A Part-Dependent Account of Biological Individuality for Multispecies Consortia
Abstract This article introduces and defends a part-dependent ontology to conceive of biological individuality in conglomerates formed by organisms of multiple species. According to the part-dependent ontology, the characterization of a set or conglomerate of independent taxa as a biological individual must be based on the relationship that a specific part of that set maintains with the rest, the relationship that the rest of the parts of the set maintain with that specific part being irrelevant. Moreover, it is argued that the biological dependency relationships between the parts of a set can be asymmetric, without this affecting the attribution of individuality to said set. It is also pointed out that such a part-dependent characterization is valid not only for ideas of individuality based on evolution, but also for those based on physiology, or immunology, among others. This makes part-dependent ontology compatible with pluralism over biological individuality.
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Pradeu, T. (2010). What is an organism? An immunological answer. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(3), 227-247.
Pradeu, T. (2012). The limits of the self: Immunology and biological identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pradeu, T. (2016). The many faces of biological individuality. Biology and Philosophy, 31, 761-773.
Pradeu, T. (2020). Philosophy of biology: immunology and individuality. eLife, 8, e47384.
Smith, S. (2017). Organisms as persisters. Philosophy, Theory and Practice in Biology, 9, 14.
Stappenbeck, T.S., Hooper, L.V., et al. (2002). Developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbes via Paneth cells. PNAS, 99, 15451-15455.
Suárez, J. (2019). The Hologenome Concept of Evolution: A Philosophical and Biological Study. PhD Dissertation. University of Exeter.
Suárez, J. (2020). The stability of traits conception of the hologenome: An evolutionary account of holobiont individuality. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 42, 11.
Suárez, J. (2021). El Holobionte/Hologenoma Como Nivel de Selección: Una Aproximación a La Evolución de Los Consorcios de Múltiples Especies. Theoria, 36(1), 81-112.
Suárez, J., Stencel, A. (2020). A part-dependent account of biological individuality: Why holobionts are individuals and ecosystems simultaneously. Biological Reviews, 95(5), 1308-1324.
Suárez, J., Triviño, V. (2020). What Is a Hologenomic Adaptation? Emergent Individuality and Inter-Identity in Multispecies Systems. Front. Psychol., 11, 187.
Triviño, V., Suárez, J. (2020). Holobionts: ecological communities, hybrids, or biological individuals? A metaphysical perspective on multispecies systems. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science Part C, 84, 101323.
Clarke, E. (2010). The problem of biological individuality. Biological Theory, 5(4), 312-325.
Deulofeu, R., Suárez, J. (2018). When Mechanisms Are Not Enough: The Origin of Eukaryotes and Scientific Explanation. En A. Christian, D. Hommen, N. Retzlaff y G. Schurz (eds.), Philosophy of Science. European Studies in Philosophy of Science, vol 9. Cham: Springer.
DiFrisco, J. (2017). Kinds of biological individuals: Sortals, projectability, and selection. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 70(3), 845-875.
Dupré, J., O’Malley, M.A. (2009). Varieties of living things: Life at the intersection of lineage and metabolism. Philosophy, Theory and Practice in Biology, 1, 1.
Engelhard, K., Feldbacher-Escamilla, C.J., Gebharter, A., Seide, A. (2021). Inductive Metaphysics, Grazer Philosophische Studien, 98(1), 1-26.
French, S., McKenzie, K. (2015). Rethinking outside the toolbox: Reflecting again on the relationship between philosophy of science and metaphysics. En T. Bigaj, y C. Wüthrich (eds.), Metaphysics in contemporary physics, Poznan studies in the philosophy of the sciences and the humanities (Vol. 104, pp. 25-54). Brill: Rodopi.
Gilbert, S., Sapp, J., Tauber, A. (2012). A symbiotic view of life: We have never been individuals. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 87(4), 325-341.
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2009). Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2011). Agents and acacias: replies to Dennett, Sterelny, and Queller. Biology & Philosophy, 26(4), 501-515.
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2013). Darwinian individuals. En F. Bouchard y P. Huneman (eds.), From group to individuals: Evolution and emerging individuality. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Haber, M. (2016). The biological and the mereological: Metaphysical implications of the individuality thesis. En A. Guay y T. Pradeu (eds.), Individuals across the sciences (pp. 295-316). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huneman, P. (2014). Individuality as a Theoretical Scheme. I. Formal and Material Concepts of Individuality. Biological Theory, 9, 361-373.
Kaiser, M. (2018). Individuating part-whole relations in the biological world. En O. Bueno, R.-L. Chen, M. Fagan (eds.), Individuation, process and scientific practices (pp. 63-90). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kaiser, M. (2019). Normativity in the philosophy of science. Metaphilosophy, 50, 36-62.
Lidgard, S., Nyhart, L.K. (2017). Biological individuality: Integrating scientific, historical and philosophical perspectives. London: The University of Chicago Press.
Lloyd, E. A. (2017). Units and levels of selection. En E. N. Zalta (ed.): The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/selection-units/
Lloyd, E. A., Wade, M. J. (2019). Criteria for Holobionts from Community Genetics. Biological Theory, 14(3), 151-70.
Martín-Villuendas, M. (2021). Una reconsideración pluralista del concepto de herencia. Contrastes. Revista Internacional de Filosofía, 26(3), 25-47.
Mendoza, M. L. Z., Xiong, Z., Escalera-Zamudio, M., et al. (2018). Hologenomic adaptations underlying the evolution of sanguivory in the common vampire bat. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2, 659-668.
Molter, D.J. (2019). On mycorrhizal individuality. Biology and Philosophy, 34, 34-52.
Moran, N. (2006). Symbiosis. Current Biology, 16(20), R866-71.
Morillas, L., Roales, J., Cruz, C., Munzi, S. (2022). Lichen as Multipartner Symbiotic Relationships. Encyclopedia, 2(3), 1421-1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2030096
Okasha, S. (2018). Agents and Goals in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Olszak, T., An, D., et al. (2012). Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function. Science, 336, 489-493.
Pradeu, T. (2010). What is an organism? An immunological answer. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 32(3), 227-247.
Pradeu, T. (2012). The limits of the self: Immunology and biological identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pradeu, T. (2016). The many faces of biological individuality. Biology and Philosophy, 31, 761-773.
Pradeu, T. (2020). Philosophy of biology: immunology and individuality. eLife, 8, e47384.
Smith, S. (2017). Organisms as persisters. Philosophy, Theory and Practice in Biology, 9, 14.
Stappenbeck, T.S., Hooper, L.V., et al. (2002). Developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbes via Paneth cells. PNAS, 99, 15451-15455.
Suárez, J. (2019). The Hologenome Concept of Evolution: A Philosophical and Biological Study. PhD Dissertation. University of Exeter.
Suárez, J. (2020). The stability of traits conception of the hologenome: An evolutionary account of holobiont individuality. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 42, 11.
Suárez, J. (2021). El Holobionte/Hologenoma Como Nivel de Selección: Una Aproximación a La Evolución de Los Consorcios de Múltiples Especies. Theoria, 36(1), 81-112.
Suárez, J., Stencel, A. (2020). A part-dependent account of biological individuality: Why holobionts are individuals and ecosystems simultaneously. Biological Reviews, 95(5), 1308-1324.
Suárez, J., Triviño, V. (2020). What Is a Hologenomic Adaptation? Emergent Individuality and Inter-Identity in Multispecies Systems. Front. Psychol., 11, 187.
Triviño, V., Suárez, J. (2020). Holobionts: ecological communities, hybrids, or biological individuals? A metaphysical perspective on multispecies systems. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science Part C, 84, 101323.
Suárez, J. (2023). A Part-Dependent Account of Biological Individuality for Multispecies Consortia. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 12(1), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.14201/art20231215578
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