Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Modern Japanese Context: Translation and Ideology in the late 19th Century
Abstract The world is experiencing globalization rapidly and has become deeply interdependent. Nevertheless, we see an increasing awareness of nationalism and ethnicity all over the world. Nationalism and ethnicity are two different concepts. However, nationalism may not be dissociated from ethnicity; rather, it may develop in close association with ethnicity through the process of modernization. Japan’s modernization began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868, which led to its transformation from a feudal society into a modern nation that drew on Western states as its model. This process involved a struggle to translate Western ideas, such as «nation» and «nationalism.» This paper focuses on the late 19th century which prompted the formation of a Japanese national identity and an upsurge in nationalism, and explores the ways that translation practices and ideological aspects of the period were interrelated to shape Japanese nationalism at that time.
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Boase-Beier, Jean, Lina Fisher and Furukawa Hiroko (eds.). 2018. The Palgrave Handbook of Literary Translation. London: Palgrave Macmillan. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75753-7
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Tsuboi, Mutsuko. 2015. «"Nation" no Hon-yaku: Meiji-ki ni okeru Hon-yaku-go no Soshutsu to Kindai Ideorogii no Kochiku» [«Contextualizing Translation of "Nation": Creation of New Words and Development of Modern Ideology in the Meiji Era»]. Tsuyaku Hon-yaku Kenkyu 15: 147-171.
Boase-Beier, Jean, Lina Fisher and Furukawa Hiroko (eds.). 2018. The Palgrave Handbook of Literary Translation. London: Palgrave Macmillan. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75753-7
Brubaker, Rogers. 1992. Citizenship and Nationalism in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Doak, Kevin Michael. 2007. A History of Nationalism in Modern Japan: Placing the People. Leiden: Brill. - https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004155985.i-292
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Greenfeld, Liah. 1992. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. London: Harvard University Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric John Ernest. 1990/1992. Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (2nd. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric John Ernest and Terence Osborn Ranger. (eds.). 1983. The Invention of Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Howland, Douglas R. 2002. Translating the West: Language and Political Reason in Nineteenth-Century Japan. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.
Inoue, Tetsujiro, Kenzo Wadagaki, Shinsaku Kodera and Nagao Ariga. 1881/2015. Tetsugaku Jii [Dictionary of Philosophy]. Tokyo: Heibonsha.
Kato, Shuichi. 1991. «Meiji-shoki no Hon-yaku-Naze?Nani-o?Ikani Yakushita ka» [Translation in the early Meiji Period-Why, What, and How Did People Translate?]. In Nihon Kindai Shiso Taikei 15 Hon-yaku no Shiso [Japanese Modern Thoughts: Thoughts of Translation], eds. by Shuichi Kato, and Masao Maruyama. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 342-380.
Katsurajima, Nobuhiro. 2008. «Higashi Ajia no Kindai to «Hon-yaku»: Kinsei Teikoku no Kaitai to Gakujutsu-chi» [Modern Times of the East Asia and Translation: Dissolution of the Modern Empire and Academic Knowledge]. In Jita Ninshiki no Shiso-shi: Nihon no Nashonarizumu no Seisei to Higashi Ajia [History of Ideologies on Consciousness of Self and Others: Generation of Nationalism in Japan, and the East Asia.], Tokyo: Yushisha, 137-154.
Kohn, Hans. 1944/2005. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Background. London: Transaction Publishers.
Koyasu, Nobukuni. 2007. Nihon Nashonarizumu no Kaidoku [Diciphering Japanese Nationalism]. Tokyo: Hakutakusha.
Kuga, Katsunan. 1888/1968. «Nippon Bunmei Shinpo no Kiro 1» [A Turning Point for the progress of Japanese civilization 1]. June 9, 1888. In Kuga Katsunan Zenshu 1 [Katsunan Kuga's Collected Works 1], eds. by Taketoshi Nishida, and Michiari Uete. Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo, 395-397.
Kuga, Katsunan. 1888/1968. «Nippon Bunmei Shinpo no Kiro 3» [A Turning Point for the progress of Japanese civilization 3]. June 13, 1888. In Kuga Katsunan Zenshu 2 [Katsunan Kuga's Collected Works 2], eds. by Taketoshi Nishida, and Michiari Uete. Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo, 399-401.
Minamide, Kosei and Mitsuo Nakamura. (eds.). 2011. Genius Japanese-English Dictionary (3rd edition). Tokyo: Taishukan.
Nakanome, Toru. 2014. Meiji no Seinen to Nashonarizumu: Seikyosha·Nippon Shinbunsha no Gunzo. [The Youths and Nationalism in the Meiji period: Figures of Seikyosha and The Nippon Shinbun Company]. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan.
Nishikawa, Nagao. 2002. Senso no Seiki o Koete: Gurobaruka-jidai no Kokka, Rekishi, and Minzoku [Beyond the Century of War: State, History and Nation in the Age of Globalization]. Tokyo: Heibonsha.
Nye, Joseph S. Jr., and David A. Welch. 2014. Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation: Into to Theory and History (9th edition). Edinburgh: Pearson.
Osawa, Masachi. 2011. Kindai Nihon no Nashonarizumu [Nationalism of Modern Japan]. Tokyo: Kodansha.
Saldanha, Gabriela and Sharon O'Brien. 2013. Research Methodologies in Translation Studies. London: Routledge. - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315760100
Shiga, Shigetaka. 1888/1928. «"Nihonjin" ga Kaihosuru tokoro no Shigi wo Kokuhakusu» [Confessing the meaning of idea which Japanese people have]. April 18, 1888. In Shiga Shigetaka Zenshu 1 [Shigetaka Shiga's Collected Works 1], ed. by Shiga Shigetaka Zenshu Kankokai. Tokyo: Shiga Shigetaka Zenshu Kankokai, 1-6.
Shiga, Shigetaka. 1889/1928. «Nihon Minzoku Dokuritsu no Hoshin» [Policies of Independence of Japanese Minzoku]. March 3, 1889. In Shiga Shigetaka Zenshu 1 [Shigetaka Shiga's Collected Works 1], ed. by Shiga Shigetaka Zenshu Kankokai. Tokyo: Shiga Shigetaka Zenshu Kankokai, 44-48.
Shiokawa, Nobuaki. 2008. Minzoku to Neeshon: Nashonarizumu to iu Nanmon [Minzoku and Nation: Challenge of Nationalism]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Smith, Anthony. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. New York: Blackwell.
Tokutomi, Soho. 1894. Dai Nihon Bocho-ron [Expansion of Great Japan]. Tokyo: Katei Zasshisha.
Tokutomi, Iichiro (Soho). 1935. Soho Jiden [Autobiography of Soho Tokutomi]. Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha.
Tsuboi, Mutsuko. 2015. «"Nation" no Hon-yaku: Meiji-ki ni okeru Hon-yaku-go no Soshutsu to Kindai Ideorogii no Kochiku» [«Contextualizing Translation of "Nation": Creation of New Words and Development of Modern Ideology in the Meiji Era»]. Tsuyaku Hon-yaku Kenkyu 15: 147-171.
Tsuboi, M. (2019). Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Modern Japanese Context: Translation and Ideology in the late 19th Century. CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria De Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 5(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina2019512744
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