Cold Sore, Cold Soul? An Examination of Orolabial Herpes in Film
Abstract The sociocultural phenomenon of herpes is attributed to two strains of the herpes simplex virus: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes orolabial cold sores while herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is typically identified in genital lesions, though both viruses may cause clinically similar signs and symptoms anywhere in or on the body. While these infections are extremely prevalent and typically benign, media sources such as film have perpetuated a negative public perception of the disease. Thus, a large portion of society continues to associate these conditions with sexual misconduct and moral failing. Despite decades of available antiviral therapy to shorten and suppress outbreaks, movies continue to exploit herpes for degradation and for humor. Portrayal of genital herpes in films is avoided in order to avert unnecessary and grotesque nude scenes, so depictions of cold sores are preferred. This article analyzes the use of orolabial herpes lesions in selected English language films released from 1984-2012.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-6-40
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.20.1.192
Bruce AJ, Rogers RS. Oral transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Dermatol 2004;22(6):520-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.07.005
Corey L, Adams HG, Brown ZA, Holmes KK. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: clinical manifestations, course, and complications. Ann Intern Med 1983;98(6):958-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-958
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00055-X
Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994. N Engl J Med 1997;337(16):1105-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199710163371601
Freeman ML, Sheridan BS, Bonneau RH, Hendricks RL. Psychological stress compromises CD8+ T cell control of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 infections. J Immunol 2007;179(1):322-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.322
Gilbert S. Oral shedding of herpes simplex virus type I in immunocompetent persons. J Oral Pathol Med 2006;35(9):548-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00461.x
Green LK, Pavan-Langston D. Herpes simplex ocular inflammatory disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2006;46(2):27-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-200604620-00005
Kimberlin DW, Rouse DJ. Clinical practice. Genital herpes. N Engl J Med 2004;350(19):1970-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp023065
Lafferty WE, Downey, L, Celum C, Wald A. Herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes: impact on surveillance and prevention. J Infect Dis 2000;181(4):1454-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315395
Posner TN. The ‘herpes’ phenomenon: media, myths, meanings, and medicines. Science as Culture 2000;9(4):445-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713695269
Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. J Infect Dis 2002;186(Suppl 1):S3-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/343739
Spruance SL, Overall JC, Kern ER, et al. The natural history of recurrent herpes simplex labialis: implications for antiviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1977;297(2):6975.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197707142970201
Vezina C, Steben M. Genital herpes: psychosexual impacts and counseling. The Canadian Journal of CME 2001:125-34
Wald A, Zeh J, Selke S, et al. Reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in asymptomatic seropositive persons. N Engl J Med 2000;342(12):844-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200003233421203
Whitley RJ. Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system. A review. Am J Med 1988;85(2A):61-7.
Young SK, Rowe NH, Buchanan RA. A clinical study for the control of facial mucocutaneous herpes virus infections. I. Characterization of natural history in a professional school population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1976;41(4):498-507.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(76)90277-2
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-6-40
Brodie M, Foehr U, Rideout V, et al. Communicating health information through the entertainment media. Health Affairs 2001;20(1):192-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.20.1.192
Bruce AJ, Rogers RS. Oral transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Dermatol 2004;22(6):520-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.07.005
Corey L, Adams HG, Brown ZA, Holmes KK. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: clinical manifestations, course, and complications. Ann Intern Med 1983;98(6):958-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-958
Dobson CB, Itzhaki RF. Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 1999;20(4):457-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00055-X
Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994. N Engl J Med 1997;337(16):1105-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199710163371601
Freeman ML, Sheridan BS, Bonneau RH, Hendricks RL. Psychological stress compromises CD8+ T cell control of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 infections. J Immunol 2007;179(1):322-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.322
Gilbert S. Oral shedding of herpes simplex virus type I in immunocompetent persons. J Oral Pathol Med 2006;35(9):548-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00461.x
Green LK, Pavan-Langston D. Herpes simplex ocular inflammatory disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2006;46(2):27-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-200604620-00005
Kimberlin DW, Rouse DJ. Clinical practice. Genital herpes. N Engl J Med 2004;350(19):1970-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp023065
Lafferty WE, Downey, L, Celum C, Wald A. Herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes: impact on surveillance and prevention. J Infect Dis 2000;181(4):1454-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315395
Posner TN. The ‘herpes’ phenomenon: media, myths, meanings, and medicines. Science as Culture 2000;9(4):445-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713695269
Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. J Infect Dis 2002;186(Suppl 1):S3-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/343739
Spruance SL, Overall JC, Kern ER, et al. The natural history of recurrent herpes simplex labialis: implications for antiviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1977;297(2):6975.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197707142970201
Vezina C, Steben M. Genital herpes: psychosexual impacts and counseling. The Canadian Journal of CME 2001:125-34
Wald A, Zeh J, Selke S, et al. Reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in asymptomatic seropositive persons. N Engl J Med 2000;342(12):844-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200003233421203
Whitley RJ. Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system. A review. Am J Med 1988;85(2A):61-7.
Young SK, Rowe NH, Buchanan RA. A clinical study for the control of facial mucocutaneous herpes virus infections. I. Characterization of natural history in a professional school population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1976;41(4):498-507.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(76)90277-2
Holliday, A. C., Salih, A., & Wagner, R. F. J. (2014). Cold Sore, Cold Soul? An Examination of Orolabial Herpes in Film. Journal of Medicine and Movies, 10(1), 19–25. Retrieved from https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/medicina_y_cine/article/view/13626
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