Specialists in the Roman army: the military role of the Frumentarii during the Principate
Abstract
This article offers a fresh perspective about the role and evolution of one of the sections of the Roman army, the Frumentarii. Linked with the rank of principales, and with the supply and provisions, especially grain, as their name seems to indicate, this squad took at an early date a great deal of additional functions. Missions to drive and protect luxury stuff to Rome, «espionage», surveillance, police duties, murder, collecting taxes and provincial defense supervision, were some of the unalike but key functions carried by them until the end of Third Century. Although it seems as their infamous reputation fostered their disbandment, for long years they were the emperors’ ears and eyes. We will try to explain their development and importance in the Roman society, highlighting the survival of their military skills.
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Berch, R. (2013). Introduçao aTecnologia Assitiva (Introduction to Assistive Technology). Porto Alegre: RS; Portuguese
Bosshard, R. G., & Yeo, J. D. (1983). Low cost wheelchair. Spinal Cord, 21(2), 94.
Buehler, E., Comrie, N., Hofmann, M., McDonald, S., & Hurst, A. (2016). Investigating the Implications of 3D Printing in Special Education. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 8(3), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1145/2870640
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Cook, A. & Hussey, S. (2002). Assistive Technologies: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby
Cumming, R.G., Thomas, M., Szonyi, G., Frampton, G., Salked, G, & Clemson, L.(2001). Adherence to occupational therapist recommendations for home modifications for falss prevention. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, 641-648.
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Chae, M. P., Rozen, W. M., McMenamin, P. G., Findlay, M. W., Spychal, R. T., & Hunter-Smith, D. J. (2015). Emerging Applications of Bedside 3D Printing in Plastic Surgery. Frontiers in Surgery, 2, 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2015.00025
de Sousa Leite, E., Rodrigues, T. P., Moreira, M. A. S. P., Bittencourt, G. K. G. D., de Oliveira, F. B., Simpson, C. A., & Silva, A. O. (2016). Influence of assistive technology for the maintenance of the functionality of elderly people: an integrative review. International Archives of Medicine, 9.
Dahlin, E., & Rydén, M. (2011). Assistive technology for persons with psychiatric disabilities: accessibility and cost-benefit. Assistive Technology Research Series, 29, 294-299.
Day, H., & Jutai, J. (1996). Measuring the psychosocial impact of assistive devices: the PIADS. Canadian Journal Rehabilitation, 9, 159-168.
Demers, L., Weiss-Lambrou, R., & Ska, B. (2002). The Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST 2.0): an overview and recent progress. Technology and Disability, 14(3), 101-105.
Devitt, R., Chau, B., & Jutai, J. W. (2004). The effect of wheelchair use on the quality of life of persons with multiple sclerosis. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 17(3-4), 63-79.
Freedman, V. A., Martin, L. G., & Schoeni, R. F. (2002). Recent trends in disability and functioning among older adults in the United States: a systematic review. Jama, 288(24), 3137-3146.
González, M. Y., Moltó, A., y Ovejero, M. M. (2017). Envejecimiento en parálisis cerebral, un reto en investigación e innovación: Revisión sistemática. Universitas Psychologica, 16(3), 1-15. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana .upsy16-3.epcr
Gosman-Hedström, G., Claesson, L., Blomstrand, C., Fagerberg, B., & Lundgren-Lindquist, B. (2002). Use and cost of assistive technology the first year after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. International journal of technology assessment in health care, 18(3), 520-527.
Guíñez, L. B., & Concha, L. S. (2005). Intervención de terapia ocupacional en síndrome de inmovilización instaurado. Revista Chilena de Terapia Ocupacional, (5), Pág-13.
Hohmann, P., & Cassapian, M. R. (2011). Adaptações de baixo custo: uma revisão de literatura da utilização por terapeutas ocupacionais brasileiros. Revista de Terapia Ocupacional da Universidade de São Paulo, 22(1), 10-18.
Jiménez, E. & Díez, E. (2016). Impacto psicosocial de los productos y tecnologías de apoyo para la comunicación en personas con discapacidad auditiva y personas sordas. Recuperado de: http://sid.usal.es/idocs/F8/FDO27380/JimenezArberas.pdf
Jinks, A., & Sinteff, B. (1994). Consumer response to AAC devices: Acquisition, training, use, and satisfaction. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 10(3), 184-190.
Johnson, J. M., Inglebret, E., Jones, C., & Ray, J. (2006). Perspectives of speech language pathologists regarding success versus abandonment of AAC. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 22(2), 85-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07434610500483588
Jutai, J. (1999). Quality of life impact of assistive technology. Rehabilitation Engineering, 14, 2-7.
Jutai, J., Rigby, P., Ryan, S., & Stickel, S. (2000). Psychosocial impact of electronic aids to daily living. Assistive Technology, 12(2), 123-131.
Lauer, A., Longenecker R. K., & Smith, R. O. (2006, August 18). ATOMS Project Technical Report—Factors in Assistive Technology Device Abandonment: Replacing “Abandonment” with “Discontinuance.” Retrieved from http://www.r2d2.uwm.edu/atoms/archive/technicalreports/tr-discontinuance.html
Lenker, J.A., & Paquet, V.L. (2003). A review of conceptual models for assistive technology outcomes research and practice. Assistive Technology, 15(1), 1-15.
Longo, E., & Badia, M. (2009). La participación en las actividades de ocio de los niños y adolescentes con parálisis cerebral. Siglo Cero. Revista Española de Discapacidad Intelectual, 40(4), 79–93.
Long, A., Southall, K., Fowler, S., Cotterill, N., Van Den Heuvel, E., & Jutai, J. W. (2014). Towards the development of the psychosocial impact of assistive devices scale for continence (C-PIADS). Technology and Disability, 26(2, 3), 153-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/TAD-140413
Martin, J. K., Martin, L. G., Stumbo, N. J., & Morrill, J. H. (2011). The impact of consumer involvement on satisfaction with and use of assistive technology. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 6(3), 225-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17483100802338440
Marvin, L. A., Montano, J. J., Fusco, L. M., & Gould, E. P. (2003). Speech-language pathologists’ perceptions of their training and experience in using alternative and augmentative communication. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 30, 76-83.
Norma UNE- EN ISO 9999/2018).V2 Productos de apoyo para personas con discapacidad. Clasificación y terminología. (ISO 9999:2011)
Nielsen, J., & Phillips, V. L. (1993, May). Estimating the relative usability of two interfaces: heuristic, formal, and empirical methods compared. In Proceedings of the INTERACT'93 and CHI'93 conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 214-221). ACM
Østensjø, S., Carlberg, E. B., & Vøllestad, N. K. (2005). The use and impact of assistive devices and other environmental modifications on everyday activities and care in young children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27(14), 849–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280400018619
Pape, T. L., Kim, J., & Weiner, B. (2002). The shaping of individual meanings assigned to assistive technology: a review of personal factors. Disability and rehabilitation, 24(1-3), 5-20.
Parkes, J., McCullough, N., y Madden, A. (2010). To what extent do children with cerebral palsy participate in everyday life situations? Health and Social Care in the Community, 18(3), 304–315. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2009.00908.x
Paterson, A. M., Donnison, E., Bibb, R. J., & Ian Campbell, R. (2014). Computer-aided design to support fabrication of wrist splints using 3D printing: A feasibility study. Hand Therapy, 19(4), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758998314544802
Pearlman, J., Cooper, R., Chhabra, H. S., & Jefferds, A. (2009). Design, development and testing of a low-cost electric powered wheelchair for India. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 4(1), 42-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17483100802338440
Philips, B., & Zhao, H. (1993). Predictors of assistive technology abandonment. Assistive Technology, 5, 36-45.
Pousada, T. (2011). Impacto psicosocial de la silla de ruedas en la vida de las personas afectadas por una enfermedad neuromuscular.
Portnova, A. A., Mukherjee, G., Peters, K. M., Yamane, A., & Steele, K. M. (2018). Design of a 3D-printed, open-source wrist-driven orthosis for individuals with spinal cord injury. PloS One, 13(2), e0193106. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193106
Ratcliff, A., & Beukelman, D. (1995). Preprofessional preparation in augmentative and alternative communication: State-of-the-art report. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 11(2), 61-73.
Raya, R., Rocon, E., Ceres, R., Harlaar, J., & Geytenbeek, J. (2011, June). Characterizing head motor disorders to create novel interfaces for people with cerebral palsy: Creating an alternative communication channel by head motion. In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Riemer-Reiss, M.L., Wacker, R.R. (2000) Factors associated with assistive technology discontinuance among individuals with disabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation, 66(3), 44-50.
Pousada, T., Pereira, J., Groba, B., Nieto, L., & Pazos, A. (2014). Assessing mouse alternatives to access to computer: a case study of a user with cerebral palsy. Assistive Technology, 26(1), 33-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2013.792880
Ryan, S. E., Sawatzky, B., Campbell, K. A., Rigby, P. J., Montpetit, K., Roxborough, L., & McKeever, P. D. (2014). Functional outcomes associated with adaptive seating interventions in children and youth with wheeled mobility needs. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 95(5), 825-831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.09.001
Saunders, G. H., Lewis, M. S., & Forsline, A. (2009). Expectations, prefitting counseling, and hearing aid outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 20(5), 320-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.20.5.6
Scherer, M. J. (1998). Characteristics of a meaningful outcome assessment. RESNA resource guide for assistive technology outcomes: Measurement tools, 1, 50-59.
Scherer, M. J., & Cushman, L. A. (2000). Predicting satisfaction with assistive technology for a sample of adults with new spinal cord injuries. Psychological reports, 87(3), 981-987.
Schwartz, J. (2017). 3D Printing Customized Assistive Technology: A Feasibility Study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(10), e24. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APMR.2017.08.073
Shore, S., & Juillerat, S. (2012). The impact of a low cost wheelchair on the quality of life of the disabled in the developing world. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 18(9), CR533. http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.883348
Traversoni, S., Jutai, J., Fundarò, C., Salvini, S., Casale, R., & Giardini, A. (2018). Linking the Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale (PIADS) to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Quality of Life Research, 27(12), 3217-3227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1973-6
Yi, S. H., Hwang, J. H., Kim, S. J., & Kwon, J. Y. (2012). Validity of pediatric balance scales in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Neuropediatrics, 43(06), 307-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1327774
van der Dussen, L., Nieuwstraten, W., Roebroeck, M., y Stam, H. J. (2001). Functional level of young adults with cerebral palsy. Clin Rehabil, 15(1), 84–91. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237165
Verza, R., Carvalho, M. L., Battaglia, M. A., & Uccelli, M.(2006) An interdisciplinary approach to evaluating the need for assistive technology reduces equipment abandonment. Multiple Sclerosis, 12, 88-93.http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458506ms1233oa
WATI Development Team. (2017). Assistive Technology Consideration and Assessment Forms
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