Management of agricultural area in preindustrial economies. The case of olive orchards in southern Spain
Abstract
In recent decades it has been developed a specialized literature on the study of particular features of preindustrial agricultures. This paper, in base to such research line, analyzes the case of olive orchards in southern Spain, which today represent the largest tree concentration in Europe, right in the previous moment to its great expansion (mid 18th Century). We seek to understand the geography of its spreading, its low expansion before industrialization and the why only few territories on Andalusia appeared like premature focus of specialization.
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ALARCÓN, B.; ÁLVAREZ A.E. e HIDALGO, M. Can Democracy Win in Venezuela?. Journal of Democracy 27(2): 20-34.
ALTA COMISIONADA DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS. Informe de la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Ginebra, 2019: en línea: https//www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session41/Documents/A_HRC_41_18_SP.docx. Fecha de consulta: 6 diciembre 2019.
ÁLVAREZ, A.E. De la hegemonía partidista a la democracia sin partidos. Politeia, 2003, vol. 30: 75-93
ÁLVAREZ, A.E. Venezuela: Political Governance and Regime Change by Electoral Means. En Domínguez J. I. y Shifter, M. (eds.), Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, 4th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013: 316-339.
BROWNLEE, J. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
BUNCE, V.J. y WOLCHIK, S.L. Defeating Dictators: Electoral Change and Stability in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes. World Politics, 2010, vol. 62(1): 43-86.
CANNON, B. As Clear as MUD: Characteristics, Objectives, and Strategies of the Opposition in Bolivarian Venezuela. Latin American Politics and Society, 2014, vol. 56(4): 49-70.
CASE, W. Manipulative Skills: How Do Rulers Control the Electoral Arena. En Schedler, A. (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism. The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006: 95-112.
CORRALES, J. The authoritarian resurgence: autocratic legalism in Venezuela. Journal of Democracy, 2015, vol. 26(2): 37-51.
CORRALES, J. e HIDALGO, M. El régimen híbrido de Hugo Chávez en transición (2009-2013). Desafíos, 2013, vol. 25(1): 45-84.
CORRALES, J. y PENFOLD, M. Venezuela: Crowding Out the Opposition. Journal of Democracy, 2007, vol. 18(2): 99-113.
DAHL. R. A. Poliarchy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.
DATANÁLISIS. Encuesta Nacional Ómnibus. Agosto 2019.
DE VERGOTTINI, G. Classic British Institutions. Government and Opposition, 1975, vol. 10(2): 254-256.
DIAMOND, L. Thinking About Hybrid Regimes. Journal of Democracy, 2002, vol. 13(2): 21-35.
DONNO, D. Elections and Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes. American Journal of Political Science, 2013, vol. 57(3): 703-716.
GAMBOA, L. Opposition at the Margins: Strategies against the Erosion of Democracy in Colombia and Venezuela. Comparative Politics, 2017, vol. 49(4): 457-477.
GANDHI, J. y PRZEWORSKI, A. Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats. Comparative Political Studies, 2007, vol. 40(11): 1279-1301.
GANDHI, J. y PRZEWORSKI, A. Holding onto power by any means? The origins of competitive elections . Ms. Emory University, 2009.
GEDDES, B., WRIGHT, J. y FRANTZ, E. How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
HIDALGO, M. Hugo Chávez’s “petro-socialism”. Journal of Democracy, 2009, vol. 20(2): 78-92.
HIDALGO, M. Clase media y conflictos sociopolíticos en Venezuela (1998-2009): una exploración. En Paramio, L. (ed.), Clases medias y gobernabilidad en América Latina. Madrid: Fundación Pablo Iglesias, 2010: 265-301.
HIDALGO, M. y ÁLVAREZ, A. The 2015 parliamentary elections in Venezuela. Electoral Studies, 2016, vol. 100(43): 187-190.
JIMÉNEZ, R. e HIDALGO, M. Forensic analysis of Venezuelan elections during the Chávez presidency. PloS one, 2014, vol. 9(6): e100884.
JIMÉNEZ, R., HIDALGO, M. y KLIMEK, P. Testing for voter rigging in small polling stations. Science Advances, 2017, vol. 3: 1602363.
JONES, M.P y MAINWARING, S. The nationalization of parties and party systems: an empirical measure and an application to the Americas. Party Politics, 2003, vol. 9(2): 139-166.
KORNBLITH, M. The referendum in Venezuela. Elections versus Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 2005, vol. 16(1): 124-137.
KORNBLITH, M. Chavismo after Chávez?. Journal of Democracy, 2013, 24(3): 47-61.
LINZ, J. J. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration. An Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
LÓPEZ MAYA, M. El ocaso del chavismo. Caracas: Grupo Alfa, 2015.
MAGALONI, B. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
MAINWARING, S. y SCULLY, T. (ed.). Building democratic institutions: Party systems in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
NORRIS, P. The new research agenda studying electoral integrity. Electoral Studies, 2013, vol. 32(4): 563-575.
O’DONNELL, G. y SCHMITTER, P. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
RAMOS JIMÉNEZ, A. El experimento bolivariano. Liderazgo, partidos y elecciones. Mérida, Venezuela: Centro de Investigaciones de Política Comparada, 2009.
SCHEDLER, A. (ed.). Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006.
STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 2011, vol. 26(4).
VALENZUELA, P.A. Caída y resurgimiento: La evolución de la oposición política venezolana durante el gobierno de Hugo Chávez. Política y Gobierno, 2014, vol. 21(2): 379-408.
ALTA COMISIONADA DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS. Informe de la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Ginebra, 2019: en línea: https//www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session41/Documents/A_HRC_41_18_SP.docx. Fecha de consulta: 6 diciembre 2019.
ÁLVAREZ, A.E. De la hegemonía partidista a la democracia sin partidos. Politeia, 2003, vol. 30: 75-93
ÁLVAREZ, A.E. Venezuela: Political Governance and Regime Change by Electoral Means. En Domínguez J. I. y Shifter, M. (eds.), Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, 4th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013: 316-339.
BROWNLEE, J. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
BUNCE, V.J. y WOLCHIK, S.L. Defeating Dictators: Electoral Change and Stability in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes. World Politics, 2010, vol. 62(1): 43-86.
CANNON, B. As Clear as MUD: Characteristics, Objectives, and Strategies of the Opposition in Bolivarian Venezuela. Latin American Politics and Society, 2014, vol. 56(4): 49-70.
CASE, W. Manipulative Skills: How Do Rulers Control the Electoral Arena. En Schedler, A. (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism. The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006: 95-112.
CORRALES, J. The authoritarian resurgence: autocratic legalism in Venezuela. Journal of Democracy, 2015, vol. 26(2): 37-51.
CORRALES, J. e HIDALGO, M. El régimen híbrido de Hugo Chávez en transición (2009-2013). Desafíos, 2013, vol. 25(1): 45-84.
CORRALES, J. y PENFOLD, M. Venezuela: Crowding Out the Opposition. Journal of Democracy, 2007, vol. 18(2): 99-113.
DAHL. R. A. Poliarchy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.
DATANÁLISIS. Encuesta Nacional Ómnibus. Agosto 2019.
DE VERGOTTINI, G. Classic British Institutions. Government and Opposition, 1975, vol. 10(2): 254-256.
DIAMOND, L. Thinking About Hybrid Regimes. Journal of Democracy, 2002, vol. 13(2): 21-35.
DONNO, D. Elections and Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes. American Journal of Political Science, 2013, vol. 57(3): 703-716.
GAMBOA, L. Opposition at the Margins: Strategies against the Erosion of Democracy in Colombia and Venezuela. Comparative Politics, 2017, vol. 49(4): 457-477.
GANDHI, J. y PRZEWORSKI, A. Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats. Comparative Political Studies, 2007, vol. 40(11): 1279-1301.
GANDHI, J. y PRZEWORSKI, A. Holding onto power by any means? The origins of competitive elections . Ms. Emory University, 2009.
GEDDES, B., WRIGHT, J. y FRANTZ, E. How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
HIDALGO, M. Hugo Chávez’s “petro-socialism”. Journal of Democracy, 2009, vol. 20(2): 78-92.
HIDALGO, M. Clase media y conflictos sociopolíticos en Venezuela (1998-2009): una exploración. En Paramio, L. (ed.), Clases medias y gobernabilidad en América Latina. Madrid: Fundación Pablo Iglesias, 2010: 265-301.
HIDALGO, M. y ÁLVAREZ, A. The 2015 parliamentary elections in Venezuela. Electoral Studies, 2016, vol. 100(43): 187-190.
JIMÉNEZ, R. e HIDALGO, M. Forensic analysis of Venezuelan elections during the Chávez presidency. PloS one, 2014, vol. 9(6): e100884.
JIMÉNEZ, R., HIDALGO, M. y KLIMEK, P. Testing for voter rigging in small polling stations. Science Advances, 2017, vol. 3: 1602363.
JONES, M.P y MAINWARING, S. The nationalization of parties and party systems: an empirical measure and an application to the Americas. Party Politics, 2003, vol. 9(2): 139-166.
KORNBLITH, M. The referendum in Venezuela. Elections versus Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 2005, vol. 16(1): 124-137.
KORNBLITH, M. Chavismo after Chávez?. Journal of Democracy, 2013, 24(3): 47-61.
LINZ, J. J. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration. An Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
LÓPEZ MAYA, M. El ocaso del chavismo. Caracas: Grupo Alfa, 2015.
MAGALONI, B. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
MAINWARING, S. y SCULLY, T. (ed.). Building democratic institutions: Party systems in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
NORRIS, P. The new research agenda studying electoral integrity. Electoral Studies, 2013, vol. 32(4): 563-575.
O’DONNELL, G. y SCHMITTER, P. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
RAMOS JIMÉNEZ, A. El experimento bolivariano. Liderazgo, partidos y elecciones. Mérida, Venezuela: Centro de Investigaciones de Política Comparada, 2009.
SCHEDLER, A. (ed.). Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006.
STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 2011, vol. 26(4).
VALENZUELA, P.A. Caída y resurgimiento: La evolución de la oposición política venezolana durante el gobierno de Hugo Chávez. Política y Gobierno, 2014, vol. 21(2): 379-408.
Management of agricultural area in preindustrial economies. The case of olive orchards in southern Spain. (2012). El Futuro del Pasado, 3, 403-438. https://doi.org/10.14201/fdp.24728
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