Not just escapism—Medicine-related fiction films as therapeutical and education tools amid pandemic
A film and literature research
Abstract Background: During epidemic disease outbreaks, people’s daily lives are restricted by quarantine and social distancing measures that can affect not only their physical and mental health but also other aspects of their lives, including education. The quality of medical education has suffered amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, with on-site classes and conferences canceled or postponed. To address the resultant gaps in learning and supplement the rigors of formal medical teaching, recent research has suggested the use of nonfictional films. However, research on the educational and therapeutic value of fictional films is currently lacking. Methods: This study explored fiction films featuring medical practices, diseases, and treatments. The researcher conducted multiple searches using the largest internet movie databases (Internet Movie Database (IMDb), the American Film Institute Catalog, and the British Film Institute’s Collections Search) and literature research focusing on studies related to the value of films as visual learning and educational tools and their therapeutic effects on viewers in times of pandemics. Results: The researcher chose a representative selection of 20 films from over 100 years of cinematic history to educate and intellectually challenge practitioners under lockdown and use as a therapeutic tool. This study identified many ways films could be a potent instrument for medical education and a wide range of educational and therapeutic possibilities for use during public health crises. Medical fiction offers a highly entertaining and effective way to expand and improve medical knowledge and practices while respecting pandemic restrictions. The findings expand our knowledge on the value of medical fiction as an educational and therapeutic tool. Conclusions: Fictional films can be an advantageous, effective, and entertaining medium for educating physicians and improving their medical skills and practices. When public health crises or other concerns necessitate «work from home» and socially distanced conditions, movies can augment and enhance high-level medical learning and offer new perspectives that might be obscured in times of trauma, making them especially valuable for those struggling with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Auray S, Eyquem A. The macroeconomic effects of lockdown policies. J. Public Econ. 2020;190: 104260.
Faber M, Ghisletta A, Schmidheiny K. A lockdown index to assess the economic impact of the coronavirus. SJES. 2020;156(1): 11.
Atalan A. Is the lockdown important to prevent the COVID-9 pandemic? Effects on psychology, environment and economy-perspective. Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond.). 2020;56: 38-42.
Higgins GC, Thomson SE, Baker J, Honeyman C, Kearns M, Roberts J, Tay S. COVID-19 lockdown and beyond: Home practice solutions for developing microsurgical skills. J Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 2021;74(2): 407-447.
The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). IMDb.com, Inc. Seattle. 2021. Accessed 05 October 2021. [Internet].
American Film Institute (AFI) catalog. American Film Institute, Los Angeles, California. 2021. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
British Film Institute (BFI) Collections search. British Film Institute, London. 2021. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Schiller F. The theatre considered as a moral institution. Schiller Institute. 2021. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
La dolce vita (Italy, France 1960, Dir. Federico Fellini).
Donnelley P. Fade to black: A book of movie obituaries. London, Omnibus press; 2000: p. 206.
Certo N. «La Dolce Vita» Today: Fashion and Media. Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects. City University of New York (CUNY), CUNY Academic Works. 2007. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
JFK (USA, France 1991, Dir. Oliver Stone).
Elliot ER, Kelly LD. Synthetic History and Subjective Reality. The Impact of Oliver Stone's JFK. The Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. 1992. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Henkel D, Wijdicks EM, Karenberg A. Beyond Slapstick: How Silent Movies Have Witnessed Medicine. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2020;145(25): 1818-1827.
Henkel D: From Euphemism to Dystopia – A (Cinematographic) Case Series Displaying the Polarizing Image of Surgery in Early Cinema. Surgical Case Reports. 2021:4(10): 2-7.
Dehority W. Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Pandemics, and Hollywood-Hope and Fear Across a Century of Cinema. JAMA. 2020;19;323(19): 1878-1880.
Berg-Cross L, Jennings P, Baruch R. Cinematherapy: Theory and application. J Creativ Ment Health. 1990;8(1): 135-156.
Geller JD. Introduction: Psychotherapy through the lens of cinema. J Clin Psychol. 2020;76(8): 1423-1437.
Wahl O, Reiss M, Thompson CA. Film Psychotherapy in the 21st Century. Health Commun. 2018;33(3): 238-245.
Prados M. The use of films in psychotherapy. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1951;21(1): 36-46.
Niemiec RM: Character strengths cinematherapy: Using movies to inspire change, meaning, and cinematic elevation. J Clin Psychol. 2020;76(8): 1447-1462.
Gelkopf M, Gonen B, Kurs R, Melamed Y, Bleich A. The effect of humorous movies on inpatients with chronic schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(11): 880-3.
von Maffei C, Görges F, Kissling W, Schreiber W, Rummel-Kluge C. Using films as a psychoeducation tool for patients with schizophrenia: a pilot study using a quasi-experimental pre-post design. BMC Psychiatry. 2015; 15:93.
Morais EM, Moreira PR, Winkelmann ER. Movie watching during dialysis sessions reduces depression and anxiety and improves quality of life: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020;52: 102488.
Ketsuwan C, Leenanupunth C, Phengsalae Y, Sangkum P, Kongchareonsombat W, Kaewjai N, Timjapoe P. Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Watching Movies to Decrease Anxiety During Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy. Res Rep Urol. 2021;13: 97-104.
Wijdicks FM. Teaching medicine through film: Wiseman's medical trilogy revisited. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1): 387.
Wakerlin RC. An overview of motion pictures in medical education. J Med Educ. 1971;46(7): 592-8.
Essex-Lopresti M. The medical film 1897-1997: Part I. The first half-century. J Audiov Media Med. 1998;21(1): 7-12.
Essex-Lopresti M. The medical film 1897-1997: Part II. The second half-century. J Audiov Media Med. 1998;21(2): 48-55.
Gainty C. Mr. Gilbreth's Motion Pictures—The Evolution of Medical Efficiency. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(2): 109-11.
Stephenson GW. Visual education in surgery—contributions of the American College of Surgeons in the past fifty years. Bull Am Coll Surg. 1976;61(5): 8-18.
O'Shea JS. Motion pictures and the college: a history of «learning by seeing». Bull Am Coll Surg. 2003;88(8): 16-23.
Dominiczak MH. Cinema: Its Surreptitious Service to Science. Clin Chem. 2016;62(7): 1045-6.
Menon KV, Ranjith G. Malayalam cinema and mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009;21(3): 218-23.
Fedunkiw M. Malaria films: Motion pictures as a public health tool. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7): 1046-57.
Twist MLC. And Action! Teaching and Learning Through Film. J. Fem. Fam. Ther. 2010. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Roe D. Film as an educational tool to train psychotherapists. J. Clin. Psychol. 2020;76(8): 1492-1503.
Blasco PG, Moreto G, Blasco MG, Levites M, Janaudis MA. Education through Movies: Improving teaching skills and fostering reflection among students and teachers. Journal for Learning through the Arts. 2015;11,(1).
Noda K, Yamaguchi Y, Nakadai K, Okuno HG, Ogata T. Audio-visual speech recognition using deep learning. Appl. Intell. 2015;42: 722-737.
Fuady R. Audio-Visual Media in Learning. Journal of K6 Education and Management abbreviation. 2018. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Marlena N, Dwijayanti R, Widayati I. Is Audio Visual Media Effective for Learning?. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Education Social Sciences and Humanities (ICESSHum 2019). 2019. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Nawel B. Watching the Movie vs Reading the Book: Challenges of Developing EFL Students Literary Skill. In: Prezi Inc. 2015. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Beato G. Edutainment: Turning to Education for Fun. In: New York Times. 2015. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Alsoufi A, Alsuyihili A, Msherghi A, Elhadi A, Atiyah H, Ashini A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education: Medical students' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding electronic learning. PLoS One. 2020;15(11): e0242905.
Rose S. Medical Student Education in the Time of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(21): 2131-2132.
Ladha MA, Lui H, Carroll J, Doiron P, Kirshen C, Wong A, Purdy K. Medical Student and Resident Dermatology Education in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Cutan Med Surg. 2021;25(4): 437-442.
Jones VA, Clark KA, Puyana C, Tsouskas MM. Rescuing medical education in times of COVID-19. Clin Dermatol. 2021;39(1): 33-40.
Panchal N, Kamal R, Cox C, Garfield R. The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF). 2021. Accessed 17 October 2021 [Internet].
Testoni I, Rossi E, Pompele S, Malaguti I, Orkibi H. Catharsis Through Cinema: An Italian Qualitative Study on Watching Tragedies to Mitigate the Fear of COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 622174.
Scrivner C, Johnson JA, Kjeldgaard-Christiansen J, Clasen M. Pandemic practice: Horror fans and morbidly curious individuals are more psychologically resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;168: 110397.
Boursier V, Musetti A, Gioia F, Flayelle M, Billieux J, Schimmenti A. Is Watching TV Series an Adaptive Coping Strategy During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Insights From an Italian Community Sample. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 599859.
Radanliev P, Roure DD. Alternative mental health therapies in prolonged lockdowns: narratives from Covid-19. Health Technol (Berl). 2021; 1-7.
Mann DM, Chen J, Chunara R, Testa PA, Nov O. COVID-19 transforms health care through telemedicine: Evidence from the field. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;27(7): 1132-1135.
Kubrak T. Impact of Films: Changes in Young People’s Attitudes after Watching a Movie. Behav Sci (Basel). 2020;10(5): 86.
Herriott S. The problem of routine work: Western and Eastern perspectives. Int. j. Indian cult. bus. manag. 2014;9(1): 116-129.
Hou WK, Tt Lai F, Ben-Ezra M, Goodwin R. Regularizing daily routines for mental health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. J Glob Health. 2020;10(2): 020315.
Amour (France, Germany, Austria 2012, Dir. Michael Haneke).
The Country Doctor (USA 1909, Dir. D. W. Griffith).
Sukel K. Dealing with the shortage of rural physicians. Medical Economics Journal. 2019. Accessed 06 October 2021 [Internet].
Kaduszkiewicz H, Teichert U, van den Bussche H. Ärztemangel in der hausärztlichen Versorgung auf dem Lande und im Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst Eine kritische Analyse der Evidenz bezüglich der Rolle von Aus- und Weiterbildung. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 2018. Accessed 06 October 2021 [Internet].
The Penalty (USA 1920, Dir. Wallace Worsley).
Edelstein, L. The Hippocratic Oath: Text, translation and interpretation. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press; 1943: p. 56.
Patch Adams (USA 1998, Dir. Tom Shadyac).
Side Effects (USA 2013, Dir. Steven Soderbergh).
Girl, Interrupted (USA 1999, Dir. James Mangold).
A Clockwork Orange (United Kingdom, USA 1971, Dir. Stanley Kubrick).
Contagion (USA 2011, Dir. Steven Soderbergh).
Patient Zero (United Kingdom 2018, Dir. Stefan Ruzowitzky).
Infección (Venezuela 2019, Dir. Flavio Pedota).
COVID-21: Lethal Virus (Spain 2021, Dir. Daniel Hernández Torrado).
Lockdown (United Kingdom 2021, Dir. Doug Liman).
Domaradzki J, Walkowiak D. Medical students' knowledge and opinions about rare diseases: A case study from Poland. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2019;8(4): 252-259.
Li X, Zhang X, Zhang S, Lu Z, Zhang J, Zhou J, Li B, Ou L. Rare disease awareness and perspectives of physicians in China: a questionnaire-based study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021;16(1): 171.
Extraordinary Measures (USA 2010, Dir. Tom Vaughan).
The Pride of the Yankees (USA 1942, Dir. Sam Wood).
The Theory of Everything (United Kingdom, Japan, USA 2014, Dir. James Marsh).
Le Scaphandre et le Papillon (France, USA 2007, Dir. Julian Schnabel).
You Don't Know Jack (USA 2010, Dir. Barry Levinson).
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (USA 1975, Dir. Miloš Forman).
Zeigler-Hill V, Vrabel JK, McCabe GA, Cosby CA, Traeder CK, Hobbs KA, Southard AC. Narcissism and the pursuit of status. J Pers. 2019;87(2): 310-327.
Di Vincenzo F, Angelozzi D, Morandi F. The microfoundations of physicians' managerial attitude. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1): 199.
Ying L, Cohen A. Dark triad personalities and counterproductive work behaviors among physicians in China. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2018;33(4): e985-e998.
Alexander GC, Humensky J, Guerrero C, Park H, Loewenstein G. Brief Report: Physician Narcissism, Ego Threats, and Confidence in the Face of Uncertainty. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2010. Accessed 06 October 2021 [Internet].
Alsawalqa RO. Emotional labour, social intelligence, and narcissism among physicians in Jordan. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 2020. Accessed 06 October 2021 [Internet].
Doc Hollywood (USA 1991, Dir. Michael Caton-Jones).
The Good Doctor (USA 2011, Lance Daly).
Wijdicks EFM. Cinema, MD: A History of Medicine on Screen. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Auray S, Eyquem A. The macroeconomic effects of lockdown policies. J. Public Econ. 2020;190: 104260.
Faber M, Ghisletta A, Schmidheiny K. A lockdown index to assess the economic impact of the coronavirus. SJES. 2020;156(1): 11.
Atalan A. Is the lockdown important to prevent the COVID-9 pandemic? Effects on psychology, environment and economy-perspective. Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond.). 2020;56: 38-42.
Higgins GC, Thomson SE, Baker J, Honeyman C, Kearns M, Roberts J, Tay S. COVID-19 lockdown and beyond: Home practice solutions for developing microsurgical skills. J Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 2021;74(2): 407-447.
The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). IMDb.com, Inc. Seattle. 2021. Accessed 05 October 2021. [Internet].
American Film Institute (AFI) catalog. American Film Institute, Los Angeles, California. 2021. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
British Film Institute (BFI) Collections search. British Film Institute, London. 2021. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Schiller F. The theatre considered as a moral institution. Schiller Institute. 2021. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
La dolce vita (Italy, France 1960, Dir. Federico Fellini).
Donnelley P. Fade to black: A book of movie obituaries. London, Omnibus press; 2000: p. 206.
Certo N. «La Dolce Vita» Today: Fashion and Media. Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects. City University of New York (CUNY), CUNY Academic Works. 2007. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
JFK (USA, France 1991, Dir. Oliver Stone).
Elliot ER, Kelly LD. Synthetic History and Subjective Reality. The Impact of Oliver Stone's JFK. The Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. 1992. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Henkel D, Wijdicks EM, Karenberg A. Beyond Slapstick: How Silent Movies Have Witnessed Medicine. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2020;145(25): 1818-1827.
Henkel D: From Euphemism to Dystopia – A (Cinematographic) Case Series Displaying the Polarizing Image of Surgery in Early Cinema. Surgical Case Reports. 2021:4(10): 2-7.
Dehority W. Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Pandemics, and Hollywood-Hope and Fear Across a Century of Cinema. JAMA. 2020;19;323(19): 1878-1880.
Berg-Cross L, Jennings P, Baruch R. Cinematherapy: Theory and application. J Creativ Ment Health. 1990;8(1): 135-156.
Geller JD. Introduction: Psychotherapy through the lens of cinema. J Clin Psychol. 2020;76(8): 1423-1437.
Wahl O, Reiss M, Thompson CA. Film Psychotherapy in the 21st Century. Health Commun. 2018;33(3): 238-245.
Prados M. The use of films in psychotherapy. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1951;21(1): 36-46.
Niemiec RM: Character strengths cinematherapy: Using movies to inspire change, meaning, and cinematic elevation. J Clin Psychol. 2020;76(8): 1447-1462.
Gelkopf M, Gonen B, Kurs R, Melamed Y, Bleich A. The effect of humorous movies on inpatients with chronic schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(11): 880-3.
von Maffei C, Görges F, Kissling W, Schreiber W, Rummel-Kluge C. Using films as a psychoeducation tool for patients with schizophrenia: a pilot study using a quasi-experimental pre-post design. BMC Psychiatry. 2015; 15:93.
Morais EM, Moreira PR, Winkelmann ER. Movie watching during dialysis sessions reduces depression and anxiety and improves quality of life: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020;52: 102488.
Ketsuwan C, Leenanupunth C, Phengsalae Y, Sangkum P, Kongchareonsombat W, Kaewjai N, Timjapoe P. Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Watching Movies to Decrease Anxiety During Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy. Res Rep Urol. 2021;13: 97-104.
Wijdicks FM. Teaching medicine through film: Wiseman's medical trilogy revisited. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1): 387.
Wakerlin RC. An overview of motion pictures in medical education. J Med Educ. 1971;46(7): 592-8.
Essex-Lopresti M. The medical film 1897-1997: Part I. The first half-century. J Audiov Media Med. 1998;21(1): 7-12.
Essex-Lopresti M. The medical film 1897-1997: Part II. The second half-century. J Audiov Media Med. 1998;21(2): 48-55.
Gainty C. Mr. Gilbreth's Motion Pictures—The Evolution of Medical Efficiency. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(2): 109-11.
Stephenson GW. Visual education in surgery—contributions of the American College of Surgeons in the past fifty years. Bull Am Coll Surg. 1976;61(5): 8-18.
O'Shea JS. Motion pictures and the college: a history of «learning by seeing». Bull Am Coll Surg. 2003;88(8): 16-23.
Dominiczak MH. Cinema: Its Surreptitious Service to Science. Clin Chem. 2016;62(7): 1045-6.
Menon KV, Ranjith G. Malayalam cinema and mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009;21(3): 218-23.
Fedunkiw M. Malaria films: Motion pictures as a public health tool. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7): 1046-57.
Twist MLC. And Action! Teaching and Learning Through Film. J. Fem. Fam. Ther. 2010. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Roe D. Film as an educational tool to train psychotherapists. J. Clin. Psychol. 2020;76(8): 1492-1503.
Blasco PG, Moreto G, Blasco MG, Levites M, Janaudis MA. Education through Movies: Improving teaching skills and fostering reflection among students and teachers. Journal for Learning through the Arts. 2015;11,(1).
Noda K, Yamaguchi Y, Nakadai K, Okuno HG, Ogata T. Audio-visual speech recognition using deep learning. Appl. Intell. 2015;42: 722-737.
Fuady R. Audio-Visual Media in Learning. Journal of K6 Education and Management abbreviation. 2018. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Marlena N, Dwijayanti R, Widayati I. Is Audio Visual Media Effective for Learning?. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Education Social Sciences and Humanities (ICESSHum 2019). 2019. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Nawel B. Watching the Movie vs Reading the Book: Challenges of Developing EFL Students Literary Skill. In: Prezi Inc. 2015. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Beato G. Edutainment: Turning to Education for Fun. In: New York Times. 2015. Accessed 05 October 2021 [Internet].
Alsoufi A, Alsuyihili A, Msherghi A, Elhadi A, Atiyah H, Ashini A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education: Medical students' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding electronic learning. PLoS One. 2020;15(11): e0242905.
Rose S. Medical Student Education in the Time of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(21): 2131-2132.
Ladha MA, Lui H, Carroll J, Doiron P, Kirshen C, Wong A, Purdy K. Medical Student and Resident Dermatology Education in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Cutan Med Surg. 2021;25(4): 437-442.
Jones VA, Clark KA, Puyana C, Tsouskas MM. Rescuing medical education in times of COVID-19. Clin Dermatol. 2021;39(1): 33-40.
Panchal N, Kamal R, Cox C, Garfield R. The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF). 2021. Accessed 17 October 2021 [Internet].
Testoni I, Rossi E, Pompele S, Malaguti I, Orkibi H. Catharsis Through Cinema: An Italian Qualitative Study on Watching Tragedies to Mitigate the Fear of COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 622174.
Scrivner C, Johnson JA, Kjeldgaard-Christiansen J, Clasen M. Pandemic practice: Horror fans and morbidly curious individuals are more psychologically resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;168: 110397.
Boursier V, Musetti A, Gioia F, Flayelle M, Billieux J, Schimmenti A. Is Watching TV Series an Adaptive Coping Strategy During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Insights From an Italian Community Sample. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 599859.
Radanliev P, Roure DD. Alternative mental health therapies in prolonged lockdowns: narratives from Covid-19. Health Technol (Berl). 2021; 1-7.
Mann DM, Chen J, Chunara R, Testa PA, Nov O. COVID-19 transforms health care through telemedicine: Evidence from the field. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;27(7): 1132-1135.
Kubrak T. Impact of Films: Changes in Young People’s Attitudes after Watching a Movie. Behav Sci (Basel). 2020;10(5): 86.
Herriott S. The problem of routine work: Western and Eastern perspectives. Int. j. Indian cult. bus. manag. 2014;9(1): 116-129.
Hou WK, Tt Lai F, Ben-Ezra M, Goodwin R. Regularizing daily routines for mental health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. J Glob Health. 2020;10(2): 020315.
Amour (France, Germany, Austria 2012, Dir. Michael Haneke).
The Country Doctor (USA 1909, Dir. D. W. Griffith).
Sukel K. Dealing with the shortage of rural physicians. Medical Economics Journal. 2019. Accessed 06 October 2021 [Internet].
Kaduszkiewicz H, Teichert U, van den Bussche H. Ärztemangel in der hausärztlichen Versorgung auf dem Lande und im Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst Eine kritische Analyse der Evidenz bezüglich der Rolle von Aus- und Weiterbildung. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 2018. Accessed 06 October 2021 [Internet].
The Penalty (USA 1920, Dir. Wallace Worsley).
Edelstein, L. The Hippocratic Oath: Text, translation and interpretation. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press; 1943: p. 56.
Patch Adams (USA 1998, Dir. Tom Shadyac).
Side Effects (USA 2013, Dir. Steven Soderbergh).
Girl, Interrupted (USA 1999, Dir. James Mangold).
A Clockwork Orange (United Kingdom, USA 1971, Dir. Stanley Kubrick).
Contagion (USA 2011, Dir. Steven Soderbergh).
Patient Zero (United Kingdom 2018, Dir. Stefan Ruzowitzky).
Infección (Venezuela 2019, Dir. Flavio Pedota).
COVID-21: Lethal Virus (Spain 2021, Dir. Daniel Hernández Torrado).
Lockdown (United Kingdom 2021, Dir. Doug Liman).
Domaradzki J, Walkowiak D. Medical students' knowledge and opinions about rare diseases: A case study from Poland. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2019;8(4): 252-259.
Li X, Zhang X, Zhang S, Lu Z, Zhang J, Zhou J, Li B, Ou L. Rare disease awareness and perspectives of physicians in China: a questionnaire-based study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021;16(1): 171.
Extraordinary Measures (USA 2010, Dir. Tom Vaughan).
The Pride of the Yankees (USA 1942, Dir. Sam Wood).
The Theory of Everything (United Kingdom, Japan, USA 2014, Dir. James Marsh).
Le Scaphandre et le Papillon (France, USA 2007, Dir. Julian Schnabel).
You Don't Know Jack (USA 2010, Dir. Barry Levinson).
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (USA 1975, Dir. Miloš Forman).
Zeigler-Hill V, Vrabel JK, McCabe GA, Cosby CA, Traeder CK, Hobbs KA, Southard AC. Narcissism and the pursuit of status. J Pers. 2019;87(2): 310-327.
Di Vincenzo F, Angelozzi D, Morandi F. The microfoundations of physicians' managerial attitude. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1): 199.
Ying L, Cohen A. Dark triad personalities and counterproductive work behaviors among physicians in China. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2018;33(4): e985-e998.
Alexander GC, Humensky J, Guerrero C, Park H, Loewenstein G. Brief Report: Physician Narcissism, Ego Threats, and Confidence in the Face of Uncertainty. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2010. Accessed 06 October 2021 [Internet].
Alsawalqa RO. Emotional labour, social intelligence, and narcissism among physicians in Jordan. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 2020. Accessed 06 October 2021 [Internet].
Doc Hollywood (USA 1991, Dir. Michael Caton-Jones).
The Good Doctor (USA 2011, Lance Daly).
Wijdicks EFM. Cinema, MD: A History of Medicine on Screen. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2020.
Henkel, D. (2022). Not just escapism—Medicine-related fiction films as therapeutical and education tools amid pandemic: A film and literature research. Journal of Medicine and Movies, 18(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.14201/rmc.27801
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