La dimensión social de la Tecnología: El control de armas químicas y biológicas
Resumen Este artículo aborda cuestiones conceptuales que surgen de los intentos de los gobiernos y la sociedad civil por controlar la diseminación de armas químicas y biológicas. La primera parte versa sobre aspectos clave del control internacional de estas armas, enfocada hacia los principales tratados que las proscriben. Luego, se destacan dilemas prácticos y conceptuales clave para practicar estos controles. Son los problemas de definición, del “doble uso”, de cómo distinguir la investigación defensiva de la ofensiva, de la verificación y de la dificultad de analizar la guerra química y biológica desde una perspectiva cultural. También esta segunda parte trata investigaciones del autor sobre la Historia de la guerra química y biológica, y añade reflexiones sobre cómo este trabajo podría informar algunos de los asuntos prácticos contemporáneos en el control de esta guerra.La contribución que los filósofos pueden hacer (y hacen) para el control de las armas químicas y biológicas se da en el campo ético; otros debates de la Filosofía de la Ciencia, sobre términos como conocimiento tácito, Ontología, infradeterminación y Filosofía feminista de la Ciencia tienen el potencial de arrojar luz sobre los dilemas que afronta la comunidad del control de armas.
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Harris, Robert y Paxman, Jeremy (1982). A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Gas and Germ Warfare. Londres: Chatto and Windus.
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Reader, William J. (1975). Imperial Chemical Industries: A History. Vol. 2: The First Quarter-century, 1926-52. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Selgelid, Michael J. (2007). A tale of two studies: Ethics, bioterrorism and the censorship of science. Hastings Center Report, 37(3), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1353/hcr.2007.0046
Strauss, Harlee y King, Jonathan (1986). The fallacy of defensive biological weapons programmes. En Geissler, Erhard (ed.), Biological and Toxin Weapons Today (pp. 66-73). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tucker, Jonathan B. (1994). Dilemmas of a Dual-Use Technology: Toxins in Medicine and Warfare. Politics and the Life Sciences, 13(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0730938400022218
Tucker, Jonathan B. (2007). War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda. N. York: Anchor Books.
Walker, John R. (2012). Britain and Disarmament: The UK and Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Weapons Arms Control and Programmes, 1956-1975. Farnham: Ashgate.
Wheelis, Mark, Rózsa, Lajos y Dando, Malcolm R. (eds.) (2006). Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
BMA (1999). Biotechnology, Weapons and Humanity. Londres: British Medical Association.
Clunan, Anne, Lavoy, Peter R. y Martin, Susan B. (2008). Terrorism, War, or Disease? Unraveling the Use of Biological. Weapons, Stanford Security Studies, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Cole, Leonard A. (2003). The Anthrax Letters: A Medical Detective Story. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press.
Coleman, Kim (2005). A History of Chemical Warfare. Basingstoke: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501836
Dando, Malcolm R. (1994). Biological Warfare in the 21st Century. Londres: Brasseys.
Dando, Malcolm R. (2002). Preventing Biological Warfare: The Failure of American Leadership (Global Issues). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403907196
Guillemin, Jeanne (1999). Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520222045.001.0001
Guillemin, Jeanne (2011). American Anthrax: Fear, Crime and the Investigation of the Nation's Deadliest Bioterror Attack. N. York: Henry Holt.
Harris, Robert y Paxman, Jeremy (1982). A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Gas and Germ Warfare. Londres: Chatto and Windus.
Kenyon, Ian (2000). Chemical weapons in the twentieth century: their use and their control. The CBW Conventions Bulletin, 48, 1-15.
McLeish, Caitriona (2007). Reflecting on the Dual-Use Problem. En Brian Rappert y Caitriona McLeish (eds.), A Web of Prevention: Biological Weapons, Life Sciences and the Governance of Research (pp. 189-207). Londres: Earthscan.
McLeish, Caitriona y Balmer, Brian (2012). Development of the V-series nerve agents. En Jonathan B. Tucker (ed.), Innovation and Security: Preventing the Misuse of New Biological and Chemical Technologies (pp. 273-287). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Mayor, Adrienne (2003). Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Londres: Duckworth.
Miller, Judith, Engelberg, Stephen y Broad, William (2001). Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War. Londres: Simon and Schuster.
Reader, William J. (1975). Imperial Chemical Industries: A History. Vol. 2: The First Quarter-century, 1926-52. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Selgelid, Michael J. (2007). A tale of two studies: Ethics, bioterrorism and the censorship of science. Hastings Center Report, 37(3), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1353/hcr.2007.0046
Strauss, Harlee y King, Jonathan (1986). The fallacy of defensive biological weapons programmes. En Geissler, Erhard (ed.), Biological and Toxin Weapons Today (pp. 66-73). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tucker, Jonathan B. (1994). Dilemmas of a Dual-Use Technology: Toxins in Medicine and Warfare. Politics and the Life Sciences, 13(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0730938400022218
Tucker, Jonathan B. (2007). War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda. N. York: Anchor Books.
Walker, John R. (2012). Britain and Disarmament: The UK and Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Weapons Arms Control and Programmes, 1956-1975. Farnham: Ashgate.
Wheelis, Mark, Rózsa, Lajos y Dando, Malcolm R. (eds.) (2006). Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Balmer, B. (2020). La dimensión social de la Tecnología: El control de armas químicas y biológicas. Artefactos. Revista De Estudios Filosóficos Sobre Ciencia Y Tecnología, 9(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2020916176
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