‘Organismo’ versus ‘individuo biológico’: la demarcación faltante
Resumen El problema de la demarcación entre el organismo y otros tipos de individuos biológicos ha recibido relativamente poca atención. En este artículo desgloso y sistematizo las diferentes formas en las que se ha interpretado la relación ‘organismo’-‘individuo biológico’: (1) coalescencia de estos dos términos, (2) eliminativismo del individuo biológico, (3) eliminativismo del organismo, (4) organismo como individuo biológico ‘paradigmático’, (5) organismo como estado límite al que tienden los individuos biológicos durante la evolución y el desarrollo, (6) organismo como instanciación del todo en una jerarquía parte-todo de individuos biológicos, (7) organismo como equivalente a individuo fisiológico y (8) organismo como un tipo especial de individuo fisiológico. Muestro que, en la mayoría de estas posturas, el concepto de organismo es demasiado impreciso como para ser demarcado de otros individuos biológicos, lo cual promueve alguna forma de eliminativismo. También argumento que las comparaciones entre organismos e individuos biológicos son llevadas a cabo de dos modos: ‘horizontalmente’ (i.e., entre individuos no relacionados jerárquicamente) o ‘verticalmente’ (i.e., entre individuos pertenecientes a diferentes niveles de la misma jerarquía). Finalmente, explico los desafíos que enfrentan cada una de estas formas de comparar y sugiero que el modo de comparación ‘vertical’ deja entrever un posible camino a seguir.
- Referencias
- Cómo citar
- Del mismo autor
- Métricas
Arnellos, A. (2018). From organizations of processes to organisms and other biological individuals. En D. J. Nicholson y J. Dupré (eds.), Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology (pp. 199-221). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arnellos, A., Moreno, A. (2016). Integrating constitution and interaction in the transitions from unicellular to multicellular organisms. En K. J. Niklas y S. A. Newman (eds.), Multicellularity: Origins and Evolution (pp. 250-275). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Arnellos, A., Moreno, A., Ruiz-Mirazo, K. (2014). Organizational requirements for multicellular autonomy: insights from a comparative case study. Biology & Philosophy, 29, 851-884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-013-9387-x
Baedke, J. (2019). O organism, where art thou? Old and new challenges for organism-centered biology. Journal of the History of Biology, 52, 293-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-018-9549-4
Baedke, J., Fábregas-Tejeda, A., Prieto, G. I. (2021). Unknotting reciprocal causation between organism and environment. Biology & Philosophy, 36, 48. doi: 10.1007/s10539-021-09815-0
Benson, K. R. (1989). Biology’s “Phoenix”: Historical perspectives on the importance of the organism. American Zoologist, 29(3), 1067-1074. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/29.3.1067
Bich, L. (2019). The problem of functional boundaries in prebiotic and inter-biological systems. En G. Minati, M. R. Abram y E. Pessa (eds.), Systemics of Incompleteness and Quasi-Systems (pp. 295-302). New York: Springer.
Bich, L., Pradeu, T., Moreau, J-F. (2019). Understanding multicellularity: The functional organization of the intercellular space. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01170
Bouchard, F. (2013). What is a symbiotic superindividual and how do you measure its fitness? En F. Bouchard y P. Huneman (eds.), From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality (pp. 243-264). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Bueno, O., Chen, R-L., Fagan, M. B. (2018). Individuation, process, and scientific practices. En O. Bueno, R-L. Chen y M. B. Fagan (eds.), Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices (pp. 1-18). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Buss, L. W. (1987). The Evolution of Individuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Canciani, M., Arnellos, A., Moreno, A. (2019). Revising the superorganism: An organizational approach to complex eusociality. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02653
Cheung, T. (2006). From the organism of a body to the body of an organism: Occurrence and meaning of the word ‘organism’ from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. The British Journal for the History of Science, 39(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087406007953
Cheung, T. (2010). What is an “organism”? On the occurrence of a new term and its conceptual transformations 1680-1850. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(2/3), 155-194.
Chiu, L., Gilbert, S. F. (2020). Niche construction and the transition to herbivory: Phenotype switching and the organization of new nutritional modes. En H. Levine, M. K. Jolly, P. Kulkarni y V. Nanjundiah (eds.), Phenotypic Switching (pp. 459-482). Cambridge: Academic Press.
Clarke, E. (2010). The problem of biological individuality. Biological Theory, 5(4), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1162/BIOT_a_00068
Clarke, E. (2013). The multiple realizability of biological individuals. The Journal of Philosophy, 110(8), 413-435.
Clarke, E. (2016). A levels-of-selection approach to evolutionary individuality. Biology & Philosophy, 31, 893-911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-016-9540-4
Dupré, J. (2012). Postgenomic Darwinism. En J. Dupré (ed.), Processes of Life: Essays in the Philosophy of Biology (pp. 143-160). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dupré, J., O’Malley, M. A. (2009). Varieties of living things: Life at the intersection of lineage and metabolism. Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology, 1, e003. https://doi.org/10.3998/ptb.6959004.0001.003
Ereshefsky, M., Pedroso, M. (2016). What biofilms can teach us about individuality. En A. Guay y T. Pradeu (eds.), Individuals Across the Sciences (pp. 103-121). New York: Oxford University Press.
Etxeberria, A., Umerez, J. (2006). Organismo y organización en la biología teórica: ¿Vuelta al organicismo? Ludus Vitalis, 14(26), 3-38.
Folse III, H. J., Roughgarden, J. (2010). What is an individual organism? A multilevel selection perspective. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 85(4), 447-472. https://doi.org/10.1086/656905
Gardner, A., Grafen, A. (2009). Capturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group adaptation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22, 659-671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01681.x
Gawne, R., Boomsma, J. J. (2022). Foreword. En J. Huxley, The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Gilbert, S. F., Sarkar, S. (2000). Embracing complexity: Organicism for the 21st century. Developmental Dynamics, 219, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DVDY1036>3.0.CO;2-A
Gilbert, S. F., Sapp, J., Tauber, A. I. (2012). A symbiotic view of life: We have never been individuals. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 87(4), 325-341. https://doi.org/10.1086/668166
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2009). Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2013). Darwinian individuals. En F. Bouchard y P. Huneman (eds.), From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality (pp. 17-36). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Goodnight, C. J. (2013). Defining the individual. En F. Bouchard y P. Huneman (eds.), From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality (pp. 37-53). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Goodwin, B., Dawkins, R. (1995). What is an organism?: A discussion. En N. S. Thompson (ed.), Perspectives in Ethology: Vol. 11. Behavioral Design (pp. 47-60). New York & London: Plenum Press.
Griesemer, J. (2018). Individuation of developmental systems: A reproducer perspective. En O. Bueno, R.-L. Chen y M. B. Fagan (eds.), Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices (pp. 137-164). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haber, M. (2013). Colonies are individuals: Revisiting the superorganism revival. En F. Bouchard y P. Huneman (eds.), From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality (pp. 195-217). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, I. Allgemeine Anatomie der Organismen. Berlin: Georg Reimer Verlag.
Hermida, M. (2021). Composition at the same level [Conference presentation]. “Going Up?” Realisation and Composition across the Sciences Conference, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. Abstract retrieved from: https://metascience.xyz/racats#52344330-5c74-4156-994e-b9d2cebcbb7b. Talk available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu36sL96NKU&ab_channel=MetaScienceEU
Herron, M. D., Rashidi, A., Shelton, D. E., Driscoll, W. W. (2013). Cellular differentiation and individuality in the ‘minor’ multicellular taxa. Biological Reviews, 88, 844-861. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12031
Hull, D. L. (1980). Individuality and selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 311-332.
Huneman, P. (2010). Assessing the prospects for a return of organisms in evolutionary biology. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(2/3), 341-372.
Huneman, P. (2021). Biological individuals as “weak individuals” and their identity: Exploring a radical hypothesis in the metaphysics of science. En A. S. Meincke y J. Dupré (eds.), Biological Identity: Perspectives from Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Biology (pp. 40-62). New York: Routledge.
Huxley, J. S. (2022). The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. Cambridge: MIT Press. (Original work published 1912).
Jeuken, M. (1952). The concept “individual” in biology. Acta Biotheoretica, 10, 57-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01845805
Kaiser, M. I. (2018). Individuating part-whole relations in the biological world. En O. Bueno, R-L. Chen y M. B. Fagan (eds.), Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices (pp. 63-87). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kaiser, M. I., Trappes, R. (2021). Broadening the problem agenda of biological individuality: individual differences, uniqueness and temporality. Biology & Philosophy, 36, 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-021-09791-5
Kingma, E. (2020). Biological individuality, pregnancy, and (Mammalian) reproduction. Philosophy of Science, 87(5), 1037-1048. https://doi.org/10.1086/710612
Lidgard, S., Nyhart, L. K. (2017). The work of biological individuality: Concepts and contexts. En S. Lidgard y L. K. Nyhart (eds.), Biological Individuality: Integrating Scientific, Philosophical, and Historical Perspectives (pp. 1-16). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mahner, M., Bunge, M. (1996). Foundations of Biophilosophy. Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer.
Martens, J. (2010). Organisms in evolution. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32, 373-400.
Maynard Smith, J., Szathmáry, E. (1995). The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Militello, G., Bich, L., Moreno, A. (2021). Functional integration and individuality in prokaryotic collective organisations. Acta Biotheoretica, 69, 391-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10441-020-09390-z
Moreno, A., Mossio, M. (2015). Biological Autonomy: A Philosophical and Theoretical Enquiry. Dordrecht: Springer.
Morgan, W. (2022). Biological individuality and the foetus problem. Erkenntnis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-022-00556-4
Nicholson, D. J. (2014). The return of the organism as a fundamental explanatory concept in biology. Philosophy Compass, 9(5), 347-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12128
Nicholson, D. J., Gawne, R. (2015). Neither logical empiricism nor vitalism, but organicism: what the philosophy of biology was. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 37, 345-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-015-0085-7
Nunes-Neto, N., Moreno, A., El-Hani, C. N. (2014). Function in ecology: an organizational approach. Biology & Philosophy, 29, 123-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-013-9398-7
Oderberg, D. S. (2021). Siphonophores: A metaphysical case study. En A. S. Meincke y J. Dupré (eds.), Biological Identity: Perspectives from Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Biology (pp. 22-39). New York: Routledge.
Okasha, S. (2011). Biological ontology and hierarchical organization: A defense of rank freedom. En B. Calcott y K. Sterelny (eds.), The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited (pp. 53-64). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Okasha, S. (2022). On the very idea of biological individuality. http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/20868/ [Preprint].
Pepper, J. W., Herron, M. D. (2008). Does biology need an organism concept? Biological Reviews, 83, 621-627. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00057.x
Pradeu, T. (2012). The Limits of the Self: Immunology and Biological Identity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pradeu, T. (2016a). The many faces of biological individuality. Biology & Philosophy, 31, 761-773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-016-9553-z
Pradeu, T. (2016b). Organisms or biological individuals? Combining physiological and evolutionary individuality. Biology & Philosophy, 31, 797-817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-016-9551-1
Prévot, K. (2014). Organisme et individu. En T. Hoquet y F. Merlin (eds.), Précis de Philosophie de la Biologie (pp. 211-220). Paris: Vuibert.
Queller, D. C., Strassmann, J. E. (2009). Beyond society: the evolution of organismality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 3143-3155. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0095
Ruiz-Mirazo, K., Etxeberria, A., Moreno, A., Ibáñez, J. (2000). Organisms and their place in biology. Theory in Biosciences, 119, 209-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-000-0017-1
Santelices, B. (1999). How many kinds of individual are there? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14(4), 152-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01519-5
Smith, S. E. (2017). Organisms as persisters. Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology, 9, 14. https://doi.org/10.3998/ptb.6959004.0009.014
Toepfer, G. (2011). Historisches Wörterbuch der Biologie. Geschichte und Theorie der Biologischen Grundbegriffe (Vol. 2). Stuttgart & Weimar: J. B. Metzler.
von Bertalanffy, L. (1952). Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Wilson, J. (1999). Biological Individuality: The Identity and Persistence of Living Entities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, J. A. (2000). Ontological butchery: Organism concepts and biological generalizations. Philosophy of Science, 67(S3), S301-S311. https://doi.org/10.1086/392827
Wolfe, C. T. (2010). Do organisms have an ontological status? History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(2/3), 195-231.
Arnellos, A., Moreno, A. (2016). Integrating constitution and interaction in the transitions from unicellular to multicellular organisms. En K. J. Niklas y S. A. Newman (eds.), Multicellularity: Origins and Evolution (pp. 250-275). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Arnellos, A., Moreno, A., Ruiz-Mirazo, K. (2014). Organizational requirements for multicellular autonomy: insights from a comparative case study. Biology & Philosophy, 29, 851-884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-013-9387-x
Baedke, J. (2019). O organism, where art thou? Old and new challenges for organism-centered biology. Journal of the History of Biology, 52, 293-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-018-9549-4
Baedke, J., Fábregas-Tejeda, A., Prieto, G. I. (2021). Unknotting reciprocal causation between organism and environment. Biology & Philosophy, 36, 48. doi: 10.1007/s10539-021-09815-0
Benson, K. R. (1989). Biology’s “Phoenix”: Historical perspectives on the importance of the organism. American Zoologist, 29(3), 1067-1074. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/29.3.1067
Bich, L. (2019). The problem of functional boundaries in prebiotic and inter-biological systems. En G. Minati, M. R. Abram y E. Pessa (eds.), Systemics of Incompleteness and Quasi-Systems (pp. 295-302). New York: Springer.
Bich, L., Pradeu, T., Moreau, J-F. (2019). Understanding multicellularity: The functional organization of the intercellular space. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01170
Bouchard, F. (2013). What is a symbiotic superindividual and how do you measure its fitness? En F. Bouchard y P. Huneman (eds.), From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality (pp. 243-264). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Bueno, O., Chen, R-L., Fagan, M. B. (2018). Individuation, process, and scientific practices. En O. Bueno, R-L. Chen y M. B. Fagan (eds.), Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices (pp. 1-18). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Buss, L. W. (1987). The Evolution of Individuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Canciani, M., Arnellos, A., Moreno, A. (2019). Revising the superorganism: An organizational approach to complex eusociality. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02653
Cheung, T. (2006). From the organism of a body to the body of an organism: Occurrence and meaning of the word ‘organism’ from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. The British Journal for the History of Science, 39(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087406007953
Cheung, T. (2010). What is an “organism”? On the occurrence of a new term and its conceptual transformations 1680-1850. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(2/3), 155-194.
Chiu, L., Gilbert, S. F. (2020). Niche construction and the transition to herbivory: Phenotype switching and the organization of new nutritional modes. En H. Levine, M. K. Jolly, P. Kulkarni y V. Nanjundiah (eds.), Phenotypic Switching (pp. 459-482). Cambridge: Academic Press.
Clarke, E. (2010). The problem of biological individuality. Biological Theory, 5(4), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1162/BIOT_a_00068
Clarke, E. (2013). The multiple realizability of biological individuals. The Journal of Philosophy, 110(8), 413-435.
Clarke, E. (2016). A levels-of-selection approach to evolutionary individuality. Biology & Philosophy, 31, 893-911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-016-9540-4
Dupré, J. (2012). Postgenomic Darwinism. En J. Dupré (ed.), Processes of Life: Essays in the Philosophy of Biology (pp. 143-160). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dupré, J., O’Malley, M. A. (2009). Varieties of living things: Life at the intersection of lineage and metabolism. Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology, 1, e003. https://doi.org/10.3998/ptb.6959004.0001.003
Ereshefsky, M., Pedroso, M. (2016). What biofilms can teach us about individuality. En A. Guay y T. Pradeu (eds.), Individuals Across the Sciences (pp. 103-121). New York: Oxford University Press.
Etxeberria, A., Umerez, J. (2006). Organismo y organización en la biología teórica: ¿Vuelta al organicismo? Ludus Vitalis, 14(26), 3-38.
Folse III, H. J., Roughgarden, J. (2010). What is an individual organism? A multilevel selection perspective. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 85(4), 447-472. https://doi.org/10.1086/656905
Gardner, A., Grafen, A. (2009). Capturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group adaptation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22, 659-671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01681.x
Gawne, R., Boomsma, J. J. (2022). Foreword. En J. Huxley, The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Gilbert, S. F., Sarkar, S. (2000). Embracing complexity: Organicism for the 21st century. Developmental Dynamics, 219, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DVDY1036>3.0.CO;2-A
Gilbert, S. F., Sapp, J., Tauber, A. I. (2012). A symbiotic view of life: We have never been individuals. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 87(4), 325-341. https://doi.org/10.1086/668166
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2009). Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2013). Darwinian individuals. En F. Bouchard y P. Huneman (eds.), From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality (pp. 17-36). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Goodnight, C. J. (2013). Defining the individual. En F. Bouchard y P. Huneman (eds.), From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality (pp. 37-53). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Goodwin, B., Dawkins, R. (1995). What is an organism?: A discussion. En N. S. Thompson (ed.), Perspectives in Ethology: Vol. 11. Behavioral Design (pp. 47-60). New York & London: Plenum Press.
Griesemer, J. (2018). Individuation of developmental systems: A reproducer perspective. En O. Bueno, R.-L. Chen y M. B. Fagan (eds.), Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices (pp. 137-164). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haber, M. (2013). Colonies are individuals: Revisiting the superorganism revival. En F. Bouchard y P. Huneman (eds.), From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality (pp. 195-217). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, I. Allgemeine Anatomie der Organismen. Berlin: Georg Reimer Verlag.
Hermida, M. (2021). Composition at the same level [Conference presentation]. “Going Up?” Realisation and Composition across the Sciences Conference, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. Abstract retrieved from: https://metascience.xyz/racats#52344330-5c74-4156-994e-b9d2cebcbb7b. Talk available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu36sL96NKU&ab_channel=MetaScienceEU
Herron, M. D., Rashidi, A., Shelton, D. E., Driscoll, W. W. (2013). Cellular differentiation and individuality in the ‘minor’ multicellular taxa. Biological Reviews, 88, 844-861. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12031
Hull, D. L. (1980). Individuality and selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 311-332.
Huneman, P. (2010). Assessing the prospects for a return of organisms in evolutionary biology. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(2/3), 341-372.
Huneman, P. (2021). Biological individuals as “weak individuals” and their identity: Exploring a radical hypothesis in the metaphysics of science. En A. S. Meincke y J. Dupré (eds.), Biological Identity: Perspectives from Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Biology (pp. 40-62). New York: Routledge.
Huxley, J. S. (2022). The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. Cambridge: MIT Press. (Original work published 1912).
Jeuken, M. (1952). The concept “individual” in biology. Acta Biotheoretica, 10, 57-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01845805
Kaiser, M. I. (2018). Individuating part-whole relations in the biological world. En O. Bueno, R-L. Chen y M. B. Fagan (eds.), Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices (pp. 63-87). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kaiser, M. I., Trappes, R. (2021). Broadening the problem agenda of biological individuality: individual differences, uniqueness and temporality. Biology & Philosophy, 36, 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-021-09791-5
Kingma, E. (2020). Biological individuality, pregnancy, and (Mammalian) reproduction. Philosophy of Science, 87(5), 1037-1048. https://doi.org/10.1086/710612
Lidgard, S., Nyhart, L. K. (2017). The work of biological individuality: Concepts and contexts. En S. Lidgard y L. K. Nyhart (eds.), Biological Individuality: Integrating Scientific, Philosophical, and Historical Perspectives (pp. 1-16). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mahner, M., Bunge, M. (1996). Foundations of Biophilosophy. Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer.
Martens, J. (2010). Organisms in evolution. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32, 373-400.
Maynard Smith, J., Szathmáry, E. (1995). The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Militello, G., Bich, L., Moreno, A. (2021). Functional integration and individuality in prokaryotic collective organisations. Acta Biotheoretica, 69, 391-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10441-020-09390-z
Moreno, A., Mossio, M. (2015). Biological Autonomy: A Philosophical and Theoretical Enquiry. Dordrecht: Springer.
Morgan, W. (2022). Biological individuality and the foetus problem. Erkenntnis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-022-00556-4
Nicholson, D. J. (2014). The return of the organism as a fundamental explanatory concept in biology. Philosophy Compass, 9(5), 347-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12128
Nicholson, D. J., Gawne, R. (2015). Neither logical empiricism nor vitalism, but organicism: what the philosophy of biology was. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 37, 345-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-015-0085-7
Nunes-Neto, N., Moreno, A., El-Hani, C. N. (2014). Function in ecology: an organizational approach. Biology & Philosophy, 29, 123-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-013-9398-7
Oderberg, D. S. (2021). Siphonophores: A metaphysical case study. En A. S. Meincke y J. Dupré (eds.), Biological Identity: Perspectives from Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Biology (pp. 22-39). New York: Routledge.
Okasha, S. (2011). Biological ontology and hierarchical organization: A defense of rank freedom. En B. Calcott y K. Sterelny (eds.), The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited (pp. 53-64). Cambridge & London: MIT Press.
Okasha, S. (2022). On the very idea of biological individuality. http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/20868/ [Preprint].
Pepper, J. W., Herron, M. D. (2008). Does biology need an organism concept? Biological Reviews, 83, 621-627. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00057.x
Pradeu, T. (2012). The Limits of the Self: Immunology and Biological Identity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pradeu, T. (2016a). The many faces of biological individuality. Biology & Philosophy, 31, 761-773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-016-9553-z
Pradeu, T. (2016b). Organisms or biological individuals? Combining physiological and evolutionary individuality. Biology & Philosophy, 31, 797-817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-016-9551-1
Prévot, K. (2014). Organisme et individu. En T. Hoquet y F. Merlin (eds.), Précis de Philosophie de la Biologie (pp. 211-220). Paris: Vuibert.
Queller, D. C., Strassmann, J. E. (2009). Beyond society: the evolution of organismality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 3143-3155. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0095
Ruiz-Mirazo, K., Etxeberria, A., Moreno, A., Ibáñez, J. (2000). Organisms and their place in biology. Theory in Biosciences, 119, 209-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-000-0017-1
Santelices, B. (1999). How many kinds of individual are there? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14(4), 152-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01519-5
Smith, S. E. (2017). Organisms as persisters. Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology, 9, 14. https://doi.org/10.3998/ptb.6959004.0009.014
Toepfer, G. (2011). Historisches Wörterbuch der Biologie. Geschichte und Theorie der Biologischen Grundbegriffe (Vol. 2). Stuttgart & Weimar: J. B. Metzler.
von Bertalanffy, L. (1952). Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Wilson, J. (1999). Biological Individuality: The Identity and Persistence of Living Entities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, J. A. (2000). Ontological butchery: Organism concepts and biological generalizations. Philosophy of Science, 67(S3), S301-S311. https://doi.org/10.1086/392827
Wolfe, C. T. (2010). Do organisms have an ontological status? History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(2/3), 195-231.
Prieto, G. I. (2023). ‘Organismo’ versus ‘individuo biológico’: la demarcación faltante. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 12(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.14201/art20231212754
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
+
−