New Contribution to Western Anatolian Funerary Architecture: Classical Period Rock-Cut-Built Chamber Tomb from Tisna
Abstract This paper presents preliminary observations and interpretations of a monumental tomb discovered in 2021 at Tisna, an ancient city within the boundaries of the Aeolis. The tomb was found in the lower area of a huge rock mass to the North of the acropolis of Sarıkale Tepe, which is the main area of Tisna settlement. The monumental tomb, which reflects a type unknown in the region until today, reflects a typology hitherto undocumented in Anatolia, which is novel both because it is carved into the rock mass and because it is partially constructed of stone blocks. The tomb is even more striking for its painted burial chamber. Various archaeological artefacts have been found in and around the tomb, making it the most magnificent of the Aeolian tombs to date. Although the earliest finds date from the Geometric Period, the material continuity up to the Byzantine Period is evident. Coins recovered inside and in the surroindings of the tomb date to between the late 5th and early 4th century bc. In addition, the construction technique used in the walls, as well as other architectural features of the burial chamber, also correspond to the characteristics of the Classical Period. The strong link of Tisna to the Achaemenid Empire, which is also seen in the city’s coinage, suggests that this tomb may have belonged to a nobleman or a wider family group.
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Aydas, M. and Erdan, E. (2019): “Aiolis Bölgesi’nden Yeni Bir Yazıt ve Buluntu Yeri Üzerine”, Phaselis, 5, pp. 197-206.
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Aydoğmuş, N. (2020): “Tisna Kocakale Tepe Kaya Mezarları”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 163, pp. 115-124.
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Briant, P. (1996): Histoire de l’empire perse de Cyrus a Alexandre. Paris: Fayard.
Cahill, N. (1988): “Taş-Kule: a Persian-Period Tomb near Phokaia”, American Journal of Archaeology, 92, pp. 481-501.
Callieri, P. (2021): “Funerary Customs”. In Jacobs, B. and Rollinger, R. (eds.): A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1271-1284.
Caltabiano, C. M.; Carroccio, B. and Puglisi, M. (2014): “The Coins and the Relational Network of Kyme: Evidence from the Italian Excavations”. In Dörtlük, K.; Tekin, O. and Boyraz Seyhan, R. (eds.): Birinci Uluslararası Anadolu Para Tarihi ve Numismatik Kongresi Bildiriler-First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics Proceedings. Antalya: Suna-İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, pp. 139-156.
Civelek, A. (2023): “Tisna Yüzey Araştırmalarında Bulunan MÖ 5-4. Yüzyıl Seramikleri”, Archaeologia Maeandrica, 3, pp. 1-35.
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Dermargne, P. (1969): Fouilles de Xanthos : Le Monument des Nereides : l’architecture. Paris: Klincksieck.
Dermargne, P. (1974): Fouilles de Xanthos : Tombes-maisons, tombes rupestres et sarcophages. Paris: Klincksieck.
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Erdan, E. (2021): “It’s a Sword, It’s a Scabbard, It’s Tisna Coins with Depiction of Persian Akinakes”, Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, 8, pp. 19-25.
Erdan, E. (2022): “Aiolis’te Pers Kimliği Hakkında Yeni Bir Katkı: Akinakes Betimli Tisna Sikkeleri”, Archaia Anatolica, 5, pp. 271-287.
Erdan, E. and Aydogmus, N. (2019): “Aiolis’te Yeni Bir Arkaik Dönem Nekropolü Hakkında İlk Gözlemler: Tisna-Sarıkale Tepe Güney Yamacı”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(3), pp. 1131-1157.
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Erdan, E. and Tir, A. O. (2018): “Myrina Territoriumundan Bir Arkeolojik Yerleşim: Tisna (Tišna?)”. In Çekilmez, M.; Dereboylu Poulain, E. and Erdan, E. (eds): Ankara: Akare, pp. 111-127.
Erdan, E.; Yilmaz Kolanc, B. and Taspina, P. (2020): “Karahayıt (Aiolis) Arkeolojik Araştırmaları ve Olası Bir Açık Hava Kutsal Alanı”, Anadolu/Anatolia, 46, pp. 1-23.
Erön, A. and Çakan, M. S. (2021): “Tisna Antik Kentinde Bulunan Lydia Seramikleri Üzerine İlk Düşünceler”, Arkhaia Anatolika, 4, pp. 1-14.
Gabelman, H. (1984): Antike Audienz-und Tribunalszenen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Gür, B. (2020): “First Observations on the Transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age in Tisna, Western Anatolia”, tüba-ar Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, 27, pp. 113-127.
Henry, O. (2010): “The Necropolis of Labraunda”. In Ural, M. and Kuzucu, F. (eds.): Mylasa Labraunda. Archaeology and Rural Architecture in Southern Aegean Region. İstanbul: Milli Reasurans, pp. 71-128.
Jenkins, I. (2010): “The Mausolea of Halicarnassus”, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Suppl. 104, pp. 121-135.
Jeppesen, K. (1958): Paradeigmata—Three Mid-Fourth-Century Main Works of Hellenic Architecture Reconsidered. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
Mellink, M. (1971): “Excavations at Karataş-Semayuk and Elmalı, Lycia, 1970”, American Journal of Archaeology, 75, pp. 245-255.
Mellink, M. (1972): “Excavations at Karataş-Semayuk and Elmalı, Lycia, 1971”, American Journal of Archaeology, 76, pp. 257-269.
Mertens, J. R. (1987): Greece and Rome. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Newton, C. (1862): A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidæ. London: Day & Son.
Pirson, F. (2009): “Pergamon- Bericht über die Arbeiten in der Kampagne 2008”, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2009(2), pp. 129-213.
Ratte, C. (1992): “The ‘Pyramid Tomb’ at Sardes”, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 42, pp. 135-161.
Ridgway, B. S. (1997): Fourth-Century Styles in Greek Sculpture. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Saner, T. and Külekçi, I. (2017): “Necropolis”. In Saner, T.; Külekçi, I. and Mater, G. (eds.): Architectural Survey at the Necropolis of Larisa (Buruncuk). İstanbul: ITÜ Vakfı Yayınları, pp. 45-84.
Schuchhardt, C. (1912): “Historische Topographie der Landschaft”. In Conze, A. (ed.): Altertümer von Pergamon 1.1: Stadt und Landschaft. Berlin: Verlag Von Georg Reimer, pp. 61-143.
Summerer, L. (2007): “From Tatarlı to Munich: the Recovery of a Painted Wooden Tomb Chamber in Phrygia”. In Delemen, I. (eds.): The Achaemenid Impact on Local Populations and Cultures in Anatolia (Sixth-Fourth Centuries BC). Istanbul: Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü, pp. 131-158.
Summerer, L. and Von Kienlin, A. (2010): “Achaemenid impact in Paphlagonia: Rupestral tombs in the Amnias valley”. In Nieling, J. and Rehm, E. (eds.): Achaemenid Impact in the Black Sea: Communication of Powers. Black Sea Studies, 11. Gylling: Aarhus University Press, pp. 195-221.
Tavernier, J. (2019): “Une identité perse en Anatolie occidentale: quelques réflexions”. In Locatellı, L.; Pıguet, E. and Podesta, S. (eds.): Constructions identitaires en Asie Mineure (VIIIe siècle avant J.-C.-IIIe siècle après J.-C.). Besancon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté, pp. 141-173.
Tritsch, F. J. (1942): “The Harpy Tomb at Xanthus”, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 62, pp. 39-50.
Ürkmez, Ö. (2021): “The Rock-Carved Tumulus of Nikon in Tisna”, Archaeologia Maeandrica, 1, pp. 66-80.
Vardar, S.; Erdan, E. and Öner, E. (2019): “Paleogeography and Geoarchaeological Researches Around the Ancient Settlement of Tisna (Aliağa-İzmir)”. In 1st Istanbul International Geography Congress Proceedings. Istanbul: Univ. Istanbul pp. 1077-1086.
Aydas, M. and Erdan, E. (2019): “Aiolis Bölgesi’nden Yeni Bir Yazıt ve Buluntu Yeri Üzerine”, Phaselis, 5, pp. 197-206.
Aydoğmuş, N. (2019): “Tisna-Sarıkale Tepe Kaya Mezari”. In Erön, A. and Erdan, E. (eds.): Doğudan Batıya 70. Yaşında Serap Yaylalı’ya Sunulan Yazılar. Ankara, pp. 421-438.
Aydoğmuş, N. (2020): “Tisna Kocakale Tepe Kaya Mezarları”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 163, pp. 115-124.
Borchhardt, J. (1976): Die Bauskulptur des Heroon von Limyra: das Grabmal des lykischen Konig Perikles. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.
Briant, P. (1996): Histoire de l’empire perse de Cyrus a Alexandre. Paris: Fayard.
Cahill, N. (1988): “Taş-Kule: a Persian-Period Tomb near Phokaia”, American Journal of Archaeology, 92, pp. 481-501.
Callieri, P. (2021): “Funerary Customs”. In Jacobs, B. and Rollinger, R. (eds.): A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1271-1284.
Caltabiano, C. M.; Carroccio, B. and Puglisi, M. (2014): “The Coins and the Relational Network of Kyme: Evidence from the Italian Excavations”. In Dörtlük, K.; Tekin, O. and Boyraz Seyhan, R. (eds.): Birinci Uluslararası Anadolu Para Tarihi ve Numismatik Kongresi Bildiriler-First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics Proceedings. Antalya: Suna-İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, pp. 139-156.
Civelek, A. (2023): “Tisna Yüzey Araştırmalarında Bulunan MÖ 5-4. Yüzyıl Seramikleri”, Archaeologia Maeandrica, 3, pp. 1-35.
Conze, A. (1910a): “Eine Griechische Stadt”, Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Institut, 25, pp. 1-12.
Conze, A. (1910b): “Zu Den Institututsschriften”, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2, p. 405.
Dermargne, P. (1958): Fouilles de Xanthos : Les piliers funeraires. Paris: Klincksieck.
Dermargne, P. (1969): Fouilles de Xanthos : Le Monument des Nereides : l’architecture. Paris: Klincksieck.
Dermargne, P. (1974): Fouilles de Xanthos : Tombes-maisons, tombes rupestres et sarcophages. Paris: Klincksieck.
Erdan, E. (2019): Tisna i: İlk Araştırmalar ve Gözlemler. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
Erdan, E. (2021): “It’s a Sword, It’s a Scabbard, It’s Tisna Coins with Depiction of Persian Akinakes”, Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, 8, pp. 19-25.
Erdan, E. (2022): “Aiolis’te Pers Kimliği Hakkında Yeni Bir Katkı: Akinakes Betimli Tisna Sikkeleri”, Archaia Anatolica, 5, pp. 271-287.
Erdan, E. and Aydogmus, N. (2019): “Aiolis’te Yeni Bir Arkaik Dönem Nekropolü Hakkında İlk Gözlemler: Tisna-Sarıkale Tepe Güney Yamacı”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(3), pp. 1131-1157.
Erdan, E. and Gür, B. (2020): “About the Double-Axe (Labrys)/Butterfly Symbols in an Offering Pit in Tisna”, Anadolu Araştırmaları, 23, pp. 71-89.
Erdan, E. and Tir, A. O. (2018): “Myrina Territoriumundan Bir Arkeolojik Yerleşim: Tisna (Tišna?)”. In Çekilmez, M.; Dereboylu Poulain, E. and Erdan, E. (eds): Ankara: Akare, pp. 111-127.
Erdan, E.; Yilmaz Kolanc, B. and Taspina, P. (2020): “Karahayıt (Aiolis) Arkeolojik Araştırmaları ve Olası Bir Açık Hava Kutsal Alanı”, Anadolu/Anatolia, 46, pp. 1-23.
Erön, A. and Çakan, M. S. (2021): “Tisna Antik Kentinde Bulunan Lydia Seramikleri Üzerine İlk Düşünceler”, Arkhaia Anatolika, 4, pp. 1-14.
Gabelman, H. (1984): Antike Audienz-und Tribunalszenen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Gür, B. (2020): “First Observations on the Transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age in Tisna, Western Anatolia”, tüba-ar Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, 27, pp. 113-127.
Henry, O. (2010): “The Necropolis of Labraunda”. In Ural, M. and Kuzucu, F. (eds.): Mylasa Labraunda. Archaeology and Rural Architecture in Southern Aegean Region. İstanbul: Milli Reasurans, pp. 71-128.
Jenkins, I. (2010): “The Mausolea of Halicarnassus”, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Suppl. 104, pp. 121-135.
Jeppesen, K. (1958): Paradeigmata—Three Mid-Fourth-Century Main Works of Hellenic Architecture Reconsidered. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
Mellink, M. (1971): “Excavations at Karataş-Semayuk and Elmalı, Lycia, 1970”, American Journal of Archaeology, 75, pp. 245-255.
Mellink, M. (1972): “Excavations at Karataş-Semayuk and Elmalı, Lycia, 1971”, American Journal of Archaeology, 76, pp. 257-269.
Mertens, J. R. (1987): Greece and Rome. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Newton, C. (1862): A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidæ. London: Day & Son.
Pirson, F. (2009): “Pergamon- Bericht über die Arbeiten in der Kampagne 2008”, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2009(2), pp. 129-213.
Ratte, C. (1992): “The ‘Pyramid Tomb’ at Sardes”, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 42, pp. 135-161.
Ridgway, B. S. (1997): Fourth-Century Styles in Greek Sculpture. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Saner, T. and Külekçi, I. (2017): “Necropolis”. In Saner, T.; Külekçi, I. and Mater, G. (eds.): Architectural Survey at the Necropolis of Larisa (Buruncuk). İstanbul: ITÜ Vakfı Yayınları, pp. 45-84.
Schuchhardt, C. (1912): “Historische Topographie der Landschaft”. In Conze, A. (ed.): Altertümer von Pergamon 1.1: Stadt und Landschaft. Berlin: Verlag Von Georg Reimer, pp. 61-143.
Summerer, L. (2007): “From Tatarlı to Munich: the Recovery of a Painted Wooden Tomb Chamber in Phrygia”. In Delemen, I. (eds.): The Achaemenid Impact on Local Populations and Cultures in Anatolia (Sixth-Fourth Centuries BC). Istanbul: Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü, pp. 131-158.
Summerer, L. and Von Kienlin, A. (2010): “Achaemenid impact in Paphlagonia: Rupestral tombs in the Amnias valley”. In Nieling, J. and Rehm, E. (eds.): Achaemenid Impact in the Black Sea: Communication of Powers. Black Sea Studies, 11. Gylling: Aarhus University Press, pp. 195-221.
Tavernier, J. (2019): “Une identité perse en Anatolie occidentale: quelques réflexions”. In Locatellı, L.; Pıguet, E. and Podesta, S. (eds.): Constructions identitaires en Asie Mineure (VIIIe siècle avant J.-C.-IIIe siècle après J.-C.). Besancon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté, pp. 141-173.
Tritsch, F. J. (1942): “The Harpy Tomb at Xanthus”, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 62, pp. 39-50.
Ürkmez, Ö. (2021): “The Rock-Carved Tumulus of Nikon in Tisna”, Archaeologia Maeandrica, 1, pp. 66-80.
Vardar, S.; Erdan, E. and Öner, E. (2019): “Paleogeography and Geoarchaeological Researches Around the Ancient Settlement of Tisna (Aliağa-İzmir)”. In 1st Istanbul International Geography Congress Proceedings. Istanbul: Univ. Istanbul pp. 1077-1086.
Erdan, E. (2023). New Contribution to Western Anatolian Funerary Architecture: Classical Period Rock-Cut-Built Chamber Tomb from Tisna. Zephyrvs, 91, 143–162. https://doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus202391143162
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