Biogeographic and Ecologic Patterns in Calcareous Nannoplankton in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans During the Terminal Cretaceous
Abstract Calcareous nannoplankton biogeography in the Cretaceous ocean has been analyzed from their floral composition at a time-slice spanning the upper parts of the Micula prinsii Zone (approximately the latest 10-60 kyr of the Cretaceous) at DSDP (Deep Sea Drilling Project) sites from low (160) through middle (3 T) paleolatitudes in both the Northern and the Southern Hemisphere. The study is based on relative abundance data of 44 species at Sites 356, 525A, and 527 from the South Atlantic, Sites 384 and 548A from the North Atlantic, and Site 465A from the Pacific Ocean.
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ARKAHANGELSKY, A.D. (1912): Upper Cretaceous deposits of east European Russia. Mat. Geol. Russ., 25: 1-631.
ARRHENIUS, G. (1952): Sediment cores from the East Pacific. Rep. Swed Deep-Sea Exped. 1947-1948, 5: 1-227.
BENZÉCRI, J.P. (1973): L 'Analyse des Donnes. 2. L'Analyse des Correspondances: Dunod, Paris, 619 pp.
BERGER, W.H. (1970): Planktonic foraminifera: selective solution and the lysocline. Mar. Geol., 8: 11-138.
BERGGREN, W.A., KENT, DN. & FLYNN, J.J. (1985): Paleogene geochronology and chronostratigraphy. Geol. Soc. London, Mem., 10: 140-195.
BLACK, M. & BARNES, B. (1959): The structure of coccoliths from the English Chalk. Geol. Mag., 96: 321-328.
BOERSMA, A. (1981): Cretaceous and early Tertiary foraminifers from Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 62 sites in the central Pacific. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 62: 377-396.
BOERSMA, A., SHACKLETON, N.J., HALL, M. & GIVEN, Q. (1979): Carbon and oxygen isotope records at DSDP Site 384 (North Atlantic) and some Paleocene paleotemperatures and carbon isotope variations in the Atlantic ocean. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 43: 695-717.
BOERSMA, A. & SHACKLETON, N.J. (1981): Oxygen-and carbon-isotope variations and planktonic-foraminifer depth habitats, Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, central Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 463 and 465. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 62: 511-526.
BRAMLETTE, M.N. & MARTINI, E. (1964): The great change in calcareous nannoplankton fossils between the Maestrichtian and Danian. Micropaleontology, 10: 291-322.
BRAMLETTE, M.N. & SULLIVAN, F.R. (1961): Coccolithophorides and related nannoplankton of the early Tertiary in California. Micropaleontology, 7: 129-188.
BUKRY, D. (1969): Upper Cretaceous coccoliths from Texas and Europe. Univ. Kansas Paleontol. Contrib., 51: 1-79.
BUKRY, D. (1973): Coccolith stratigraphy, eastern equatorial Pacific, Leg 16, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 16: 653-711.
CHAVE, A.D. (1984): Lower Paleocene-Upper Cretaceous magnetostratigraphy, Sites 525, 527, 528 and 529, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74: 525-531.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1952): Classe des Coccolithophoridés. Tr. Paléontol., 1: 107-115.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1953): Hétérogénéité intrinsèque et pluralité des éléments dans les coccolithes actuels et fossiles. C. R. Seances Acad. Sci. Paris, 237: 1785-1787.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1959): Sur les nannofossiles calcaires et leur systématique. Rev. Micropalontolo., 2: 127-152.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1963): Sur les Microrhabdulidés, famille nouvelle de nannofossiles calcaires. C. R. Seances Acad. Sci. Paris, 256: 3484-3486.
Deflandre, G. & FERT, C. (1954): Observations sur les coccolithophoridés actuels et fossiles en microscopie ordinarie et électronique. Ann. de paléont., 40: 115-170.
ESHET, Y, MOSHKOVITZ, S., HABIB, D, BENJAMIN, C. & MAGARITZ, M. (1992): Calcareous nannofossil and dinoflagellate stratigraphy across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at Hor Hahar, Israel. Mar. Micropalentol., 18: 199-228.
GARTNER, S. (1968): Coccoliths and related calcareous nannofossils from Upper Cretaceous deposits of Texas and Arkansas. Univ. Kansas Paleontol. Contrib., 48: 1-56.
C)
GORKA, H. (1957): Les coccolithophorides du Maestrichtien superieur de Pologne. Acta paleontol. Poi., 2: 235-284.
GRACIANSKY, P.C. de, et al. (1985): Geologic history of Goban Spur, northwest Europe continental margin. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 80: 33-122.
HAQ, B.U. (1980): Biogeographic history of Miocene calcareous nannoplankton and paleoceanography of the Atlantic Ocean. Micropaleontology, 26: 414-443.
HAQ, B.U., PREMOLI-SILVA, 1. & LOHMANN, G.P. (1977): Calcareous plankton paleobiogeographic evidence for major climatic fluctuations in the early Cenozoic Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 82: 3861-3876.
HENRIKSSON, A.S. (1993): Biochronology of the terminal Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil Zone of Micula prinsii. Cret. Res., 14: 59-68.
HODELL, D.A. & KENNETT, J.P. (1985): Miocene paleoceanography of the South Atlantic Ocean at 22, 16, and 8 Ma. Geol. soc. Am. Mem., 163: 317-377.
KAMPTNER, E. (1927): Beitrag zur Kenntnis adriatisher Coccolithophoriden. Arch. Protistenk., 58: 173-184.
LARSON, P.A. & OPDYKE, N.D. (1979): Paleomagnetic results from Early Tertiary/Late Cretaceous sediments of Site 384. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 43: 785-793.
MALMGREN, B.A. (1983): Ranking of dissolution susceptibility of planktonic foraminifera at high latitudes of the South Atlantic ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol., 8: 183-191
MALMGREN, B.A. (1987): Differential dissolution of upper Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from a temperate region of the South Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol., I l : 251 -271.
MALMGREN, B.A. (1991): Biogeographic patterns in terminal Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from Tethyan and Transitional waters. Mar. Micropaleontol., 18: 73-99.
MALMGREN, B.A., OVIATT, C. , GERNER, R. & JEFFRIES, P.H. (1978): Correspondence Analyses: Applications to Biological Oceanographic data. Eustarine and Coastal Marine Science 6: 429-437.
MANIVIT, H. (1965): Nannofossiles calcaires de l'Albo-Aptien. Rev. Micropa)éont., 8: 189-201.
MARTINI, E. (1961): Nannoplankton aus dem Tertiär und der obersten Kleide von SW-Frankreich. Senckenberg. Leth., 42: 1-41.
MOORE, T.C. Jr., et al. (1984a): Site 525. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proi., 74: 41 160.
MOORE, Tec. Jr., et al. (1984b): Site 527. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74: 237-306.
MOORE, T.C. Jr., RABINOWITZ, P D ., BORELLA, P.E., SHACKLETON, N.J. & BOERSMA, A. (1984c): History of the Waivis Ridge. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74• 873-894.
NOEL, D. (1965): Sur Jes coccolithes du Jurassique Européen et d#Afrique du N01d. Essai de Classification des coccolithes fossiles. C.N.R.S. Paris, 209 pp.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1968): Der Feinbau und die Klassifikation dem
Maastrichtien ven Dänemark. K, Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. ' 3973): Neue Coccoiithen aus dem chtien von L)ánemark.
Madagaskar und Agypten. Bull geol. Joco Denmark, 22F 306-
'je •salmarf. , 1097).
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1979): Calcareous nannofossils from the Cretaceous between the North Sea and the Mediterranean. IUGS, Series A, 6: 223-272.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1984): Validation of new combinations. INA newsletter, 6: 42-46.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1985): Mesozoic calcareous nannofossils. In: Plankton Stratigraphy (edited by H. M. BOLLI, J.B.SAUNDERS & K.PERCH-NIELSEN), pp. 329-426, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K., et al. (1977): Site 356: Sâo Paulo Plateau. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 36: 141-230.
POAG, C.W., REYNOLDS, L.A., MAZZULLO, J.M. & KIEGWIN, L.D. Jr. (1985): Foraminiferal, lithic, and isotopic changes across four major unconformities at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 548, Goban Spur. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 80: 539-555.
REINHARDT, P. (1964): Einige Kalkflagellaten-Gattungen (Coccolithophoriden, Coccolithineen) aus dem Mesozoikum Deutschlands. Monatsber. Dt. Akad. Wiss, Berlin, 6: 749-759.
REINHARDT, P. (1965): Neue Familien für fossile Kalkflagellaten (Coccolithophoriden, Coccolithineen). Monatsber. Dt. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 7: 30-40.
REINHARDT, P. (1967): Fossile Coccolithen mit rhagoidem Zentralfeld (Fam. Ahmuellerellacea, subord. Coccolithineae). Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paleontol. Monatsh., 1967: 163-178.
REINHARDT, P. (1970): Synopsis der Gattungen und Arten der Mesozoischen Coccolithen und anderer kalkiger Nannofossilien. Teil. Il. Freiberger Forschungsh., C265: 43-110.
REINHARDT, P. (1971): Synopsis der Gattungen und Arten der Mesozoischen Coccolithen und anderer kalkiger Nannofossilien. Teil 111. Freiberger Forschungsh., 067: 19-41.
ROTH, P.H. (1978): Cretaceous nannoplankton biostratigraphy and oceanography of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Initial Reps Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 44: 731-759.
ROTH, P.H. & BOWDLER, LL. (1981): Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biogeography and oceanography of the Atlantic Ocean. In: The Deep Sea Drilling Project: A Decade of Progress (edited by J. E. WARME, et al.), soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineralog., Spec. Publ., 32: 517-546.
ROTH, P.H. & KRUMBACH, K.R. (1986): Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biogeography and preservation in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans: Implications for Paleocceanography. Mar. Micropaleontol., 10: 235-266.
SHACKLETON, N.J. et al. (1984a): Accumulation rates in Leg 74 sediments, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74: 621-644.
SHACKLETON, N.J., HALL, M.A. & BOERSMA, A. (1984b): Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Leg 74 foraminifers. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74: 599-612,
SHAFIK, S. (1979): Validation of Chiastozygus fessus and Reinhardites biperjbratus. INA Newsletter l: C5.
SHAFIK, S. & STRADNER, H. (1971): Nannofossils from the Eastern Desert, Egypt, with reference to Maastrichtian nannofossils from the USSR. Jahrb. geol. Bundesanst. (Wien), special vol. 17: 69-104.
SJSSJNGH, W. (1977): Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous calcareous nannoplankton. Geol.
Mijnbouw, 56: 37-65.
de Stvd.Geol.Salmant., 33 (1997):
SLITER, W. V. (1977): Cretaceous foraminifers from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Leg 36, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 36: 519-573.
STOVER, L.E. (1966): Cretaceous coccoliths and associated nannofossils from France and the Netherlands. Micropaleontology, 12: 133-167.
STRADNER, H. (1961): Vorkommen von Nannofossilien im Mesozoikum und Alttertiär. Erdoe1-Z 77: 77-88.
STRADNER, H. (1963): New contributions to Mesozoic stratigraphy by means of nannofossils. Proceedings of the 6th World Petrol. cong. Sect., I (4): 1-16.
THIERSTEIN, H.R. (1971): Tentative lower Cretaceous nannoplankton zonation. Eclog. geol. Helv., 64: 459-488.
THIERSTEIN, H.R. (1976): Mesozoic calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy of marine sediments. Mar. Micropaleontol., 1: 326-362.
THIERSTEIN, H.R. (1981): Late Cretaceous nannoplankton and the change at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In: The Deep Sea Drilling Project: A Decade of Progress (edited by J. E. WARME, et al.), Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineralog., Spec. Publ. 32: 355-394.
THIERSTEIN, H.R. & OKADA, H. (1979): The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event in the North Atlantic. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 43: 601-616.
TOWNSEND, HA. (1985): The paleomagnetism of sediments acquired from the Goban Spur on Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 80. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 80: 389-414.
TUCHOLKE, B.E. et al. (1979): Site 384: The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Aptian reefs and the J-Anomaly Ridge. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 43: 107-154.
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ARRHENIUS, G. (1952): Sediment cores from the East Pacific. Rep. Swed Deep-Sea Exped. 1947-1948, 5: 1-227.
BENZÉCRI, J.P. (1973): L 'Analyse des Donnes. 2. L'Analyse des Correspondances: Dunod, Paris, 619 pp.
BERGER, W.H. (1970): Planktonic foraminifera: selective solution and the lysocline. Mar. Geol., 8: 11-138.
BERGGREN, W.A., KENT, DN. & FLYNN, J.J. (1985): Paleogene geochronology and chronostratigraphy. Geol. Soc. London, Mem., 10: 140-195.
BLACK, M. & BARNES, B. (1959): The structure of coccoliths from the English Chalk. Geol. Mag., 96: 321-328.
BOERSMA, A. (1981): Cretaceous and early Tertiary foraminifers from Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 62 sites in the central Pacific. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 62: 377-396.
BOERSMA, A., SHACKLETON, N.J., HALL, M. & GIVEN, Q. (1979): Carbon and oxygen isotope records at DSDP Site 384 (North Atlantic) and some Paleocene paleotemperatures and carbon isotope variations in the Atlantic ocean. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 43: 695-717.
BOERSMA, A. & SHACKLETON, N.J. (1981): Oxygen-and carbon-isotope variations and planktonic-foraminifer depth habitats, Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, central Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 463 and 465. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 62: 511-526.
BRAMLETTE, M.N. & MARTINI, E. (1964): The great change in calcareous nannoplankton fossils between the Maestrichtian and Danian. Micropaleontology, 10: 291-322.
BRAMLETTE, M.N. & SULLIVAN, F.R. (1961): Coccolithophorides and related nannoplankton of the early Tertiary in California. Micropaleontology, 7: 129-188.
BUKRY, D. (1969): Upper Cretaceous coccoliths from Texas and Europe. Univ. Kansas Paleontol. Contrib., 51: 1-79.
BUKRY, D. (1973): Coccolith stratigraphy, eastern equatorial Pacific, Leg 16, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 16: 653-711.
CHAVE, A.D. (1984): Lower Paleocene-Upper Cretaceous magnetostratigraphy, Sites 525, 527, 528 and 529, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74: 525-531.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1952): Classe des Coccolithophoridés. Tr. Paléontol., 1: 107-115.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1953): Hétérogénéité intrinsèque et pluralité des éléments dans les coccolithes actuels et fossiles. C. R. Seances Acad. Sci. Paris, 237: 1785-1787.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1959): Sur les nannofossiles calcaires et leur systématique. Rev. Micropalontolo., 2: 127-152.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1963): Sur les Microrhabdulidés, famille nouvelle de nannofossiles calcaires. C. R. Seances Acad. Sci. Paris, 256: 3484-3486.
Deflandre, G. & FERT, C. (1954): Observations sur les coccolithophoridés actuels et fossiles en microscopie ordinarie et électronique. Ann. de paléont., 40: 115-170.
ESHET, Y, MOSHKOVITZ, S., HABIB, D, BENJAMIN, C. & MAGARITZ, M. (1992): Calcareous nannofossil and dinoflagellate stratigraphy across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at Hor Hahar, Israel. Mar. Micropalentol., 18: 199-228.
GARTNER, S. (1968): Coccoliths and related calcareous nannofossils from Upper Cretaceous deposits of Texas and Arkansas. Univ. Kansas Paleontol. Contrib., 48: 1-56.
C)
GORKA, H. (1957): Les coccolithophorides du Maestrichtien superieur de Pologne. Acta paleontol. Poi., 2: 235-284.
GRACIANSKY, P.C. de, et al. (1985): Geologic history of Goban Spur, northwest Europe continental margin. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 80: 33-122.
HAQ, B.U. (1980): Biogeographic history of Miocene calcareous nannoplankton and paleoceanography of the Atlantic Ocean. Micropaleontology, 26: 414-443.
HAQ, B.U., PREMOLI-SILVA, 1. & LOHMANN, G.P. (1977): Calcareous plankton paleobiogeographic evidence for major climatic fluctuations in the early Cenozoic Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 82: 3861-3876.
HENRIKSSON, A.S. (1993): Biochronology of the terminal Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil Zone of Micula prinsii. Cret. Res., 14: 59-68.
HODELL, D.A. & KENNETT, J.P. (1985): Miocene paleoceanography of the South Atlantic Ocean at 22, 16, and 8 Ma. Geol. soc. Am. Mem., 163: 317-377.
KAMPTNER, E. (1927): Beitrag zur Kenntnis adriatisher Coccolithophoriden. Arch. Protistenk., 58: 173-184.
LARSON, P.A. & OPDYKE, N.D. (1979): Paleomagnetic results from Early Tertiary/Late Cretaceous sediments of Site 384. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 43: 785-793.
MALMGREN, B.A. (1983): Ranking of dissolution susceptibility of planktonic foraminifera at high latitudes of the South Atlantic ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol., 8: 183-191
MALMGREN, B.A. (1987): Differential dissolution of upper Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from a temperate region of the South Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol., I l : 251 -271.
MALMGREN, B.A. (1991): Biogeographic patterns in terminal Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from Tethyan and Transitional waters. Mar. Micropaleontol., 18: 73-99.
MALMGREN, B.A., OVIATT, C. , GERNER, R. & JEFFRIES, P.H. (1978): Correspondence Analyses: Applications to Biological Oceanographic data. Eustarine and Coastal Marine Science 6: 429-437.
MANIVIT, H. (1965): Nannofossiles calcaires de l'Albo-Aptien. Rev. Micropa)éont., 8: 189-201.
MARTINI, E. (1961): Nannoplankton aus dem Tertiär und der obersten Kleide von SW-Frankreich. Senckenberg. Leth., 42: 1-41.
MOORE, T.C. Jr., et al. (1984a): Site 525. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proi., 74: 41 160.
MOORE, Tec. Jr., et al. (1984b): Site 527. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74: 237-306.
MOORE, T.C. Jr., RABINOWITZ, P D ., BORELLA, P.E., SHACKLETON, N.J. & BOERSMA, A. (1984c): History of the Waivis Ridge. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74• 873-894.
NOEL, D. (1965): Sur Jes coccolithes du Jurassique Européen et d#Afrique du N01d. Essai de Classification des coccolithes fossiles. C.N.R.S. Paris, 209 pp.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1968): Der Feinbau und die Klassifikation dem
Maastrichtien ven Dänemark. K, Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. ' 3973): Neue Coccoiithen aus dem chtien von L)ánemark.
Madagaskar und Agypten. Bull geol. Joco Denmark, 22F 306-
'je •salmarf. , 1097).
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1979): Calcareous nannofossils from the Cretaceous between the North Sea and the Mediterranean. IUGS, Series A, 6: 223-272.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1984): Validation of new combinations. INA newsletter, 6: 42-46.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1985): Mesozoic calcareous nannofossils. In: Plankton Stratigraphy (edited by H. M. BOLLI, J.B.SAUNDERS & K.PERCH-NIELSEN), pp. 329-426, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K., et al. (1977): Site 356: Sâo Paulo Plateau. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 36: 141-230.
POAG, C.W., REYNOLDS, L.A., MAZZULLO, J.M. & KIEGWIN, L.D. Jr. (1985): Foraminiferal, lithic, and isotopic changes across four major unconformities at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 548, Goban Spur. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 80: 539-555.
REINHARDT, P. (1964): Einige Kalkflagellaten-Gattungen (Coccolithophoriden, Coccolithineen) aus dem Mesozoikum Deutschlands. Monatsber. Dt. Akad. Wiss, Berlin, 6: 749-759.
REINHARDT, P. (1965): Neue Familien für fossile Kalkflagellaten (Coccolithophoriden, Coccolithineen). Monatsber. Dt. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 7: 30-40.
REINHARDT, P. (1967): Fossile Coccolithen mit rhagoidem Zentralfeld (Fam. Ahmuellerellacea, subord. Coccolithineae). Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paleontol. Monatsh., 1967: 163-178.
REINHARDT, P. (1970): Synopsis der Gattungen und Arten der Mesozoischen Coccolithen und anderer kalkiger Nannofossilien. Teil. Il. Freiberger Forschungsh., C265: 43-110.
REINHARDT, P. (1971): Synopsis der Gattungen und Arten der Mesozoischen Coccolithen und anderer kalkiger Nannofossilien. Teil 111. Freiberger Forschungsh., 067: 19-41.
ROTH, P.H. (1978): Cretaceous nannoplankton biostratigraphy and oceanography of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Initial Reps Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 44: 731-759.
ROTH, P.H. & BOWDLER, LL. (1981): Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biogeography and oceanography of the Atlantic Ocean. In: The Deep Sea Drilling Project: A Decade of Progress (edited by J. E. WARME, et al.), soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineralog., Spec. Publ., 32: 517-546.
ROTH, P.H. & KRUMBACH, K.R. (1986): Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biogeography and preservation in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans: Implications for Paleocceanography. Mar. Micropaleontol., 10: 235-266.
SHACKLETON, N.J. et al. (1984a): Accumulation rates in Leg 74 sediments, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74: 621-644.
SHACKLETON, N.J., HALL, M.A. & BOERSMA, A. (1984b): Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Leg 74 foraminifers. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74: 599-612,
SHAFIK, S. (1979): Validation of Chiastozygus fessus and Reinhardites biperjbratus. INA Newsletter l: C5.
SHAFIK, S. & STRADNER, H. (1971): Nannofossils from the Eastern Desert, Egypt, with reference to Maastrichtian nannofossils from the USSR. Jahrb. geol. Bundesanst. (Wien), special vol. 17: 69-104.
SJSSJNGH, W. (1977): Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous calcareous nannoplankton. Geol.
Mijnbouw, 56: 37-65.
de Stvd.Geol.Salmant., 33 (1997):
SLITER, W. V. (1977): Cretaceous foraminifers from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Leg 36, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 36: 519-573.
STOVER, L.E. (1966): Cretaceous coccoliths and associated nannofossils from France and the Netherlands. Micropaleontology, 12: 133-167.
STRADNER, H. (1961): Vorkommen von Nannofossilien im Mesozoikum und Alttertiär. Erdoe1-Z 77: 77-88.
STRADNER, H. (1963): New contributions to Mesozoic stratigraphy by means of nannofossils. Proceedings of the 6th World Petrol. cong. Sect., I (4): 1-16.
THIERSTEIN, H.R. (1971): Tentative lower Cretaceous nannoplankton zonation. Eclog. geol. Helv., 64: 459-488.
THIERSTEIN, H.R. (1976): Mesozoic calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy of marine sediments. Mar. Micropaleontol., 1: 326-362.
THIERSTEIN, H.R. (1981): Late Cretaceous nannoplankton and the change at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In: The Deep Sea Drilling Project: A Decade of Progress (edited by J. E. WARME, et al.), Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineralog., Spec. Publ. 32: 355-394.
THIERSTEIN, H.R. & OKADA, H. (1979): The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event in the North Atlantic. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 43: 601-616.
TOWNSEND, HA. (1985): The paleomagnetism of sediments acquired from the Goban Spur on Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 80. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 80: 389-414.
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