Una revisión sistemática sobre gamificación, motivación y aprendizaje en universitarios
Résumé
Los materiales educativos gamificados ponen el acento en la experiencia interactiva del sujeto, en su implicación y toma de decisiones autónoma con relación al objeto de conocimiento, información que no recibe de forma homogénea y pasiva, sino que lo construye a través de la acción personalizada del juego en un entorno digitalizado. La gamificación en educación superior puede aportar a los estudiantes mejores oportunidades para desarrollar habilidades de compromiso, aumentando su motivación y haciéndoles más interesados por lo que están aprendiendo. El propósito de esta revisión es recoger información, sintetizar e integrar los trabajos publicados sobre la influencia de la gamificación con la motivación y el aprendizaje del alumnado. Con ello, se pretende establecer el estado actual de conocimiento sobre gamificación en educación superior, lo que permitirá un mejor planteamiento de futuras líneas de investigación. Se identificaron estudios representativos a través de una búsqueda sistemática en 4 bases de datos: EBSCO SPORTDISCUS, SCOPUS, ISI y SCHOLAR GOOGLE, extrayéndose datos sobre el diseño del estudio, participantes, variables, instrumentos y resultados. Se incluyeron 22 estudios, 19 originales y 3 revisiones de la literatura. La evidencia inicial indica que la gamificación en educación superior motiva al alumnado y mejora su aprendizaje, aportando a los estudiantes universitarios mejores oportunidades para desarrollar habilidades de compromiso. El uso de PBL (Points, Badges y Leaderboards mejora la motivación y se considera como una adecuada combinación de mecánicas en la implementación de cualquier proceso de gamificación en enseñanza superior Se señalan pautas para mantener la motivación y favorecer el aprendizaje en el alumnado.
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AIKEN, Leona y WEST, Stephen. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991.
ANDUIZA, Eva; GALLEGO, Aina y CANTIJOCH, Marta. Online political participation in Spain: the impact of traditional and Internet resources. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 2010, vol. 7(4): 356-368. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681003791891
BEST, Samuel y KRUEGER, Brian. Analyzing the representativeness of Internet political participation. Political Behavior, 2005, vol. 27(2): 183-216. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-005-3242-y
BOND, Robert; FARISS, Christopher; JONES, Jason; KRAMER, Adam; MARLOW, Cameron; SETTLE, Jaime y
FOWLER, James. A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 2012, vol. 489(7415): 295-298.
BORGE, Rosa; CARDENAL, Ana y MALPICA, Claudia. El impacto de Internet en la participación política: Revisando el papel del interés político. Arbor, 2012, vol. 188(756): 733-750. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2012.756n4008
BRADY, Henry; VERBA, Sidney y SCHLOZMAN, Kay. Beyond SES: A resource model of political participation. American Political Science Review, 1995, vol. 89(2): 271-294.
CARLISLE, Juliet y PATTON, Robert. Is social media changing how we understand political engagement? An analysis of Facebook and the 2008 presidential election. Political Research Quarterly, 2013, vol. 66(4): 883-895. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912913482758
CRAIG, Stephen y MAGGIOTTO, Michael. Measuring political efficacy. Political Methodology, 1982, vol. 8 (3): 85-109.
DAWSON, Jeremy. Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 2014, vol. 29(1): 1-19. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7
DIMAGGIO, Paul y HARGITTAI, Eszter. From the ‘digital divide’ to ‘digital inequality’: Studying Internet use as penetration increases. Working Paper N° 15. Princeton: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, 2001.
EFFING, Robin; VAN HILLEGERSBERG, Joss y HUIBERS, Theo. Social media and political participation: are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube democratizing our political systems? International conference on electronic participation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011.
GAINOUS, Jason; MARLOWE, Adam y WAGNER, Kevin. Traditional cleavages or a new world: Does online social networking bridge the political participation divide?. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 2013, vol. 26(2): 145-15. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-013-9130-2
GIBSON, Rachel y CANTIJOCH, Marta. Conceptualizing and measuring participation in the age of the internet: Is online political engagement really different to offline?. The Journal of Politics, 2013, vol. 75(3): 701-716. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381613000431
GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero; MOLYNEUX, Logan y ZHENG, Pei. Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 2014, vol. 64(4): 612-634. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12103
GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero; VEENSTRA, Aaron; VRAGA, Emily y SHAH, Dhavan. Digital democracy: Reimagining pathways to political participation. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 2010, vol. 7(1): 36-51. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331680903316742
GUSTAFSSON, Nils. The subtle nature of Facebook politics: Swedish social network site users and political participation. New Media & Society, 2012, vol. 14(7): 1111-1127. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812439551
HANOCH, Yaniv. “Neither an angel nor an ant”: Emotion as an aid to bounded rationality. Journal of Economic Psychology, 2002, vol. 23(1): 1-25. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00065-4
JUNG, Nakwon; KIM, Yonghwan y GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero. The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation. Mass Communication and Society, 2011, vol. 14(4): 407-430. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.496135
KIM, Yeojin y KHANG, Hyoungkoo. Revisiting civic voluntarism predictors of college students’ political participation in the context of social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 2014, vol. 36: 114-121. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.044
KÖLLN, Ann-Kristin; ESAIASSON, Peter y TURPER, Sedef. External efficacy and perceived responsiveness-same, same or different. Annual conference of the Elections, Public Opinion and Parties (EPOP) specialist group. 2013.
KRAMER, Adam; GUILLORY, Jamie y HANCOCK, Jeffrey. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, vol. 111(24), 8788-8790. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111
LEE, Yu-Hao y HSIEH, Gary. Does slacktivism hurt activism?: the effects of moral balancing and consistency in online activism. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2013.
LOZADA, Paola. Los actores de la lucha no violenta en Ecuador: El rol de los jóvenes en las elecciones presidenciales 2017 en Ecuador. INNOVA Research Journal, 2017, vol. 2(12): 123-138.
MACAFEE, Timothy. Some of these things are not like the others: Examining motivations and political predispositions among political Facebook activity. Computers in Human Behavior, 2013, vol. 29(6): 2766-2775. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.019
MARCUS, George; MACKUEN, Michael; WOLAK, Jennifer y KEELE, Luke. The measure and mismeasure of emotion. En REDLAWSK, David (ed.). Feeling politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006: 31-45.
MARCUS, George; NEUMAN, Rusell y MACKUEN, Michael. Affective intelligence and political judgment. University of Chicago Press, 2000.
MICÓ, Josep-Lluís y CASERO-RIPOLLÉS, Andreu. Political activism online: organization and media relations in the case of 15M in Spain. Information, communication & society, 2014, vol. 17(7): 858-871. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.830634
NAM, Taewoo. Dual effects of the internet on political activism: Reinforcing and mobilizing. Government Information Quarterly, 2012, vol. 29: S90-S97. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.08.010
NIEMI, Richard; CRAIG, Stephen y MATTEI, Franco. Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. American Political Science Review, 1991, vol. 85(4): 1407-1413.
OSER, Jennifer; HOOGHE, Marc y MARIEN, Sofie. Is online participation distinct from offline participation? A latent class analysis of participation types and their stratification. Political Research Quarterly, 2013, vol. 66(1): 91-101. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912436695
PREACHER, Kristopher; CURRAN, Patrick y BAUER, Daniel. Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of educational and behavioral statistics, 2006, vol. 31(4): 437-448. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986031004437
ROGOSA, David. Comparing nonparallel regression lines. Psychological Bulletin, 1980, vol. 88: 307–321. Disponible: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.307
ROSENSTONE, Steven y HANSEN, John. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Longman, 1993.
RUDOLPH, Thomas; GANGL, Amy y STEVENS, Dan. The effects of efficacy and emotions on campaign involvement. The Journal of Politics, 2000, vol. 62(4): 1189-1197. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00053
SCHLOZMAN, Kay; VERBA, Sidney y BRADY, Henry. Weapon of the strong? Participatory inequality and the Internet. Perspectives on Politics, 2010, vol. 8(2): 487-509. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001210
SERRANO-PUCHE, Javier. Internet y emociones: nuevas tendencias en un campo de investigación emergente. Comunicar: Revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación, 2016, vol. (46): 19-26.
SOMUANO, Ma. Fernanda. (2005). Más allá del voto: modos de participación política no electoral en México. Foro Internacional, vol. 41 (1): 65-88.
THELWALL, Mike; WILKINSON, David y UPPAL, Sukhvinder. Data mining emotion in social network communication: Gender differences in MySpace. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2010, vol. 61(1): 190-199. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21180
VALENTINO, Nicholas; BRADER, Ted; GROENENDYK, Eric; GREGOROWICZ, Krysha y HUTCHINGS, Vincent. Election night’s alright for fighting: The role of emotions in political participation. The Journal of Politics, 2011; vol. 73(1), 156-170. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381610000939
VALENTINO, Nicholas; GREGOROWICZ, Krysha y GROENENDYK, Eric. Efficacy, emotions and the habit of participation. Political Behavior, 2009, vol. 31(3), 307-330. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9076-7
VALENZUELA, Sebastián; KIM, Yonghwan y GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero. Social networks that matter: Exploring the role of political discussion for online political participation. International journal of public opinion research, 2011, vol. 24(2): 163-184. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr037
VERBA, Sidney; SCHLOZMAN, Kay y BRADY, Henry. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
VITAK, Jessica; ZUBE, Paul; SMOCK, Andrew; CARR, Caleb; ELLISON, Nicole y LAMPE, Cliff. It's complicated: Facebook users' political participation in the 2008 election. CyberPsychology, behavior, and social networking, 2011, vol. 14(3): 107-114. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0226
WANG, Song-In. Political use of the Internet, political attitudes and political participation. Asian Journal of Communication, 2007, vol. 17(4): 381-395. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980701636993
WEBER, Christopher. Emotions, campaigns, and political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 2013, vol. 66(2): 414-428. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912449697
YAMAMOTO, Masahiro; KUSHIN, Matthew y DALISAY, Francis. Social media and mobiles as political mobilization forces for young adults: Examining the moderating role of online political expression in political participation. New Media & Society, 2015, vol. 17(6): 880-898. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813518390
YOO, Sung Woo y GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero. Connecting blog, Twitter and Facebook use with gaps in knowledge and participation. Communication & Society, 2014, vol. 27(4): 33-48.
ZHANG, Weiwu; JOHNSON, Thomas; SELTZER, Trent y BICHARD, Shannon. The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 2010, vol. 28(1): 75-92. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439309335162
ZUMÁRRAGA, Marcos; CAROFILIS, Cynthia y REYES, Carlos. El efecto movilizador de las emociones sobre la participación política online en la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales en Ecuador 2017, Revista Democracias, 2018, vol. 5: 25-62.
ZUMÁRRAGA, Marcos; REYES, Carlos y CAROFILIS, Cynthia. “¿Verdad o ficción? El uso político de las redes sociales en la participación política offline en las elecciones presidenciales en Ecuador”. Análisis Político, 2017, vol. 30(91): 130-145. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.15446/anpol.v30n91.70268
ANDUIZA, Eva; GALLEGO, Aina y CANTIJOCH, Marta. Online political participation in Spain: the impact of traditional and Internet resources. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 2010, vol. 7(4): 356-368. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681003791891
BEST, Samuel y KRUEGER, Brian. Analyzing the representativeness of Internet political participation. Political Behavior, 2005, vol. 27(2): 183-216. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-005-3242-y
BOND, Robert; FARISS, Christopher; JONES, Jason; KRAMER, Adam; MARLOW, Cameron; SETTLE, Jaime y
FOWLER, James. A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 2012, vol. 489(7415): 295-298.
BORGE, Rosa; CARDENAL, Ana y MALPICA, Claudia. El impacto de Internet en la participación política: Revisando el papel del interés político. Arbor, 2012, vol. 188(756): 733-750. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2012.756n4008
BRADY, Henry; VERBA, Sidney y SCHLOZMAN, Kay. Beyond SES: A resource model of political participation. American Political Science Review, 1995, vol. 89(2): 271-294.
CARLISLE, Juliet y PATTON, Robert. Is social media changing how we understand political engagement? An analysis of Facebook and the 2008 presidential election. Political Research Quarterly, 2013, vol. 66(4): 883-895. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912913482758
CRAIG, Stephen y MAGGIOTTO, Michael. Measuring political efficacy. Political Methodology, 1982, vol. 8 (3): 85-109.
DAWSON, Jeremy. Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 2014, vol. 29(1): 1-19. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7
DIMAGGIO, Paul y HARGITTAI, Eszter. From the ‘digital divide’ to ‘digital inequality’: Studying Internet use as penetration increases. Working Paper N° 15. Princeton: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, 2001.
EFFING, Robin; VAN HILLEGERSBERG, Joss y HUIBERS, Theo. Social media and political participation: are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube democratizing our political systems? International conference on electronic participation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011.
GAINOUS, Jason; MARLOWE, Adam y WAGNER, Kevin. Traditional cleavages or a new world: Does online social networking bridge the political participation divide?. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 2013, vol. 26(2): 145-15. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-013-9130-2
GIBSON, Rachel y CANTIJOCH, Marta. Conceptualizing and measuring participation in the age of the internet: Is online political engagement really different to offline?. The Journal of Politics, 2013, vol. 75(3): 701-716. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381613000431
GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero; MOLYNEUX, Logan y ZHENG, Pei. Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 2014, vol. 64(4): 612-634. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12103
GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero; VEENSTRA, Aaron; VRAGA, Emily y SHAH, Dhavan. Digital democracy: Reimagining pathways to political participation. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 2010, vol. 7(1): 36-51. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331680903316742
GUSTAFSSON, Nils. The subtle nature of Facebook politics: Swedish social network site users and political participation. New Media & Society, 2012, vol. 14(7): 1111-1127. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812439551
HANOCH, Yaniv. “Neither an angel nor an ant”: Emotion as an aid to bounded rationality. Journal of Economic Psychology, 2002, vol. 23(1): 1-25. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00065-4
JUNG, Nakwon; KIM, Yonghwan y GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero. The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation. Mass Communication and Society, 2011, vol. 14(4): 407-430. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.496135
KIM, Yeojin y KHANG, Hyoungkoo. Revisiting civic voluntarism predictors of college students’ political participation in the context of social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 2014, vol. 36: 114-121. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.044
KÖLLN, Ann-Kristin; ESAIASSON, Peter y TURPER, Sedef. External efficacy and perceived responsiveness-same, same or different. Annual conference of the Elections, Public Opinion and Parties (EPOP) specialist group. 2013.
KRAMER, Adam; GUILLORY, Jamie y HANCOCK, Jeffrey. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, vol. 111(24), 8788-8790. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111
LEE, Yu-Hao y HSIEH, Gary. Does slacktivism hurt activism?: the effects of moral balancing and consistency in online activism. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2013.
LOZADA, Paola. Los actores de la lucha no violenta en Ecuador: El rol de los jóvenes en las elecciones presidenciales 2017 en Ecuador. INNOVA Research Journal, 2017, vol. 2(12): 123-138.
MACAFEE, Timothy. Some of these things are not like the others: Examining motivations and political predispositions among political Facebook activity. Computers in Human Behavior, 2013, vol. 29(6): 2766-2775. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.019
MARCUS, George; MACKUEN, Michael; WOLAK, Jennifer y KEELE, Luke. The measure and mismeasure of emotion. En REDLAWSK, David (ed.). Feeling politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006: 31-45.
MARCUS, George; NEUMAN, Rusell y MACKUEN, Michael. Affective intelligence and political judgment. University of Chicago Press, 2000.
MICÓ, Josep-Lluís y CASERO-RIPOLLÉS, Andreu. Political activism online: organization and media relations in the case of 15M in Spain. Information, communication & society, 2014, vol. 17(7): 858-871. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.830634
NAM, Taewoo. Dual effects of the internet on political activism: Reinforcing and mobilizing. Government Information Quarterly, 2012, vol. 29: S90-S97. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.08.010
NIEMI, Richard; CRAIG, Stephen y MATTEI, Franco. Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. American Political Science Review, 1991, vol. 85(4): 1407-1413.
OSER, Jennifer; HOOGHE, Marc y MARIEN, Sofie. Is online participation distinct from offline participation? A latent class analysis of participation types and their stratification. Political Research Quarterly, 2013, vol. 66(1): 91-101. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912436695
PREACHER, Kristopher; CURRAN, Patrick y BAUER, Daniel. Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of educational and behavioral statistics, 2006, vol. 31(4): 437-448. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986031004437
ROGOSA, David. Comparing nonparallel regression lines. Psychological Bulletin, 1980, vol. 88: 307–321. Disponible: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.307
ROSENSTONE, Steven y HANSEN, John. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Longman, 1993.
RUDOLPH, Thomas; GANGL, Amy y STEVENS, Dan. The effects of efficacy and emotions on campaign involvement. The Journal of Politics, 2000, vol. 62(4): 1189-1197. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00053
SCHLOZMAN, Kay; VERBA, Sidney y BRADY, Henry. Weapon of the strong? Participatory inequality and the Internet. Perspectives on Politics, 2010, vol. 8(2): 487-509. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001210
SERRANO-PUCHE, Javier. Internet y emociones: nuevas tendencias en un campo de investigación emergente. Comunicar: Revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación, 2016, vol. (46): 19-26.
SOMUANO, Ma. Fernanda. (2005). Más allá del voto: modos de participación política no electoral en México. Foro Internacional, vol. 41 (1): 65-88.
THELWALL, Mike; WILKINSON, David y UPPAL, Sukhvinder. Data mining emotion in social network communication: Gender differences in MySpace. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2010, vol. 61(1): 190-199. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21180
VALENTINO, Nicholas; BRADER, Ted; GROENENDYK, Eric; GREGOROWICZ, Krysha y HUTCHINGS, Vincent. Election night’s alright for fighting: The role of emotions in political participation. The Journal of Politics, 2011; vol. 73(1), 156-170. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381610000939
VALENTINO, Nicholas; GREGOROWICZ, Krysha y GROENENDYK, Eric. Efficacy, emotions and the habit of participation. Political Behavior, 2009, vol. 31(3), 307-330. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9076-7
VALENZUELA, Sebastián; KIM, Yonghwan y GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero. Social networks that matter: Exploring the role of political discussion for online political participation. International journal of public opinion research, 2011, vol. 24(2): 163-184. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr037
VERBA, Sidney; SCHLOZMAN, Kay y BRADY, Henry. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
VITAK, Jessica; ZUBE, Paul; SMOCK, Andrew; CARR, Caleb; ELLISON, Nicole y LAMPE, Cliff. It's complicated: Facebook users' political participation in the 2008 election. CyberPsychology, behavior, and social networking, 2011, vol. 14(3): 107-114. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0226
WANG, Song-In. Political use of the Internet, political attitudes and political participation. Asian Journal of Communication, 2007, vol. 17(4): 381-395. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980701636993
WEBER, Christopher. Emotions, campaigns, and political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 2013, vol. 66(2): 414-428. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912449697
YAMAMOTO, Masahiro; KUSHIN, Matthew y DALISAY, Francis. Social media and mobiles as political mobilization forces for young adults: Examining the moderating role of online political expression in political participation. New Media & Society, 2015, vol. 17(6): 880-898. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813518390
YOO, Sung Woo y GIL DE ZÚÑIGA, Homero. Connecting blog, Twitter and Facebook use with gaps in knowledge and participation. Communication & Society, 2014, vol. 27(4): 33-48.
ZHANG, Weiwu; JOHNSON, Thomas; SELTZER, Trent y BICHARD, Shannon. The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 2010, vol. 28(1): 75-92. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439309335162
ZUMÁRRAGA, Marcos; CAROFILIS, Cynthia y REYES, Carlos. El efecto movilizador de las emociones sobre la participación política online en la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales en Ecuador 2017, Revista Democracias, 2018, vol. 5: 25-62.
ZUMÁRRAGA, Marcos; REYES, Carlos y CAROFILIS, Cynthia. “¿Verdad o ficción? El uso político de las redes sociales en la participación política offline en las elecciones presidenciales en Ecuador”. Análisis Político, 2017, vol. 30(91): 130-145. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.15446/anpol.v30n91.70268
Una revisión sistemática sobre gamificación, motivación y aprendizaje en universitarios. (2020). Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 32(1), 73-99. https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.20625
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