las redes de distribución partidarias. Por medio de una novedosa metodología para medir redes partidarias, este artículo muestra que diferentes mecanismos de acceso a los beneficios moldean las expectativas distributivas de los votantes y la naturaleza de su vínculo con los partidos políticos. El método utiliza encuestas originales de Argentina y Chile y muestra la variación en los vínculos entre los partidos políticos y los votantes, midiendo la variación al interior de los países así como entre países.
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SCHMIDT, Steffen W. Friends, followers and factions: a reader in political clientelism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1959280
STOKES, Susan. C. Perverse accountability: A formal model of machine politics with evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review, 2005, vol. 99 (3): 315-325.
STOKES, Susan C. Political Clientelism. En GOODIN, Robert E. Oxford Handbooks of political science. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007: 648-672.
SZWARCBERG, Mariela. Counting Heads and Votes: Authoritarian and Democratic Strategies of Electoral Mobilization in Argentina. Paper presentado en Annual meeting of the MPSA Annual National Conference. Palmer House Hotel, Hilton, Chicago, IL, 2008.
SZWARCBERG, Mariela. Uncertainty, Political Clientelism, and Voter Turnout in Latin America: Why Parties Conduct Rallies in Argentina. Comparative Politics, 2012, vol. 45 (1): 88-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041512802822851
UJHELYI, Gergely y CALVO, Ernesto. Political Screening: Theory and Evidence from the Argentine Public Sector. Working Paper. University of Houston.
WEITZ-SHAPIRO, Rebecca. Partisanship and Protest: The Politics of Workfare Distribution in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, 2006, vol. 41 (3): 122-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lar.2006.0051
WEITZ-SHAPIRO, Rebecca. Choosing clientelism: political competition, poverty and social welfare policy in Argentina. PhD Dissertation. New York City, 2008.
WELLHOFER, Spencer. The Political Incorporation of the Newly Enfranchised Voter Organizational Encapsulation and Socialist-Labor-Party Development. Western Political Quarterly, 1981, vol. 34 (3): 399-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/447219
ZHENG, Tian; SALGANIK, Matthew y GELMAN, Andrew. How many people do you know in Prison?: using overdispersion in count data to estimate social structure in networks. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 2006, vol. 101 (474): 409-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/016214505000001168
BAU AEDO, Catalina. Experiencias exitosas en la profesionalización de la función pública en América Latina. El caso Chile. En Foro Iberoamericano: Revitalización de la administración pública. Estrategias para la Implantación de la Carta Iberoamericana de la Función Pública. México, 2005.
BRUSCO, Valeria; NAZARENO, Marcelo y STOKES, Susan C. Vote Buying in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, 2004, vol. 39 (2): 66-88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lar.2004.0022
COX, Gary W. Swing Voters, Core Voters and Distributive Politics. En SHAPIRO, Ian; STOKES, Susan; WOOD, Elizabeth y KIRSHNER, Alexander (eds.). Political Representation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009: 342-357.
COX, Gary W. y MCCUBBINS, Mathew D. Electoral Politics as a Redistributive Game. The Journal of Politics, 1986, vol. 48 (2): 370-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2131098
DÍAZ-CAYEROS, Alberto. Electoral risk and redistributive politics in Mexico and the United States. Studies in Comparative International Development, 2008, vol. 43 (2): 129-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12116-008-9020-1
DIXIT, Avinash y LONDREGAN, John. The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics. The Journal of Politics, 1996, vol. 58 (4): 1132-1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2960152
GELMAN, Andrew y HILL, Jennifer. Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models, Analytical methods for social research. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
GIRAUDI, Agustina. The Distributive Politics of Emergency Employment Programs in Argentina (1993-2002). Latin American Research Review, 2007, vol. 42 (2): 33-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lar.2007.0021
HUNEEUS, Carlos. The Pinochet regime. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007.
KEEFER, Philip y VLAICU, Razvan. Democracy, credibility, and clientelism. Journal of Law Economics & Organization, 2008, vol. 24 (2): 371-406.
KEMAHLIOGLU, Ozge. When the agent becomes the boss: the politics of public employment in Argentina and Turkey. Phd Thesis, Columbia University, 2006.
KIRCHHEIMER, Otto. The Transformation of the Western European Party System. En LA PALOMBARA, Joseph y WEINER, Myron (eds.). Political Parties and Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966: 177-200.
KITSCHELT, Herbert. Linkages between citizens and politicians in democratic politics. Comparative Political Studies, 2000, vol. 33 (6-7): 845-879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001041400003300607
KITSCHELT, Herbert; HAWKINS, Kirk A.; LUNA, Juan Pablo; ROSAS, Guillermo y ZECHMEISTER, Elizabeth J. Latin American Party Systems, Cambridge studies in comparative politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
KITSCHELT, Herbert y WILKINSON, Steven. Patrons, clients, and policies: patterns of democratic accountability and political competition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
LIPSET, Seymour Martin y ROKKAN, Stein. Party systems and voter alignments: cross-national perspectives. Contributors: Robert R. Alford and others, International yearbook of political behavior research v. 7. New York: Free Press, 1967.
LUNA, Juan Pablo. Segmented Party Voter Linkages in Latin America: The Case of the UDI. Journal of Latin American Studies, 2010, vol. 42 (2): 325-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X10000465
LUNA, Juan Pablo y MARDONES, Rodrigo. Distributive Politics in a Non-Machine Party System: The Allocation of Targeted Social Funds and Subsidies in Chile (2000-2008). Santiago: Universidad Católica de Chile, 2009.
MAGALONI, Beatriz Magaloni; DÍAZ-CAYEROS, Alberto y ESTÉVEZ, Federico. Clientelism and portfolio diversification: a model of electoral investment with applications to Mexico. En KITSCHELT, Herbert y WILKINSON, Steven (eds.). Patrons, clients, and policies: patterns of democratic accountability and political competition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007: 182-205.
MCCARTY, Christopher; KILLWORTH, Peter D.; BERNARD, H. Russell; JOHNSEN, Eugene y SHELLEY, Gene A. Comparing two methods for estimating network size. Human Organization, 2000, vol. 60 (1): 28-39.
NICHTER, Simeon. Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot. American Political Science Review, 2008, vol. 102 (1): 19-31.
PANEBIANCO, Angelo. Political parties: organization and power, Cambridge studies in modern political economies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
REHREN, Alfredo J. Clientelismo político y reforma del Estado en Chile. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos, 2000.
SCHAFFER, Frederic C. Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007.
SCHMIDT, Steffen W. Friends, followers and factions: a reader in political clientelism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
SCOTT, James C. Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia. American Political Science Review, 1972, vol. 66 (1): 91-113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1959280
STOKES, Susan. C. Perverse accountability: A formal model of machine politics with evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review, 2005, vol. 99 (3): 315-325.
STOKES, Susan C. Political Clientelism. En GOODIN, Robert E. Oxford Handbooks of political science. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007: 648-672.
SZWARCBERG, Mariela. Counting Heads and Votes: Authoritarian and Democratic Strategies of Electoral Mobilization in Argentina. Paper presentado en Annual meeting of the MPSA Annual National Conference. Palmer House Hotel, Hilton, Chicago, IL, 2008.
SZWARCBERG, Mariela. Uncertainty, Political Clientelism, and Voter Turnout in Latin America: Why Parties Conduct Rallies in Argentina. Comparative Politics, 2012, vol. 45 (1): 88-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041512802822851
UJHELYI, Gergely y CALVO, Ernesto. Political Screening: Theory and Evidence from the Argentine Public Sector. Working Paper. University of Houston.
WEITZ-SHAPIRO, Rebecca. Partisanship and Protest: The Politics of Workfare Distribution in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, 2006, vol. 41 (3): 122-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lar.2006.0051
WEITZ-SHAPIRO, Rebecca. Choosing clientelism: political competition, poverty and social welfare policy in Argentina. PhD Dissertation. New York City, 2008.
WELLHOFER, Spencer. The Political Incorporation of the Newly Enfranchised Voter Organizational Encapsulation and Socialist-Labor-Party Development. Western Political Quarterly, 1981, vol. 34 (3): 399-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/447219
ZHENG, Tian; SALGANIK, Matthew y GELMAN, Andrew. How many people do you know in Prison?: using overdispersion in count data to estimate social structure in networks. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 2006, vol. 101 (474): 409-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/016214505000001168
Calvo, E., & Murillo, M. V. (2013). Cuando los partidos políticos se encuentran con sus votantes: un análisis de los vínculos políticos a través de las redes partidarias y las expectativas distributivas en Argentina y Chile. América Latina Hoy, 65, 15–44. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh2013651544
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