Magnetic resonance in hearing loss and vertigo
Abstract Introduction and objective: Hearing loss and vertiginous syndrome represent an important part of the otorhinolaryngology clinic. The role of the radiologist plays in their workup become fundamental. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are essential to guide or give the diagnosis in these cases. Method: After performing a retrospective analysis of 456 MRI studies of patients with these symptoms, we conducted a review of the main pathologies recorded that can cause these symptoms. Results: We classify into vascular disorders and other variants, tumor pathology, malformations and inflammatory pathology; We also describe the most relevant findings on MRI and illustrated with examples of our center.
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Amano T, Tokunaga S, Shono T, Mizoguchi M, Matsumoto K, Yoshida F, et al. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma manifesting as hearing disturbance. Neurol Med Chir. 2009;49(9):418-20. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.49.418
Beijen J, Casselman J, Joosten F, Stover T, Aschendorff A, Zarowski A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with meningitis induced hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266(8):1229-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-009-0921-z
Bekar A, Kocaeli H, Yilmaz E, Dogan S. Trigeminal neuralgia caused by a pontine abscess: case report. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(6):1434. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000143372.60209.09
Bonneville F, Sarrazin JL, Marsot-Dupuch K, Iffenecker C, Cordoliani YS, Doyon D, et al. Unusual lesions of the cerebellopontine angle: a segmental approach. Radiographics. 2001;21(2):419-38. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr13419
Caldemeyer KS, Mathews VP, Azzarelli B, Smith RR. The jugular foramen: a review of anatomy, masses, and imaging characteristics. Radiographics. 1997;17(5):1123-39. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.17.5.9308106
Camacho DL, Smith JK, Grimme JD, Keyserling HF, Castillo M. Atypical MR imaging perfusion in developmental venous anomalies. Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(9):1549-52.
Castillo Lario MC LDR, Pina Leita I. Radiological diagnosis of cholesterol granulomas at the petrous apex. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2007 58(6):280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6519(07)74928-2
Cho TH, Nighoghossian N, Tahon F, Nemoz C, Hermier M, Salkine F, et al. Brain stem diffusion-weighted imaging lesion score: a potential marker of outcome in acute basilar artery occlusion. Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(1):194-8. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1278
Filipovic B, Gjuric M, Hat J, Gluncic I. High mega jugular bulb presenting with facial nerve palsy and severe headache. Skull base 2010;20(6):465-8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1261259
Fortnum H, O'Neill C, Taylor R, Lenthall R, Nikolopoulos T, Lightfoot G, et al. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the identification of suspected acoustic neuroma: a systematic review of clinical and cost effectiveness and natural history. Health Technol Assess. 2009;13(18):III-IV, IX-XI, 1-154.
Garcia-Carrasco M, Ramos-Casals M, Rosas J, Pallares L, Calvo-Alen J, Cervera R, et al. Primary Sjogren syndrome: clinical and immunologic disease patterns in a cohort of 400 patients. Medicine. 2002;81(4):270-80. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-200207000-00003
Gelabert-Gonzalez M. Quistes aracnoideos intracraneales. Revista de neurologia. 2004;39(12):1161-6.
Godhamgaonkar V, Domjan J. "Why have I got a 'dead ear', doctor"? Br J Radiol. 2009;82(982):877-9. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/82514411
Gonzalez-Tortosa J, Ferri-Niguez B, Ros de San Pedro J. Cerebellopontine angle meningeal melanocytoma: a benign tumor?. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2009;20(4):372-9; discussion 379-80.
Gultekin S, Celik H, Akpek S, Oner Y, Gumus T, Tokgoz N. Vascular loops at the cerebellopontine angle: is there a correlation with tinnitus? Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(9):1746-9. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1212
Gupta A, Ahmad FU, Sharma MC, Garg A, Mehta VS. Cerebellopontine angle meningeal melanocytoma: a rare tumor in an uncommon location. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(6):1094-7. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.6.1094
Hamasaki O, Nakahara T, Sakamoto S, Kutsuna M, Sakoda K. Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma. Neurol Med Chir. 2002;42(11):504-9. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.42.504
Hamid B, Harris C, Spiess J. Metastatic adenocarcinoma in the cerebellopontine angle mimicking facial nerve Schwannoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2007;30(5):566-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.coc.0000184661.54572.aa
Harnsberger HR. Head and neck imaging. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1990. xvi, 547 pp.
Jinhu Y, Jianping D, Xin L, Yuanli Z. Dynamic enhancement features of cavernous sinus cavernous hemangiomas on conventional contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):577-81. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0845
Kalantari BN, Salamon N. Neuroimaging of tuberous sclerosis: spectrum of pathologic findings and frontiers in imaging. Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(5):W304-9. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.2928
Kallmes DF, Provenzale JM, Cloft HJ, McClendon RE. Typical and atypical MR imaging features of intracranial epidermoid tumors. Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169(3):883-7. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.169.3.9275916
Karadeli E, Ulu E. Inner ear lipoma. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2010;16(1):24-6.
Khan S, Cloud GC, Kerry S, Markus HS. Imaging of vertebral artery stenosis: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(11):1218-25. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.111716
Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. The new WHO classification of brain tumours. Brain Pathol. 1993;3(3):255-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00752.x
Koeller KK, Rushing EJ. From the archives of the AFIP: medulloblastoma: a comprehensive review with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2003;23(6):1613-37. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.236035168
Koral K, Kedzierski RM, Gimi B, Gomez A, Rollins NK. Subependymoma of the cerebellopontine angle and prepontine cistern in a 15-year-old adolescent boy. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(1):190-1. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0821
Kwon BJ, Han MH, Kang HS, Chang KH. MR imaging findings of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: relations with venous drainage patterns. Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(10):2500-7.
Lapayowker MS, Liebman EP, Ronis ML, Safer JN. Presentation of the internal carotid artery as a tumor of the middle ear. Radiology. 1971;98(2):293-7. https://doi.org/10.1148/98.2.293
Lee SK, Willinsky RA, Montanera W, terBrugge KG. MR imaging of dural arteriovenous fistulas draining into cerebellar cortical veins. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(8):1602-6.
Lexa FJ, Grossman RI. MR of sarcoidosis in the head and spine: spectrum of manifestations and radiographic response to steroid therapy. Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(5):973-82.
Lipper MH, Goldstein JM. Neurosarcoidosis mimicking a cerebellopontine angle meningioma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171(1):275-6. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.171.1.9648818
Martinez-Lage JF, Ramos J, Puche A, Poza M. Extradural dermoid tumours of the posterior fossa. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77(5):427-30. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.77.5.427
Mas JL, Meder JF, Meary E, Bousser MG. Magnetic resonance imaging in lateral sinus hypoplasia and thrombosis. Stroke. 1990;21(9):1350-6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.21.9.1350
Morgen K, McFarland HF, Pillemer SR. Central nervous system disease in primary Sjogrens syndrome: the role of magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004;34(3):623-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2004.07.005
Oliver B TP, Quer M, Colomo L. Granulomas de colesterol de punta de pe-asco. A propósito de dos casos. Neurocirugia. 1999;10(04):313-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-1473(99)70795-5
Osborn AG. Expertddx. Brain and spine. 1st ed. Salt Lake City, Utah: Amirsys; 2009.
Park SY, Kim JH, Kim KT, Kim YJ, Kim TH, Hwang K, et al. A case of medullomyoblastoma of cerebellopontine angle mimicking acoustic neuroma. Yonsei Med J. 2004;45(4):719-22. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2004.45.4.719
Press GA, Hesselink JR. MR imaging of cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal lesions at 1.5 T. Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150(6):1371-81. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.150.6.1371
Presutti L, Laudadio P. Jugular bulb diverticula. J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 1991;53(1):57-60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000276188
Saatci I, Cekirge HS, Ciceri EF, Mawad ME, Pamuk AG, Besim A. CT and MR imaging findings and their implications in the follow-up of patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with endosaccular occlusion with onyx. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(4):567-78.
Sanahuja J, Ordonez-Palau S, Begue R, Brieva L, Boquet D. Primary Sjogren Syndrome with tumefactive central nervous system involvement. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(10):1878-9. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1204
Santucci GM, Leach JL, Ying J, Leach SD, Tomsick TA. Brain parenchymal signal abnormalities associated with developmental venous anomalies: detailed MR imaging assessment. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(7):1317-23. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1090
Seitz RJ, Meisel S, Weller P, Junghans U, Wittsack HJ, Siebler M. Initial ischemic event: perfusion-weighted MR imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient for stroke evolution. Radiology. 2005;237(3):1020-8. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2373041435
Shihada R, Brodsky A, Luntz M. Giant cholesteatoma of the temporal bone. Isr Med Assoc J. 2006;8(10):718-9.
Sirikci A, Bayazit Y, Ozer E, Ozkur A, Adaletli I, Cuce MA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging based classification of anatomic relationship between the cochleovestibular nerve and anterior inferior cerebellar artery in patients with non-specific neuro-otologic symptoms. Surg Radiol Anat. 2005;27(6):531-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-005-0015-6
Som PM, Curtin HD. Head and neck imaging. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996.
Srinivasan V, Anandacoomaraswamy KS, Atlas MD. Sterile abscess mimicking recurrent tumour in the cerebellopontine angle. J Laryngol Otol. 2002;116(5):379-81. https://doi.org/10.1258/0022215021910843
Stern J, Goldenberg M. Jugular bulb diverticula in medial petrous bone. Am J Roentgenol. 1980;134(5):959-61. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.134.5.959
Tanaka A, Ueno Y, Nakayama Y, Takano K, Takebayashi S. Small chronic hemorrhages and ischemic lesions in association with spontaneous intracerebral hematomas. Stroke. 1999;30(8):1637-42. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.30.8.1637
Thurnher MM. 2007 World Health Organization classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Cancer imaging. 2009;9 Spec No A:S1-3.
Tolosa E. Abscesses of the cerebellopontine angle. J Neurosurg. 1961;18:113-4. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1961.18.1.0113
Tsukamoto H, Hikita T, Takaki T. Cerebellopontine angle meningioma associated with cranial accessory nerve neurinoma--case report. Neurol Med Chir. 1994;34(4):225-9. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.34.225
Walther LE, Nath V, Krombach GA, Di Martino E. Bilateral posterior semicircular canal aplasia and atypical paroxysmal positional vertigo: a case report. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2008;28(2):79-82.
Wang YT, Su HH, Hou Y, Chu ST, Lai PH, Tseng HH, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the cerebellopontine angle in a patient with sudden hearing loss and facial palsy. J Chin Med Assoc. 2007;70(7):294-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1726-4901(07)70008-4
Weissman JL, Hirsch BE. Imaging of tinnitus: a review. Radiology. 2000;216(2):342-9. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.216.2.r00au45342
Weissman JL. Hearing loss. Radiology. 1996;199(3):593-611. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.199.3.8637972
Yun TJ, Na DG, Kwon BJ, Rho HG, Park SH, Suh YL, et al. A T1 hyperintense perilesional signal aids in the differentiation of a cavernous angioma from other hemorrhagic masses. American J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):494-500. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0847
Beijen J, Casselman J, Joosten F, Stover T, Aschendorff A, Zarowski A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with meningitis induced hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266(8):1229-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-009-0921-z
Bekar A, Kocaeli H, Yilmaz E, Dogan S. Trigeminal neuralgia caused by a pontine abscess: case report. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(6):1434. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000143372.60209.09
Bonneville F, Sarrazin JL, Marsot-Dupuch K, Iffenecker C, Cordoliani YS, Doyon D, et al. Unusual lesions of the cerebellopontine angle: a segmental approach. Radiographics. 2001;21(2):419-38. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr13419
Caldemeyer KS, Mathews VP, Azzarelli B, Smith RR. The jugular foramen: a review of anatomy, masses, and imaging characteristics. Radiographics. 1997;17(5):1123-39. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.17.5.9308106
Camacho DL, Smith JK, Grimme JD, Keyserling HF, Castillo M. Atypical MR imaging perfusion in developmental venous anomalies. Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(9):1549-52.
Castillo Lario MC LDR, Pina Leita I. Radiological diagnosis of cholesterol granulomas at the petrous apex. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2007 58(6):280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6519(07)74928-2
Cho TH, Nighoghossian N, Tahon F, Nemoz C, Hermier M, Salkine F, et al. Brain stem diffusion-weighted imaging lesion score: a potential marker of outcome in acute basilar artery occlusion. Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(1):194-8. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1278
Filipovic B, Gjuric M, Hat J, Gluncic I. High mega jugular bulb presenting with facial nerve palsy and severe headache. Skull base 2010;20(6):465-8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1261259
Fortnum H, O'Neill C, Taylor R, Lenthall R, Nikolopoulos T, Lightfoot G, et al. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the identification of suspected acoustic neuroma: a systematic review of clinical and cost effectiveness and natural history. Health Technol Assess. 2009;13(18):III-IV, IX-XI, 1-154.
Garcia-Carrasco M, Ramos-Casals M, Rosas J, Pallares L, Calvo-Alen J, Cervera R, et al. Primary Sjogren syndrome: clinical and immunologic disease patterns in a cohort of 400 patients. Medicine. 2002;81(4):270-80. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-200207000-00003
Gelabert-Gonzalez M. Quistes aracnoideos intracraneales. Revista de neurologia. 2004;39(12):1161-6.
Godhamgaonkar V, Domjan J. "Why have I got a 'dead ear', doctor"? Br J Radiol. 2009;82(982):877-9. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/82514411
Gonzalez-Tortosa J, Ferri-Niguez B, Ros de San Pedro J. Cerebellopontine angle meningeal melanocytoma: a benign tumor?. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2009;20(4):372-9; discussion 379-80.
Gultekin S, Celik H, Akpek S, Oner Y, Gumus T, Tokgoz N. Vascular loops at the cerebellopontine angle: is there a correlation with tinnitus? Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(9):1746-9. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1212
Gupta A, Ahmad FU, Sharma MC, Garg A, Mehta VS. Cerebellopontine angle meningeal melanocytoma: a rare tumor in an uncommon location. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(6):1094-7. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.6.1094
Hamasaki O, Nakahara T, Sakamoto S, Kutsuna M, Sakoda K. Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma. Neurol Med Chir. 2002;42(11):504-9. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.42.504
Hamid B, Harris C, Spiess J. Metastatic adenocarcinoma in the cerebellopontine angle mimicking facial nerve Schwannoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2007;30(5):566-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.coc.0000184661.54572.aa
Harnsberger HR. Head and neck imaging. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1990. xvi, 547 pp.
Jinhu Y, Jianping D, Xin L, Yuanli Z. Dynamic enhancement features of cavernous sinus cavernous hemangiomas on conventional contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):577-81. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0845
Kalantari BN, Salamon N. Neuroimaging of tuberous sclerosis: spectrum of pathologic findings and frontiers in imaging. Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(5):W304-9. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.2928
Kallmes DF, Provenzale JM, Cloft HJ, McClendon RE. Typical and atypical MR imaging features of intracranial epidermoid tumors. Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169(3):883-7. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.169.3.9275916
Karadeli E, Ulu E. Inner ear lipoma. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2010;16(1):24-6.
Khan S, Cloud GC, Kerry S, Markus HS. Imaging of vertebral artery stenosis: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(11):1218-25. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.111716
Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. The new WHO classification of brain tumours. Brain Pathol. 1993;3(3):255-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00752.x
Koeller KK, Rushing EJ. From the archives of the AFIP: medulloblastoma: a comprehensive review with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2003;23(6):1613-37. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.236035168
Koral K, Kedzierski RM, Gimi B, Gomez A, Rollins NK. Subependymoma of the cerebellopontine angle and prepontine cistern in a 15-year-old adolescent boy. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(1):190-1. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0821
Kwon BJ, Han MH, Kang HS, Chang KH. MR imaging findings of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: relations with venous drainage patterns. Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(10):2500-7.
Lapayowker MS, Liebman EP, Ronis ML, Safer JN. Presentation of the internal carotid artery as a tumor of the middle ear. Radiology. 1971;98(2):293-7. https://doi.org/10.1148/98.2.293
Lee SK, Willinsky RA, Montanera W, terBrugge KG. MR imaging of dural arteriovenous fistulas draining into cerebellar cortical veins. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(8):1602-6.
Lexa FJ, Grossman RI. MR of sarcoidosis in the head and spine: spectrum of manifestations and radiographic response to steroid therapy. Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(5):973-82.
Lipper MH, Goldstein JM. Neurosarcoidosis mimicking a cerebellopontine angle meningioma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171(1):275-6. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.171.1.9648818
Martinez-Lage JF, Ramos J, Puche A, Poza M. Extradural dermoid tumours of the posterior fossa. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77(5):427-30. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.77.5.427
Mas JL, Meder JF, Meary E, Bousser MG. Magnetic resonance imaging in lateral sinus hypoplasia and thrombosis. Stroke. 1990;21(9):1350-6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.21.9.1350
Morgen K, McFarland HF, Pillemer SR. Central nervous system disease in primary Sjogrens syndrome: the role of magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004;34(3):623-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2004.07.005
Oliver B TP, Quer M, Colomo L. Granulomas de colesterol de punta de pe-asco. A propósito de dos casos. Neurocirugia. 1999;10(04):313-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-1473(99)70795-5
Osborn AG. Expertddx. Brain and spine. 1st ed. Salt Lake City, Utah: Amirsys; 2009.
Park SY, Kim JH, Kim KT, Kim YJ, Kim TH, Hwang K, et al. A case of medullomyoblastoma of cerebellopontine angle mimicking acoustic neuroma. Yonsei Med J. 2004;45(4):719-22. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2004.45.4.719
Press GA, Hesselink JR. MR imaging of cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal lesions at 1.5 T. Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150(6):1371-81. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.150.6.1371
Presutti L, Laudadio P. Jugular bulb diverticula. J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 1991;53(1):57-60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000276188
Saatci I, Cekirge HS, Ciceri EF, Mawad ME, Pamuk AG, Besim A. CT and MR imaging findings and their implications in the follow-up of patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with endosaccular occlusion with onyx. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(4):567-78.
Sanahuja J, Ordonez-Palau S, Begue R, Brieva L, Boquet D. Primary Sjogren Syndrome with tumefactive central nervous system involvement. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(10):1878-9. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1204
Santucci GM, Leach JL, Ying J, Leach SD, Tomsick TA. Brain parenchymal signal abnormalities associated with developmental venous anomalies: detailed MR imaging assessment. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(7):1317-23. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1090
Seitz RJ, Meisel S, Weller P, Junghans U, Wittsack HJ, Siebler M. Initial ischemic event: perfusion-weighted MR imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient for stroke evolution. Radiology. 2005;237(3):1020-8. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2373041435
Shihada R, Brodsky A, Luntz M. Giant cholesteatoma of the temporal bone. Isr Med Assoc J. 2006;8(10):718-9.
Sirikci A, Bayazit Y, Ozer E, Ozkur A, Adaletli I, Cuce MA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging based classification of anatomic relationship between the cochleovestibular nerve and anterior inferior cerebellar artery in patients with non-specific neuro-otologic symptoms. Surg Radiol Anat. 2005;27(6):531-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-005-0015-6
Som PM, Curtin HD. Head and neck imaging. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996.
Srinivasan V, Anandacoomaraswamy KS, Atlas MD. Sterile abscess mimicking recurrent tumour in the cerebellopontine angle. J Laryngol Otol. 2002;116(5):379-81. https://doi.org/10.1258/0022215021910843
Stern J, Goldenberg M. Jugular bulb diverticula in medial petrous bone. Am J Roentgenol. 1980;134(5):959-61. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.134.5.959
Tanaka A, Ueno Y, Nakayama Y, Takano K, Takebayashi S. Small chronic hemorrhages and ischemic lesions in association with spontaneous intracerebral hematomas. Stroke. 1999;30(8):1637-42. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.30.8.1637
Thurnher MM. 2007 World Health Organization classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Cancer imaging. 2009;9 Spec No A:S1-3.
Tolosa E. Abscesses of the cerebellopontine angle. J Neurosurg. 1961;18:113-4. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1961.18.1.0113
Tsukamoto H, Hikita T, Takaki T. Cerebellopontine angle meningioma associated with cranial accessory nerve neurinoma--case report. Neurol Med Chir. 1994;34(4):225-9. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.34.225
Walther LE, Nath V, Krombach GA, Di Martino E. Bilateral posterior semicircular canal aplasia and atypical paroxysmal positional vertigo: a case report. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2008;28(2):79-82.
Wang YT, Su HH, Hou Y, Chu ST, Lai PH, Tseng HH, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the cerebellopontine angle in a patient with sudden hearing loss and facial palsy. J Chin Med Assoc. 2007;70(7):294-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1726-4901(07)70008-4
Weissman JL, Hirsch BE. Imaging of tinnitus: a review. Radiology. 2000;216(2):342-9. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.216.2.r00au45342
Weissman JL. Hearing loss. Radiology. 1996;199(3):593-611. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.199.3.8637972
Yun TJ, Na DG, Kwon BJ, Rho HG, Park SH, Suh YL, et al. A T1 hyperintense perilesional signal aids in the differentiation of a cavernous angioma from other hemorrhagic masses. American J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):494-500. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0847
Martín-Pérez, M. Ángel, Marín-Balbín, J. M., Blanco-Hernández, R., Martín-García, I., Tabernero-Rico, R., & Gonzalo-Domínguez, M. (2017). Magnetic resonance in hearing loss and vertigo. Revista ORL, 8(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.14201/orl.14832
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