Oculomotor testing
Abstract Introduction and objective: To maintain balance central nervous system coordinates and integrates information provided by vestibular, visual and proprioceptive systems. Method: Narrative revision. Results: The oculomotor system is composed of the efferent limb of the visual system and the vestibular system as well as interconnected regions throughout the central nervous system that interact to control various eye movements. Its main function is maintaining visual stability and controlling eye movements, but its correct functioning also translates the integrity of the elements involved in the balance and hence its clinical relevance. Its exam is important because its dysfunction could be due to disease of the central nervous system. Besides, it provides a reference to continue testing vestibular function. Conclusions: Therefore, oculomotor exploration is by itself a very extensive and comprehensive evaluation that provides in short time transcendental information for the diagnosis of the patient, so it is necessary to know how to perform it and understand the findings evidenced in it.
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Arán I. Pruebas oculomotoras. En: Rossi Izquierdo M, Soto Varela A, Santos Pérez S, editores. Rehabilitación vestibular. Ponencia de la Sociedad Gallega de Otorrinolaringología. Santiago de Compostela. 2016:60-70.
Brandt T. Drugs and Vertigo. En Brandt T Ed. Vertigo its Multisensory Syndromes. London: Springer-Verlag; 2003. pp. 395-404.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3801-8_28
Doettl SM, Plyler PN, McCaslin DL. Artifact in Pediatric Oculomotor Findings during Videonystagmography: A Retrospective Analysis. J Am Acad Audiol. 2017;28(4):314-24. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.16021.
https://doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16021
Esteban Sánchez J, Martín Sanz E. Pruebas viso-oculares. En Sanz Fernández R, Martín Sanz E. Exploración otoneurológica. Interpretación de las pruebas vestibulares. Abordaje práctico del paciente con vértigo y alteraciones del equilibrio. Barcelona: Amplifon Ibérica. 2016. pp.65-96.
Hain TC, Rudisill H. Practical anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system. In: Jacobson GP, Shepard NT, eds. Balance Function Assessment and Management. San Diego: Plural Publishing. 2008. pp.13-26.
Kang S, Kim US. Normative data of videonistagmography in Young healthy adults under 40 years old. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2015;29(2):126-30. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2015.29.2.126.
https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2015.29.2.126
Kheradmand A, Colpak AI, Zee DS. Eye movements in vestibular disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;137:103-17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63437-5.00008-X
PMid:27638066
Leigh RJ, Zee DS. Gaze holding and the neural integrator. En: Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The neurology of eye movements. 5ª ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015. pp. 360-85.
https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199969289.003.0006
Leigh RJ, Zee DS. Smooth visual tracking and fixation. En: Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The neurology of eye movements. 5ª ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 2015. pp. 289- 359.
https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199969289.003.0005
Pérez Fernández N. Motilidad ocular extrínseca: sacadas, seguimiento y nistagmo optocinético. En Pérez Fernández N. Atlas de pruebas vestibulares para especialistas en Otorrinolaringología. Barcelona: Profarmaco 2. 2009. pp. 24-30.
Rucker JC. Overview of anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system. En Eggers SDZ, Zee DS, eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology.1º ed. Vol.9, Vertigo and imbalance: Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System. Germany: Elsevier. 2010. pp. 18-42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-4231(10)09003-9
Shepard NT, Schubert M. Background and techniques of ocular motility testing. En: Jacobson GP, Shepard NT, eds. Balance Function Assessment and Management. San Diego: Plural Publishing. 2008:133-46.
Shepard NT, Schubert M. Interpretation and usefulness of ocular motility testing. En: Jacobson GP, Shepard NT, eds. Balance Function Assessment and Management. San Diego: Plural Publishing. 2008. pp.146-70.
Trillenberg P, Heide W. Ocular motor testing techniques and interpretation. En Eggers SDZ, Zee DS, eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology.1º ed. Vol.9, Vertigo and imbalance: Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System. Germany: Elsevier. 2010. pp. 88-100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-4231(10)09007-6
Brandt T. Drugs and Vertigo. En Brandt T Ed. Vertigo its Multisensory Syndromes. London: Springer-Verlag; 2003. pp. 395-404.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3801-8_28
Doettl SM, Plyler PN, McCaslin DL. Artifact in Pediatric Oculomotor Findings during Videonystagmography: A Retrospective Analysis. J Am Acad Audiol. 2017;28(4):314-24. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.16021.
https://doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16021
Esteban Sánchez J, Martín Sanz E. Pruebas viso-oculares. En Sanz Fernández R, Martín Sanz E. Exploración otoneurológica. Interpretación de las pruebas vestibulares. Abordaje práctico del paciente con vértigo y alteraciones del equilibrio. Barcelona: Amplifon Ibérica. 2016. pp.65-96.
Hain TC, Rudisill H. Practical anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system. In: Jacobson GP, Shepard NT, eds. Balance Function Assessment and Management. San Diego: Plural Publishing. 2008. pp.13-26.
Kang S, Kim US. Normative data of videonistagmography in Young healthy adults under 40 years old. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2015;29(2):126-30. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2015.29.2.126.
https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2015.29.2.126
Kheradmand A, Colpak AI, Zee DS. Eye movements in vestibular disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;137:103-17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63437-5.00008-X
PMid:27638066
Leigh RJ, Zee DS. Gaze holding and the neural integrator. En: Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The neurology of eye movements. 5ª ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015. pp. 360-85.
https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199969289.003.0006
Leigh RJ, Zee DS. Smooth visual tracking and fixation. En: Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The neurology of eye movements. 5ª ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 2015. pp. 289- 359.
https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199969289.003.0005
Pérez Fernández N. Motilidad ocular extrínseca: sacadas, seguimiento y nistagmo optocinético. En Pérez Fernández N. Atlas de pruebas vestibulares para especialistas en Otorrinolaringología. Barcelona: Profarmaco 2. 2009. pp. 24-30.
Rucker JC. Overview of anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system. En Eggers SDZ, Zee DS, eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology.1º ed. Vol.9, Vertigo and imbalance: Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System. Germany: Elsevier. 2010. pp. 18-42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-4231(10)09003-9
Shepard NT, Schubert M. Background and techniques of ocular motility testing. En: Jacobson GP, Shepard NT, eds. Balance Function Assessment and Management. San Diego: Plural Publishing. 2008:133-46.
Shepard NT, Schubert M. Interpretation and usefulness of ocular motility testing. En: Jacobson GP, Shepard NT, eds. Balance Function Assessment and Management. San Diego: Plural Publishing. 2008. pp.146-70.
Trillenberg P, Heide W. Ocular motor testing techniques and interpretation. En Eggers SDZ, Zee DS, eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology.1º ed. Vol.9, Vertigo and imbalance: Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System. Germany: Elsevier. 2010. pp. 88-100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-4231(10)09007-6
Franco- Gutiérrez, V., & Pérez- Vázquez, P. (2018). Oculomotor testing. Revista ORL, 9(3), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.14201/orl.17697
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