Brechas de género en la ciencia: revisión sistemática de las principales explicaciones y agenda de investigación
Resumen
A pesar de las mejoras en la incorporación de mujeres en la educación terciaria y la ciencia, aún persisten brechas de género en el ingreso y avance en áreas científico- tecnológicas a nivel mundial. Entender cuáles son los factores que determinan estas brechas es clave para la plena incorporación de las mujeres en las sociedades del conocimiento en términos de equidad. La presente investigación buscó explorar y sistematizar las explicaciones dadas a este fenómeno por parte de la literatura internacional en las últimas cuatro décadas. Los objetivos fueron: (1) Analizar la evolución de las principales agendas de investigación y categorizar estas en grupos (o clúster) de explicaciones, y (2) discutir los desafíos que las agendas de investigación presentan para dar cuenta del fenómeno de forma multicausal. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante una búsqueda en Web of Science (WoS) y fueron sometidos a una revisión sistemática utilizando técnicas bibliométricas y cualitativas. El análisis revela un crecimiento importante de la investigación en esta área dentro de las ciencias sociales que se agrupa en cinco grandes tipos de explicación: (1) desempeño de estudiantes en áreas STEM, (2) influencia de estereotipos y modelos de género, (3) conformación de intereses y experiencias educativas y de aprendizaje, (4) expectativas y elección educativo-ocupacional, y (5) desigual avance y desempeño en las carreras científicas. La evolución muestra que las explicaciones sobre el desempeño y la elección individual han perdido peso en el presente, dando lugar a explicaciones sobre la influencia de los estereotipos y modelos de género dentro de los sistemas educativos y ámbitos de socialización. Este estudio contribuye así a una mayor y más ordenada comprensión sobre los factores causales que han determinado las brechas de género en la ciencia al tiempo que identifica algunos vacíos en las agendas de investigación.
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