European election observation in Latin America. An analysis of 15 years of recommendations (2000-2014)
Abstract This article analyses the recommendations for improvement of elections made in the final reports of observation missions deployed by the European Union to Latin America over a 15-year period (2000-2014), taking the implementation of recommendations as an empirical indicator of the observation missions’ impact. The analysis reveals that it is not infrequent that eu missions reiterate recommendations when they return to a country to observe another election, and that persistent problems turn out to be more numerous than shortcomings being satisfactorily resolved. This circumstance asks for a review of the mechanisms to formulate recommendations as well as for the search of the most adequate means to promote their implementation during the post-election period.
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EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT’S DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES, policy department. Following-Up on Recommendations of eu Election Observation Missions, 2012. En línea: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2012/457117/EXPO-DROI_ NT(201 2)457117_EN.pdf. Fecha de consulta: 10/09/2014.
EU ANNUAL REPORT ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN THE WORLD IN 2012. Thematic Reports. En línea: http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%209431%20 2013%20INIT. Fecha de consulta: 10 de septiembre, 2014.
EU ANNUAL REPORT ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN THE WORLD IN 2012. Country reports. En línea: http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%209431%20 2013%20ADD%20 1. Fecha de consulta: 10 de septiembre, 2014.
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HYDE, Susan d. The Pseudo-Democrat’s Dilemma: Why Election Observation Became an International Norm. Ithaca, Nueva York: Cornell University, 2011.
KELLEY, Judith G. Monitoring Democracy. When International Election Observation Works, and Why It Often Fails. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.
SIDA. Handbook for European Union Election Observation Missions. Suiza: The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2002. Disponible en http://www.needsproject. eu/files/ Handbook_EUEOM_EN.pdf.
SIDA. Handbook for European Union Election Observation. Suiza: The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2008 (segunda edición). Disponible en http://eeas.europa. eu/ eueom/pdf/handbook-eueom-en-2nd-edition_es.pdf.
TUCCINARDI, Domenico y BALME, Franck. Citizen Election Observation Towards a New Era. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 2013, 12 (1): 94-99.
TUCCINARDI, Domenico; BALME, Franck y MCCORMACK, Gillian. The Evolution of Election Observation in the European Union: From Fraud Prevention to Democracy Support. En IDEA International, The Integrity of Elections: The Role of Regional Organizations, 2012. En línea: http://www.idea.int/publications/integrity-of-elections/index.cfm. Fecha de consulta: 10 de marzo, 2015.
VV. AA. Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation and Code of Conduct for International Election Observers, 2005. En línea: http://eeas.europa.eu/eueom/pdf/declara- tion-of principles_en.pdf.
Meilán, X., & Tuccinardi, D. (2015). European election observation in Latin America. An analysis of 15 years of recommendations (2000-2014). América Latina Hoy, 70, 77–90. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh2015707790
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