The Local Community After the Empire: Peasants and the Economy in Late Roman North Africa and Byzantine Egypt
Resumen
La definición de Wickham de las estructuras económicas como modos de producción tributario, feudal o campesino ofrecen el marco ideal para apreciar las trayectorias divergentes del campesinado medieval en la transición de la Edad Antigua a la Edad Media. En este arco temporal, surgen diferencias en cuanto a las relaciones que tuvieron los campesinos con el estado, los señores y el mercado. A través del análisis de las comunidades rurales del Norte de Africa y de Egipto, este artículo demuestra que los diferentes sectores del campesinado —sean ricos, medianos y pobres— coexistieron en todas las sociedades post-imperiales. Del mismo modo, las trayectorias económicas divergentes —economía de mercado, agricultura mixta y agricultura de subsistencia— no eran propias de una región determinada, sino que se pueden encontrar coexistiendo incluso dentro de un pequeño grupo de cultivadores. En estas comunidades, el protagonismo campesino fue el motor económico que llevó a dos resultados diferentes. Cuando los campesinos priorizaron la subsistencia de su grupo familiar, la comunidad conservó su cohesión y había un apoyo mutuo, incluso existiendo diferencias sociales entre sus miembros. En cambio, cuando los campesinos se involucraron en la agricultura comercializada, el resultado fue una polarización social profunda, con campesinos-granjeros que alcanzaron una situación semejante a los dueños de tierras, mientras que otros campesinos quedaron reducidos a arrendatarios.
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