The Irreversibility Problem: A Two-Level Interteorical Relation
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to shed new light on the problem of irreversibility by pointing out that, in the discussion about this matter, a relevant fact has not been sufficiently taken into account: the relationship between thermodynamics and mechanics involves a theoretical relation of two levels: an intra-theoretical level and an inter-theoretical level. We will try to highlight the two necessary steps to establish the link between thermodynamic irreversibility and mechanical reversibility. The first step attempts to explain the intra-theoretical relationship between macro-irreversibility and micro-reversibility in the mechanical framework. The second step intends to state the inter-theoretical relationship between the thermodynamic irreversibility expressed by the second law of thermodynamics and the macro-irreversibility obtained in the first step. Finally, the possible interpretations of these two steps from different philosophical positions will be discussed.
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Anderson, Philip (1972). More is Different. Science, 177, 393-396. - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.177.4047.393
Batterman, Robert (2002). The Devil in the Details. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bricmont, Jean (1995). Science of Chaos or Chaos in Science. Physicalia, 17, 159-208. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb23135.x
Butterfield, Jeremy (2011a). Emergence, Reduction and Supervenience: A Varied Landscape. Foundations of Physics, 41, 920-959. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-011-9549-0
Butterfield, Jeremy (2011b). Less is Emergence and Reduction Reconciled. Foundations of Physics, 41, 1065-1135. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-010-9516-1
Davidson, Donald. (1970). Mental Events. En L. Foster y J. W. Swanson (Eds.), Experience and Theory (pp. 79-101). Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press.
Dizadji-Bahmani, Foad, Frigg, Roman y Hartmann, Stephan (2010). Who is afraid of Nagelian reduction? Erkenntnis, 73, 393-412. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-010-9239-x
Dizadji-Bahmani, Foad, Frigg, Roman y Hartmann, Stephan (2011). Confirmation and reduction: A Bayesian account. Synthese, 179, 321-338. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-010-9775-6
El-Hani, Charbel y Pihlström, Sami. (2002). Emergence theories and pragmatic realism. Essays in Philosophy, 3(2), Art. 3.
Esfeld, Michael y Sachse, Christian (2007). Theory reduction by means of functional sub-types. International Studies in the Philosophy of Sciences, 21, 1-17. - https://doi.org/10.1080/02698590701305735
Fazekas, Peter (2009). Reconsidering the role of bridge laws in inter-theoretic reductions. Erkenntnis, 71, 303-322. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-009-9181-y
Fodor, Jerry (1974). Special sciences (or: The disunity of sciences as a working hypothesis). Synthese, 28, 97-115. - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00485230
Fodor, Jerry (1975). The Language of Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Frigg, Roman (2007). A field guide to recent work on the foundations of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. En D. Rickles (ed.), The Ashgate Companion to the New Philosophy of Physics (pp. 99-196). London: Ashgate.
Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1902) [1960]. Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics. New York: Dover.
Howard, Don (2007). Reduction and emergence in the physical sciences: some lessons from the particle physics and condensed matter debate. en N. Murphy y W. R. Stoeger (eds.), Evolution and Emergence: Systems, Organisms, Persons (pp. 141-157). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hull, David (1972). Reductionism in genetics: biology or philosophy? Philosophy of Science, 39, 491-499. - https://doi.org/10.1086/288470
Humphreys, Paul (1997). How properties emerge. Philosophy of Science, 64, 1-17. - https://doi.org/10.1086/392533
Humphreys, Paul (2008). Synchronic and diachronic emergence. Minds & Machines, 18, 431-442. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-008-9125-3
Kim, Jaegwon (1999). Making sense of emergence. Philosophical Studies, 95, 3-36. - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004563122154
Kim, Jaegwon (2008). Reduction and Reductive Explanation. Is One Possible Without the Other? En J. Kallestrup y J. Hohwy (Eds.), Being Reduced. New Essays on Reduction, Explanation and Causation (pp. 93-114). Oxford: Oxford University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211531.003.0006
Kitcher, Philip (1984). 1953 and All That: A Tale of Two Sciences. Philosophical Review, 93, 335-373. - https://doi.org/10.2307/2184541
Klein, Colin (2009). Reduction Without Reductionism: A Defence of Nagel on Connectability. Philosophical Quarterly, 59, 39-53. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9213.2008.560.x
Lebowitz, Joel (1993). Boltzmann's Time's Arrow. Physics Today, 46, 9-32. - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.881363
Lebowitz, Joel y Penrose, Oliver (1973). Modern Theory. Physics Today, 26, 23-29. - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3127948
Lewis, David (1994). Reduction of Mind. En D. Lewis (ed.), Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology (pp. 291-324). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lombardi, Olimpia (2003). El problema de la ergodicidad en mecánica estadística. Crítica. Revista Hispanoamericana de Filosofía, 35, 3-41.
Lombardi, Olimpia (2011). The Problem of Irreversibility, From Fourier to Chaos Theory: The tTajectory of a Controversy Space. En O. Nudler (ed.), Controversy Spaces. A model of scientific and philosophical change (pp. 77-102). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. - https://doi.org/10.1075/cvs.10.08lom
Lombardi, Olimpia (2014a). Linking Chemistry with Physics: Arguments and Counterarguments. Foundations of Chemistry, 16, 181-192. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-013-9197-x
Lombardi, Olimpia (2014b). The Ontological Autonomy of the Chemical World: Facing the Criticisms. En E. Scerri y L. McIntyre (eds.), Philosophy of Chemistry: Growth of a New Discipline (Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science) (pp. 23-38). Dordrecht: Springer.
Lombardi, O. y Labarca, Martín (2005). The Ontological Autonomy of the Chemical World. Foundations of Chemistry, 7, 125-148. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-004-0980-6
Lombardi, Olimpia y Labarca, Martín (2006). The ontological autonomy of the chemical world: A response to Needha. Foundations of Chemistry, 8, 81-92. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-005-9004-4
Lombardi, Olimpia y Labarca, Martín (2011). On the autonomous existence of chemical entities. Current Physical Chemistry, 1, 69-75. - https://doi.org/10.2174/1877946811101010069
Lombardi, Olimpia y Pérez Ransanz, Ana Rosa (2012). Los Múltiples Mundos de la Ciencia. Un Realismo Pluralista y su Aplicación a la Filosofía de la Física. México: UNAM-Siglo XXI.
McLaughlin, Brian (1997). Emergence and supervenience. Intellectica, 2, 25-43.
Nagel, Ernst (1949). The meaning of reduction in the natural sciences. En R. C. Stauffer (Ed.), Science and Civilization (pp. 99-135). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Nagel, Ernst (1961). The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Needham, Paul (2010). Nagel's analysis of reduction: Comments in defense as well as critique. Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 41, 163-170. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsb.2009.06.006
Neurath, Otto (1935) [1983]. The unity of science as a task. En M. Neurath y R. S. Cohen (eds.), Otto Neurath. Philosophical Papers 1913-1946 (pp. 115-120). Dordrecht: Reidel.
Nickles, Thomas (1973). Two concepts of intertheoretic reduction. Journal of Philosophy, 70, 181-201. - https://doi.org/10.2307/2024906
O'Connor, Timothy. y Wong, Hong Yu (2015). Emergent Properties. En E. N. Zalta (Ed.),
Prigogine, Ilya y Stengers, Isabelle (1984). Order Out of Chaos. New York: Bantam Books.
Primas, Hans (1981). Chemistry, Quantum Mechanics and Reductionism. Berlin: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11314-1
Primas, Hans (1998). Emergence in Exact Natural Sciences. Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica, 91, 83-98.
Putnam, Hilary (1975). Philosophy and Our Mental Life. Mind, Language, and Reality: Philosophical Papers (pp. 291-303). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625251.016
Putnam, Hilary (1981). Reason, Truth and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625398
Putnam, Hilary (1990). Realism with a Human Face. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Rohrlich, Fritz (1988). Pluralistic Ontology and Theory Reduction in the Physical Sciences. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 39, 295-312. - https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/39.3.295
Rueger, Alexander (2000). Physical Emergence, Diachronic and Synchronic. Synthese, 124, 297-322. - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249907425
Schaffner, Kenneth (1993). Discovery and Explanation in Biology and Medicine. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Schaffner, Kenneth (2013). Ernest Nagel and reduction. Journal of Philosophy, 109, 534-565. - https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil20121098/926
Scerri, Eric y McIntyre, Lee (1997). The Case for the Philosophy of Chemistry. Synthese, 111, 213-232. - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004949814965
Silberstein, Michael y McGeever, John (1999). The search for ontological emergence. Philosophical Quarterly, 49,182-200. - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00136
Sklar, Lawrence (1967). Types of Inter-Theoretic Reduction. British Journal for Philosophy of Science, 5, 464-482. - https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/18.2.109
Sklar, Lawrence (1993). Physics and Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511624933
Tolman, Richard (1938). The Principles of Statistical Mechanics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Torretti, Roberto (2000). Scientific Realism and Scientific Practice. En E. Agazzi y M. Pauri (eds.), The Reality of the Unobservable: Observability, Unobservability and their Impact on the Issue of Scientific Realism (pp. 113-122). Dordrecht: Kluwer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9391-5_6
Torretti, Roberto (2008). Objectivity: A Kantian Perspective. En M. Massimi (ed.), Kant and Philosophy of Science Today (pp. 81-95). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1358246108000052
Uffink, Jos (2007). Compendium of the Foundations of Classical Statistical Physics. En J. Butterfield y J. Earman (eds.), Philosophy of Physics (pp. 923-1074). Amsterdam: Elsevier. - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451560-5/50012-9
van Riel, Raphael (2011). Nagelian reduction beyond the Nagel model. Philosophy of Science, 78, 353-375. - https://doi.org/10.1086/660300
Wimsatt, William (1976). Reductive Explanation: A Functional Account. En R. S. Cohen, C. A. Hooker y A. C. Michalos (Eds.), PSA 1974: Proceedings of the 1974 Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (pp. 671-710). Dordrecht: Reidel. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1449-6_38
Batterman, Robert (2002). The Devil in the Details. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bricmont, Jean (1995). Science of Chaos or Chaos in Science. Physicalia, 17, 159-208. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb23135.x
Butterfield, Jeremy (2011a). Emergence, Reduction and Supervenience: A Varied Landscape. Foundations of Physics, 41, 920-959. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-011-9549-0
Butterfield, Jeremy (2011b). Less is Emergence and Reduction Reconciled. Foundations of Physics, 41, 1065-1135. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-010-9516-1
Davidson, Donald. (1970). Mental Events. En L. Foster y J. W. Swanson (Eds.), Experience and Theory (pp. 79-101). Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press.
Dizadji-Bahmani, Foad, Frigg, Roman y Hartmann, Stephan (2010). Who is afraid of Nagelian reduction? Erkenntnis, 73, 393-412. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-010-9239-x
Dizadji-Bahmani, Foad, Frigg, Roman y Hartmann, Stephan (2011). Confirmation and reduction: A Bayesian account. Synthese, 179, 321-338. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-010-9775-6
El-Hani, Charbel y Pihlström, Sami. (2002). Emergence theories and pragmatic realism. Essays in Philosophy, 3(2), Art. 3.
Esfeld, Michael y Sachse, Christian (2007). Theory reduction by means of functional sub-types. International Studies in the Philosophy of Sciences, 21, 1-17. - https://doi.org/10.1080/02698590701305735
Fazekas, Peter (2009). Reconsidering the role of bridge laws in inter-theoretic reductions. Erkenntnis, 71, 303-322. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-009-9181-y
Fodor, Jerry (1974). Special sciences (or: The disunity of sciences as a working hypothesis). Synthese, 28, 97-115. - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00485230
Fodor, Jerry (1975). The Language of Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Frigg, Roman (2007). A field guide to recent work on the foundations of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. En D. Rickles (ed.), The Ashgate Companion to the New Philosophy of Physics (pp. 99-196). London: Ashgate.
Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1902) [1960]. Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics. New York: Dover.
Howard, Don (2007). Reduction and emergence in the physical sciences: some lessons from the particle physics and condensed matter debate. en N. Murphy y W. R. Stoeger (eds.), Evolution and Emergence: Systems, Organisms, Persons (pp. 141-157). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hull, David (1972). Reductionism in genetics: biology or philosophy? Philosophy of Science, 39, 491-499. - https://doi.org/10.1086/288470
Humphreys, Paul (1997). How properties emerge. Philosophy of Science, 64, 1-17. - https://doi.org/10.1086/392533
Humphreys, Paul (2008). Synchronic and diachronic emergence. Minds & Machines, 18, 431-442. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-008-9125-3
Kim, Jaegwon (1999). Making sense of emergence. Philosophical Studies, 95, 3-36. - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004563122154
Kim, Jaegwon (2008). Reduction and Reductive Explanation. Is One Possible Without the Other? En J. Kallestrup y J. Hohwy (Eds.), Being Reduced. New Essays on Reduction, Explanation and Causation (pp. 93-114). Oxford: Oxford University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211531.003.0006
Kitcher, Philip (1984). 1953 and All That: A Tale of Two Sciences. Philosophical Review, 93, 335-373. - https://doi.org/10.2307/2184541
Klein, Colin (2009). Reduction Without Reductionism: A Defence of Nagel on Connectability. Philosophical Quarterly, 59, 39-53. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9213.2008.560.x
Lebowitz, Joel (1993). Boltzmann's Time's Arrow. Physics Today, 46, 9-32. - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.881363
Lebowitz, Joel y Penrose, Oliver (1973). Modern Theory. Physics Today, 26, 23-29. - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3127948
Lewis, David (1994). Reduction of Mind. En D. Lewis (ed.), Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology (pp. 291-324). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lombardi, Olimpia (2003). El problema de la ergodicidad en mecánica estadística. Crítica. Revista Hispanoamericana de Filosofía, 35, 3-41.
Lombardi, Olimpia (2011). The Problem of Irreversibility, From Fourier to Chaos Theory: The tTajectory of a Controversy Space. En O. Nudler (ed.), Controversy Spaces. A model of scientific and philosophical change (pp. 77-102). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. - https://doi.org/10.1075/cvs.10.08lom
Lombardi, Olimpia (2014a). Linking Chemistry with Physics: Arguments and Counterarguments. Foundations of Chemistry, 16, 181-192. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-013-9197-x
Lombardi, Olimpia (2014b). The Ontological Autonomy of the Chemical World: Facing the Criticisms. En E. Scerri y L. McIntyre (eds.), Philosophy of Chemistry: Growth of a New Discipline (Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science) (pp. 23-38). Dordrecht: Springer.
Lombardi, O. y Labarca, Martín (2005). The Ontological Autonomy of the Chemical World. Foundations of Chemistry, 7, 125-148. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-004-0980-6
Lombardi, Olimpia y Labarca, Martín (2006). The ontological autonomy of the chemical world: A response to Needha. Foundations of Chemistry, 8, 81-92. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-005-9004-4
Lombardi, Olimpia y Labarca, Martín (2011). On the autonomous existence of chemical entities. Current Physical Chemistry, 1, 69-75. - https://doi.org/10.2174/1877946811101010069
Lombardi, Olimpia y Pérez Ransanz, Ana Rosa (2012). Los Múltiples Mundos de la Ciencia. Un Realismo Pluralista y su Aplicación a la Filosofía de la Física. México: UNAM-Siglo XXI.
McLaughlin, Brian (1997). Emergence and supervenience. Intellectica, 2, 25-43.
Nagel, Ernst (1949). The meaning of reduction in the natural sciences. En R. C. Stauffer (Ed.), Science and Civilization (pp. 99-135). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Nagel, Ernst (1961). The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Needham, Paul (2010). Nagel's analysis of reduction: Comments in defense as well as critique. Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 41, 163-170. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsb.2009.06.006
Neurath, Otto (1935) [1983]. The unity of science as a task. En M. Neurath y R. S. Cohen (eds.), Otto Neurath. Philosophical Papers 1913-1946 (pp. 115-120). Dordrecht: Reidel.
Nickles, Thomas (1973). Two concepts of intertheoretic reduction. Journal of Philosophy, 70, 181-201. - https://doi.org/10.2307/2024906
O'Connor, Timothy. y Wong, Hong Yu (2015). Emergent Properties. En E. N. Zalta (Ed.),
Prigogine, Ilya y Stengers, Isabelle (1984). Order Out of Chaos. New York: Bantam Books.
Primas, Hans (1981). Chemistry, Quantum Mechanics and Reductionism. Berlin: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11314-1
Primas, Hans (1998). Emergence in Exact Natural Sciences. Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica, 91, 83-98.
Putnam, Hilary (1975). Philosophy and Our Mental Life. Mind, Language, and Reality: Philosophical Papers (pp. 291-303). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625251.016
Putnam, Hilary (1981). Reason, Truth and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625398
Putnam, Hilary (1990). Realism with a Human Face. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Rohrlich, Fritz (1988). Pluralistic Ontology and Theory Reduction in the Physical Sciences. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 39, 295-312. - https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/39.3.295
Rueger, Alexander (2000). Physical Emergence, Diachronic and Synchronic. Synthese, 124, 297-322. - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249907425
Schaffner, Kenneth (1993). Discovery and Explanation in Biology and Medicine. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Schaffner, Kenneth (2013). Ernest Nagel and reduction. Journal of Philosophy, 109, 534-565. - https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil20121098/926
Scerri, Eric y McIntyre, Lee (1997). The Case for the Philosophy of Chemistry. Synthese, 111, 213-232. - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004949814965
Silberstein, Michael y McGeever, John (1999). The search for ontological emergence. Philosophical Quarterly, 49,182-200. - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00136
Sklar, Lawrence (1967). Types of Inter-Theoretic Reduction. British Journal for Philosophy of Science, 5, 464-482. - https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/18.2.109
Sklar, Lawrence (1993). Physics and Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511624933
Tolman, Richard (1938). The Principles of Statistical Mechanics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Torretti, Roberto (2000). Scientific Realism and Scientific Practice. En E. Agazzi y M. Pauri (eds.), The Reality of the Unobservable: Observability, Unobservability and their Impact on the Issue of Scientific Realism (pp. 113-122). Dordrecht: Kluwer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9391-5_6
Torretti, Roberto (2008). Objectivity: A Kantian Perspective. En M. Massimi (ed.), Kant and Philosophy of Science Today (pp. 81-95). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1358246108000052
Uffink, Jos (2007). Compendium of the Foundations of Classical Statistical Physics. En J. Butterfield y J. Earman (eds.), Philosophy of Physics (pp. 923-1074). Amsterdam: Elsevier. - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451560-5/50012-9
van Riel, Raphael (2011). Nagelian reduction beyond the Nagel model. Philosophy of Science, 78, 353-375. - https://doi.org/10.1086/660300
Wimsatt, William (1976). Reductive Explanation: A Functional Account. En R. S. Cohen, C. A. Hooker y A. C. Michalos (Eds.), PSA 1974: Proceedings of the 1974 Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (pp. 671-710). Dordrecht: Reidel. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1449-6_38
Lombardi, O., & Martínez González, J. C. (2018). The Irreversibility Problem: A Two-Level Interteorical Relation. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 7(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.14201/artefactos2018712950
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