Teoría normativa y Psicología descriptiva en la comprensión del razonamiento causal: Papel de las intervenciones y la invarianza
Resumen Este artículo explora algunas relaciones entre [dos aspectos:] por un lado, las teorías filosóficas normativas de la causalidad y el razonamiento causal; y, por otro lado, las teorías descriptivas de la cognición causal del tipo generado en Psicología. Estos temas se tratan desde la perspectiva de una concepción intervencionista de la causalidad. La atención se centra en lo que llamo distinciones entre las relaciones causales, en términos de características tales como la invarianza, la especificidad y la proporcionalidad, y la relevancia psicológica de estas [relaciones]. Se argumenta que las teorías normativas y descriptivas sobre la causalidad tienen mucho que aprender unas de otras.
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Ahn, Woo-kyoung, Kalish, Charles W., Medin, Douglas M. y Gelman, Susan A. (1995). The Role of Covariation versus Mechanism Information in Causal Attribution. Cognition, 54, 299-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)00640-7
Angrist, Joshua, and Pischke, Jörn-Steffen (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829828
Baillargeon, Renée (2002). The Acquisition of Physical Knowledge in Iknfancy. En Usha Goshwami (ed.), Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development (pp. 47-83). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996652.ch3
Bonawitz, Elizabeth B., Ferranti, Darlene, Saxe, Rebecca, Gopnik, Alison, Meltzoff, Andrew N., Woodward, James y Schulz, Laura (2010). Just Do It? Investigating the Gap between Prediction and Action in Toddlers' Causal Inferences. Cognition, 115, 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.12.001
Cheng, Patricia W. (1997). From Covariation to Causation: A Causal Power Theory. Psychological Review, 104(2), 367-405. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.367
Davis, Lance E. (1968). And It Will Never Be Literature- The New Economic History: A Critique. Explorations in Enterpreneurial History, 6(1), 75-92.
Dowe, Phil (2000). Physical Causation. N. York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570650
Gendler, T. (2007). Philosophical Thought Experiments, Intuitions and Cognitive Equilibrium. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 23, 68-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.2007.00154.x
Glymour, Clark (1986). Comment. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81, 964-966. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1986.10478357
Gopnik, Alison y Schulz, Laura (2007). Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy and Computation. N. York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176803.001.0001
Gopnik, Alison (2012). Scientific Thinking in Young Children: Theoretical Advances, Empirical Research, and Policy Implications. Science, 337, 1623-1627. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223416
Griffiths, Thomas L. y Tenenbaum, Joshua Brett (2009). Theory Based Causal Induction. Psychological Review, 116, 661-716. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017201
Hall, Ned (2004). Two Concepts of Causation. En John Collins, Ned Hall y L. A. Paul (eds.), Causation and Counterfactuals (pp. 225-276). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Janzing, Dominik, Mooij, Joris, Zhang, Kun, Lemeire, Jan, Zscheischler, Jakob, Daniusis, Povilas, Steudel, Bastian y Scholkopf, Bernhard (2012). Information-geometric Approach to Inferring Causal Directions. Artificial Intelligence, 182-183, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2012.01.002
Lewis, David (1973). Causation. Journal of Philosophy, 70, 556-567. https://doi.org/10.2307/2025310
Lewis, David (1986). Postscripts to 'Causation'. En David Lewis, Philosophical Papers, vol. 2 (pp. 172-213). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lien, Yunnwen y Cheng, Patricia W. (2000). Distinguishing Genuine from Spurious Causes: A Coherence Hypothesis. Cognitive Psychology, 40(2), 87-137. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0724
Lombrozo, Tania (2010). Causal-Explanatory Pluralism: How Intentions, Functions, and Mechanisms Influence Causal Ascriptions. Cognitive Psychology, 61, 303-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.05.002
Pearl, Judea (2000). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, Don B. (1974). Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(5), 688-701. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037350
Schaffer, Jonathan (2000). Causation by Disconnection. Philosophy of Science, 67(2), 285-300. https://doi.org/10.1086/392776
Spirtes, Peter, Glymour, Clark y Scheines, Richard (2000). Causation, Prediction and Search. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1754.001.0001
Suppes, Patrick (1970). A Probabilistic Theory of Causality. Ámsterdam: North-Holland.
Tetlock, Philip E. (2005). Expert Political Judgment. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.
Walsh, Clare R., and Sloman, Steven A. (2011). The Meaning of Cause and Prevent: The Role of Causal Mechanism. Mind and Language, 26(1), 21-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01409.x
Woodward, James (2003). Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. N. York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0195155270.001.0001
Woodward, James (2006). Sensitive and Insensitive Causation. Philosophical Review, 115, 1-50. https://doi.org/10.1215/00318108-115-1-1
Woodward, James (2007). Interventionist Theories of Causation in Psychological Perspective. En Alison Gopnik y Laura Schulz (eds.), Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy and Computation (pp. 19-36). N. York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176803.003.0002
Woodward, James (2010). Causation in Biology: Stability, Specificity, and the Choice of the Levels of Explanation. Biology and Philosophy, 25, 287-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-010-9200-z
Woodward, James (2012). Causation: Interactions between Philosophical Theories and Psychological Research. Philosophy of Science, 79(5), 961-972. https://doi.org/10.1086/667850
Woodward, James (2013). Mechanistic Explanation: Its Scope and Limits. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 87(1), 39-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8349.2013.00219.x
Woodward, James (2014). A functional account of causation; or a defense of the legitimacy of causal thinking by reference to the only standard that matters - usefulness (as opposed to metaphysics and agreement with intuitive judgment). Philosophy of Science, 81(5), 691-713. https://doi.org/10.1086/678313
Woodward, James (2015). Methodology, Ontology, and Interventionism. Synthese, 192(11), 3577-3599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-014-0479-1
Woodward, James (2018). Causal Cognition: Physical Connections, Proportionality, and the Role of Normative Theory. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.) (2018), Philosophy of Psychology: Causality and Psychological Subject. New Reflections on James Woodward's Contribution (pp. 105-137). Boston/Berlín: Walter de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110576054-004
Angrist, Joshua, and Pischke, Jörn-Steffen (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829828
Baillargeon, Renée (2002). The Acquisition of Physical Knowledge in Iknfancy. En Usha Goshwami (ed.), Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development (pp. 47-83). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996652.ch3
Bonawitz, Elizabeth B., Ferranti, Darlene, Saxe, Rebecca, Gopnik, Alison, Meltzoff, Andrew N., Woodward, James y Schulz, Laura (2010). Just Do It? Investigating the Gap between Prediction and Action in Toddlers' Causal Inferences. Cognition, 115, 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.12.001
Cheng, Patricia W. (1997). From Covariation to Causation: A Causal Power Theory. Psychological Review, 104(2), 367-405. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.367
Davis, Lance E. (1968). And It Will Never Be Literature- The New Economic History: A Critique. Explorations in Enterpreneurial History, 6(1), 75-92.
Dowe, Phil (2000). Physical Causation. N. York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570650
Gendler, T. (2007). Philosophical Thought Experiments, Intuitions and Cognitive Equilibrium. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 23, 68-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.2007.00154.x
Glymour, Clark (1986). Comment. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81, 964-966. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1986.10478357
Gopnik, Alison y Schulz, Laura (2007). Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy and Computation. N. York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176803.001.0001
Gopnik, Alison (2012). Scientific Thinking in Young Children: Theoretical Advances, Empirical Research, and Policy Implications. Science, 337, 1623-1627. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223416
Griffiths, Thomas L. y Tenenbaum, Joshua Brett (2009). Theory Based Causal Induction. Psychological Review, 116, 661-716. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017201
Hall, Ned (2004). Two Concepts of Causation. En John Collins, Ned Hall y L. A. Paul (eds.), Causation and Counterfactuals (pp. 225-276). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Janzing, Dominik, Mooij, Joris, Zhang, Kun, Lemeire, Jan, Zscheischler, Jakob, Daniusis, Povilas, Steudel, Bastian y Scholkopf, Bernhard (2012). Information-geometric Approach to Inferring Causal Directions. Artificial Intelligence, 182-183, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2012.01.002
Lewis, David (1973). Causation. Journal of Philosophy, 70, 556-567. https://doi.org/10.2307/2025310
Lewis, David (1986). Postscripts to 'Causation'. En David Lewis, Philosophical Papers, vol. 2 (pp. 172-213). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lien, Yunnwen y Cheng, Patricia W. (2000). Distinguishing Genuine from Spurious Causes: A Coherence Hypothesis. Cognitive Psychology, 40(2), 87-137. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0724
Lombrozo, Tania (2010). Causal-Explanatory Pluralism: How Intentions, Functions, and Mechanisms Influence Causal Ascriptions. Cognitive Psychology, 61, 303-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.05.002
Pearl, Judea (2000). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, Don B. (1974). Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(5), 688-701. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037350
Schaffer, Jonathan (2000). Causation by Disconnection. Philosophy of Science, 67(2), 285-300. https://doi.org/10.1086/392776
Spirtes, Peter, Glymour, Clark y Scheines, Richard (2000). Causation, Prediction and Search. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1754.001.0001
Suppes, Patrick (1970). A Probabilistic Theory of Causality. Ámsterdam: North-Holland.
Tetlock, Philip E. (2005). Expert Political Judgment. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.
Walsh, Clare R., and Sloman, Steven A. (2011). The Meaning of Cause and Prevent: The Role of Causal Mechanism. Mind and Language, 26(1), 21-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01409.x
Woodward, James (2003). Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. N. York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0195155270.001.0001
Woodward, James (2006). Sensitive and Insensitive Causation. Philosophical Review, 115, 1-50. https://doi.org/10.1215/00318108-115-1-1
Woodward, James (2007). Interventionist Theories of Causation in Psychological Perspective. En Alison Gopnik y Laura Schulz (eds.), Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy and Computation (pp. 19-36). N. York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176803.003.0002
Woodward, James (2010). Causation in Biology: Stability, Specificity, and the Choice of the Levels of Explanation. Biology and Philosophy, 25, 287-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-010-9200-z
Woodward, James (2012). Causation: Interactions between Philosophical Theories and Psychological Research. Philosophy of Science, 79(5), 961-972. https://doi.org/10.1086/667850
Woodward, James (2013). Mechanistic Explanation: Its Scope and Limits. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 87(1), 39-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8349.2013.00219.x
Woodward, James (2014). A functional account of causation; or a defense of the legitimacy of causal thinking by reference to the only standard that matters - usefulness (as opposed to metaphysics and agreement with intuitive judgment). Philosophy of Science, 81(5), 691-713. https://doi.org/10.1086/678313
Woodward, James (2015). Methodology, Ontology, and Interventionism. Synthese, 192(11), 3577-3599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-014-0479-1
Woodward, James (2018). Causal Cognition: Physical Connections, Proportionality, and the Role of Normative Theory. En Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (ed.) (2018), Philosophy of Psychology: Causality and Psychological Subject. New Reflections on James Woodward's Contribution (pp. 105-137). Boston/Berlín: Walter de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110576054-004
Woodward, J. F. (2020). Teoría normativa y Psicología descriptiva en la comprensión del razonamiento causal: Papel de las intervenciones y la invarianza. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 9(1), 13–45. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2020911345
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