The Concept of «Traditional Values» in Contemporary Russian Politics: a Literature Review
Abstract
Since its emergence in official discourse following the 2011-2012 protests, the concept of «traditional values» has become the backbone of the Russian political regime. This article presents a critical review of recent academic literature regarding this phenomenon. Moving beyond the customary dichotomy between instrumental and ideological interpretations, this study proposes a synthesis thesis: traditional values have evolved from a tactical tool for crisis management into a consolidated mechanism of «moral securitization.» The analysis is structured around two axes: internal legitimacy, which demonstrates the hybrid fusion of the Soviet legacy and authoritarian legal codification; and external projection, wherein Russia mobilizes transnational religious and political networks to assert itself as a «Civilization-State.» The article concludes that Russian conservatism is not merely rhetorical ornamentation, but rather the ontological structure underpinning the sovereignty of the contemporary state.
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Agadjanian, Alexander (2017): «Tradition, morality and community: Elaborating Orthodox identity in Putin’s Russia», Religion, State and Society, 45/1, pp. 39-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2016.1272893
Antonov, Mikhail (2023): «Russian Conservatism and Populism: Between the Legal and the Political» en R. Mańko, A. Sulikowski, P. Tacik y C. Cercel (dirs.): Law, Populism, and the Political in Central and Eastern Europe. Londres: Birkbeck Law Press, pp. 227-247.
Bluhm, Katharina y Brand, Martin (2018): «“Traditional values” unleashed: The ultraconservative influence on Russian family policy» en Katharina Bluhm y Mihai Varga (dirs.): New Conservatives in Russia and East Central Europe. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 97-118.
Burrett, Tina (2025): «Making Russia Great Again? Vladimir Putin’s Changing Sources of Legitimacy 2000-2024», Politics and Governance, 13, artículo 9029. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.9029
Dekalchuk, Anna A. (2025): «Popular conservatisms and the structure of Russian society», Post-Soviet Affairs, 41/1, pp. 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2024.2429307
Diesen, Glenn. (2020): «Russia as an international conservative power: The rise of the right-wing populists and their affinity towards Russia», Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28/2, pp. 182-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2019.1705770
Drozdova, Oksana y Robinson, Paul (2019): «A Study of Vladimir Putin’s Rhetoric», Europe-Asia Studies, 71/5, 805-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1603362
Fish, M. Steven (2018): «What Has Russia Become?» Comparative Politics, 50/3, pp. 327-346. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041518822704872
Fomin, Ivan (2025): «Two statisms of Putin’s ideology: From proclamations of patriotic values to welfare promises of wartime mobilization», Post-Soviet Affairs, 41/1, pp. 64-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2024.2382646
Girinsky, Alexander A. (2023): «On “Conservative Balance” and “Traditional Values”. New Ideological Antagonisms between Western Modernity and Russia», Russia in Global Affairs, 21/3, pp. 24-37.
Golosov, Grigorii V. (2020): «Useful, but Not Necessarily Idiots: The Ideological Linkages among the Putin-Sympathizer Parties in the European Parliament», Problems of Post-Communism, 67/1, pp. 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2018.1530941
Griffin, Sean (2024): «Putin’s Holy War of the Fatherland: Sacred Memory and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine», The Russian Review, 83/1, pp. 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/russ.12578
Höjdestrand, Tova (2020): «Fatherland, faith, and family values: Anti-liberalism and the desire for difference among Russian grassroots conservatives», Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 102/3, pp. 273-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2020.1780790
Horvath, Robert (2016): «The Reinvention of ‘Traditional Values’: Nataliya Narochnitskaya and Russia’s Assault on Universal Human Rights», Europe-Asia Studies, 68/5, pp. 868-892. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1184230
Kangaspuro, Markku. (2021): «Putin’s history, politics and conservative turn» en Katharina bluhm y Mihai varga (dirs.): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 15-24.
Kaylan, Melik (2014): «Kremlin Values: Putin’s Strategic Conservatism», World Affairs, 177, pp. 9-17.
Keating, Vincent Charles y Kaczmarska, Kaczmarska (2019): «Conservative soft power: Liberal soft power bias and the ‘hidden’ attraction of Russia», Journal of International Relations and Development, 22/1, pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-017-0100-6
Kratochvíl, Petr y Shakhanova, Gaziza (2021): «The Patriotic Turn and Re-Building Russia’s Historical Memory: Resisting the West, Leading the Post-Soviet East? », Problems of Post-Communism, 68/5, pp. 442-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1757467
La lova, Lanabi (2025): «Vladimir Putin on Channel One, 2000-2022», Political Communication, 42/2, pp. 234-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2380438
Laruelle, Marlene (2013): «Conservatism as the Kremlin’s New Toolkit: An Ideology at the Lowest Cost», Russian Analytical Digest, 138/8, pp. 2-4.
Laruelle, Marlene (2020): «Making Sense of Russia’s Illiberalism», Journal of Democracy, 31/3, pp. 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2020.0049
Lassila, Jussi (2021): «Whose turn, for whom?: Conservative values and Putin’s social contract» en Katalin Miklóssy y Markku Kangaspuro (dirs.): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 231-250.
Lewis, David (2022): «The Role of Ideology in Russian Foreign Policy» en Jonathan Leader Maynard y Mark L. Haas (dirs.): The Routledge Handbook of Ideology and International Relations. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 374-390.
Lipman, Maria (2013): «The Kremlin Turns Ideological: Where This New Direction Could Lead» en Maria Lipman y Nikolay Petrov (Eds.), Russia 2025. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan uk, pp. 220-239. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137336910_12
Loftus, Suzanne (2018): Insecurity & the Rise of Nationalism in Putin’s Russia: Keeper of Traditional Values. Nueva York: Springer.
Makarychev, Andrey (2018): «Beyond Geopolitics: Russian Soft Power, Conservatism, and Biopolitics». Russian Politics, 3/1, pp. 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00301007
Melville, Andrei (2020): «A Neoconservative Consensus in Russia? Main Components, Factors of Stability, Potential of Erosion», Russian Social Science Review, 61/3-4, pp. 220-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611428.2020.1778403
Mennecke, Olga y Kreß, Beatrix (2025): «Spiritual guidance or ideological control? Framing of War in Russian orthodox sermons during the Ukraine invasion», Critical Discourse Studies, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2025.2466610
Michael, George (2019): «Useful Idiots or Fellow Travelers? The Relationship between the American Far Right and Russia», Terrorism and Political Violence, 31/1, pp. 64-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1555996
Miklóssy, Katalin y Kangaspuro, Markku (2021): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003251743
Morris, Jeremy y Garibyan, Masha (2021): «Russian Cultural Conservatism Critiqued: Translating the Tropes of ‘Gayropa’ and ‘Juvenile Justice’ in Everyday Life», Europe-Asia Studies, 73/8, pp. 1487-1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.1887088
Muravyeva, Marianna (2014): «Traditional values and modern families: Legal understanding of tradition and Modernity in contemporary Russia», Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial’noy politiki, 12/4, pp. 625-638.
Muravyeva, Marianna (2017): «Conservative Jurisprudence and the Russian State», Europe-Asia Studies, 69/8, pp. 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2017.1377504
Nehrbass, Alexander C. (2020): «The Putinist Nation: Putin and Russian Nationalism as a Regime Strategy», International Journal of Russian Studies, 9/2, pp. 146-166.
Novitskaya, Alexandra, Sperling, Valerie, Sundstrom, Lisa M. y Johnson, Janet E. (2024): «Unpacking ‘Traditional Values’ in Russia’s Conservative Turn: Gender, Sexuality and the Soviet Legacy», Europe-Asia Studies, 76/2, pp. 173-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2023.2215484
Østbø, Jardar. (2017): «Securitizing «spiritual-moral values» in Russia», Post-Soviet Affairs, 33/3, pp. 200-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2016.1251023
Polyakov, Leonid (2012): «Toward studying Russian conservatism: History and method», The Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia, 67/4, pp. 29-44. https://doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2012-67-4-29-44
Polyakov, Leonid (2015): «Conservatism» in Russia: Political tool or historical choice? Paris: Ifri – Institut Français des Relations Internationales.
Ponarin, Eduard y Komin, Michael (2018): «The Russian elite’s imperial nationalism and the Russian society: The emergence of a grand consensus», Sociology Compass, 12, e12641. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12641
Primakov, Evgenii (2018): Rossiya v sovremennom mire. Proshloe nastoyashchee budushchee. Moscú: Tsentrpoligraf.
Robinson, Paul F. (2020): «Russia’s Emergence as an International Conservative Power», Russia in Global Affairs, 18/1, pp. 10-37. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2020-18-1-10-37
Rodkiewicz, Witold y Rogoża, Jadwig (2015): «Potemkin Conservatism: An Ideological Tool of the Kremlin», Point of View 48, pp. 1-25.
Sakwa, Richard (2020): «Is Putin an Ism?», Russian Politics, 5/3, pp. 255-282. https://doi.org/10.30965/24518921-00503001
Savin, Ivan y Teplyakov, Nikita (2022): «Topics of the nationwide phone-ins with Vladimir Putin and their role for public support and Russian economy», Information Processing & Management, 59/5, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103043
Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz (2014): «The Pussy Riot affair and Putin’s démarche from sovereign democracy to sovereign morality», Nationalities Papers, 42/4, pp. 615-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.917075
Shnirelman, Victor. (2019): Russian Neoconservatism and Apocalyptic Imperialism. Nueva York: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004408005_015
Składanowski, Marcin, Szabaciuk, Andrzej, & Łukasik-Turecka, Agnieszka (2025): «Church of war: Propaganda and disinformation in Patriarch Kirill’s discourse on Russia’s aggression»: Cogent Arts & Humanities, 12/1, 2515329. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2515329
Stepanova, Elena. A. (2015): «“The Spiritual and Moral Foundation of Civilization in Every Nation for Thousands of Years”: The Traditional Values Discourse in Russia», Politics, Religion & Ideology, 16/2-3, pp. 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2015.1068167
Stepanova, Elena. A. (2023): «“Everything good against everything bad”: Traditional values in the search for new Russian national idea», Zeitschrift Für Religion, Gesellschaft Und Politik, 7/1, pp. 97-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-022-00123-2
Stoeckl, Kristina (2020): «The rise of the Russian Christian Right: The case of the World Congress of Families», Religion, State and Society, 48/4, pp. 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2020.1796172
Suslov, Mikhail (2019): «Russian Conservatism as an Ideology: The Logic of Isolationism» en Mikhail Suslov y Dimitiry Uzlaner (dirs.): Contemporary Russian Conservatism. Nueva York: brill, pp. 77-102. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004408005_004
Suslov, Mikhail (2024): Putinism – Post-Soviet Russian Regime Ideology. Nueva York: Taylor & Francis.
Tsygankov, Andrei P. (2019): Russia’s Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity. Londres: Rowman & Littlefield.
Tsygankov, Andrei P. (2023): The «Russian Idea» in International Relations Civilization and National Distinctiveness. Nueva York: Routledge.
Vertlieb, Eugene Alexander (2022): «The Ideology of «Strategic Conservatism» from Russia’s Imperial Perspective», Global Security and Intelligence Studies, 7/1, pp. 129-167. https://doi.org/10.18278/gsis.7.1.7
Zelenov, M. V., & Brandenberger, D. (2014): Kratkiy kurs istorii vkp(b). Tekst i yego istoriya: V 2 ch. Ch. 1. Moscú: Rosspen.
Zhavoronkov, Alexey (2024): «Russian pseudo-conservatism in an international context», Studies in East European Thought. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11212-024-09659-w
Antonov, Mikhail (2023): «Russian Conservatism and Populism: Between the Legal and the Political» en R. Mańko, A. Sulikowski, P. Tacik y C. Cercel (dirs.): Law, Populism, and the Political in Central and Eastern Europe. Londres: Birkbeck Law Press, pp. 227-247.
Bluhm, Katharina y Brand, Martin (2018): «“Traditional values” unleashed: The ultraconservative influence on Russian family policy» en Katharina Bluhm y Mihai Varga (dirs.): New Conservatives in Russia and East Central Europe. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 97-118.
Burrett, Tina (2025): «Making Russia Great Again? Vladimir Putin’s Changing Sources of Legitimacy 2000-2024», Politics and Governance, 13, artículo 9029. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.9029
Dekalchuk, Anna A. (2025): «Popular conservatisms and the structure of Russian society», Post-Soviet Affairs, 41/1, pp. 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2024.2429307
Diesen, Glenn. (2020): «Russia as an international conservative power: The rise of the right-wing populists and their affinity towards Russia», Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28/2, pp. 182-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2019.1705770
Drozdova, Oksana y Robinson, Paul (2019): «A Study of Vladimir Putin’s Rhetoric», Europe-Asia Studies, 71/5, 805-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1603362
Fish, M. Steven (2018): «What Has Russia Become?» Comparative Politics, 50/3, pp. 327-346. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041518822704872
Fomin, Ivan (2025): «Two statisms of Putin’s ideology: From proclamations of patriotic values to welfare promises of wartime mobilization», Post-Soviet Affairs, 41/1, pp. 64-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2024.2382646
Girinsky, Alexander A. (2023): «On “Conservative Balance” and “Traditional Values”. New Ideological Antagonisms between Western Modernity and Russia», Russia in Global Affairs, 21/3, pp. 24-37.
Golosov, Grigorii V. (2020): «Useful, but Not Necessarily Idiots: The Ideological Linkages among the Putin-Sympathizer Parties in the European Parliament», Problems of Post-Communism, 67/1, pp. 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2018.1530941
Griffin, Sean (2024): «Putin’s Holy War of the Fatherland: Sacred Memory and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine», The Russian Review, 83/1, pp. 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/russ.12578
Höjdestrand, Tova (2020): «Fatherland, faith, and family values: Anti-liberalism and the desire for difference among Russian grassroots conservatives», Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 102/3, pp. 273-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2020.1780790
Horvath, Robert (2016): «The Reinvention of ‘Traditional Values’: Nataliya Narochnitskaya and Russia’s Assault on Universal Human Rights», Europe-Asia Studies, 68/5, pp. 868-892. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1184230
Kangaspuro, Markku. (2021): «Putin’s history, politics and conservative turn» en Katharina bluhm y Mihai varga (dirs.): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 15-24.
Kaylan, Melik (2014): «Kremlin Values: Putin’s Strategic Conservatism», World Affairs, 177, pp. 9-17.
Keating, Vincent Charles y Kaczmarska, Kaczmarska (2019): «Conservative soft power: Liberal soft power bias and the ‘hidden’ attraction of Russia», Journal of International Relations and Development, 22/1, pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-017-0100-6
Kratochvíl, Petr y Shakhanova, Gaziza (2021): «The Patriotic Turn and Re-Building Russia’s Historical Memory: Resisting the West, Leading the Post-Soviet East? », Problems of Post-Communism, 68/5, pp. 442-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1757467
La lova, Lanabi (2025): «Vladimir Putin on Channel One, 2000-2022», Political Communication, 42/2, pp. 234-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2380438
Laruelle, Marlene (2013): «Conservatism as the Kremlin’s New Toolkit: An Ideology at the Lowest Cost», Russian Analytical Digest, 138/8, pp. 2-4.
Laruelle, Marlene (2020): «Making Sense of Russia’s Illiberalism», Journal of Democracy, 31/3, pp. 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2020.0049
Lassila, Jussi (2021): «Whose turn, for whom?: Conservative values and Putin’s social contract» en Katalin Miklóssy y Markku Kangaspuro (dirs.): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 231-250.
Lewis, David (2022): «The Role of Ideology in Russian Foreign Policy» en Jonathan Leader Maynard y Mark L. Haas (dirs.): The Routledge Handbook of Ideology and International Relations. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 374-390.
Lipman, Maria (2013): «The Kremlin Turns Ideological: Where This New Direction Could Lead» en Maria Lipman y Nikolay Petrov (Eds.), Russia 2025. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan uk, pp. 220-239. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137336910_12
Loftus, Suzanne (2018): Insecurity & the Rise of Nationalism in Putin’s Russia: Keeper of Traditional Values. Nueva York: Springer.
Makarychev, Andrey (2018): «Beyond Geopolitics: Russian Soft Power, Conservatism, and Biopolitics». Russian Politics, 3/1, pp. 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00301007
Melville, Andrei (2020): «A Neoconservative Consensus in Russia? Main Components, Factors of Stability, Potential of Erosion», Russian Social Science Review, 61/3-4, pp. 220-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611428.2020.1778403
Mennecke, Olga y Kreß, Beatrix (2025): «Spiritual guidance or ideological control? Framing of War in Russian orthodox sermons during the Ukraine invasion», Critical Discourse Studies, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2025.2466610
Michael, George (2019): «Useful Idiots or Fellow Travelers? The Relationship between the American Far Right and Russia», Terrorism and Political Violence, 31/1, pp. 64-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1555996
Miklóssy, Katalin y Kangaspuro, Markku (2021): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003251743
Morris, Jeremy y Garibyan, Masha (2021): «Russian Cultural Conservatism Critiqued: Translating the Tropes of ‘Gayropa’ and ‘Juvenile Justice’ in Everyday Life», Europe-Asia Studies, 73/8, pp. 1487-1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.1887088
Muravyeva, Marianna (2014): «Traditional values and modern families: Legal understanding of tradition and Modernity in contemporary Russia», Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial’noy politiki, 12/4, pp. 625-638.
Muravyeva, Marianna (2017): «Conservative Jurisprudence and the Russian State», Europe-Asia Studies, 69/8, pp. 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2017.1377504
Nehrbass, Alexander C. (2020): «The Putinist Nation: Putin and Russian Nationalism as a Regime Strategy», International Journal of Russian Studies, 9/2, pp. 146-166.
Novitskaya, Alexandra, Sperling, Valerie, Sundstrom, Lisa M. y Johnson, Janet E. (2024): «Unpacking ‘Traditional Values’ in Russia’s Conservative Turn: Gender, Sexuality and the Soviet Legacy», Europe-Asia Studies, 76/2, pp. 173-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2023.2215484
Østbø, Jardar. (2017): «Securitizing «spiritual-moral values» in Russia», Post-Soviet Affairs, 33/3, pp. 200-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2016.1251023
Polyakov, Leonid (2012): «Toward studying Russian conservatism: History and method», The Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia, 67/4, pp. 29-44. https://doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2012-67-4-29-44
Polyakov, Leonid (2015): «Conservatism» in Russia: Political tool or historical choice? Paris: Ifri – Institut Français des Relations Internationales.
Ponarin, Eduard y Komin, Michael (2018): «The Russian elite’s imperial nationalism and the Russian society: The emergence of a grand consensus», Sociology Compass, 12, e12641. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12641
Primakov, Evgenii (2018): Rossiya v sovremennom mire. Proshloe nastoyashchee budushchee. Moscú: Tsentrpoligraf.
Robinson, Paul F. (2020): «Russia’s Emergence as an International Conservative Power», Russia in Global Affairs, 18/1, pp. 10-37. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2020-18-1-10-37
Rodkiewicz, Witold y Rogoża, Jadwig (2015): «Potemkin Conservatism: An Ideological Tool of the Kremlin», Point of View 48, pp. 1-25.
Sakwa, Richard (2020): «Is Putin an Ism?», Russian Politics, 5/3, pp. 255-282. https://doi.org/10.30965/24518921-00503001
Savin, Ivan y Teplyakov, Nikita (2022): «Topics of the nationwide phone-ins with Vladimir Putin and their role for public support and Russian economy», Information Processing & Management, 59/5, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103043
Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz (2014): «The Pussy Riot affair and Putin’s démarche from sovereign democracy to sovereign morality», Nationalities Papers, 42/4, pp. 615-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.917075
Shnirelman, Victor. (2019): Russian Neoconservatism and Apocalyptic Imperialism. Nueva York: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004408005_015
Składanowski, Marcin, Szabaciuk, Andrzej, & Łukasik-Turecka, Agnieszka (2025): «Church of war: Propaganda and disinformation in Patriarch Kirill’s discourse on Russia’s aggression»: Cogent Arts & Humanities, 12/1, 2515329. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2515329
Stepanova, Elena. A. (2015): «“The Spiritual and Moral Foundation of Civilization in Every Nation for Thousands of Years”: The Traditional Values Discourse in Russia», Politics, Religion & Ideology, 16/2-3, pp. 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2015.1068167
Stepanova, Elena. A. (2023): «“Everything good against everything bad”: Traditional values in the search for new Russian national idea», Zeitschrift Für Religion, Gesellschaft Und Politik, 7/1, pp. 97-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-022-00123-2
Stoeckl, Kristina (2020): «The rise of the Russian Christian Right: The case of the World Congress of Families», Religion, State and Society, 48/4, pp. 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2020.1796172
Suslov, Mikhail (2019): «Russian Conservatism as an Ideology: The Logic of Isolationism» en Mikhail Suslov y Dimitiry Uzlaner (dirs.): Contemporary Russian Conservatism. Nueva York: brill, pp. 77-102. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004408005_004
Suslov, Mikhail (2024): Putinism – Post-Soviet Russian Regime Ideology. Nueva York: Taylor & Francis.
Tsygankov, Andrei P. (2019): Russia’s Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity. Londres: Rowman & Littlefield.
Tsygankov, Andrei P. (2023): The «Russian Idea» in International Relations Civilization and National Distinctiveness. Nueva York: Routledge.
Vertlieb, Eugene Alexander (2022): «The Ideology of «Strategic Conservatism» from Russia’s Imperial Perspective», Global Security and Intelligence Studies, 7/1, pp. 129-167. https://doi.org/10.18278/gsis.7.1.7
Zelenov, M. V., & Brandenberger, D. (2014): Kratkiy kurs istorii vkp(b). Tekst i yego istoriya: V 2 ch. Ch. 1. Moscú: Rosspen.
Zhavoronkov, Alexey (2024): «Russian pseudo-conservatism in an international context», Studies in East European Thought. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11212-024-09659-w
The Concept of «Traditional Values» in Contemporary Russian Politics: a Literature Review. (2026). Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea, e32163. https://doi.org/10.14201/shhc.32163
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