NEW DISCOVERY IN SYRIAN COAST: THREE GARLAND-SARCOPHAGUS
Abstract In this article we will describe and analyze three marble sarcophagi that were recently unearthed from a hypogeal tomb; rescue excavations were conducted by the Direction-General of Antiquities (Damascus; Tartus) at al-Bayada necropolis, belonging to the ancient city of Amr?t, Syria. The coffins date from the late second to third centuries ad and resemble each other in their iconography. Stylistically, they are all of the “garland” type, decorated with several significant motifs and symbols. They were probably crafted in Asia Minor for a local wealthy family during this region’s occupation by the Roman Empire in its latter period. As such, this discovery contributes to amplify the number of coffins we have and to the understanding of the function and character of Roman iconography and significance in this part of southern Syria, it may allow us to do some reflections and shades light on the Roman funerary landscape. On the other hand that find could contribute to extent the study on the Roman iconography developed at Southern area of Syria.Besides the information on the production of this type of materials, on having treated itself about a finding in situ, one might derive information about the funeral local rituals. All this will allow us to realize a series of reflections and to be making the funeral landscape and to penetrate into the knowledge of the rituals of burial into this territory, which archaeological interventions are still very scanty.
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Belmonte, J. A. (2003): Cuatro estudios sobre los dominios territoriales de las ciudades-estado fenicias. Barcelona: Bellaterra.
Beltrán Fortes, J. (1984): “Tema decorativo de bucráneos y guirnaldas en las áreas béticas”, Mainake, 6, pp. 163-176.
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Butcher, K. (2003): Roman Syria and the Near East. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
Corbelli, J. A. (2006): The art of death in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Buckinghamshire: Angela P. Thomas, vol. 28.
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Dunand, M. and Saliby, N. (1985): Le temple d’Amrith dans la pérée d’Arados. Paris.
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Herdejürgen, H. (2000): “Sarkophage von der Via Latina. Folgerungen aus dem Fundkontext”, Bulletin analytique d’histoire romaine, 107, pp. 29-234.
Hermary, A. and Mertens, J. R. (2014): The Cesnola Collection of Cypriot Art. New York: Yale University Press.
Hersey, G. L. (1988): The lost meaning of classical architecture: speculations on ornament from Vitruvius to Venturi. Cambridge (Mass.)-London: The mit Press. Iik, F. (1998): “Zu Produktionsbeginn und Ende der kleinasiatischen Girlandensarkophage der Hauptgruppe”. In Koch, G. (ed): Akten des Symposiums, 125 Jahre Sarkophag-Corpus, Marburg, 4.-7. Oktober. Sarkophag-Studien, vol. 1. Mainz am Rhein, pp. 278294, taf. 110-119.
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Koch, G. (1993): Sarkophage der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Lembke, K. (1998): “Die Phönizischen anthropoiden Sarkophage aus den Nekropolen der Insel Arados”, Damaszener Mitteilungen, 10, pp. 97-129.
Lembke, K. (2001): “Sculptures from the Phoenician in Amrit temple”. In Tartus and its hinterland. Archaeological Research in the Syrian coastal region from antiquity to the middle Age. Damascus: German Archaeological Institute, pp. 1-18. Ed. árabe.
Lembke, K. (2004). Die Skulpturen aus dem Quellheiligtum von Amrit: Studie zur Akkulturation in Phönizien, Damaszener Forschungen. Band 12. Mainz: von Zabern.
Maree, A. (2010): History from ancient Syria. Damascus: Minister of culture. Arabic Ed.
McCann, A. M. (1978): Roman sarcophagi in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: MMA.
Moscati, S. (1968): The world of Phoenician. New York: Praeger.
Mustafa, B. (2013): “New Hypogeal Tomb with a ‘Phoenician’ anthropoid sarcophagi on Tartus, Syrian Coast”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología, 39, pp. 113-122.
Mustafa, B. and Abbas, N. (2015): “New marble sarcophagus from Syrian coast”, Scientific Culture, 1 (19), pp. 17-26.
Newby, Z. (2011): “Myth and death: Roman mythological sarcophagi”. In Dowden, K. and Livingstone, N. (eds.): A Companion to Greek Mithology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 301-318. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444396942.ch16
Renan, E. (1864): Mission de Phénicie. Paris: Imprimerie impériale.
Rey-Coquais, J.-P. (1974): Arados et sa Pérée aux epoques grecque, romaine et byzantine. Recueil des temoignages litteraires anciens, suivi de recherches sur les sites, l’histoire, la civilisation. Paris: Geuthner.
Sartre, M. (2011): D’Alexandre à Zénobie. Histoire du Levant antique, IV siècle av. J.C. III siècle ap. J.C. Paris: Fayar.
Savignac, R. (1937): “Une visite a l’ile de Rouad”, Revue Biblique, 13, pp. 562-592.
Turcan, R. (1971): “Les guirlandes dans l’antiquité classique”, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, 14, pp. 92-139.
Vivancos, A. E. (2005): “Eufratense et Osrhoene: poblamiento romano en el Alto Éufrates Sirio”, Antigüedad y Cristianismo, 22, pp. 23-781.
Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1957): “Roman Garland Sarcophagi from the Quarries of Proconnesus (Marmara)”. In Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, pp. 455-467.
Yon, M. and Caubet, A. (1993): “Aroud et Amrit. VIIIeier siécles av J.C. Documents”, Transeuphratène, 6, pp. 60-62.
Al Maqdissi, M. (1993): “Chronique des activités archéologiques en Syrie 1”, Syria, 70 (3-4), pp. 443560. Al Maqdissi, M. and Benech, C. (2009): “The spatial organization of the Phoenician city of Amrith (Syria)”, ArchéoSciences, 33 (suppl.), pp. 209-211.
Aubet, M. E. (2008): “Political and economic implications of the new Phoenician chronologies. Beyond the Homeland: markers in Phoenician chronology”, Ancient Near East Studies Suppl. Ser., 28, pp. 247-260.
Bader, L. (1997): “Arwad”. In Meyers, E. (ed.): The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, Oxford: OUP, pp. 218-219.
Belmonte, J. A. (2003): Cuatro estudios sobre los dominios territoriales de las ciudades-estado fenicias. Barcelona: Bellaterra.
Beltrán Fortes, J. (1984): “Tema decorativo de bucráneos y guirnaldas en las áreas béticas”, Mainake, 6, pp. 163-176.
Briquel-Chatonnet, F. (1996): “Arwad cité phénicienne”. In Acquaro, E. (ed.): Alle soglie della Classicità. II Mediterraneo tra tradizione e innovazione. Studi in Onore di Sabatino Moscati. Storia e culture, 1. Pisa, pp. 63-72.
Butcher, K. (2003): Roman Syria and the Near East. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
Corbelli, J. A. (2006): The art of death in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Buckinghamshire: Angela P. Thomas, vol. 28.
Dunand, M. and Saliby, N. (1956): “Rapport préliminaire sur les fouilles d’Amrith en 1955”, Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes, 6, pp. 3-10.
Dunand, M. and Saliby, N. (1985): Le temple d’Amrith dans la pérée d’Arados. Paris.
Elayi, J. and Haykal, M. (1996): Nouvelles découvertes sur les usages funéraires des Phéniciens d’Arwad. Transeuphratène, Suppl. 4. París: Gabalda.
Ferron, J. (1993): Sarcophages de Phénicie. Sarcophages a scènes en relief. París: Geuthner.
Hamdy Bey, O. and Reinach, T. (1892): Une nécropole royale a Sidón. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Hamod, H. (2014): Ancient Syrian religion from middle bronze age till Iron Age III: 1600-333 BC. Damascus: Direction General of Antiquity and Museum.
Harden, D. (1963): The Phoenicians: Ancient People and Places. London: Thames and Hudson.
Haykal, M. (1996): Amrith and human occupation in Akarplain. Damascus: Cooperative Society, Arabic Ed.
Herdejürgen, H. (1996): Stadtrömische un Italische Girlandensarkophage, i. Die Sarkopertsen und zweiten Jahrhunderts, 1. Berlín: Gebr. Mann.
Herdejürgen, H. (2000): “Sarkophage von der Via Latina. Folgerungen aus dem Fundkontext”, Bulletin analytique d’histoire romaine, 107, pp. 29-234.
Hermary, A. and Mertens, J. R. (2014): The Cesnola Collection of Cypriot Art. New York: Yale University Press.
Hersey, G. L. (1988): The lost meaning of classical architecture: speculations on ornament from Vitruvius to Venturi. Cambridge (Mass.)-London: The mit Press. Iik, F. (1998): “Zu Produktionsbeginn und Ende der kleinasiatischen Girlandensarkophage der Hauptgruppe”. In Koch, G. (ed): Akten des Symposiums, 125 Jahre Sarkophag-Corpus, Marburg, 4.-7. Oktober. Sarkophag-Studien, vol. 1. Mainz am Rhein, pp. 278294, taf. 110-119.
Koch, G. (1977): “Sarkophage im romischen Syrien”, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 3, pp. 388-395.
Koch, G. (1993): Sarkophage der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Lembke, K. (1998): “Die Phönizischen anthropoiden Sarkophage aus den Nekropolen der Insel Arados”, Damaszener Mitteilungen, 10, pp. 97-129.
Lembke, K. (2001): “Sculptures from the Phoenician in Amrit temple”. In Tartus and its hinterland. Archaeological Research in the Syrian coastal region from antiquity to the middle Age. Damascus: German Archaeological Institute, pp. 1-18. Ed. árabe.
Lembke, K. (2004). Die Skulpturen aus dem Quellheiligtum von Amrit: Studie zur Akkulturation in Phönizien, Damaszener Forschungen. Band 12. Mainz: von Zabern.
Maree, A. (2010): History from ancient Syria. Damascus: Minister of culture. Arabic Ed.
McCann, A. M. (1978): Roman sarcophagi in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: MMA.
Moscati, S. (1968): The world of Phoenician. New York: Praeger.
Mustafa, B. (2013): “New Hypogeal Tomb with a ‘Phoenician’ anthropoid sarcophagi on Tartus, Syrian Coast”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología, 39, pp. 113-122.
Mustafa, B. and Abbas, N. (2015): “New marble sarcophagus from Syrian coast”, Scientific Culture, 1 (19), pp. 17-26.
Newby, Z. (2011): “Myth and death: Roman mythological sarcophagi”. In Dowden, K. and Livingstone, N. (eds.): A Companion to Greek Mithology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 301-318. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444396942.ch16
Renan, E. (1864): Mission de Phénicie. Paris: Imprimerie impériale.
Rey-Coquais, J.-P. (1974): Arados et sa Pérée aux epoques grecque, romaine et byzantine. Recueil des temoignages litteraires anciens, suivi de recherches sur les sites, l’histoire, la civilisation. Paris: Geuthner.
Sartre, M. (2011): D’Alexandre à Zénobie. Histoire du Levant antique, IV siècle av. J.C. III siècle ap. J.C. Paris: Fayar.
Savignac, R. (1937): “Une visite a l’ile de Rouad”, Revue Biblique, 13, pp. 562-592.
Turcan, R. (1971): “Les guirlandes dans l’antiquité classique”, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, 14, pp. 92-139.
Vivancos, A. E. (2005): “Eufratense et Osrhoene: poblamiento romano en el Alto Éufrates Sirio”, Antigüedad y Cristianismo, 22, pp. 23-781.
Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1957): “Roman Garland Sarcophagi from the Quarries of Proconnesus (Marmara)”. In Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, pp. 455-467.
Yon, M. and Caubet, A. (1993): “Aroud et Amrit. VIIIeier siécles av J.C. Documents”, Transeuphratène, 6, pp. 60-62.
Mustafa, B., & Chávet Lozoya, M. (2016). NEW DISCOVERY IN SYRIAN COAST: THREE GARLAND-SARCOPHAGUS. Zephyrvs, 78, 211–220. https://doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus201678211220
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