Anti-heroes Suffering from PTSD and Villains with Narcissistic Personality Disorder: the Schism of Mental Health Problems in the Cinema
Abstract Currently there is a trend towards the introduction of mental health problems in the protagonists of films, particularly in antiheroes. This fact contrasts with the traditional association of these diseases with villains. This manuscript has the objective of detecting the mental health problems that villains and antiheroes have in the cinema to find out if they receive the same treatment and if there are stigmatized diseases linked to each other. From the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results, patterns, trends and contrasts have been identified between the narratives of mental health between villains and antiheroes. The findings show that post-traumatic stress disorder is the most frequent in antiheroes, while in villains it is narcissistic personality disorder, which shows the existing stigmas in the cinematographic imaginary.
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Camp M E, Webster C R, Coverdale T, Coverdale J, Nairn R. (2010). The Joker: A Dark Night for Depictions of Mental Illness. Academic Psychiatry. 2010;34:145–149. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.34.2.145
Bashir N, Ahmed N, Singh A, Tang Y Z, Young M, Abba A, et al. (2004). A precious case from Middle Earth. BMJ. 2004;329(7480):1435–1436. https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.329.7480.1435
Wilkerson G. So Far From the Shire: Psychological Distance and Isolation in The Lord of the Rings. Mythlore. 2008; 27(1). https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol27/iss1/8?utm_source=dc.swosu.edu%2Fmythlore%2Fvol27%2Fiss1%2F8&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
González F R. La tríada oscura de la personalidad: maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía. Una mirada evolutiva. Rev. Crim. 2015;57(2):253-265. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5456799.pdf
Paulhus D L, Williams K M. The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. J. Res. Pers. 2002;36(6):556-563. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
López Miguel M J, Núñez Gaitán M del C. Psicopatía versus trastorno antisocial de la personalidad. REIC. 2009;7:1–17. https://doi.org/10.46381/reic.v7i0.49
Kavanagh C, Cavanna AE. James Bond villains and psychopathy: a literary analysis. Psychopathology. 2020 ;26 :273-283. https://www.doi.org/10.36148/2284-0249-351
Croley J A, Reese V, Wagner R F. Dermatologic Features of Classic Movie Villains The Face of Evil. JAMA Dermatol. 2017; 153(6): 559-564. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.5979
Yang J. Dermatologic conditions as vehicles of horror in Gothic literature. Clin Dermatol. 2020; 38(5): 569-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.04.008
Freire Sánchez A, Vidal-Mestre M. Vitíligo, una enfermedad cutánea convertida en rasgo estético. COMeIN. 2021; (108): 1696-3296. https://doi.org/10.7238/issn.2014-2226
Rohr S. Screening Madness in American Culture. J. Med. Humanit. 2015; 36(3): 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-014-9287-3
Martínez-Lucena JM, Cambra I. Imaginarios de los trastornos mentales en las series. Barcelona: UOC; 2020.
Lopera-Mármol M, Jiménez-Morales M, Jiménez Morales M. Representación narrativa de la depresión, el TPA y el TEA en «Atypical», «My Mad Fat Diary» y «The End of The F***ing World». Communication & Society. 2023; 36(1): 17-34. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.36.1.17-34
Lugo N, Melón M E, Castillo, M C. La representación del autismo en las narrativas de fan fiction.net: los espacios de afinidad como oportunidad para la negociación de sentido. Palabra Clave. 2017; 20(4): 978. https://palabraclave.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/palabraclave/article/view/948
Freire Sánchez A, Gracia-Mercadé C, Vidal-Mestre M. Referentes intertextuales para la expansión y la profundidad en la creación de un universo narrativo transmedia. Estudio de caso: la saga Vengadores. Palabra Clave. 2022; 25(4): e2542. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2022.25.4.2
Greenwood D, Ribieras A, Clifton A. The dark side of antiheroes: Antisocial tendencies and affinity for morally ambiguous characters. Psychol. Pop. Media. 2021; 10(2): 165-177. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ppm0000334
Freire A, Vidal-Mestre M. El concepto de antihéroe o antiheroína en las narrativas audiovisuales transmedia. Cuadernos.Info. 2022;(52):246–265. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.52.34771
Brayton S. Mental illness, late capitalism, and the socioeconomic "psychopath" in CBS's Elementary. Popular Communication. 2017; 15(4):283-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2017.1343949
Murray J. The Glamorisation of Mental Illness in BBC’s Sherlock. In: Maier S E, Ayres B, editors. Neo-Victorian Madness. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan; 2020. p. 253-279.
Hyler S, Gabbard G, Schneider I. Homicidal maniacs and narcissistic parasites: stigmatization of mentally ill persons in the movies. Hosp. Community Psychiatry. 1991;42(10): 1044–1048. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.42.10.1044
Boulos J, Nilesh D, Bhushan M, Shobhit M, Chris R, Dan S. MYSTIQ: a system for finding more answers by using probabilities. Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data; 2005 June 14-16; Baltimore. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1066157.1066277
Dodds K. Popular geopolitics and audience dispositions: James Bond and the internet movie database (IMDb). Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 2006;31(2):116-130. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804376
Ahmed A, Vladimir B, Xiaoyan F, Seok-Hee H, Damian M, Andrej M. Visualization and analysis of the Internet movie database. Proceedings of the 6th International Asia-Pacific Symposium; 2007; Sydney.
Debnath S, Niloy G, Pabitra M, editors. Feature weighting in content based recommendation systems using social network analysis. Proceedings of the 17th international conference on the World Wide Web; 2008 April 21-25; Beijing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1367497.1367646
Wasserman M P. Properties and Applications of the IMDb Film Connections Network. [dissertation]. Northwestern University; 2015.
Sanz-Aznar J, Aguilar C. Metodología para la detección y cuantificación del fenómeno fan y anti-fan a través de IMDb. In: Corona-León G A, editor. Comunicación en el siglo XXI. Sevilla: Egregius;2020. p. 57-104.
Marfil Carmona R, Repiso Caballero R. IMDb y su utilidad para la investigación cinematográfica. Ejemplos de uso de datos desde la metodología de análisis de redes sociales. In: Bort Gual I, García Catalán S, Martín Núñez M, editors. Actas del IV Congreso Internacional sobre análisis fílmico; 2011 mayo 4-6; Castelló de la Plana: Universitat Jaume I. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7499092&orden=1&info=link
Rodríguez M. Physiognomy and Freakery: The Joker on Film. Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture. 1900 to Present. 2014;13(2). https://americanpopularculture.com/journal/articles/fall_2014/rodriguez.htm
Arroyo Paniagua J J. ‘Whatever doesn’t kill you simply makes you stranger’: Fear in the character of the Joker in The Dark Knight. Revista De Estudios Norteamericanos. 2022;26:31-51. https://doi.org/10.12795/REN.2022.i26.02
Camp M E, Webster C R, Coverdale T, Coverdale J, Nairn R. (2010). The Joker: A Dark Night for Depictions of Mental Illness. Academic Psychiatry. 2010;34:145–149. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.34.2.145
Bashir N, Ahmed N, Singh A, Tang Y Z, Young M, Abba A, et al. (2004). A precious case from Middle Earth. BMJ. 2004;329(7480):1435–1436. https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.329.7480.1435
Wilkerson G. So Far From the Shire: Psychological Distance and Isolation in The Lord of the Rings. Mythlore. 2008; 27(1). https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol27/iss1/8?utm_source=dc.swosu.edu%2Fmythlore%2Fvol27%2Fiss1%2F8&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
González F R. La tríada oscura de la personalidad: maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía. Una mirada evolutiva. Rev. Crim. 2015;57(2):253-265. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5456799.pdf
Paulhus D L, Williams K M. The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. J. Res. Pers. 2002;36(6):556-563. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
López Miguel M J, Núñez Gaitán M del C. Psicopatía versus trastorno antisocial de la personalidad. REIC. 2009;7:1–17. https://doi.org/10.46381/reic.v7i0.49
Vidal-Mestre, M., Freire-Sánchez, A., & Lavandeira-Amenedo, Y. (2024). Anti-heroes Suffering from PTSD and Villains with Narcissistic Personality Disorder: the Schism of Mental Health Problems in the Cinema. Journal of Medicine and Movies, 20(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.14201/rmc.31450
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