Perfect body (1997): eating disorders among elite athletes, risk factors and symptomatology
Abstract Nowadays, society and the mass media have made physical profiles fashionable that are difficult to emulate, causing a significant percentage of the population to develop different types of eating disorders. This is a more frequent issue among the female population and exerts particular pressure on elite athletes, where weight is a significant factor in performance (gymnasts, dancers...). Consequently, this research aims to identify the risk factors and symptomatology of eating disorders among elite athletes highlighted in the film “Perfect Body” (1997), by performing a bibliographic review. The film explores risk factors such as colleagues with eating disorders, weight-obsessed coaches or poor body image. Likewise, it identifies symptoms such as vomiting, a disproportionate increase in exercise or fatigue. The film "Perfect Body" (1997) gives a simple, real-life, visual glimpse of the risk factors and symptoms for high performance gymnasts and, therefore, the film is highly recommended to address this issue.
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Álvarez-Malé ML, Bautista Castaño I, Serra Majem L. Prevalencia de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en adolescents de Gran Canaria. Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(5):2283-8. Disponible en: http://www.aulamedica.es/nh/pdf/8583.pdf
American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5. Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2014.
Arthur-Cameselle J, Sossin K, Quatromoni P. A qualitative analysis of factors related to eating disorder onset in female collegiate athletes and non-athletes. Eat Disord. 2017;25(3):199-215. Disponible en: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8580/a37ab1316f2f8eee79a411cdb0a5c5a12c44.pdf
Delaney CB, Eddy KT, Hartmann AS, Becker AE, Murray HB, Thomas JJ. Pica and rumination behavior among individuals seeking treatment for eating disorders or obesity. Int J Eat Disord. 2015; 48(2):238-48.
Dos Reis JA, Junior CR, de Pinho L. Factors associated with the risk of eating disorders among academics in the area of health. Rev Gaucha Enferm. 2014;35(2):73-8. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rgenf/v35n2/1983-1447-rgenf-35-02-00073.pdf
Dosil J, Diaz O. The importance of weight in some sports. En: Dosil J, editor. Eating disorders in athletes. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons; 2008. p. 23-40.
Durán LJ, Jiménez PJ, Ruiz LM, Jiménez F, Camacho MJ. Trastornos de la alimentación y deporte. Arch Med Dep. 2006; 23(112): 117-25. Disponible en: http://archivosdemedicinadeldeporte.com/articulos/upload/Transtornos_117_112.pdf
El Ghoch M, Soave F, Calugi S, Dalle Grave R. Eating disorders, physical fitness and sport serformance: A systematic deview. Nutrients. 2013;5(12):5140-60. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3875919/pdf/nutrients-05-05140.pdf
Francisco R, Alarcão M, Narciso I. Aesthetic Sports as High Risk Context for Eating Disorders – Young Elite Dancers and Gymnasts Perspectives. Span J Psychol. 2012;15(1):265-74.
Giel KE, Hermann-Werner A, Mayer J, et al. Eating disorder pathology in Elite Adolescent Athletes. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(6):553-62.
Hernández-Mulero N, Berengüí R. Identidad deportiva y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria: Estudio preliminar en deportistas de competición. Cuad Psicol Dep. 2016;16(2):37-44. Disponible en: http://revistas.um.es/cpd/article/view/264401/196131
Jáuregui Lobera I, Romero Candau J, et al. Conducta alimentaria e imagen corporal en una muestra de adolescentes de Sevilla. Nutr Hosp. 2009;24(5):568-73. Disponible en: http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/nh/v24n5/original7.pdf
Joy E, Kussman A, Nattiv A. 2016 update on eating disorders in athletes: A comprehensive narrative review with focus on clinical assessment and management. Br J Sports Med. 2016 ;50(3):154-62.
Márquez S. Trastornos alimentarios en el deporte: factores de riesgo, consecuencias sobre la salud, tratamiento y prevención. Nutr Hosp. 2008;23(3):183-90. Disponible en: http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/nh/v23n3/revision1.pdf
Mas-Manchón L, Rodríguez-Bravo A, Montoya-Vilar N, Morales-Morante F, Lopes E, Añaños E, et al. Valores percibidos en la publicidad de alimentos por jóvenes con y sin trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Salud Colect. 2015;11(3):423-44. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/sc/v11n3/v11n3a09.pdf
McCormack C, McCann, E. Caring for an adolescent with anorexia nervosa: parent's views and experiences. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2015;29(3):143-7.
Perfect Body [Intenet]. Filmaffinity [consultado el 12 de marzo de 2017]. Disponible en http://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film969438.html
Pettersen I, Hernæs E, Skårderud F. Pursuit of performance excellence: a population study of Norwegian adolescent female cross-country skiers and biathletes with disordered eating. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2016; 2(1): e000115. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5117075/pdf/bmjsem-2016-000115.pdf
Rosen LW, Hough DO. Pathogenic weight control behaviours of female collegiate gymnastics. Phys Sportsmed. 1988; 16(9):141-4. Retracción de: Márquez S. Trastornos alimentarios en el deporte: factores de riesgo, consecuencias sobre la salud, tratamiento y prevención. Nutr Hosp. 2008;23(3):183-190. Disponible en: http://www.nutricionhospitalaria.com/pdf/4027.pdf
Smink FRE, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality Rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(4):406-14. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3409365/pdf/11920_2012_Article_282.pdf
Sundgot-Borgen J, Torstveit MK. Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(1):25–32.
Yirga B, Assefa Gelaw Y, Derso T, Mesele Wassie M. Disordered eating attitude and associated factors among high school adolescents aged 12–19 years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:503. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143448/pdf/13104_2016_Article_2318.pdf
American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5. Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2014.
Arthur-Cameselle J, Sossin K, Quatromoni P. A qualitative analysis of factors related to eating disorder onset in female collegiate athletes and non-athletes. Eat Disord. 2017;25(3):199-215. Disponible en: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8580/a37ab1316f2f8eee79a411cdb0a5c5a12c44.pdf
Delaney CB, Eddy KT, Hartmann AS, Becker AE, Murray HB, Thomas JJ. Pica and rumination behavior among individuals seeking treatment for eating disorders or obesity. Int J Eat Disord. 2015; 48(2):238-48.
Dos Reis JA, Junior CR, de Pinho L. Factors associated with the risk of eating disorders among academics in the area of health. Rev Gaucha Enferm. 2014;35(2):73-8. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rgenf/v35n2/1983-1447-rgenf-35-02-00073.pdf
Dosil J, Diaz O. The importance of weight in some sports. En: Dosil J, editor. Eating disorders in athletes. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons; 2008. p. 23-40.
Durán LJ, Jiménez PJ, Ruiz LM, Jiménez F, Camacho MJ. Trastornos de la alimentación y deporte. Arch Med Dep. 2006; 23(112): 117-25. Disponible en: http://archivosdemedicinadeldeporte.com/articulos/upload/Transtornos_117_112.pdf
El Ghoch M, Soave F, Calugi S, Dalle Grave R. Eating disorders, physical fitness and sport serformance: A systematic deview. Nutrients. 2013;5(12):5140-60. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3875919/pdf/nutrients-05-05140.pdf
Francisco R, Alarcão M, Narciso I. Aesthetic Sports as High Risk Context for Eating Disorders – Young Elite Dancers and Gymnasts Perspectives. Span J Psychol. 2012;15(1):265-74.
Giel KE, Hermann-Werner A, Mayer J, et al. Eating disorder pathology in Elite Adolescent Athletes. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(6):553-62.
Hernández-Mulero N, Berengüí R. Identidad deportiva y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria: Estudio preliminar en deportistas de competición. Cuad Psicol Dep. 2016;16(2):37-44. Disponible en: http://revistas.um.es/cpd/article/view/264401/196131
Jáuregui Lobera I, Romero Candau J, et al. Conducta alimentaria e imagen corporal en una muestra de adolescentes de Sevilla. Nutr Hosp. 2009;24(5):568-73. Disponible en: http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/nh/v24n5/original7.pdf
Joy E, Kussman A, Nattiv A. 2016 update on eating disorders in athletes: A comprehensive narrative review with focus on clinical assessment and management. Br J Sports Med. 2016 ;50(3):154-62.
Márquez S. Trastornos alimentarios en el deporte: factores de riesgo, consecuencias sobre la salud, tratamiento y prevención. Nutr Hosp. 2008;23(3):183-90. Disponible en: http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/nh/v23n3/revision1.pdf
Mas-Manchón L, Rodríguez-Bravo A, Montoya-Vilar N, Morales-Morante F, Lopes E, Añaños E, et al. Valores percibidos en la publicidad de alimentos por jóvenes con y sin trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Salud Colect. 2015;11(3):423-44. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/sc/v11n3/v11n3a09.pdf
McCormack C, McCann, E. Caring for an adolescent with anorexia nervosa: parent's views and experiences. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2015;29(3):143-7.
Perfect Body [Intenet]. Filmaffinity [consultado el 12 de marzo de 2017]. Disponible en http://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film969438.html
Pettersen I, Hernæs E, Skårderud F. Pursuit of performance excellence: a population study of Norwegian adolescent female cross-country skiers and biathletes with disordered eating. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2016; 2(1): e000115. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5117075/pdf/bmjsem-2016-000115.pdf
Rosen LW, Hough DO. Pathogenic weight control behaviours of female collegiate gymnastics. Phys Sportsmed. 1988; 16(9):141-4. Retracción de: Márquez S. Trastornos alimentarios en el deporte: factores de riesgo, consecuencias sobre la salud, tratamiento y prevención. Nutr Hosp. 2008;23(3):183-190. Disponible en: http://www.nutricionhospitalaria.com/pdf/4027.pdf
Smink FRE, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality Rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(4):406-14. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3409365/pdf/11920_2012_Article_282.pdf
Sundgot-Borgen J, Torstveit MK. Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(1):25–32.
Yirga B, Assefa Gelaw Y, Derso T, Mesele Wassie M. Disordered eating attitude and associated factors among high school adolescents aged 12–19 years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:503. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143448/pdf/13104_2016_Article_2318.pdf
Martínez De Estibariz, A., Pérez, P., Santín, L., & Arrue, M. (2018). Perfect body (1997): eating disorders among elite athletes, risk factors and symptomatology. Journal of Medicine and Movies, 14(4), 237–243. Retrieved from https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/medicina_y_cine/article/view/19569
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