El concepto de los «valores tradicionales» en la política rusa: una revisión bibliográfica
Resumen
Desde su irrupción en el discurso oficial tras las protestas de 2011-2012, el concepto de los «valores tradicionales» se ha convertido en el eje vertebrador del régimen político ruso. Este artículo presenta una revisión crítica de la literatura académica reciente sobre este fenómeno. Frente a la dicotomía habitual entre interpretaciones instrumentales e ideológicas, este estudio propone una tesis de síntesis: los valores tradicionales han evolucionado de ser una herramienta táctica de gestión de crisis a consolidarse como un dispositivo de «securitización moral». El análisis se estructura en dos ejes: la legitimación interna, donde se demuestra la fusión híbrida entre la herencia soviética y la codificación jurídica autoritaria, y la proyección exterior, donde Rusia moviliza redes transnacionales religiosas y políticas para afirmarse como un «Estado-Civilización». Se concluye que el conservadurismo ruso no es un mero adorno retórico, sino la estructura ontológica sobre la que se asienta la soberanía del Estado contemporáneo.
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Agadjanian, Alexander (2017): «Tradition, morality and community: Elaborating Orthodox identity in Putin’s Russia», Religion, State and Society, 45/1, pp. 39-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2016.1272893
Antonov, Mikhail (2023): «Russian Conservatism and Populism: Between the Legal and the Political» en R. Mańko, A. Sulikowski, P. Tacik y C. Cercel (dirs.): Law, Populism, and the Political in Central and Eastern Europe. Londres: Birkbeck Law Press, pp. 227-247.
Bluhm, Katharina y Brand, Martin (2018): «“Traditional values” unleashed: The ultraconservative influence on Russian family policy» en Katharina Bluhm y Mihai Varga (dirs.): New Conservatives in Russia and East Central Europe. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 97-118.
Burrett, Tina (2025): «Making Russia Great Again? Vladimir Putin’s Changing Sources of Legitimacy 2000-2024», Politics and Governance, 13, artículo 9029. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.9029
Dekalchuk, Anna A. (2025): «Popular conservatisms and the structure of Russian society», Post-Soviet Affairs, 41/1, pp. 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2024.2429307
Diesen, Glenn. (2020): «Russia as an international conservative power: The rise of the right-wing populists and their affinity towards Russia», Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28/2, pp. 182-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2019.1705770
Drozdova, Oksana y Robinson, Paul (2019): «A Study of Vladimir Putin’s Rhetoric», Europe-Asia Studies, 71/5, 805-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1603362
Fish, M. Steven (2018): «What Has Russia Become?» Comparative Politics, 50/3, pp. 327-346. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041518822704872
Fomin, Ivan (2025): «Two statisms of Putin’s ideology: From proclamations of patriotic values to welfare promises of wartime mobilization», Post-Soviet Affairs, 41/1, pp. 64-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2024.2382646
Girinsky, Alexander A. (2023): «On “Conservative Balance” and “Traditional Values”. New Ideological Antagonisms between Western Modernity and Russia», Russia in Global Affairs, 21/3, pp. 24-37.
Golosov, Grigorii V. (2020): «Useful, but Not Necessarily Idiots: The Ideological Linkages among the Putin-Sympathizer Parties in the European Parliament», Problems of Post-Communism, 67/1, pp. 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2018.1530941
Griffin, Sean (2024): «Putin’s Holy War of the Fatherland: Sacred Memory and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine», The Russian Review, 83/1, pp. 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/russ.12578
Höjdestrand, Tova (2020): «Fatherland, faith, and family values: Anti-liberalism and the desire for difference among Russian grassroots conservatives», Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 102/3, pp. 273-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2020.1780790
Horvath, Robert (2016): «The Reinvention of ‘Traditional Values’: Nataliya Narochnitskaya and Russia’s Assault on Universal Human Rights», Europe-Asia Studies, 68/5, pp. 868-892. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1184230
Kangaspuro, Markku. (2021): «Putin’s history, politics and conservative turn» en Katharina bluhm y Mihai varga (dirs.): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 15-24.
Kaylan, Melik (2014): «Kremlin Values: Putin’s Strategic Conservatism», World Affairs, 177, pp. 9-17.
Keating, Vincent Charles y Kaczmarska, Kaczmarska (2019): «Conservative soft power: Liberal soft power bias and the ‘hidden’ attraction of Russia», Journal of International Relations and Development, 22/1, pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-017-0100-6
Kratochvíl, Petr y Shakhanova, Gaziza (2021): «The Patriotic Turn and Re-Building Russia’s Historical Memory: Resisting the West, Leading the Post-Soviet East? », Problems of Post-Communism, 68/5, pp. 442-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1757467
La lova, Lanabi (2025): «Vladimir Putin on Channel One, 2000-2022», Political Communication, 42/2, pp. 234-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2380438
Laruelle, Marlene (2013): «Conservatism as the Kremlin’s New Toolkit: An Ideology at the Lowest Cost», Russian Analytical Digest, 138/8, pp. 2-4.
Laruelle, Marlene (2020): «Making Sense of Russia’s Illiberalism», Journal of Democracy, 31/3, pp. 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2020.0049
Lassila, Jussi (2021): «Whose turn, for whom?: Conservative values and Putin’s social contract» en Katalin Miklóssy y Markku Kangaspuro (dirs.): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 231-250.
Lewis, David (2022): «The Role of Ideology in Russian Foreign Policy» en Jonathan Leader Maynard y Mark L. Haas (dirs.): The Routledge Handbook of Ideology and International Relations. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 374-390.
Lipman, Maria (2013): «The Kremlin Turns Ideological: Where This New Direction Could Lead» en Maria Lipman y Nikolay Petrov (Eds.), Russia 2025. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan uk, pp. 220-239. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137336910_12
Loftus, Suzanne (2018): Insecurity & the Rise of Nationalism in Putin’s Russia: Keeper of Traditional Values. Nueva York: Springer.
Makarychev, Andrey (2018): «Beyond Geopolitics: Russian Soft Power, Conservatism, and Biopolitics». Russian Politics, 3/1, pp. 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00301007
Melville, Andrei (2020): «A Neoconservative Consensus in Russia? Main Components, Factors of Stability, Potential of Erosion», Russian Social Science Review, 61/3-4, pp. 220-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611428.2020.1778403
Mennecke, Olga y Kreß, Beatrix (2025): «Spiritual guidance or ideological control? Framing of War in Russian orthodox sermons during the Ukraine invasion», Critical Discourse Studies, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2025.2466610
Michael, George (2019): «Useful Idiots or Fellow Travelers? The Relationship between the American Far Right and Russia», Terrorism and Political Violence, 31/1, pp. 64-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1555996
Miklóssy, Katalin y Kangaspuro, Markku (2021): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003251743
Morris, Jeremy y Garibyan, Masha (2021): «Russian Cultural Conservatism Critiqued: Translating the Tropes of ‘Gayropa’ and ‘Juvenile Justice’ in Everyday Life», Europe-Asia Studies, 73/8, pp. 1487-1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.1887088
Muravyeva, Marianna (2014): «Traditional values and modern families: Legal understanding of tradition and Modernity in contemporary Russia», Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial’noy politiki, 12/4, pp. 625-638.
Muravyeva, Marianna (2017): «Conservative Jurisprudence and the Russian State», Europe-Asia Studies, 69/8, pp. 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2017.1377504
Nehrbass, Alexander C. (2020): «The Putinist Nation: Putin and Russian Nationalism as a Regime Strategy», International Journal of Russian Studies, 9/2, pp. 146-166.
Novitskaya, Alexandra, Sperling, Valerie, Sundstrom, Lisa M. y Johnson, Janet E. (2024): «Unpacking ‘Traditional Values’ in Russia’s Conservative Turn: Gender, Sexuality and the Soviet Legacy», Europe-Asia Studies, 76/2, pp. 173-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2023.2215484
Østbø, Jardar. (2017): «Securitizing «spiritual-moral values» in Russia», Post-Soviet Affairs, 33/3, pp. 200-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2016.1251023
Polyakov, Leonid (2012): «Toward studying Russian conservatism: History and method», The Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia, 67/4, pp. 29-44. https://doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2012-67-4-29-44
Polyakov, Leonid (2015): «Conservatism» in Russia: Political tool or historical choice? Paris: Ifri – Institut Français des Relations Internationales.
Ponarin, Eduard y Komin, Michael (2018): «The Russian elite’s imperial nationalism and the Russian society: The emergence of a grand consensus», Sociology Compass, 12, e12641. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12641
Primakov, Evgenii (2018): Rossiya v sovremennom mire. Proshloe nastoyashchee budushchee. Moscú: Tsentrpoligraf.
Robinson, Paul F. (2020): «Russia’s Emergence as an International Conservative Power», Russia in Global Affairs, 18/1, pp. 10-37. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2020-18-1-10-37
Rodkiewicz, Witold y Rogoża, Jadwig (2015): «Potemkin Conservatism: An Ideological Tool of the Kremlin», Point of View 48, pp. 1-25.
Sakwa, Richard (2020): «Is Putin an Ism?», Russian Politics, 5/3, pp. 255-282. https://doi.org/10.30965/24518921-00503001
Savin, Ivan y Teplyakov, Nikita (2022): «Topics of the nationwide phone-ins with Vladimir Putin and their role for public support and Russian economy», Information Processing & Management, 59/5, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103043
Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz (2014): «The Pussy Riot affair and Putin’s démarche from sovereign democracy to sovereign morality», Nationalities Papers, 42/4, pp. 615-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.917075
Shnirelman, Victor. (2019): Russian Neoconservatism and Apocalyptic Imperialism. Nueva York: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004408005_015
Składanowski, Marcin, Szabaciuk, Andrzej, & Łukasik-Turecka, Agnieszka (2025): «Church of war: Propaganda and disinformation in Patriarch Kirill’s discourse on Russia’s aggression»: Cogent Arts & Humanities, 12/1, 2515329. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2515329
Stepanova, Elena. A. (2015): «“The Spiritual and Moral Foundation of Civilization in Every Nation for Thousands of Years”: The Traditional Values Discourse in Russia», Politics, Religion & Ideology, 16/2-3, pp. 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2015.1068167
Stepanova, Elena. A. (2023): «“Everything good against everything bad”: Traditional values in the search for new Russian national idea», Zeitschrift Für Religion, Gesellschaft Und Politik, 7/1, pp. 97-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-022-00123-2
Stoeckl, Kristina (2020): «The rise of the Russian Christian Right: The case of the World Congress of Families», Religion, State and Society, 48/4, pp. 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2020.1796172
Suslov, Mikhail (2019): «Russian Conservatism as an Ideology: The Logic of Isolationism» en Mikhail Suslov y Dimitiry Uzlaner (dirs.): Contemporary Russian Conservatism. Nueva York: brill, pp. 77-102. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004408005_004
Suslov, Mikhail (2024): Putinism – Post-Soviet Russian Regime Ideology. Nueva York: Taylor & Francis.
Tsygankov, Andrei P. (2019): Russia’s Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity. Londres: Rowman & Littlefield.
Tsygankov, Andrei P. (2023): The «Russian Idea» in International Relations Civilization and National Distinctiveness. Nueva York: Routledge.
Vertlieb, Eugene Alexander (2022): «The Ideology of «Strategic Conservatism» from Russia’s Imperial Perspective», Global Security and Intelligence Studies, 7/1, pp. 129-167. https://doi.org/10.18278/gsis.7.1.7
Zelenov, M. V., & Brandenberger, D. (2014): Kratkiy kurs istorii vkp(b). Tekst i yego istoriya: V 2 ch. Ch. 1. Moscú: Rosspen.
Zhavoronkov, Alexey (2024): «Russian pseudo-conservatism in an international context», Studies in East European Thought. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11212-024-09659-w
Antonov, Mikhail (2023): «Russian Conservatism and Populism: Between the Legal and the Political» en R. Mańko, A. Sulikowski, P. Tacik y C. Cercel (dirs.): Law, Populism, and the Political in Central and Eastern Europe. Londres: Birkbeck Law Press, pp. 227-247.
Bluhm, Katharina y Brand, Martin (2018): «“Traditional values” unleashed: The ultraconservative influence on Russian family policy» en Katharina Bluhm y Mihai Varga (dirs.): New Conservatives in Russia and East Central Europe. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 97-118.
Burrett, Tina (2025): «Making Russia Great Again? Vladimir Putin’s Changing Sources of Legitimacy 2000-2024», Politics and Governance, 13, artículo 9029. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.9029
Dekalchuk, Anna A. (2025): «Popular conservatisms and the structure of Russian society», Post-Soviet Affairs, 41/1, pp. 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2024.2429307
Diesen, Glenn. (2020): «Russia as an international conservative power: The rise of the right-wing populists and their affinity towards Russia», Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28/2, pp. 182-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2019.1705770
Drozdova, Oksana y Robinson, Paul (2019): «A Study of Vladimir Putin’s Rhetoric», Europe-Asia Studies, 71/5, 805-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1603362
Fish, M. Steven (2018): «What Has Russia Become?» Comparative Politics, 50/3, pp. 327-346. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041518822704872
Fomin, Ivan (2025): «Two statisms of Putin’s ideology: From proclamations of patriotic values to welfare promises of wartime mobilization», Post-Soviet Affairs, 41/1, pp. 64-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2024.2382646
Girinsky, Alexander A. (2023): «On “Conservative Balance” and “Traditional Values”. New Ideological Antagonisms between Western Modernity and Russia», Russia in Global Affairs, 21/3, pp. 24-37.
Golosov, Grigorii V. (2020): «Useful, but Not Necessarily Idiots: The Ideological Linkages among the Putin-Sympathizer Parties in the European Parliament», Problems of Post-Communism, 67/1, pp. 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2018.1530941
Griffin, Sean (2024): «Putin’s Holy War of the Fatherland: Sacred Memory and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine», The Russian Review, 83/1, pp. 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/russ.12578
Höjdestrand, Tova (2020): «Fatherland, faith, and family values: Anti-liberalism and the desire for difference among Russian grassroots conservatives», Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 102/3, pp. 273-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2020.1780790
Horvath, Robert (2016): «The Reinvention of ‘Traditional Values’: Nataliya Narochnitskaya and Russia’s Assault on Universal Human Rights», Europe-Asia Studies, 68/5, pp. 868-892. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1184230
Kangaspuro, Markku. (2021): «Putin’s history, politics and conservative turn» en Katharina bluhm y Mihai varga (dirs.): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 15-24.
Kaylan, Melik (2014): «Kremlin Values: Putin’s Strategic Conservatism», World Affairs, 177, pp. 9-17.
Keating, Vincent Charles y Kaczmarska, Kaczmarska (2019): «Conservative soft power: Liberal soft power bias and the ‘hidden’ attraction of Russia», Journal of International Relations and Development, 22/1, pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-017-0100-6
Kratochvíl, Petr y Shakhanova, Gaziza (2021): «The Patriotic Turn and Re-Building Russia’s Historical Memory: Resisting the West, Leading the Post-Soviet East? », Problems of Post-Communism, 68/5, pp. 442-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1757467
La lova, Lanabi (2025): «Vladimir Putin on Channel One, 2000-2022», Political Communication, 42/2, pp. 234-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2380438
Laruelle, Marlene (2013): «Conservatism as the Kremlin’s New Toolkit: An Ideology at the Lowest Cost», Russian Analytical Digest, 138/8, pp. 2-4.
Laruelle, Marlene (2020): «Making Sense of Russia’s Illiberalism», Journal of Democracy, 31/3, pp. 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2020.0049
Lassila, Jussi (2021): «Whose turn, for whom?: Conservative values and Putin’s social contract» en Katalin Miklóssy y Markku Kangaspuro (dirs.): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 231-250.
Lewis, David (2022): «The Role of Ideology in Russian Foreign Policy» en Jonathan Leader Maynard y Mark L. Haas (dirs.): The Routledge Handbook of Ideology and International Relations. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 374-390.
Lipman, Maria (2013): «The Kremlin Turns Ideological: Where This New Direction Could Lead» en Maria Lipman y Nikolay Petrov (Eds.), Russia 2025. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan uk, pp. 220-239. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137336910_12
Loftus, Suzanne (2018): Insecurity & the Rise of Nationalism in Putin’s Russia: Keeper of Traditional Values. Nueva York: Springer.
Makarychev, Andrey (2018): «Beyond Geopolitics: Russian Soft Power, Conservatism, and Biopolitics». Russian Politics, 3/1, pp. 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00301007
Melville, Andrei (2020): «A Neoconservative Consensus in Russia? Main Components, Factors of Stability, Potential of Erosion», Russian Social Science Review, 61/3-4, pp. 220-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611428.2020.1778403
Mennecke, Olga y Kreß, Beatrix (2025): «Spiritual guidance or ideological control? Framing of War in Russian orthodox sermons during the Ukraine invasion», Critical Discourse Studies, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2025.2466610
Michael, George (2019): «Useful Idiots or Fellow Travelers? The Relationship between the American Far Right and Russia», Terrorism and Political Violence, 31/1, pp. 64-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1555996
Miklóssy, Katalin y Kangaspuro, Markku (2021): Conservatism and Memory Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003251743
Morris, Jeremy y Garibyan, Masha (2021): «Russian Cultural Conservatism Critiqued: Translating the Tropes of ‘Gayropa’ and ‘Juvenile Justice’ in Everyday Life», Europe-Asia Studies, 73/8, pp. 1487-1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.1887088
Muravyeva, Marianna (2014): «Traditional values and modern families: Legal understanding of tradition and Modernity in contemporary Russia», Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial’noy politiki, 12/4, pp. 625-638.
Muravyeva, Marianna (2017): «Conservative Jurisprudence and the Russian State», Europe-Asia Studies, 69/8, pp. 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2017.1377504
Nehrbass, Alexander C. (2020): «The Putinist Nation: Putin and Russian Nationalism as a Regime Strategy», International Journal of Russian Studies, 9/2, pp. 146-166.
Novitskaya, Alexandra, Sperling, Valerie, Sundstrom, Lisa M. y Johnson, Janet E. (2024): «Unpacking ‘Traditional Values’ in Russia’s Conservative Turn: Gender, Sexuality and the Soviet Legacy», Europe-Asia Studies, 76/2, pp. 173-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2023.2215484
Østbø, Jardar. (2017): «Securitizing «spiritual-moral values» in Russia», Post-Soviet Affairs, 33/3, pp. 200-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2016.1251023
Polyakov, Leonid (2012): «Toward studying Russian conservatism: History and method», The Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia, 67/4, pp. 29-44. https://doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2012-67-4-29-44
Polyakov, Leonid (2015): «Conservatism» in Russia: Political tool or historical choice? Paris: Ifri – Institut Français des Relations Internationales.
Ponarin, Eduard y Komin, Michael (2018): «The Russian elite’s imperial nationalism and the Russian society: The emergence of a grand consensus», Sociology Compass, 12, e12641. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12641
Primakov, Evgenii (2018): Rossiya v sovremennom mire. Proshloe nastoyashchee budushchee. Moscú: Tsentrpoligraf.
Robinson, Paul F. (2020): «Russia’s Emergence as an International Conservative Power», Russia in Global Affairs, 18/1, pp. 10-37. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2020-18-1-10-37
Rodkiewicz, Witold y Rogoża, Jadwig (2015): «Potemkin Conservatism: An Ideological Tool of the Kremlin», Point of View 48, pp. 1-25.
Sakwa, Richard (2020): «Is Putin an Ism?», Russian Politics, 5/3, pp. 255-282. https://doi.org/10.30965/24518921-00503001
Savin, Ivan y Teplyakov, Nikita (2022): «Topics of the nationwide phone-ins with Vladimir Putin and their role for public support and Russian economy», Information Processing & Management, 59/5, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103043
Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz (2014): «The Pussy Riot affair and Putin’s démarche from sovereign democracy to sovereign morality», Nationalities Papers, 42/4, pp. 615-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.917075
Shnirelman, Victor. (2019): Russian Neoconservatism and Apocalyptic Imperialism. Nueva York: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004408005_015
Składanowski, Marcin, Szabaciuk, Andrzej, & Łukasik-Turecka, Agnieszka (2025): «Church of war: Propaganda and disinformation in Patriarch Kirill’s discourse on Russia’s aggression»: Cogent Arts & Humanities, 12/1, 2515329. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2515329
Stepanova, Elena. A. (2015): «“The Spiritual and Moral Foundation of Civilization in Every Nation for Thousands of Years”: The Traditional Values Discourse in Russia», Politics, Religion & Ideology, 16/2-3, pp. 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2015.1068167
Stepanova, Elena. A. (2023): «“Everything good against everything bad”: Traditional values in the search for new Russian national idea», Zeitschrift Für Religion, Gesellschaft Und Politik, 7/1, pp. 97-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-022-00123-2
Stoeckl, Kristina (2020): «The rise of the Russian Christian Right: The case of the World Congress of Families», Religion, State and Society, 48/4, pp. 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2020.1796172
Suslov, Mikhail (2019): «Russian Conservatism as an Ideology: The Logic of Isolationism» en Mikhail Suslov y Dimitiry Uzlaner (dirs.): Contemporary Russian Conservatism. Nueva York: brill, pp. 77-102. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004408005_004
Suslov, Mikhail (2024): Putinism – Post-Soviet Russian Regime Ideology. Nueva York: Taylor & Francis.
Tsygankov, Andrei P. (2019): Russia’s Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity. Londres: Rowman & Littlefield.
Tsygankov, Andrei P. (2023): The «Russian Idea» in International Relations Civilization and National Distinctiveness. Nueva York: Routledge.
Vertlieb, Eugene Alexander (2022): «The Ideology of «Strategic Conservatism» from Russia’s Imperial Perspective», Global Security and Intelligence Studies, 7/1, pp. 129-167. https://doi.org/10.18278/gsis.7.1.7
Zelenov, M. V., & Brandenberger, D. (2014): Kratkiy kurs istorii vkp(b). Tekst i yego istoriya: V 2 ch. Ch. 1. Moscú: Rosspen.
Zhavoronkov, Alexey (2024): «Russian pseudo-conservatism in an international context», Studies in East European Thought. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11212-024-09659-w
Artola Korta, M. (2026). El concepto de los «valores tradicionales» en la política rusa: una revisión bibliográfica. Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea, e32163. https://doi.org/10.14201/shhc.32163
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