Vestibular disorders in patients under 20 years of age. Descriptive study
Abstract Introduction and objective: vertigo is a frequent symptom in the adult population, but much less common in children and adolescents. While the etiology of vertigo has been established with sufficient scientific evidence in adults, diagnosis at the age pediatric has not been described with the same strength due to a lower casuistry. The objectives of this article are to evaluate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of vestibular disorders in children and adolescents and conducting a literature review of the latest epidemiological studies on the matter. Method: our study is observational, retrospective, not randomized and carried out in the Otorhinolaryngology service of the General Hospital University of Castellón. We included 20 patients aged between 18 months and 20 years, who consulted for alterations in balance over 2 years (2017-2018). Results: Vestibular migraine (45%) was the most frequent condition in our study. series, followed by benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood (30%). The disease of Ménière, vestibular neuritis or vestibular paroxysmia, were less frequent. Conclusions: Vertigo in children and adolescents is a relatively common complaint. common, despite being underestimated in clinical practice. It is a pathology of quite important since it is a problem that can influence the learning, concentration and even reading ability. Although the causes common causes of vertigo in children are vestibular migraine and vértigo paroxysmal of infancy, the etiologies are very numerous. On the other hand, the story clinical and otoneurological examination are essential in the diagnosis of disorders children's halls. And finally, radiological tests are necessary in those patients suggestive of centrality when presenting neurological symptoms, headaches persistent, or previous traumatic brain injury.
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Brodsky JR, Lipson S, Bhattacharyya N. Prevalence of Pediatric Dizziness and Imbalance in the United States. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;162(2):241-7.
Li C-M, Hoffman HJ, Ward BK, Cohen HS, Rine RM. Epidemiology of Dizziness and Balance Problems in Children in the United States: A Population-Based Study. The J Pediatr. 2016;171:240-247.e3.
Pérez Garrigues H, Andres C, Arbaizar A, Cerdan C, Meneu V, Oltra JA, et al. Epidemiological aspects of vertigo in the general population of the Autonomic Region of Valencia, Spain. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008;128(1):43-7.
Devaraja K. Vertigo in children; a narrative review of the various causes and their management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;111:32-8.
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1-211.
Basser LS. Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo of Childhood: a variety of vestibular neuronitis. Brain. 1964;87(1):141-52.
Soto-Varela A, Arán-González I, López-Escámez JA, Morera-Pérez C, Oliva-Domínguez M, Pérez-Fernández N, et al. Clasificación de los vértigos periféricos de la Comisión de Otoneurología de la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología: concordancia diagnóstica y actualización (versión 2, año 2011). Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. marzo de 2012;63(2):125-31.
Brandt T, Dieterich M. Vestibular paroxysmia: vascular compression of the eighth nerve? Lancet. 1994;343(8900):798-9.
Davitt M, Delvecchio MT, Aronoff SC. The Differential Diagnosis of Vertigo in Children: A Systematic Review of 2726 Cases. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2017;2(1):21-6.
Femia P, González del Pino B, Pérez-Fernández N. Exploración vestibular de niños con alteraciones del equilibrio (I): métodos de la exploración clínica e instrumental. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2011;62(4):311-7.
Kayan A, Hood JD. Neuro-otological Manifestatios of Migraine. Brain. 1984;107(4):1123-42.
Dieterich M, Brandt T. Episodic vertigo related to migraine (90 cases): vestibular migraine? J Neurol. 1999;246(10):883-92.
Dieterich M, Obermann M, Celebisoy N. Vestibular migraine: the most frequent entity of episodic vertigo. J Neurol. 2016;263(S1):82-9.
Lewis D, Ashwal S, Hershey A, Hirtz D, Yonker M, Silberstein S; American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Practice parameter: pharmacological treatment of migraine headache in children and adolescents: report of the American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004 Dec 28;63(12):2215-24.
Pérez Plasencia D, Beltrán Mateos LD, Del Cañizo Alvarez A, Sancipriano JA, Calvo Boizas E, Benito González JJ. Vértigo benigno paroxístico de la infancia. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 1998 Mar;49(2):151-5.
Golz A, Netzer A, Angel-Yeger B, Westerman ST, Gilbert LM, Joachims HZ. Effects of Middle Ear Effusion on the Vestibular System in Children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;119(6):695-9.
Chang CH, Young YH. Caloric and vestibular evoked myogenic potential tests in evaluating children with benign paroxysmal vertigo. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Mar;71(3):495-9.
Parker C. Complicated Migraine Syndromes and Migraine Variants. Pediatr Ann. 1997;26(7):417-21.
Lindskog U, Odkvist L, Noaksson L, Wallquist J. Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo in Childhood: A Long-term Follow-up. Headache. 1999;39(1):33-7.
Ralli G, Atturo F, de Filippis C. Idiopathic benign paroxysmal vertigo in children, a migraine precursor. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:S16-8.
Rosdan S, Basheer L, Mohd Khairi MD. Clinical Characteristic of Vertigo in Children. Med J Malaysia. 2015;70(4):220-3.
Martín Sanz E, de Guzmán RB. Vértigo paroxístico benigno infantil: categorización y comparación con el vértigo posicional paroxístico benigno del adulto. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2007;58(7):296-301.
Brodsky JR, Lipson S, Bhattacharyya N. Prevalence of Pediatric Dizziness and Imbalance in the United States. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;162(2):241-7.
Li C-M, Hoffman HJ, Ward BK, Cohen HS, Rine RM. Epidemiology of Dizziness and Balance Problems in Children in the United States: A Population-Based Study. The J Pediatr. 2016;171:240-247.e3.
Pérez Garrigues H, Andres C, Arbaizar A, Cerdan C, Meneu V, Oltra JA, et al. Epidemiological aspects of vertigo in the general population of the Autonomic Region of Valencia, Spain. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008;128(1):43-7.
Devaraja K. Vertigo in children; a narrative review of the various causes and their management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;111:32-8.
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1-211.
Basser LS. Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo of Childhood: a variety of vestibular neuronitis. Brain. 1964;87(1):141-52.
Soto-Varela A, Arán-González I, López-Escámez JA, Morera-Pérez C, Oliva-Domínguez M, Pérez-Fernández N, et al. Clasificación de los vértigos periféricos de la Comisión de Otoneurología de la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología: concordancia diagnóstica y actualización (versión 2, año 2011). Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. marzo de 2012;63(2):125-31.
Brandt T, Dieterich M. Vestibular paroxysmia: vascular compression of the eighth nerve? Lancet. 1994;343(8900):798-9.
Davitt M, Delvecchio MT, Aronoff SC. The Differential Diagnosis of Vertigo in Children: A Systematic Review of 2726 Cases. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2017;2(1):21-6.
Femia P, González del Pino B, Pérez-Fernández N. Exploración vestibular de niños con alteraciones del equilibrio (I): métodos de la exploración clínica e instrumental. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2011;62(4):311-7.
Kayan A, Hood JD. Neuro-otological Manifestatios of Migraine. Brain. 1984;107(4):1123-42.
Dieterich M, Brandt T. Episodic vertigo related to migraine (90 cases): vestibular migraine? J Neurol. 1999;246(10):883-92.
Dieterich M, Obermann M, Celebisoy N. Vestibular migraine: the most frequent entity of episodic vertigo. J Neurol. 2016;263(S1):82-9.
Lewis D, Ashwal S, Hershey A, Hirtz D, Yonker M, Silberstein S; American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Practice parameter: pharmacological treatment of migraine headache in children and adolescents: report of the American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004 Dec 28;63(12):2215-24.
Pérez Plasencia D, Beltrán Mateos LD, Del Cañizo Alvarez A, Sancipriano JA, Calvo Boizas E, Benito González JJ. Vértigo benigno paroxístico de la infancia. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 1998 Mar;49(2):151-5.
Golz A, Netzer A, Angel-Yeger B, Westerman ST, Gilbert LM, Joachims HZ. Effects of Middle Ear Effusion on the Vestibular System in Children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;119(6):695-9.
Chang CH, Young YH. Caloric and vestibular evoked myogenic potential tests in evaluating children with benign paroxysmal vertigo. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Mar;71(3):495-9.
Parker C. Complicated Migraine Syndromes and Migraine Variants. Pediatr Ann. 1997;26(7):417-21.
Lindskog U, Odkvist L, Noaksson L, Wallquist J. Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo in Childhood: A Long-term Follow-up. Headache. 1999;39(1):33-7.
Ralli G, Atturo F, de Filippis C. Idiopathic benign paroxysmal vertigo in children, a migraine precursor. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:S16-8.
Rosdan S, Basheer L, Mohd Khairi MD. Clinical Characteristic of Vertigo in Children. Med J Malaysia. 2015;70(4):220-3.
Martín Sanz E, de Guzmán RB. Vértigo paroxístico benigno infantil: categorización y comparación con el vértigo posicional paroxístico benigno del adulto. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2007;58(7):296-301.
Doménech-Máñez, I., Almela-Cortés, R., Antón-Almero, M., Reig-Montaner, E., Marcote-Icart, J., & Faubel-Serra, M. (2022). Vestibular disorders in patients under 20 years of age. Descriptive study. Revista ORL, 13(4), e28412. https://doi.org/10.14201/orl.28412
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