“Civilizing” the “Barbaric” Child: The Case of the Khadrs
Abstract In this article I explore the Khadr family through shifting Canadian news media representations and the CBC’s documentaries, “Al Qaeda’s Family” and “Out of the Shadows.” Omar Khadr and his parents, Maha Elsamnah and Ahmed Khadr, came to be framed as a “bad” Muslim family as a result of supposed failed (Muslim) parenting. I interrogate how media attach Omar Khadr’s acts of violence to orientalist images of the violent (terrorist) Muslim family, and framed Elsamnah and Ahmed Khadr as foreign and un-Canadian parents, unable and unwilling to socialize their children within the Canadian state order. When Omar Khadr was released from prison, it was only under the guidance of his white lawyer, Dennis Edney, that he could be rehabilitated and brought back into Canadian society in Canadian news media framings. In order for Khadr to be portrayed as worthy of reentering Canada, images of him practicing his religion, wearing non-Western clothing, and even speaking Arabic were subdued. It is within the images of Khadr in the Edney home, severing his relationship with his family, that the Canadian public could be reassured that Khadr would be able to reinvent himself as a Canadian citizen, a child soldier, rather than a Muslim terrorist.
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Beaman, Lori. G. “Is Polygamy Inherently Harmful?” Polygamy’s Rights and Wrongs: Perspectives on Harm, Family, and Law, edited by Gillian Calder and Lori G. Beaman, UBC Press, 2014, pp. 1-20.
Bell, Stewart. “FBI Hunts for ‘the Canadian’: Former Ottawa Man Appears on Primary List of Suspected Bin Laden Associates.” National Post, 10 Oct 2001, pp. A1.
Bell, Stewart. “Khadr does Not Want to Come Back: Officials: Canadian Preferred to Go to Afghanistan.” National Post, Nov 26, 2003, pp. A1.
Bell, Stewart. “Khadr Killed in Gunfight.” National Post, 14 Oct 2003, pp. A1.
Bell, Stewart. ”Khadrs Reveal Bin Laden Ties.” National Post, 24 Jan 2004, pp. A1.
Bell, Stewart. “RCMP Fears Return of Family with Terror Links: Son Accused of Killing U.S. Soldier in Afghanistan.” National Post, 05 Oct 2002, pp. A4.
Bhattacharyya, Gargi. Dangerous Brown Men: Exploiting Sex, Violence and Feminism in the War on Terror. Zed Books, 2008.
Blatchford, Christie. “The Rule of Law, Upheld.” The Globe and Mail, 10 Jun. 2006, pp. A21. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/the-rule-of-law-upheld/article24424386/.
Blatchford, Christie. “Sitting Down for the Judge.” The Globe and Mail, 18 Jun. 2005, pp. A6. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/sitting-down-for-the- judge/article737098/.
Davies, Jude and Carol R. Smith. Gender, Ethnicity and Sexuality in Contemporary American Film. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997.
Dua, Enakshi. “Beyond Diversity: Exploring the Ways in Which the Discourse of Race as Shaped the Institutions of the Nuclear Family” Scratching the Surface: Canadian Anti-Racist, Feminist Thought, edited by Enakshi Dua and Angela Robertson, Toronto Women’s Press, 1999, pp. 237-258.
Freeze, Colin. “Black Sheep of ‘Al-Qaeda Family’ Unwelcome at Home, in Mosque.” The Globe and Mail, 13 Mar 2004, pp. 1.
Freeze, Colin. “CSIS Watches Islamic Extremists for Signs of Canadian Terrorists.” The Globe and Mail (1936-Current), 07 Sep 2002, pp. 1.
Freeze, Colin. “Khadrs Backed Al-Qaeda, CBC show Says.” The Globe and Mail, 04 Mar 2004, pp. A8.
Freeze, Colin, and Christine Boyd. “U.S. Holds Canadian Teen as Al-Qaeda Assassin.” The Globe and Mail, 06 Sep. 2002, pp. A1.
Friscolanti, Michael. “Lawsuit to Target Khadrs: Widow of U.S. Medic Blames Father and Son for Death.” National Post, 06 Aug. 2004, pp. A1.
Friscolanti, Michael. “Omar Khadr’s Next Home.” Maclean’s, 18 Mar 2015.
Grady, Patrick. “From far and wide, O Canada, terrorist killers come to thee.” The Globe and Mail, 10 Apr. 2004. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/from-far-and-wide-o-canada-terrorist-killers-come-to-thee/article742890/.
Greco, Vanessa. “Keeping up with the Khadrs: A Family Tree.” CTVNEWS, 29 Sep 2012. https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/keeping-up-with-the-khadrs-a-family-tree-1.976666
Greenberg, Lee. “McGuinty Suggests Khadr’s Wife Apologize.” National Post, 15 Apr. 2004, pp. A16.
Hill Collins, Patricia. “It’s All in the Family: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Nation.” Hypatia, vol. 13, no. 3, 1998, pp. 62–82. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3810699.
Iacovetta, Franca. “Making ‘New Canadians’: Social Workers, Women, and the Reshaping of Immigrant Families.” Gender Conflicts: New Essays in Women’s History, edited by Franca Iacovetta and Mariana Valverde, Toronto University of Toronto Press, 1992, pp. 260-303.
Jiwani, Yasmin. “On the Outskirts of Empire: Race and Gender in Canadian TV News.” Painting the Maple: Essays on Race, Gender, and the Construction of Canada, edited by V. Strong- Boag, S. Grace, A. Eisenberg & J. Anderson, UBC Press, 1998, pp. 53-68.
Jiwani, Yasmin. “Trapped in the Carceral Net: Race, Gender, and the ‘War on Terror.’” Global Media Journal-Canadian Edition, vol. 4, no. 2, 2011, pp. 12-31, https://doaj.org/article/87a676d69d08440f87c8922c5e828ba0.
Khan, Sheema. “Politics Over Principles: The case of Omar Khadr,” Omar Khadr, Oh Canada, edited by Janice Williamson, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012, pp. 51-66.
Kielburger, Craig. “My Encounter with Omar.” Omar Khadr, Oh Canada, edited by Janice Williamson, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012, pp. 86-88.
Longman, Nickita. “Examining the Sixties Scoop and Beyond.” Discourse, vol. 4, no.1, 2018, pp. 9-16. http://hdl.handle.net/10294/8570.
Ljunggren, David. “TV Film Portrays Bin Laden as Father.” The Washington Post, 05 Mar. 2004. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/03/05/tv-film-portrays-bin-laden-as-father/e081a517-065c-4e11-ad0a-42db2345339d/
Mackey, Allison. “Troublesome Indigestion: The Return of Omar Khadr and the Post- Racial Politics of Citizenship in Canada.” Topia: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies, vol. 25, 2016, pp. 107-135.
MacKinnon, Mark, and Colin Freeze. “Canadian Teen may be U.S. Source.” The Globe and Mail, 30 Oct 2002, pp. 1.
Mamdani, Mahmood. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror. Three Leaves Press, 2005.
Macklin, Audrey. “The Rule of Law, the Force of Law, and the Rule of Force.” Omar Khadr, Oh Canada, edited by Janice Williamson, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012, pp.?222-253.
Martin, Don. “Khadrs Wave their Flag of Convenience.” National Post, 15 Apr. 2004, pp. A14.
McKenna, Terence. “Al Qaeda’s Family.” CBC’s The National, 2004. “Patricia Edney Welcomes Omar Khadr to her Home.” CBC As it Happens, 11 Oct 2017. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/patricia-edney-welcomes-omar-khadr-to-her-home-%201.3067425.
“President Bush Addresses the Nation.” The Washington Post Online. 20 Sep 2001. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushaddress_092001.html
Puar, Jasbir K. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Kindle, Duke University Press, 2007.
Razack, Sherene. Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law and Politics Kindle, University of Toronto Press, 2008.
Razack, Sherene. “The Manufacture of Torture as Public Truth: The Case of Omar Khadr.” At the Limits of Justice: Women of Colour on Terror, edited by Suvendrini Perera and Sherene Razack. University of Toronto Press, 2014, pp. 57-85.
Reed, Patrck. “Omar Khadr: Out of the Shadows.” CBC, 2017. https://www.cbc.ca/firsthand/episodes/omar-khadr-out-of-the-shadows.
Rygiel, Kim. “Protecting and Proving Identity: The Biopolitics of Waging War through Citizenship in the Post-9/11 Era.” Engendering the War on Terror: War Stories and Camouflaged Politics, edited by Kim Rygiel and Krista Hunt, Taylor and Francis Group, 2008, pp. 145-169.
Scott, Catherine V. “Rescue in the Age of Empire: Children, Masculinity, and the War on Terror.” Engendering the War on Terror: War Stories and Camouflaged Politics, edited by Kim Rygiel and Krista Hunt, Taylor and Francis Group, 2008, pp. 97- 121.
Shephard, Michelle. “At Omar Khadr Hearing, U.S. Officer Explains Changing Battle Report.” Toronto Star, 1 May 2010. https://www.thestar.com/sponsored_sections/2010/05/01/at_omar_khadr_hearing_ us_officer_explains_changing_battle_report.html.
Shephard, Michelle. Guantanamo’s Child: The Untold Story of Omar Khadr, John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd., 2008.
Sinclair, Raven. “The Indigenous Child Removal System in Canada: An Examination of Legal Decision-making and Racial Bias.” First Peoples Child and Family Review, vol. 11, no. 2, 2016, pp. 8-18. https://www.cerp.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_clients/Documents_deposes_a_la _Commission/P-096.pdf.
Stote, Karen. “The Coercive Sterilization of Aboriginal Women in Canada.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal, vol. 36, no. 3, 2012, 117-150.
Subasi, Vera. Dogs in Islam, 2011. MA Thesis. University of Vienna. http://othes.univie.ac.at/13346/1/2011-02-01_9905628.pdf.
Stackhouse, John. Muslim Militant or Family Man: Terrorist Suspect has Many Faces.” The Globe and Mail, 11 Oct 2001, pp. A4.
Thobani, Sunera. Exalted Subjects: Studies in the Making of Race and Nation in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. “Unleashing CSIS.” National Post, 02 Feb. 2004, pp. A11.
Valverde, Mariana. “‘When the Mother of the Race is Free’: Race, Reproduction, and Sexuality in First-Wave Feminism.” Gender Conflicts: New Essays in Women’s History, edited by Franca Iacovetta and Mariana Valverde, University of Toronto Press, 1992, pp. 2-26.
Vincent, Isabel. “‘There should be no Special Status for this Kid’.” National Post, 06 Sep 2002, pp. A1.
Volpp, Leti. “The Citizen and the Terrorist.” UCLA Law Review, vol. 49, no. 5, 2002, pp. 1575-1598.
Williamson, Janice. “The Story So Far.” Omar Khadr, Oh Canada, edited by Janice Williamson, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012, pp. 3-50.
Ziyaad, M. I. A. “Justice.” The Globe and Mail, 19 Apr. 2008, pp. D8.
Patel, S. (2022). “Civilizing” the “Barbaric” Child: The Case of the Khadrs. Canada and Beyond: A Journal of Canadian Literary and Cultural Studies, 11, 183–201. https://doi.org/10.14201/candb.v11i183-201
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