To Reward Services with Honors: the Growth of the Nobility Titled in the Reigns of Philip IV and Charles II
Abstract During the seventeenth century, the nobility titled ceased to be a select and limited group for to open up gradually to new members, even without a noble origin, who were able to achieve a nobility title trough diverses systems that were established for it. Although there are few studies about the creation of these honors during this century, it seems that until the reign of Philip IV, the nobility titles were granted mainly to firstborns and younger sons of the main noble Houses. However, since then and especially in the reign of Charles II, the policy of creating nobility titles varied significantly by the large increase they experienced, and because in large part they were awarded to whom offered the money as the main merit. In this study, based on existing studies and consultation of unpublished documents, we analyze, among other things, the change that the top of the privileged class experienced during this period, the merits that were rewarded with grants so precious, and the new elites who managed to get this honors. Although there were new graduates who responded to the traditional concept of nobility, there were also nobility titles that were granted to people with dark or uncertain origins, who had served to the Crown only with the «merit» of money.
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Tu X. and Terzopoulos D., Artificial Fishes: Physics, Locomotion, Perception, Behaviour. Computer Graphics Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94, pp 43-50, 1994.
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Rasmussen, J., Lind, M., “A model of human decision making in complex systems and its use for design of system control strategies” Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark April 1982
Das, S. K. Grecu, D. L. COGENT: cognitive agent to amplify human perception and cognition. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Autonomous Agents, June 5-7, 2000, Barcelona, Spain.
Wachinger, G & Renn, O (2010): Risk Perception and Natural Hazards. CapHaz-Net WP3 Report, DIALOGIK Non-Profit Institute for Communication and Cooperative Research, Stuttgart
Renn, O. Risk governance. Coping with uncertainty in a complex world. Earthscan, London, 2008.
Slovic, P. Perception of Risk Reflections on the Psychometric Paradigm. In Krimsky, S, Golding, D, ed. Social Theories of Risk. Praeger, Westport, 1992, 117–152.
Douglas, M.. Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory. London: Routledge,1992.
Damasio, A., Descartes’ Error Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, Penguin Group (USA), Inc., 1994
Kahneman, D. , Tversky, A Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157., pp. 1124-1131, 1974.
Breakwell, GM. The psychology of risk. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
Card, S., Moran, T., & Newell, A. The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. N.J., Erlbaum. 1983.
Goldstein, e. B. Sensation and perception. Cengage learning,2009.
Becker, J. T., Morris, R. G. "Working Memory(s)". Brain and Cognition 41: pp 1–8, 1999.
Georgeff, M.; Igrand, F., “Decision making in an embedded reasoning system. In:11th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1989 Detroit, Michigan, Ames Research Center,1989
Russel, S., Norvig, P. Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1996
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Bratman, M.; Israel, D., Pollack, M., “Toward an architecture for resource- bounded agents”, Stanford University, 1987
Mora, M., Lopes, J., Coelho, J., Viccari, R., “BDI models and systems: reducing the gap” , Agents theory, architecture and languages workshop, Springer Verlag, 1998
To Reward Services with Honors: the Growth of the Nobility Titled in the Reigns of Philip IV and Charles II. (2013). Studia Historica: Historia Moderna, 35, 409-435. https://doi.org/10.14201/shhmo201335409435
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