Politicians without borders. Transnational networks, political parties and democratization in Latin America
Abstract This paper lies within the Latin America democratization studies, emphasizing the activity of politicians and political parties as transnational actors and considering the interconnection between different levels (local, national and international) was one of the main resources for politicians in democratization contexts. Through them, they built personal relationships networks in a transnational level as a decisive strategy to accumulate power, prestige and other resources. Socialist International missions will be addressed as an example of political action, little considered by specialized literature but very influential at that time.
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Acemoglu, Daron y Robinson, James. The Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Alcántara Sáez, Manuel. La visión latinoamericana de la socialdemocracia espa-ola. En Vellinga, Menno (coord.). Democracia y política en América Latina. México: Siglo xxi, 1993.
Ansell, Ben W. y Samuels, David. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843686
Carothers, Thomas. The End of the Transition Paradigm. Journal of Democracy, 2002, vol. 13 (1): 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2002.0003
Della Porta, Donatella y Tarrow, Sidney (eds.). Transnational Protest and Global Activism: People, Passions, and Power. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
Gamus, Raquel. Una fugaz convergencia. cap y la is en Centroamérica. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1990.
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Heine, Jorge. Revolución e intervención en el Caribe: las lecciones de Granada. Buenos Aires: Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1990. is. Internacional Socialista. Relatorio relativo a deslocação de uma delegação da is a América Latina, 15 a 25/5/1978. Disponible en: Arquivo Mario Soares, Lisboa. is. Internacional Socialista. Informe de la Misión de la is a América Latina, 1978. Disponible en: Archivo iisg. Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Ámsterdam.
Keck, Margaret y Sikkink, Kathryn. Activistas sin fronteras. México: Siglo xxi, 2001.
Keohane, R. y Nye, J. (eds.). Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Lomnitz, Larissa. Redes sociales y partidos políticos en Chile. Redes. Revista Hispana para el Análisis de Redes Sociales, 2002, vol. 3: 1-14.
López, Margarita; Figueroa, Carlos y Rajland Beatriz (comps.). Temas y procesos de la historia reciente de América Latina. Santiago de Chile: arcis/clacso, 2010.
Lvovich, Daniel; Bohoslavsky, Ernesto; Franco, Marina e Iglesias, Mariana (comps.). Problemas de historia reciente del Cono Sur. Buenos Aires: Prometeo Libros, 2011.
Mainwaring, Scott y Pérez-Li-án, Aníbal. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America. Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Markarian, Vania. La izquierda uruguaya en el exilio y las redes transnacionales de derechos humanos (1972-1976). Montevideo: Centro Latinoamericano de Economía Humana, 2004.
Mujal León, Eusebio. European Socialism and the conflict in Central America. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1989.
Mu-oz Sánchez, Antonio. El amigo alemán: El spd y el psoe de la dictadura a la democracia. Barcelona: rba Libros, 2012.
Pedrosa, Fernando. La otra izquierda, La socialdemocracia en América Latina. Buenos Aires: Capital Intelectual, 2012.
Pridham, Geoffrey (ed.). Encouraging Democracy. The international context of regime transition in Southern Europe. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991.
Schmitter, Philippe. Veinticinco a-os, quince hallazgos. Postdata, 2011, vol. 16 (1): 25-30.
Schmitter, Philippe y Karl, Terry Lynn. The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East Should They Attempt to Go? Slavic Review, 1994, vol. 53 (1): 173-185. https://doi.org/10.2307/2500331
Tallberg, Jonas y Jönsson, Christer. Transnational Actors in Global Governance Patterns, Explanations and Implications. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Tarrow, Sidney. The new transnational activism. Cambridge: University Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791055
Tarrow, Sidney y McAdam, Doug. Scale Shift in Transnational Contention. En Tarrow, S. y Della Porta, D. (eds.). Transnational Protest and Global Activism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791055.009
Zurbriggen, Cristina. Redes, actores e instituciones. Reforma y Democracia. Revista del clad, 2004, vol. 30: 1-13.
Alcántara Sáez, Manuel. La visión latinoamericana de la socialdemocracia espa-ola. En Vellinga, Menno (coord.). Democracia y política en América Latina. México: Siglo xxi, 1993.
Ansell, Ben W. y Samuels, David. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843686
Carothers, Thomas. The End of the Transition Paradigm. Journal of Democracy, 2002, vol. 13 (1): 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2002.0003
Della Porta, Donatella y Tarrow, Sidney (eds.). Transnational Protest and Global Activism: People, Passions, and Power. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
Gamus, Raquel. Una fugaz convergencia. cap y la is en Centroamérica. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1990.
Gourevitch, Peter. The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics. International Organization, 1978, vol. 32 (4): 881-912. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830003201X
Grabendorff, Wolf. International support for democracy in contemporary Latin America: The role of the party internationals. En Whitehead, L. (ed.). The International Dimensions of Democratization. Europe and the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Heine, Jorge. Revolución e intervención en el Caribe: las lecciones de Granada. Buenos Aires: Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1990. is. Internacional Socialista. Relatorio relativo a deslocação de uma delegação da is a América Latina, 15 a 25/5/1978. Disponible en: Arquivo Mario Soares, Lisboa. is. Internacional Socialista. Informe de la Misión de la is a América Latina, 1978. Disponible en: Archivo iisg. Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Ámsterdam.
Keck, Margaret y Sikkink, Kathryn. Activistas sin fronteras. México: Siglo xxi, 2001.
Keohane, R. y Nye, J. (eds.). Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Lomnitz, Larissa. Redes sociales y partidos políticos en Chile. Redes. Revista Hispana para el Análisis de Redes Sociales, 2002, vol. 3: 1-14.
López, Margarita; Figueroa, Carlos y Rajland Beatriz (comps.). Temas y procesos de la historia reciente de América Latina. Santiago de Chile: arcis/clacso, 2010.
Lvovich, Daniel; Bohoslavsky, Ernesto; Franco, Marina e Iglesias, Mariana (comps.). Problemas de historia reciente del Cono Sur. Buenos Aires: Prometeo Libros, 2011.
Mainwaring, Scott y Pérez-Li-án, Aníbal. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America. Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Markarian, Vania. La izquierda uruguaya en el exilio y las redes transnacionales de derechos humanos (1972-1976). Montevideo: Centro Latinoamericano de Economía Humana, 2004.
Mujal León, Eusebio. European Socialism and the conflict in Central America. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1989.
Mu-oz Sánchez, Antonio. El amigo alemán: El spd y el psoe de la dictadura a la democracia. Barcelona: rba Libros, 2012.
Pedrosa, Fernando. La otra izquierda, La socialdemocracia en América Latina. Buenos Aires: Capital Intelectual, 2012.
Pridham, Geoffrey (ed.). Encouraging Democracy. The international context of regime transition in Southern Europe. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991.
Schmitter, Philippe. Veinticinco a-os, quince hallazgos. Postdata, 2011, vol. 16 (1): 25-30.
Schmitter, Philippe y Karl, Terry Lynn. The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East Should They Attempt to Go? Slavic Review, 1994, vol. 53 (1): 173-185. https://doi.org/10.2307/2500331
Tallberg, Jonas y Jönsson, Christer. Transnational Actors in Global Governance Patterns, Explanations and Implications. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Tarrow, Sidney. The new transnational activism. Cambridge: University Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791055
Tarrow, Sidney y McAdam, Doug. Scale Shift in Transnational Contention. En Tarrow, S. y Della Porta, D. (eds.). Transnational Protest and Global Activism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791055.009
Zurbriggen, Cristina. Redes, actores e instituciones. Reforma y Democracia. Revista del clad, 2004, vol. 30: 1-13.
Pedrosa, F. (2016). Politicians without borders. Transnational networks, political parties and democratization in Latin America. América Latina Hoy, 73, 67–86. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh2016736786
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