Recompensar servicios con honores: el crecimiento de la nobleza titulada en los reinados de Felipe IV y Carlos II
Resumen En el transcurso del siglo XVII, la nobleza titulada dejó de ser un grupo selecto y restringido para ir abriéndose paulatinamente a nuevos miembros que, incluso sin contar con un origen noble, lograron alcanzar un título nobiliario a través de las múltiples vías que fueron estableciéndose para ello. A pesar de la escasez de trabajos monográficos relativos a la concesión de estos honores durante este siglo, todo apunta a que hasta el reinado de Felipe IV recayeron fundamentalmente en primogénitos y segundones de las principales Casas nobiliarias. Sin embargo, desde entonces y sobre todo en tiempos de Carlos II, la política de creación de títulos nobiliarios varió de forma significativa no ya solo por el espectacular incremento que experimentaron, sino también porque en buena parte fueron otorgados a quienes acreditaban como principal mérito un desembolso económico. En el presente trabajo, a partir de los estudios existentes y la consulta de fuentes documentales inéditas, se analizan, entre otros aspectos, el cambio que experimentó la cima del estamento privilegiado durante este periodo, los méritos que fueron recompensados con tan preciadas mercedes, y la naturaleza de las nuevas elites que lograron titular, pues amén de la existencia de agraciados que respondían plenamente al concepto tradicional de nobleza, también hubo títulos nobiliarios que fueron a parar a manos de personas que, con orígenes oscuros o inciertos, habían servido únicamente a la Corona con el «mérito» del dinero.
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Balcisoy, S. Kallmann, M. Torre, R. Fua, P. Thalmann, D. Interaction Techniques with Virtual Humans in Mixed Environments. In International Symposium on Mixed Reality, Tokyo, Japan, 2001
Herrero, P., Antonio, A. A Human Based Perception Model for Cooperative Intelligent Virtual Agents R. Meersman, Z. Tari (Eds.): CoopIS/DOA/ODBASE 2002, LNCS 2519, pp. 195–212, 2002.
Chenney Stevephen Sensing for Autonomous Agents in Virtual Environments, 1996
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Tu X. and Terzopoulos D., Artificial Fishes: Physics, Locomotion, Perception, Behaviour. Computer Graphics Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94, pp 43-50, 1994.
Terzopoulos D., Tu X. and Grzeszczuk, R. Artificial fishes: Autonomous locomotion, perception, behaviour, and learning in a simulated physical world. Journal of Artificial Life, 1, 4, 1994
Pew R.W. and Mavor, A.S. editors. Modelling Human and Organizational Behaviour: Application to Military Simulations. National Academy Press, Wash., D.C. pp.200, 1998.
Rasmussen, J., Lind, M., “A model of human decision making in complex systems and its use for design of system control strategies” Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark April 1982
Das, S. K. Grecu, D. L. COGENT: cognitive agent to amplify human perception and cognition. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Autonomous Agents, June 5-7, 2000, Barcelona, Spain.
Wachinger, G & Renn, O (2010): Risk Perception and Natural Hazards. CapHaz-Net WP3 Report, DIALOGIK Non-Profit Institute for Communication and Cooperative Research, Stuttgart
Renn, O. Risk governance. Coping with uncertainty in a complex world. Earthscan, London, 2008.
Slovic, P. Perception of Risk Reflections on the Psychometric Paradigm. In Krimsky, S, Golding, D, ed. Social Theories of Risk. Praeger, Westport, 1992, 117–152.
Douglas, M.. Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory. London: Routledge,1992.
Damasio, A., Descartes’ Error Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, Penguin Group (USA), Inc., 1994
Kahneman, D. , Tversky, A Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157., pp. 1124-1131, 1974.
Breakwell, GM. The psychology of risk. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
Card, S., Moran, T., & Newell, A. The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. N.J., Erlbaum. 1983.
Goldstein, e. B. Sensation and perception. Cengage learning,2009.
Becker, J. T., Morris, R. G. "Working Memory(s)". Brain and Cognition 41: pp 1–8, 1999.
Georgeff, M.; Igrand, F., “Decision making in an embedded reasoning system. In:11th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1989 Detroit, Michigan, Ames Research Center,1989
Russel, S., Norvig, P. Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1996
Alvares, L., Sichmam, J., “Introdução aos Sistemas Multiagentes” Jornada de Atualização em Informática, 16, Brasília UNB, 1997
Bratman, M.; Israel, D., Pollack, M., “Toward an architecture for resource- bounded agents”, Stanford University, 1987
Mora, M., Lopes, J., Coelho, J., Viccari, R., “BDI models and systems: reducing the gap” , Agents theory, architecture and languages workshop, Springer Verlag, 1998
Recompensar servicios con honores: el crecimiento de la nobleza titulada en los reinados de Felipe IV y Carlos II. (2013). Studia Historica: Historia Moderna, 35, 409-435. https://doi.org/10.14201/shhmo201335409435
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