From Spider Web to Web: Cognitive Artifacts in Non-Human Animals
Abstract We examine the notion of cognitive artifact and its possible application to the animal technic. Although the issue of animal technic is not very much discussed, the case studies focused on the capacity of using and manufacturing tools suggest that some animals deploy cognitive skills. Could the tools employed by animals be considered genuine cases of cognitive artifacts? In this paper we propose a definition of “cognitive artifact” based on the notion of “proper function,” which allows us to develop a gradual scale where we place different kinds of artifacts according to the prevalence of the cognitive function (in opposition to the practical one). Applying this scale to the non-human sphere, we defend the idea that there exists a range of non-human technical phenomena of use and artifacts and tools manufacturing, and that some of this artifacts have an incipient proper cognitive function. In order to defend these theses, we examine the examples of the cobwebs, the nests and the honeycombs.
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Badallo, Ana Cuevas (2016). Artefactualidad animal. Ludus Vitalis, 24 (45), 155-174.
Bird, Christopher D. and Nathan John Emery (2009). Report Rooks Use Stones to Raise the Water Level to Reach a Floating Worm. Biology, 19, 1410-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.033
Boesch, Chiristophe and Hedwige Boesch (1990). Tool Use and Tool Making in Wild Chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 54(1-2), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1159/000156428
Borgo, Stefano, Noemi Spagnoletti, Laure Vieu, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Stefano Borgo, Noemi Spagnoletti, Laure Vieu, Elisabetta Visalberghi Artifact, and Artifact Catego (2013). Artifact and Artifact Categorization: Comparing Humans and Capuchin Monkeys. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 4(3), 375-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-013-0144-5
Brey, Philip (2005). The Epistemology and Ontology of Human-Computer Interaction. Minds and Machines, 15(3-4), 383-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-005-9003-1
Byrne, Richard W., Crickette M. Sanz, and David B. Morgan (2013). Chimpanzees Plan Their Tool Use. En: C. M. Sanz, J. Call, and C. Boesch (Eds.), Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carruthers, Peter (2006). Invertebrate Minds: A Challenge for Ethical Theory. Journal of Ethics, 11(3), 275-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10892-007-9015-6
Carruthers, Peter (2009). How We Know Our Own Minds: The Relationship between Mindreading and Metacognition. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(2), 121-138; discussion 138-182. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09000545
Clark, Andy (2006). Material Symbols. Philosophical Psychology, 19(3), 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080600689872
Clark, Andy and David J. Chalmers (1998). The Extended Mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/58.1.7
Clartcey, William J. (2009). Scientific Antecedents of Situated Cognition. In P. Robbins and M. Aydede (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clayton, Nicola S. and Anthony Dickinson (1999). Scrub Jays (Aphelocoma Coerulescens) Remember the Relative Time of Caching as Well as the Location and Content of Their Caches. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 113(4), 403-16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.113.4.403
Clayton, Nicola S., Timothy J. Bussey, and Anthony Dickinson (2003). Can Animals Recall the Past and Plan for the Future? Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 4(8), 685-91. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1180
Cummins, Robert (1975). Functional Analysis. The Journal of Philosophy, 72(10), 741-764. https://doi.org/10.2307/2024640
Donald, Merlin (2010). The Exographic Revolution: Neuropsychological Sequaelae. In: Lambros Malafouris & Colin Renfrew (Eds.), The Cognitive Life of Things. Recasting the Boundaries of the Mind (pp. 71-79). Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge.
Eberhard, William G. (1982). Behavioral Characters for the Higher Classification of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Evolution, 36(5), 1067-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05475.x
Emery, N. J. and Clayton, N. S. (2001). Effects of Experience and Social Context on Prospective Caching Strategies by Scrub Jays. Nature, 414(6862), 443-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/35106560
Fasoli, Marco (2017). Substitutive, Complementary and Constitutive Cognitive Artifacts: Developing an Interaction-Centered Approach. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 9(3), 671-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-017-0363-2
Foote, Allison L. and Jonathon D. Crystal (2007). Metacognition in the Rat. Current Biology, 17(6), 551-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.061
Gallistel, Randy (1998). Insect Navigation: Brains as Symbol-Processing Organs. An Invitation to Cognitive Science, 4, 1-52.
Goodall, Jane (1964). Tool-Using and Aimed Throwing in a Community of Free-Living Chimpanzees. Nature, 201 (4926), 1264-1266. https://doi.org/10.1038/2011264a0
Gould, J. L. (1986). The Locale Map of Honeybees: Do Insects Have Cognitive Maps? Science, 232(4752), 861-863. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4752.861
Hampton, Robert (2001). Rhesus Monkeys Know When They Remember. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(9), 5359-62. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.071600998
Hansell, Mike and Graeme D. Ruxton (2008). Setting Tool Use within the Context of Animal Construction Behaviour. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23(2), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.10.006
Heersmink, Richard (2012). The Varieties of Situated Cognitive Systems: Embodied Agents, Cognitive Artifacts, and Scientific Practice. Tesis doctoral obtenida de: https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Heersmink,+Richard+(2012).+The+Varieties+of+Situated+Cognitive+Systems:+Embodied+Agents,+Cognitive+Artifacts,+and+Scientific+Practice&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
Heersmink, Richard (2013). A Taxonomy of Cognitive Artifacts: Function, Information, and Categories. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 4(3), 465-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-013-0148-1
Heersmink, Richard (2015). Dimensions of Integration in Embedded and Extended Cognitive Systems. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 14(3), 577-598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-014-9355-1
Heersmink, Richard (2016). The Metaphysics of Cognitive Artifacts. Philosophical Explorations, 19, 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13869795.2014.910310
Heersmink, Richard (2018). A Virtue Epistemology of the Internet: Search Engines, Intellectual Virtues and Education. Social Epistemology, 32(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2017.1383530
Hollan, J. D. James, Edwin Hutchins, and David Kirsh (2000). Distributed Cognition: Toward a New Foundation for Human-Computer Interaction Research. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 7(2), 174-96. https://doi.org/10.1145/353485.353487
Hunt, G. R. (1996). Manufacture and Use of Hook-Tools by New Caledonian Crows. Nature, 379(6562), 249-51. https://doi.org/10.1038/379249a0
Japyassú, Hilton F. and Kevin N. Laland (2017). Extended Spider Cognition. Animal Cognition, 20(3), 375-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1069-7
Kirsh, David (1995). The Intelligent Use of Space. Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 73(1-2), 31-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00017-U
Leakey, Richard (1994). The Origin of the Humankind. New York: Basic Books.
Lomas, Derek (2007). Cognitive Artifacts. Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity & Cognition, 289. https://doi.org/10.1145/1254960.1255025
Maglio, Paul and David Kirsh (1992). Some Epistemic Benefits of Action: Tetris, a Case Study. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 14, 224.
Millikan, Ruth Garrett (1984). Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories: New Foundations for Realism. The MIT Press.
Mulcahy, N. J. and J. Call (2006). Apes Save Tools Fur Future Use. Science, 312(2006), 1038-40. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125456
Nakata, K. (2010). Attention Focusing in a Sit-and-Wait Forager: A Spider Controls Its Prey-Detection Ability in Different Web Sectors by Adjusting Thread Tension. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277(1678), 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1583
Norman, Donald A and Carroll, M. (1991). Cognitive Artifacts. Designing Interaction, Psychology at the human-computer interface, 1, 17-38.
Norman, Donald A. (1992). Design Principles for Cognitive Artifacts. Research in Engineering Design, 4(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02032391
Osvath, Mathias (2009). Spontaneous Planning for Future Stone Throwing by a Male Chimpanzee. Current Biology, 19(5), 190-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.010
Osvath, Mathias and Helena Osvath (2008). Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) and Orangutan (Pongo Abelii) Forethought: Self-Control and Pre-Experience in the Face of Future Tool Use. Animal Cognition, 11(4), 661-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-008-0157-0
Parente, Diego y Andrés Crelier (2015). La naturaleza de los artefactos: intenciones y funciones en la cultura material. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.
Penna-Gonçalves, V., C. R. M. Garcia, and H. F. Japyassú (2008). Homology in a Context Dependent Predatory Behavior in Spiders (Araneae). Journal of Arachnology, 36(2), 352-59. https://doi.org/10.1636/CSt07-118.1
Perdue, Bonnie M., Theodore A. Evans, Michael J. Beran (2018). Chimpanzees Show Some Evidence of Selectively Acquiring Information by Using Tools, Making Inferences, and Evaluating Possible Outcomes. PLoS ONE, 13(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193229
Preston, Beth (1998a). Why Is a Wing Like a Spoon? A Pluralist Theory of Function. Journal of Philosophy, 95(5), 215-54. https://doi.org/10.2307/2564689
Preston, Beth (1998b). Cognition and tool use. Mind & Language, 13(4), 513-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00090
Preston, Beth (2012). A Philosophy of Material Culture. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203069844
Proust, Joëlle (2015). The Representational Structure of Feelings. Open MIND, 31, 1-26.
Robbins, P., Aydede, M. (2009). A Short Primer on Situated Cognition. In P. Robbins, and Aydede, M., The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (pp. 3-10). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816826.001
Robinson, Michael H., Robinson, Barbara (1971). The Predatory Behavior of the Ogre-Faced Spider F. Cambridge Dinopis Longipes (Araneae: Dinopidae). The American Midland Naturalist, 85(1), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/2423914
Sanz, Crickette M., Call, Josep, Morgan, David (2009). Design Complexity in Termite-Fishing Tools of Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes). Biology Letters, 5(3), 293-96. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0786
Smith, J. David (2005). Studies of Uncertainty Monitoring and Meta-Cognition in Animals and Humans. In H. Terrace and J. Metcalfe (Eds), The Missing Link in Cognition: Origins of Self-Reflective Consciousness (pp. 38-57). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161564.003.0010
Smith, J. David (2009). The Study of Animal Metacognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(9), 389-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.009
Smith, J. David, Shields, W. E, Schull, a Washburn, J. D. (1997). The Uncertain Response in Humans and Animals. Cognition, 62(1), 75-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(96)00726-3
Sokol, Joshua (2017). The Thoughts of a Spiderweb. Obtenido de: https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-thoughts-of-a-spiderweb-20170523/#
Sterelny, Kim (2004). Externalism, Epistemic Artefacts and The Extended Mind. In Richard Schantz (Ed.), The Externalist Challenge. New Studies on Cognition and Intentionality (pp. 239-254). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Vermaas, Pieter E., Houkes, Wybo (2006). Technical Functions: A Drawbridge between the Intentional and Structural Natures of Technical Artefacts. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 37(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2005.12.002
Wrigth, Larry (1973). Functions. The Philosophical Review, 82(2), 139-68. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183766
Baber, Christopher (2003). Cognition and Tool Use: Forms of Engagement in Human and Animal Use of Tools. London: Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420024203
Baber, Christopher (2006). Cognitive Aspects of Tool Use. Applied Ergonomics, 37(1 SPEC. ISS.), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2005.06.004
Badallo, Ana Cuevas (2016). Artefactualidad animal. Ludus Vitalis, 24 (45), 155-174.
Bird, Christopher D. and Nathan John Emery (2009). Report Rooks Use Stones to Raise the Water Level to Reach a Floating Worm. Biology, 19, 1410-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.033
Boesch, Chiristophe and Hedwige Boesch (1990). Tool Use and Tool Making in Wild Chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 54(1-2), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1159/000156428
Borgo, Stefano, Noemi Spagnoletti, Laure Vieu, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Stefano Borgo, Noemi Spagnoletti, Laure Vieu, Elisabetta Visalberghi Artifact, and Artifact Catego (2013). Artifact and Artifact Categorization: Comparing Humans and Capuchin Monkeys. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 4(3), 375-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-013-0144-5
Brey, Philip (2005). The Epistemology and Ontology of Human-Computer Interaction. Minds and Machines, 15(3-4), 383-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-005-9003-1
Byrne, Richard W., Crickette M. Sanz, and David B. Morgan (2013). Chimpanzees Plan Their Tool Use. En: C. M. Sanz, J. Call, and C. Boesch (Eds.), Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carruthers, Peter (2006). Invertebrate Minds: A Challenge for Ethical Theory. Journal of Ethics, 11(3), 275-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10892-007-9015-6
Carruthers, Peter (2009). How We Know Our Own Minds: The Relationship between Mindreading and Metacognition. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(2), 121-138; discussion 138-182. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09000545
Clark, Andy (2006). Material Symbols. Philosophical Psychology, 19(3), 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080600689872
Clark, Andy and David J. Chalmers (1998). The Extended Mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/58.1.7
Clartcey, William J. (2009). Scientific Antecedents of Situated Cognition. In P. Robbins and M. Aydede (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clayton, Nicola S. and Anthony Dickinson (1999). Scrub Jays (Aphelocoma Coerulescens) Remember the Relative Time of Caching as Well as the Location and Content of Their Caches. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 113(4), 403-16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.113.4.403
Clayton, Nicola S., Timothy J. Bussey, and Anthony Dickinson (2003). Can Animals Recall the Past and Plan for the Future? Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 4(8), 685-91. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1180
Cummins, Robert (1975). Functional Analysis. The Journal of Philosophy, 72(10), 741-764. https://doi.org/10.2307/2024640
Donald, Merlin (2010). The Exographic Revolution: Neuropsychological Sequaelae. In: Lambros Malafouris & Colin Renfrew (Eds.), The Cognitive Life of Things. Recasting the Boundaries of the Mind (pp. 71-79). Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge.
Eberhard, William G. (1982). Behavioral Characters for the Higher Classification of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Evolution, 36(5), 1067-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05475.x
Emery, N. J. and Clayton, N. S. (2001). Effects of Experience and Social Context on Prospective Caching Strategies by Scrub Jays. Nature, 414(6862), 443-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/35106560
Fasoli, Marco (2017). Substitutive, Complementary and Constitutive Cognitive Artifacts: Developing an Interaction-Centered Approach. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 9(3), 671-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-017-0363-2
Foote, Allison L. and Jonathon D. Crystal (2007). Metacognition in the Rat. Current Biology, 17(6), 551-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.061
Gallistel, Randy (1998). Insect Navigation: Brains as Symbol-Processing Organs. An Invitation to Cognitive Science, 4, 1-52.
Goodall, Jane (1964). Tool-Using and Aimed Throwing in a Community of Free-Living Chimpanzees. Nature, 201 (4926), 1264-1266. https://doi.org/10.1038/2011264a0
Gould, J. L. (1986). The Locale Map of Honeybees: Do Insects Have Cognitive Maps? Science, 232(4752), 861-863. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4752.861
Hampton, Robert (2001). Rhesus Monkeys Know When They Remember. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(9), 5359-62. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.071600998
Hansell, Mike and Graeme D. Ruxton (2008). Setting Tool Use within the Context of Animal Construction Behaviour. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23(2), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.10.006
Heersmink, Richard (2012). The Varieties of Situated Cognitive Systems: Embodied Agents, Cognitive Artifacts, and Scientific Practice. Tesis doctoral obtenida de: https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Heersmink,+Richard+(2012).+The+Varieties+of+Situated+Cognitive+Systems:+Embodied+Agents,+Cognitive+Artifacts,+and+Scientific+Practice&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
Heersmink, Richard (2013). A Taxonomy of Cognitive Artifacts: Function, Information, and Categories. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 4(3), 465-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-013-0148-1
Heersmink, Richard (2015). Dimensions of Integration in Embedded and Extended Cognitive Systems. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 14(3), 577-598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-014-9355-1
Heersmink, Richard (2016). The Metaphysics of Cognitive Artifacts. Philosophical Explorations, 19, 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13869795.2014.910310
Heersmink, Richard (2018). A Virtue Epistemology of the Internet: Search Engines, Intellectual Virtues and Education. Social Epistemology, 32(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2017.1383530
Hollan, J. D. James, Edwin Hutchins, and David Kirsh (2000). Distributed Cognition: Toward a New Foundation for Human-Computer Interaction Research. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 7(2), 174-96. https://doi.org/10.1145/353485.353487
Hunt, G. R. (1996). Manufacture and Use of Hook-Tools by New Caledonian Crows. Nature, 379(6562), 249-51. https://doi.org/10.1038/379249a0
Japyassú, Hilton F. and Kevin N. Laland (2017). Extended Spider Cognition. Animal Cognition, 20(3), 375-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1069-7
Kirsh, David (1995). The Intelligent Use of Space. Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 73(1-2), 31-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00017-U
Leakey, Richard (1994). The Origin of the Humankind. New York: Basic Books.
Lomas, Derek (2007). Cognitive Artifacts. Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity & Cognition, 289. https://doi.org/10.1145/1254960.1255025
Maglio, Paul and David Kirsh (1992). Some Epistemic Benefits of Action: Tetris, a Case Study. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 14, 224.
Millikan, Ruth Garrett (1984). Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories: New Foundations for Realism. The MIT Press.
Mulcahy, N. J. and J. Call (2006). Apes Save Tools Fur Future Use. Science, 312(2006), 1038-40. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125456
Nakata, K. (2010). Attention Focusing in a Sit-and-Wait Forager: A Spider Controls Its Prey-Detection Ability in Different Web Sectors by Adjusting Thread Tension. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277(1678), 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1583
Norman, Donald A and Carroll, M. (1991). Cognitive Artifacts. Designing Interaction, Psychology at the human-computer interface, 1, 17-38.
Norman, Donald A. (1992). Design Principles for Cognitive Artifacts. Research in Engineering Design, 4(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02032391
Osvath, Mathias (2009). Spontaneous Planning for Future Stone Throwing by a Male Chimpanzee. Current Biology, 19(5), 190-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.010
Osvath, Mathias and Helena Osvath (2008). Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) and Orangutan (Pongo Abelii) Forethought: Self-Control and Pre-Experience in the Face of Future Tool Use. Animal Cognition, 11(4), 661-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-008-0157-0
Parente, Diego y Andrés Crelier (2015). La naturaleza de los artefactos: intenciones y funciones en la cultura material. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.
Penna-Gonçalves, V., C. R. M. Garcia, and H. F. Japyassú (2008). Homology in a Context Dependent Predatory Behavior in Spiders (Araneae). Journal of Arachnology, 36(2), 352-59. https://doi.org/10.1636/CSt07-118.1
Perdue, Bonnie M., Theodore A. Evans, Michael J. Beran (2018). Chimpanzees Show Some Evidence of Selectively Acquiring Information by Using Tools, Making Inferences, and Evaluating Possible Outcomes. PLoS ONE, 13(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193229
Preston, Beth (1998a). Why Is a Wing Like a Spoon? A Pluralist Theory of Function. Journal of Philosophy, 95(5), 215-54. https://doi.org/10.2307/2564689
Preston, Beth (1998b). Cognition and tool use. Mind & Language, 13(4), 513-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00090
Preston, Beth (2012). A Philosophy of Material Culture. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203069844
Proust, Joëlle (2015). The Representational Structure of Feelings. Open MIND, 31, 1-26.
Robbins, P., Aydede, M. (2009). A Short Primer on Situated Cognition. In P. Robbins, and Aydede, M., The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (pp. 3-10). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816826.001
Robinson, Michael H., Robinson, Barbara (1971). The Predatory Behavior of the Ogre-Faced Spider F. Cambridge Dinopis Longipes (Araneae: Dinopidae). The American Midland Naturalist, 85(1), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/2423914
Sanz, Crickette M., Call, Josep, Morgan, David (2009). Design Complexity in Termite-Fishing Tools of Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes). Biology Letters, 5(3), 293-96. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0786
Smith, J. David (2005). Studies of Uncertainty Monitoring and Meta-Cognition in Animals and Humans. In H. Terrace and J. Metcalfe (Eds), The Missing Link in Cognition: Origins of Self-Reflective Consciousness (pp. 38-57). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161564.003.0010
Smith, J. David (2009). The Study of Animal Metacognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(9), 389-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.009
Smith, J. David, Shields, W. E, Schull, a Washburn, J. D. (1997). The Uncertain Response in Humans and Animals. Cognition, 62(1), 75-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(96)00726-3
Sokol, Joshua (2017). The Thoughts of a Spiderweb. Obtenido de: https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-thoughts-of-a-spiderweb-20170523/#
Sterelny, Kim (2004). Externalism, Epistemic Artefacts and The Extended Mind. In Richard Schantz (Ed.), The Externalist Challenge. New Studies on Cognition and Intentionality (pp. 239-254). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Vermaas, Pieter E., Houkes, Wybo (2006). Technical Functions: A Drawbridge between the Intentional and Structural Natures of Technical Artefacts. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 37(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2005.12.002
Wrigth, Larry (1973). Functions. The Philosophical Review, 82(2), 139-68. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183766
Mejía Rendón, J. S., & Crelier, A. (2019). From Spider Web to Web: Cognitive Artifacts in Non-Human Animals. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 8(2), 27–52. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2019822752
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