Del timing a la planificación: control temporal de la conducta en animales no-humanos
Resumen La cognición orientada a futuro, el conjunto de procesos cognitivos que incorporan implícita o explícitamente consideraciones de estados futuros, es un tópico que ha adquirido creciente interés en los estudios de cognición animal. Mediante el análisis de literatura sobre aprendizaje asociativo y estudios en etología, justificaremos la atribución de cognición prospectiva a distintas especies, distinguiendo dos formas no excluyentes de cognición orientada a futuro, por una parte, la planificación, y por otra el timing: la capacidad cognitiva de adaptar el comportamiento frente a las regularidades temporales del entorno. Aplicaremos esta distinción al trabajo llevado a cabo por Frans de Waal en chimpancés.
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Allen-Hermanson, S. (2005). Morgan’s Canon Revisited. Philosophy of Science, 72(4), 608-631. https://doi.org/10.1086/505187
Anscombe, G. E. M. (2000). Intention. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Barrett, L. F. y Simmons, W. K. (2015). Interoceptive predictions in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3950
Boesch, C. y Boesch, H. (1984). Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking. Primates, 25(2), 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382388
Bubić, A. y Abraham, A. (2014). Neurocognitive bases of future oriented cognition. Review of Psychology, 21, 3-15.
Bubic, A., von Cramon, D. Y. y Schubotz, R. I. (2010). Prediction, Cognition and the Brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00025
Buzsáki, G. y Moser, E. I. (2013). Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system. Nature Neuroscience, 16(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3304
Chennu, S., Noreika, V., Gueorguiev, D., Blenkmann, A., Kochen, S., Ibáñez, A., Owen, A. M. y Bekinschtein, T. A. (2013). Expectation and Attention in Hierarchical Auditory Prediction. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(27), 11194-11205. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0114-13.2013
Cisek, P. (2019). Resynthesizing behavior through phylogenetic refinement. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 81(7), 2265-2287. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01760-1
de Waal, F. (2022). La política de los chimpancés. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Dennett, D. C. (1992). Consciousness Explained. Boston, Massachusetts: Back Bay Books.
Dews, P. (1978). Studies on responding under fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement: II. The scalloped pattern of the cumulative record. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1901/JEAB.1978.29-67
Escobar, M., Suits, W. T., Rahn, E. J. y Arcediano, F. (2015). Do long delay conditioned stimuli develop inhibitory properties? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1606. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01606
Froufe Torres, M. (2011). Psicología del aprendizaje. Principios y aplicaciones conductuales. Madrid: Editorial Paraninfo.
Gallistel, C. R. y Gibbon, J. (2000). Time, rate, and conditioning. Psychological Review, 107(2), 289-344. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.289
Gärdenfors, P. (1995). Cued and detached representations in animal cognition. Behavioural Processes, 35(1), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(95)00043-7
Goodall, J. (1964). Tool-Using and Aimed Throwing in a Community of Free-Living Chimpanzees. Nature, 201(4926), Article 4926. https://doi.org/10.1038/2011264a0
Gwinner, E. (1986). Circannual Rhythms: Endogenous Annual Clocks in the Organization of Seasonal Processes. Cham: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82870-6
Hesslow, G. (2002). Conscious thought as simulation of behaviour and perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01913-7
Hesslow, G. (2012). The current status of the simulation theory of cognition. Brain Research, 1428, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.026
Holland, O. y Goodman, R. B. (2003). Robots with Internal Models: A Route to Machine Consciousness? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10(4-5), 77-109.
Janmaat, K. R. L., Polansky, L., Ban, S. D. y Boesch, C. (2014). Wild chimpanzees plan their breakfast time, type, and location. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(46), 16343-16348. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407524111
Kabadayi, C. y Osvath, M. (2017). Ravens parallel great apes in flexible planning for tool-use and bartering. Science, 357(6347), 202-204. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8138
Kok, P. y de Lange, F. P. (2014). Shape perception simultaneously up- and downregulates neural activity in the primary visual cortex. Current Biology: CB, 24(13), 1531-1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.042
Lejeune, H. y Wearden, J. H. (1991). The comparative psychology of fixed-interval responding: Some quantitative analyses. Learning and Motivation, 22(1-2), 84-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0023-9690(91)90018-4
Lowe, C. F., Harzem, P. y Spencer, P. T. (1979). Temporal control of behavior and the power law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31(3), 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1979.31-333
McClung, J. S., Goetschi, F., Baumeyer, A. y Zuberbühler, K. (2020). Chimpanzee immigration: Complex social strategies differ between zoo-based and wild animals. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v8i1.326
McEwen, E. S., Warren, E., Tenpas, S., Jones, B., Durdevic, K., Rapport Munro, E. y Call, J. (2022). Primate cognition in zoos: Reviewing the impact of zoo-based research over 15 years. American Journal of Primatology, 84(10), e23369. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23369
McLean, A. (2001). Cognitive abilities - The result of selective pressures on food acquisition? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 71, 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00181-7
Milton, K. (1981). Distribution Patterns of Tropical Plant Foods as an Evolutionary Stimulus to Primate Mental Development. American Anthropologist, 83(3), 534-548. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1981.83.3.02a00020
Morgan, C. L. (1894). An introduction to comparative psychology. London: Walter Scott. https://doi.org/10.1037/11344-000
Myowa-Yamakoshi, M., Scola, C. y Hirata, S. (2012). Humans and chimpanzees attend differently to goal-directed actions. Nature Communications, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1695
Panda, S., Hogenesch, J. B. y Kay, S. A. (2002). Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature, 417(6886), 329-335. https://doi.org/10.1038/417329a
Parr, T., Pezzulo, G. y Friston, K. J. (2022). Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12441.001.0001
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (pp. xv, 430). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pezzulo, G. y Cisek, P. (2016). Navigating the Affordance Landscape: Feedback Control as a Process Model of Behavior and Cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(6), 414-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.013
Pezzulo, G., Parr, T. y Friston, K. (2021). The evolution of brain architectures for predictive coding and active inference. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 377(1844), 20200531. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0531
Pezzulo, G., Rigoli, F. y Friston, K. (2015). Active Inference, homeostatic regulation and adaptive behavioural control. Progress in Neurobiology, 134, 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.001
Phillips, C. y Lancelotti, C. (2014). Chimpanzee diet: Phytolithic analysis of feces. American Journal of Primatology, 76(8), 757-773. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22267
Rao, R. P. N. y Jiang, L. P. (2022, November 22). Predictive Coding Theories of Cortical Function. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.328
Rescorla, R. A. (1967). Inhibition of delay in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 64(1), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024810
Romanes, G. J. (1888). Animal Intelligence. Boston, Massachusetts: D. Appleton.
Sanz, C. M., Call, J. y Boesch, C. (Eds.) (2013). Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511894800
Sanz, C. M. y Morgan, D. B. (2009). Flexible and Persistent Tool-using Strategies in Honey-gathering by Wild Chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 30(3), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-009-9350-5
Sanz, C., Morgan, D. y Gulick, S. (2004). New Insights into Chimpanzees, Tools, and Termites from the Congo Basin. The American Naturalist, 164(5), 567-581. https://doi.org/10.1086/424803
Schneider, B. (1969). A two-state analysis of fixed- interval responding in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 677-687. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1969.12-677
Searle, J. R. (1983). Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173452
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
Sherman, J. G. (1959). The temporal distribution of responses on fixed interval schedules. Dissertation Abstracts, 20,1455-1456.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis (p. 457). New York: Appleton-Century.
Starzak, T. (2017). Interpretations without justification: A general argument against Morgan’s Canon. Synthese, 194(5), 1681-1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1013-4
Szpunar, K. K., Spreng, R. N. y Schacter, D. L. (2014). A taxonomy of prospection: Introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(52), 18414-18421. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417144111
Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The elements of psychology (pp. xx, 353). New York: A G Seiler. https://doi.org/10.1037/10881-000
Turing, A. M. (1937). On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, s2-42(1), 230-265. https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230
Vasconcelos, M., de Carvalho, M. P. y Machado, A. (2017). Timing in animals: From the natural environment to the laboratory, from data to models. En J. Call, G. M. Burghardt, I. M. Pepperberg, C. T. Snowdon y T. Zentall (Eds.), APA handbook of comparative psychology: Perception, learning, and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 509-534). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000012-023
Wearden, J. (2016). The Psychology of Time Perception. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-40883-9
Whitaker, S., Lowe, C. F. y Wearden, J. H. (2003). Multiple-interval timing in rats: Performance on two-valued mixed fixed-interval schedules. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 29(4), 277-291. https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.29.4.277
Zieliński, K., Werka, T., Wilson, W. J. y Nikolaev, E. (1995). Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience. Animal Learning & Behavior, 23(4), 438-446. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198943
Allen-Hermanson, S. (2005). Morgan’s Canon Revisited. Philosophy of Science, 72(4), 608-631. https://doi.org/10.1086/505187
Anscombe, G. E. M. (2000). Intention. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Barrett, L. F. y Simmons, W. K. (2015). Interoceptive predictions in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3950
Boesch, C. y Boesch, H. (1984). Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking. Primates, 25(2), 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382388
Bubić, A. y Abraham, A. (2014). Neurocognitive bases of future oriented cognition. Review of Psychology, 21, 3-15.
Bubic, A., von Cramon, D. Y. y Schubotz, R. I. (2010). Prediction, Cognition and the Brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00025
Buzsáki, G. y Moser, E. I. (2013). Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system. Nature Neuroscience, 16(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3304
Chennu, S., Noreika, V., Gueorguiev, D., Blenkmann, A., Kochen, S., Ibáñez, A., Owen, A. M. y Bekinschtein, T. A. (2013). Expectation and Attention in Hierarchical Auditory Prediction. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(27), 11194-11205. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0114-13.2013
Cisek, P. (2019). Resynthesizing behavior through phylogenetic refinement. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 81(7), 2265-2287. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01760-1
de Waal, F. (2022). La política de los chimpancés. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Dennett, D. C. (1992). Consciousness Explained. Boston, Massachusetts: Back Bay Books.
Dews, P. (1978). Studies on responding under fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement: II. The scalloped pattern of the cumulative record. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1901/JEAB.1978.29-67
Escobar, M., Suits, W. T., Rahn, E. J. y Arcediano, F. (2015). Do long delay conditioned stimuli develop inhibitory properties? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1606. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01606
Froufe Torres, M. (2011). Psicología del aprendizaje. Principios y aplicaciones conductuales. Madrid: Editorial Paraninfo.
Gallistel, C. R. y Gibbon, J. (2000). Time, rate, and conditioning. Psychological Review, 107(2), 289-344. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.289
Gärdenfors, P. (1995). Cued and detached representations in animal cognition. Behavioural Processes, 35(1), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(95)00043-7
Goodall, J. (1964). Tool-Using and Aimed Throwing in a Community of Free-Living Chimpanzees. Nature, 201(4926), Article 4926. https://doi.org/10.1038/2011264a0
Gwinner, E. (1986). Circannual Rhythms: Endogenous Annual Clocks in the Organization of Seasonal Processes. Cham: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82870-6
Hesslow, G. (2002). Conscious thought as simulation of behaviour and perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01913-7
Hesslow, G. (2012). The current status of the simulation theory of cognition. Brain Research, 1428, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.026
Holland, O. y Goodman, R. B. (2003). Robots with Internal Models: A Route to Machine Consciousness? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10(4-5), 77-109.
Janmaat, K. R. L., Polansky, L., Ban, S. D. y Boesch, C. (2014). Wild chimpanzees plan their breakfast time, type, and location. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(46), 16343-16348. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407524111
Kabadayi, C. y Osvath, M. (2017). Ravens parallel great apes in flexible planning for tool-use and bartering. Science, 357(6347), 202-204. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8138
Kok, P. y de Lange, F. P. (2014). Shape perception simultaneously up- and downregulates neural activity in the primary visual cortex. Current Biology: CB, 24(13), 1531-1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.042
Lejeune, H. y Wearden, J. H. (1991). The comparative psychology of fixed-interval responding: Some quantitative analyses. Learning and Motivation, 22(1-2), 84-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0023-9690(91)90018-4
Lowe, C. F., Harzem, P. y Spencer, P. T. (1979). Temporal control of behavior and the power law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31(3), 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1979.31-333
McClung, J. S., Goetschi, F., Baumeyer, A. y Zuberbühler, K. (2020). Chimpanzee immigration: Complex social strategies differ between zoo-based and wild animals. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v8i1.326
McEwen, E. S., Warren, E., Tenpas, S., Jones, B., Durdevic, K., Rapport Munro, E. y Call, J. (2022). Primate cognition in zoos: Reviewing the impact of zoo-based research over 15 years. American Journal of Primatology, 84(10), e23369. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23369
McLean, A. (2001). Cognitive abilities - The result of selective pressures on food acquisition? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 71, 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00181-7
Milton, K. (1981). Distribution Patterns of Tropical Plant Foods as an Evolutionary Stimulus to Primate Mental Development. American Anthropologist, 83(3), 534-548. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1981.83.3.02a00020
Morgan, C. L. (1894). An introduction to comparative psychology. London: Walter Scott. https://doi.org/10.1037/11344-000
Myowa-Yamakoshi, M., Scola, C. y Hirata, S. (2012). Humans and chimpanzees attend differently to goal-directed actions. Nature Communications, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1695
Panda, S., Hogenesch, J. B. y Kay, S. A. (2002). Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature, 417(6886), 329-335. https://doi.org/10.1038/417329a
Parr, T., Pezzulo, G. y Friston, K. J. (2022). Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12441.001.0001
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (pp. xv, 430). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pezzulo, G. y Cisek, P. (2016). Navigating the Affordance Landscape: Feedback Control as a Process Model of Behavior and Cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(6), 414-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.013
Pezzulo, G., Parr, T. y Friston, K. (2021). The evolution of brain architectures for predictive coding and active inference. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 377(1844), 20200531. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0531
Pezzulo, G., Rigoli, F. y Friston, K. (2015). Active Inference, homeostatic regulation and adaptive behavioural control. Progress in Neurobiology, 134, 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.001
Phillips, C. y Lancelotti, C. (2014). Chimpanzee diet: Phytolithic analysis of feces. American Journal of Primatology, 76(8), 757-773. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22267
Rao, R. P. N. y Jiang, L. P. (2022, November 22). Predictive Coding Theories of Cortical Function. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.328
Rescorla, R. A. (1967). Inhibition of delay in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 64(1), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024810
Romanes, G. J. (1888). Animal Intelligence. Boston, Massachusetts: D. Appleton.
Sanz, C. M., Call, J. y Boesch, C. (Eds.) (2013). Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511894800
Sanz, C. M. y Morgan, D. B. (2009). Flexible and Persistent Tool-using Strategies in Honey-gathering by Wild Chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 30(3), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-009-9350-5
Sanz, C., Morgan, D. y Gulick, S. (2004). New Insights into Chimpanzees, Tools, and Termites from the Congo Basin. The American Naturalist, 164(5), 567-581. https://doi.org/10.1086/424803
Schneider, B. (1969). A two-state analysis of fixed- interval responding in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 677-687. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1969.12-677
Searle, J. R. (1983). Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173452
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
Sherman, J. G. (1959). The temporal distribution of responses on fixed interval schedules. Dissertation Abstracts, 20,1455-1456.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis (p. 457). New York: Appleton-Century.
Starzak, T. (2017). Interpretations without justification: A general argument against Morgan’s Canon. Synthese, 194(5), 1681-1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1013-4
Szpunar, K. K., Spreng, R. N. y Schacter, D. L. (2014). A taxonomy of prospection: Introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(52), 18414-18421. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417144111
Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The elements of psychology (pp. xx, 353). New York: A G Seiler. https://doi.org/10.1037/10881-000
Turing, A. M. (1937). On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, s2-42(1), 230-265. https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230
Vasconcelos, M., de Carvalho, M. P. y Machado, A. (2017). Timing in animals: From the natural environment to the laboratory, from data to models. En J. Call, G. M. Burghardt, I. M. Pepperberg, C. T. Snowdon y T. Zentall (Eds.), APA handbook of comparative psychology: Perception, learning, and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 509-534). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000012-023
Wearden, J. (2016). The Psychology of Time Perception. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-40883-9
Whitaker, S., Lowe, C. F. y Wearden, J. H. (2003). Multiple-interval timing in rats: Performance on two-valued mixed fixed-interval schedules. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 29(4), 277-291. https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.29.4.277
Zieliński, K., Werka, T., Wilson, W. J. y Nikolaev, E. (1995). Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience. Animal Learning & Behavior, 23(4), 438-446. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198943
Zapata, M. (2024). Del timing a la planificación: control temporal de la conducta en animales no-humanos. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 13(1), 227–253. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2024.31271
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