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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.33024</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.33024</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Entorno natural versus entorno digital. Implicaciones educativas desde la mirada del cuerpo</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Natural Environment Versus Digital Environment. Educational Implications from the Perspective of the Body</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4688-6420</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Mu&#x00F1;oz Rodr&#x00ED;guez</surname>
<given-names>Jos&#x00E9; Manuel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9985-7623</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Serrate Gonz&#x00E1;lez</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0463-4177</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Planella</surname>
<given-names>Jordi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Salamanca. Espa&#x00F1;a</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Salamanca</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-ES">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Oberta de Catalu&#x00F1;a. Espa&#x00F1;a</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Oberta de Catalu&#x00F1;a</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>pepema@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>Sarasg@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>jplanella@uoc.edu</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
<fpage>39</fpage>
    <lpage>59</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>03</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>18</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El presente art&#x00ED;culo analiza la relaci&#x00F3;n dial&#x00E9;ctica entre entorno natural y entorno digital desde la perspectiva del cuerpo como mediador fundamental de los procesos educativos. A partir del trinomio cuerpo-espacio-educaci&#x00F3;n, se examina c&#x00F3;mo los diferentes espacios condicionan las posibilidades de despliegue sensorial, cognitivo y emocional del ser humano. Frente al predominio actual de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de los datos y la hiperconexi&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica que ha generado un d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza, se propone recuperar una pedagog&#x00ED;a sensible que reconozca al cuerpo no como mero contenedor del cerebro sino como territorio de conocimiento encarnado. La literatura constata que, mientras el espacio natural favorece el desarrollo de v&#x00ED;nculos interdependientes, la libre movilizaci&#x00F3;n de los sentidos y la autonom&#x00ED;a, el entorno digital tiende a la dependencia, la reducci&#x00F3;n sensorial y la fragmentaci&#x00F3;n de la experiencia corporal. Metodol&#x00F3;gicamente se ha hecho a trav&#x00E9;s de un an&#x00E1;lisis te&#x00F3;rico fundamentado en la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a del cuerpo, la cognici&#x00F3;n encarnada y los conceptos de lugar antropol&#x00F3;gico versus no-lugar, y complementado con una muestra de un estudio cualitativo aplicando la t&#x00E9;cnica de grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n con 33 grupos de ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as de 9-11 a&#x00F1;os. Posteriormente, se ha realizado un an&#x00E1;lisis con el software NVivo. Los resultados muestran que la renaturalizaci&#x00F3;n de la acci&#x00F3;n educativa resulta esencial para el desarrollo integral del ser humano. Se concluye que la educaci&#x00F3;n contempor&#x00E1;nea debe buscar una complementariedad dial&#x00E9;ctica entre lo natural y lo tecnol&#x00F3;gico, reconociendo que el cuerpo humano necesita de lenguajes pentasensoriales y espacios que permitan su despliegue hol&#x00ED;stico para construir una identidad basada en la pertenencia al mundo natural, la responsabilidad y la creatividad.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>This article analyses the dialectic relationship between natural environment and digital environment from the perspective of the body as an essential mediator of education processes. Based on the body-space-education triad, it examines how different spaces condition the possibilities of a person&#x2019;s sensory, cognitive and emotional development. Faced with the current predominance of data-driven pedagogy and technological hyperconnectivity that has generated a deficit of nature, it proposes recovering sensitive pedagogy that recognises the body not only as a mere vessel for the brain, but as a territory of embodied knowledge. Literature available indicates that, while natural space favours the development of interdependent bonds, free mobilisation of the senses and autonomy, the digital environment leans toward dependence, sensory reduction and fragmentation of the bodily experience. The methodology used is a theoretical analyses based on the phenomenology of the body, embodied cognition and the concepts of anthropological place versus non-place, complemented with a sample from a qualitative study applying the discussion group technique with 33 groups of 9-11 year old boys and girls. An analysis was then performed using NVivo software. Results show that renaturalising education is essential for comprehensive human development. It concludes that contemporary education must seek a dialectic complementarity between nature and technology, acknowledging that the human body needs five-sensory languages and spaces for holistic development in order to build an identity based on belonging to the natural world, responsibility and creativity.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>cuerpo</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>entorno natural</kwd>
<kwd>entorno digital</kwd>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a sensible</kwd>
<kwd>cognici&#x00F3;n encarnada</kwd>
<kwd>espacio educativo</kwd>
<kwd>identidad</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>body</kwd>
<kwd>education</kwd>
<kwd>natural environment</kwd>
<kwd>digital environment</kwd>
<kwd>sensitive pedagogy</kwd>
<kwd>embodied cognition</kwd>
<kwd>education space</kwd>
<kwd>identity</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="award1">
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>NATEC-ID</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>PID2021-122993NB-100</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>La investigaci&#x00F3;n a la que se hace referencia es: (NATEC-ID). &#x201C;An&#x00E1;lisis de los procesos de (des-re) conexi&#x00F3;n con la NATuraleza y la TECnolog&#x00ED;a en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la IDentidad del ni&#x00F1;o&#x201D; -PID2021-122993NB-100-. IP: Jos&#x00E9; Manuel Mu&#x00F1;oz Rodr&#x00ED;guez.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-33024-ES">
<label>1.</label>
<title>P<sc>lanteamiento de la cuesti&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>Situarse en los enclaves educativos del entorno es plantear el discurso desde una de las dos dimensiones vitales del ser humano: la espacial. Todo cuanto realiza cualquier ser humano viene referido a un espacio en el que queda comprendida su acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-33024-ES">Brown, 2025</xref>). Junto con el tiempo, el espacio es la dimensi&#x00F3;n sin la cual no podemos entender, en toda su extensi&#x00F3;n, un proceso de humanizaci&#x00F3;n, un proceso educativo. El entorno, tema central de este monogr&#x00E1;fico, traducido en t&#x00E9;rminos de espacio, en cuanto que dimensi&#x00F3;n vital de la educaci&#x00F3;n, nos permite situar el discurso en aquello que hace de la educaci&#x00F3;n un proceso vitalmente necesario, pues deja anclada la acci&#x00F3;n educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-33024-ES">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>Cuando esta dimensi&#x00F3;n vital se traduce en t&#x00E9;rminos tangibles, se convierte en un entorno o lugar en el que pasan y se hacen cosas, muchas de ellas derivadas de la acci&#x00F3;n del cuerpo humano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-33024-ES">Plage et al., 2025</xref>); cosas que pueden ser traducidas, de inmediato, en t&#x00E9;rminos educativos. Porque s&#x00F3;lo si consideramos esta vertiente pr&#x00E1;ctica y de acci&#x00F3;n, podremos ver el entorno como fuente de informaci&#x00F3;n donde conviven estimulaciones en t&#x00E9;rminos de comunicaci&#x00F3;n, relaci&#x00F3;n, afecto, educaci&#x00F3;n, en definitiva, que se producen como consecuencia de las transacciones entre el cuerpo humano y el entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-33024-ES">Polson, 2022</xref>). La acci&#x00F3;n educativa no s&#x00F3;lo se regula por aspectos normativos morales sino, tambi&#x00E9;n, por normas espaciales, de forma que existen entornos que posibilitan determinadas acciones corporales humanas y otros que inhiben determinados comportamientos en el ser humano.</p>
<p>Desde los diferentes entornos en los que podemos ver y representar acciones educativas, el entorno natural ha venido derivando en las investigaciones como un entorno &#x00F3;ptimo para los procesos de edificabilidad humana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-33024-ES">Humphreys y Blenkinsop, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-33024-ES">Bikomeye et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-33024-ES">P&#x00E9;rez del Pulgar et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-33024-ES">Serrate-Gonz&#x00E1;lez et al., 2025</xref>). Entendiendo la educaci&#x00F3;n como actividad situada, el entorno natural permite al ser humano, en general, y a su cuerpo en particular, entender la educaci&#x00F3;n y, por tanto, la comunicaci&#x00F3;n, la relaci&#x00F3;n, el afecto, etc., en t&#x00E9;rminos de percepci&#x00F3;n, de ponerse en disposici&#x00F3;n de ver, o&#x00ED;r, oler, tocar, sentir, gozar de cosas que portan un valor educativo, comprendiendo los procesos educativos b&#x00E1;sicos m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de su funci&#x00F3;n argumentativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-33024-ES">Jonas, 2000</xref>). Porque no s&#x00F3;lo tienen competencia comunicativa, relacional, sentimental, los seres humanos entre s&#x00ED;, de manera intersubjetiva, sino que hemos de hablar de comunidad argumentativa donde el di&#x00E1;logo educativo se lleva a cabo a tres bandas: el yo, el tu y lo otro, comprendiendo lo otro como esas cosas del entorno natural que comportan educaci&#x00F3;n desde su interdependencia con el ser humano y, en especial, con su cuerpo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-33024-ES">Leopold, 1949</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-33024-ES">Riechman, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-33024-ES">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>El reto viene cuando vivimos de espaldas a dicho entorno, cuando nuestro cuerpo ha dejado de deambular entre las cosas de la naturaleza o, al menos, frecuentarlas mucho menos, llegando a hablar de d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza y orfandad paisaj&#x00ED;stica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-33024-ES">Louv, 2012</xref>). Somos lo que vemos, lo que o&#x00ED;mos, lo que tocamos u olemos; observamos las ciudades de hoy en d&#x00ED;a, y vemos plazas que a&#x00F1;os atr&#x00E1;s estaban plagadas de naturaleza y que hoy no pasan de ser foros abiertos pegados al cemento y la baldosa, despreocupados del contacto con lo natural y su funci&#x00F3;n clim&#x00E1;tica; o los patios de los colegios ligados a escalas de grises y cemento armado que se&#x00F1;alan la necesidad de otros paisajes, otras sonoridades, una nutrici&#x00F3;n paisaj&#x00ED;stica corporal ligada al entorno natural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-33024-ES">De Tapia y Salvado, 2021</xref>). En contraposici&#x00F3;n al argumento demandado, vivimos un fen&#x00F3;meno que preocupa y ocupa a los investigadores: el super&#x00E1;vit de tecnolog&#x00ED;a que tiene la sociedad hoy en d&#x00ED;a, el exceso de pantalla que ha permitido al ser humano vivir conectado permanentemente a la red (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-33024-ES">Caballero-Julia et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>Ante esta fenomenolog&#x00ED;a social, en este trabajo intentaremos responder a las siguientes preguntas: &#x00BF;Por qu&#x00E9; nuestro cuerpo tiende a meterse en la pantalla permanentemente y a ir paulatinamente alej&#x00E1;ndose de la naturaleza? &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; pedagog&#x00ED;a es necesaria para edificar un ser humano que se reconozca y que reconozca su cuerpo como parte de ese medio natural? &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo se comporta el ser humano, desde su cuerpo, en uno y en otro entorno? &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo leer, desde un punto de vista te&#x00F3;rico, la intervenci&#x00F3;n socio educativa a tenor de la relaci&#x00F3;n cuerpo-entorno natural? &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo perciben los ni&#x00F1;os y las ni&#x00F1;as, en el &#x00FA;ltimo tramo de la infancia, el v&#x00ED;nculo cuerpo-entorno natural? Las respuestas nos llevar&#x00E1;n a mostrar la intervenci&#x00F3;n educativa como aquella que nace de la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el cuerpo y su territorio, fomentando comprensiones creativas de los entornos naturales, con el fin de que sugieran un poder de transformaci&#x00F3;n que impacte en el desarrollo humano. Los resultados obtenidos en un estudio nacional de corte cuantitativo y cualitativo con ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as de 9 a 12 a&#x00F1;os nos han permitido entender la necesidad de pasar y vivir tiempo en la naturaleza, no s&#x00F3;lo alrededor de ella.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-ES"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-33024-ES">
<label>2.</label>
<title>C<sc>uerpo</sc>, <sc>espacio y educaci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>La articulaci&#x00F3;n del trinomio cuerpo, espacio y educaci&#x00F3;n pasa por un proceso de recuperaci&#x00F3;n de determinados par&#x00E1;metros al hilo de distintas pedagog&#x00ED;as contempor&#x00E1;neas. En este sentido, cada vez son m&#x00E1;s las investigaciones que abordan, de forma directa el papel del cuerpo en la educaci&#x00F3;n y las praxis de distintas pedagog&#x00ED;as que incorporan lo sensible como base fundamental de los procesos educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-33024-ES">Gallo et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-33024-ES">Planella, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-33024-ES">Planella, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-33024-ES">Chac&#x00F3;n, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-33024-ES">Donato et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-33024-ES">Galvis et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-33024-ES">Coffey et al., 2016</xref>). A partir de dichos estudios podemos afirmar que los cuerpos tienen, en los m&#x00FA;ltiples espacios, la posibilidad de desplegarse desde l&#x00F3;gicas menos constre&#x00F1;idas, pasando de ser pensados y ejecutados como cerebros que aprenden a subjetividades desbordantes que se desarrollan desde y con lo sensible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-33024-ES">Planella, 2017</xref>). No obstante, esta afirmaci&#x00F3;n no pretende universalizar una &#x00FA;nica corporalidad infantil ni una sola forma de naturaleza. Las posibilidades de dicho despliegue est&#x00E1;n siempre atravesadas por condiciones materiales, simb&#x00F3;licas y culturales como puede ser el g&#x00E9;nero, la clase social, la edad, los contextos institucionales, etc. que configuran m&#x00FA;ltiples formas de &#x201C;ser cuerpo&#x201D; en la educaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Este cambio de paradigma no es meramente ret&#x00F3;rico o conceptual, sino que implica una transformaci&#x00F3;n profunda en la manera de concebir y organizar los procesos educativos y la derivada intervenci&#x00F3;n educativa, como veremos a lo largo de este trabajo. La recuperaci&#x00F3;n del cuerpo en la educaci&#x00F3;n supone reconocer que el aprendizaje no se produce &#x00FA;nicamente en y desde la dimensi&#x00F3;n cognitiva abstracta, sino que involucra la totalidad de la experiencia humana a trav&#x00E9;s de sus dimensiones emocional, sensorial, motriz, comunicacional y relacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-33024-ES">Planella, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-33024-ES">Louv, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-33024-ES">Gallo et al., 2025</xref>). Esta perspectiva hol&#x00ED;stica cuestiona los modelos educativos heredados de la modernidad cartesiana, que han privilegiado hist&#x00F3;ricamente la mente por encima del cuerpo, lo racional sobre lo sensible y lo abstracto frente a lo experiencial.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-33024-ES">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Estudios sobre el cuerpo y la educaci&#x00F3;n</title>
<p>Esta forma de entender la educaci&#x00F3;n vincula necesariamente la praxis educativa con el cuerpo y los espacios en los que tiene lugar la acci&#x00F3;n educativa. En palabras de Ruiz, se trata de partir de la idea de que &#x201C;el sujeto incompleto, un sujeto no preparado, es la representaci&#x00F3;n pertinente en el espacio tradicional&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-33024-ES">2021</xref>, p. 36), y ese espacio tradicional ha sido transformado por diferentes procesos y dispositivos. En los &#x00FA;ltimos a&#x00F1;os hemos asistido a transformaciones profundas que han situado en el centro de la acci&#x00F3;n educativa a la tecnolog&#x00ED;a &#x2014;dispositivos, interfaces, redes sociales, inteligencias generativas&#x2014; y, en muchos casos, como efecto de esa incorporaci&#x00F3;n, ha tenido lugar un desplazamiento de lo sensitivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-33024-ES">Selwyn, 2020</xref>). Conviene subrayar, sin embargo, que esta mediaci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica no funciona de forma homog&#x00E9;nea, ya que el acceso a los dispositivos, a los niveles de conectividad y a sus condiciones de uso, se encuentran socialmente distribuidos. Ello puede contribuir a ocultar y naturalizar ciertas desigualdades bajo una apariencia de neutralidad tecnol&#x00F3;gica. Siguiendo el planteamiento original de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-33024-ES">Bourdieu (1997)</xref> cabe decir que las experiencias corporales mediadas por la tecnolog&#x00ED;a se configuran de manera diferente seg&#x00FA;n los contextos socioecon&#x00F3;micos, culturales y familiares, generando formas diversas de relaci&#x00F3;n con el saber, el tiempo y el espacio educativo. De este modo, la pantalla no constituye un entorno universal para todos los cuerpos, sino que se trata de un dispositivo que amplifica o restringe las posibilidades de participaci&#x00F3;n, de atenci&#x00F3;n y de presencia. Reconocer esta dimensi&#x00F3;n permite evitar una comprensi&#x00F3;n abstracta de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a y atender a c&#x00F3;mo &#x00E9;sta reconfigura, de manera desigual, las formas de estar, sentir y aprender en la escuela (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-33024-ES">Selwyn, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Es as&#x00ED; como la pedagog&#x00ED;a de los datos ha desplazado, en parte, a la pedagog&#x00ED;a de las cosas y, posteriormente, a la pedagog&#x00ED;a de la persona y su cuerpo, dando lugar a procesos educativos excesivamente basados en la abstracci&#x00F3;n y con escasa incorporaci&#x00F3;n de dimensiones como la tactilidad, la visibilidad, la audici&#x00F3;n u otras formas de percepci&#x00F3;n. Cuando hablamos de experiencia penta-sensorial, hacemos referencia a la activaci&#x00F3;n de los cinco sentidos (vista, o&#x00ED;do, tacto, olfato y gusto) como condici&#x00F3;n material del aprendizaje encarnado. Esta deriva tecnoc&#x00E9;ntrica ha generado, parad&#x00F3;jicamente, una suerte de desencarnaci&#x00F3;n educativa, donde los estudiantes interact&#x00FA;an de forma creciente con pantallas y representaciones digitales, mientras su experiencia corporal directa del mundo se ve reducida o mediada por dispositivos tecnol&#x00F3;gicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-33024-ES">Maurette, 2017</xref>). No obstante, resulta necesario evitar una oposici&#x00F3;n simplista entre presencia corporal y mediaci&#x00F3;n digital, ya que tambi&#x00E9;n en la experiencia en y a trav&#x00E9;s de la pantalla se ponen en juego formas espec&#x00ED;ficas de corporalidad vivida, de afecci&#x00F3;n y de relaci&#x00F3;n con el entorno. Podr&#x00ED;amos hablar de una suerte de encarnaci&#x00F3;n digital.</p>
<p>Es necesario recuperar las palabras de Pallasmaa para entenderlo de forma contextual: &#x201C;adquirir una habilidad no se basa fundamentalmente en la ense&#x00F1;anza verbal, sino m&#x00E1;s bien en la transferencia directa de las destrezas desde los m&#x00FA;sculos del maestro a los del aprendiz a trav&#x00E9;s de un acto de percepci&#x00F3;n sensorial y de m&#x00ED;mesis corporal&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-33024-ES">2012</xref>, p. 12). Para este autor, la transmisi&#x00F3;n incorpora de manera central la presencia encarnada de educador y educando, siendo esta corporalidad compartida un elemento clave de todo proceso educativo. Ello resulta especialmente relevante en aquellas pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que requieren el desarrollo de habilidades sensorio-motrices complejas, donde el conocimiento se encarna literalmente en gestos, movimientos y formas de percibir y actuar en el mundo.</p>
<p>Sobre esta cuesti&#x00F3;n insiste tambi&#x00E9;n Octavi Fullat cuando afirma que &#x201C;conocemos las cosas del mundo porque &#x00E9;stas son la prolongaci&#x00F3;n de mi carne. El mundo es mi cuerpo exterior; que s&#x00F3;lo artificiosamente puede pensarse como objeto&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-33024-ES">1997</xref>, p. 43). De este modo, emerge una idea central que ubica la educaci&#x00F3;n como un proceso integral que no puede relegar al cuerpo a un mero residuo o a un cuerpo-objeto (<italic>K&#x00F6;rper</italic>), siendo necesario su reconocimiento como cuerpo-sujeto (<italic>Leib</italic>). Esta distinci&#x00F3;n fenomenol&#x00F3;gica, ampliamente trabajada en el campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n corporal, permite comprender c&#x00F3;mo la escuela ha tendido hist&#x00F3;ricamente a gestionar los cuerpos como objetos disciplinados, en lugar de reconocerlos como cuerpos vividos y experienciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-33024-ES">Planella, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-33024-ES">Taborda de Oliveira y Fern&#x00E1;ndez Vaz, 2011</xref>). Una pedagog&#x00ED;a encarnada reconoce, por el contrario, el cuerpo como condici&#x00F3;n de posibilidad del aprendizaje significativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-33024-ES">Schilling, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Entendemos, pues, a la pedagog&#x00ED;a cercana tambi&#x00E9;n a la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a que nos propone que somos seres extendidos en el espacio y lo hacemos desde nuestro cuerpo, desde nuestras sensibilidades desplegadas. Esta mirada es relevante para el impulso de una pedagog&#x00ED;a que parte de la idea que somos cuerpo y no que tenemos un cuerpo. El matiz ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;stico ubica la concepci&#x00F3;n corporal mucho m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de una materialidad objetual para concebirla desde el eje de lo simb&#x00F3;lico-cultural. Esta formulaci&#x00F3;n implica una transformaci&#x00F3;n epistemol&#x00F3;gica que disuelve la dualidad mente-cuerpo y permite comprender la relaci&#x00F3;n entre corporalidad, entorno y experiencia educativa.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-33024-ES">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>Situando los cuerpos en los espacios</title>
<p>Es necesario realizar una relectura del impactante trabajo prospectivo de Marc Aug&#x00E9;, al hablar de los No lugares, y ello es as&#x00ED; porque dicho trabajo ha tomado m&#x00E1;s fuerza y consistencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-33024-ES">1993</xref>) en nuestra contemporaneidad. As&#x00ED;, el No lugar, <italic>Non-lieu</italic>, es, por definici&#x00F3;n, lo contrario de la escuela, del parque, del espacio p&#x00FA;blico (el lugar p&#x00FA;blico) donde pasan determinadas cosas que no suceden en otros espacios. El espacio f&#x00ED;sico (no pasa exactamente lo mismo en el digital) hace que el sujeto tenga que desplegar sus sentidos, articulando una forma concreta de ser y estar en ese espacio espec&#x00ED;fico.</p>
<p>Los no-lugares de Aug&#x00E9; &#x2014;aeropuertos, autopistas, supermercados, cadenas hoteleras, centros comerciales, cajeros autom&#x00E1;ticos, etc.&#x2014; se caracterizan por su car&#x00E1;cter an&#x00F3;nimo, transitorio y estandarizado. Son espacios de paso donde las personas circulan sin establecer v&#x00ED;nculos significativos, sin crear historia ni memoria colectiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-33024-ES">Aug&#x00E9;, 1993</xref>). Por contraste, los lugares antropol&#x00F3;gicos tradicionales se definen precisamente por su capacidad de generar identidad, relaciones y sentido de pertenencia. La escuela, por ejemplo, en su concepci&#x00F3;n ideal, deber&#x00ED;a situarse claramente en esta segunda categor&#x00ED;a: como espacio de encuentro, de construcci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos, de generaci&#x00F3;n de experiencias compartidas que configuran biograf&#x00ED;as individuales y colectivas. La escuela vista y entendida como un lugar vivo, el lugar de los sentidos. Sin embargo, siguiendo con la escuela como espacio educativo f&#x00ED;sico de referencia, es pertinente preguntarse hasta qu&#x00E9; punto las escuelas contempor&#x00E1;neas, con su arquitectura estandarizada, sus espacios hiperregulados, sus temporalidades fragmentadas y su creciente virtualizaci&#x00F3;n, no est&#x00E1;n adoptando caracter&#x00ED;sticas propias de los no-lugares. Cuando los espacios escolares se dise&#x00F1;an y utilizan de manera que los cuerpos deben permanecer inm&#x00F3;viles, cuando se prioriza la circulaci&#x00F3;n eficiente sobre la permanencia significativa, cuando se privilegian las interacciones virtuales sobre los encuentros presenciales, la escuela y muchos otros espacios destinados a lo educativo corren el riesgo de transformarse en un no-lugar donde se transita, pero no se habita verdaderamente.</p>
<p>Esta realidad invita a mirar hacia los entornos naturales como espacios donde los cuerpos pueden desplegarse desde otras l&#x00F3;gicas sensibles, sin asumir lo natural como una categor&#x00ED;a homog&#x00E9;nea ni universal. Porque el entorno natural, o por lo menos la materialidad que lo configura, no hace que vivamos de forma separada el mundo material del mundo mental; todo lo contrario, permite precisamente esa yuxtaposici&#x00F3;n de planos que hacen del ser humano un ser-en-el-mundo y que tiene experiencia corp&#x00F3;rea del mismo, pensamiento sensorial y desarrolla los procesos de aprendizaje tambi&#x00E9;n desde esos par&#x00E1;metros.</p>
<p>Partimos entonces de la idea fundamental que la escuela se vincula directamente con la idea de espacio, de lugar o de territorio y ello se vincula directamente con las formas de habitar pedag&#x00F3;gicamente esos espacios, lugares o territorios. Para N&#x00F6;el yo soy el espacio donde estoy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-33024-ES">1950</xref>) y ello nos invita a pensar sobre las posibilidades reales de ubicar a los cuerpos de la educaci&#x00F3;n (educadores y educandos) en un espacio tangible que posibilite el ser y aprender desde el estar, desde ese lugar llamado escuela. Tambi&#x00E9;n para Bosch la escuela es un lugar, en el sentido que "la escuela es el nombre de un espacio, de caracter&#x00ED;sticas f&#x00ED;sicas m&#x00E1;s o menos afortunadas, que sabemos existente en todas las ciudades y en la mayor&#x00ED;a de los pueblos del mundo" (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-33024-ES">2009</xref>, p. 117). Pero ese lugar no puede ni debe limitarse a la materialidad de este ni a lo que los edificios construidos delimiten. La escuela tiene lugar y existe en otros muchos espacios, entre los cuales &#x2014;de forma privilegiada&#x2014; los entornos naturales.</p>
<p>La apertura hacia lo exterior, hacia espacios no convencionales, no implica un desplazamiento acr&#x00ED;tico hacia la naturaleza, sino una ampliaci&#x00F3;n de las posibilidades educativas desde contextos materiales que favorecen la movilidad, la sensibilidad y la experiencia situada del aprendizaje. De esta forma, si retomamos el trabajo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-33024-ES">Aug&#x00E9; (1993)</xref> y su cr&#x00ED;tica a las formas contempor&#x00E1;neas de habitar el mundo nos damos cuenta de que, para &#x00E9;l, esos espacios no pueden considerarse lugares antropol&#x00F3;gicos en el sentido tradicional. Su nueva ubicaci&#x00F3;n y condici&#x00F3;n los sit&#x00FA;a en la categor&#x00ED;a de anonimato, de tr&#x00E1;nsito y no estandarizados. En este punto es pertinente preguntarnos qu&#x00E9; queda de la escuela y de los espacios educativos contempor&#x00E1;neos cuando los leemos desde el trinomio Cuerpo, Espacio y Educaci&#x00F3;n y especialmente para desvelar si las formas de ejercer la pedagog&#x00ED;a contempor&#x00E1;nea tienen o no en cuenta elementos fundamentales como lo natural, lo corporal, lo sensitivo en las praxis educativas.</p>
<p>A tenor de la reflexi&#x00F3;n de Pallasmaa, el espacio puede ser otro espacio, un espacio no convencional ubicado m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de las paredes que configuran el aula, de los pasillos que permiten la circulaci&#x00F3;n por la escuela, de la biblioteca o de la sala de gimnasia. El espacio puede ser artificial (los artefactos que configuran el dispositivo "escuela") o natural. El paisaje natural es, por antonomasia, uno de los espacios donde los procesos de aprendizaje tienen lugar de forma natural tal y como aparece en los modelos pedag&#x00F3;gicos del naturalismo rousseauniano (con una apuesta clara por el retorno a la naturaleza), en el proyecto de la Escuela del Mar de la Barcelona republicana (con los cuerpos al aire libre, aprendiendo de forma directa con el entorno mar&#x00ED;timo natural), etc.</p>
<p>Es as&#x00ED; como en el espacio natural los cuerpos del estudiantado se mueven y evolucionan de forma menos constre&#x00F1;ida. Los sentidos fluyen de forma libre en el entorno natural y ese potencial radical los lleva a posibilitar otras formas de aprendizaje. Lo cognitivo sigue ah&#x00ED;, pero todos los sentidos se movilizan desde otros par&#x00E1;metros en el desarrollo humano. En el bosque, en la playa, en el campo, los estudiantes pueden correr, saltar, trepar, explorar texturas, olores, sonidos que jam&#x00E1;s encontrar&#x00ED;an en el aula convencional. Esta libertad de movimiento y riqueza sensorial no es un mero complemento recreativo del desarrollo y de la educaci&#x00F3;n, sino que constituye en s&#x00ED; misma una forma privilegiada de conocimiento encarnado del mundo.</p>
<p>Con ello emerge la idea de que el cuerpo no es una parte pasiva del ser humano, sino que juega un rol activo en los procesos educativos. Pero el entorno natural no es solamente un espacio donde desarrollar determinados aprendizajes corporales, sino que es justamente en ese espacio que los sentidos despiertan y se movilizan en su totalidad. La activaci&#x00F3;n sensorial no puede entenderse de manera abstracta, sino siempre en relaci&#x00F3;n con contextos concretos, con cuerpos situados y con las condiciones materiales espec&#x00ED;ficas que hacen posible, o limitan, dichas experiencias educativas.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-33024-ES">
<label>3.</label>
<title>E<sc>l cuerpo frente a la sinergia dual de los espacios natural y tecnol&#x00F3;gico</sc></title>
<p>En la actualidad resulta un hecho admitido que la cultura del cuerpo impera en muchos &#x00F3;rdenes de la vida; la cultura del cuerpo frente a la persona. M&#x00E1;s a&#x00FA;n, en un discurso m&#x00E1;s superficial, la cultura del objeto, de la cosa, frente a la cultura del sujeto, tambi&#x00E9;n forma parte del d&#x00ED;a a d&#x00ED;a de nuestra sociedad. Los intereses comerciales, econ&#x00F3;micos, tecnol&#x00F3;gicos, han conseguido que la persona pase a un segundo plano, y la cosa, el objeto se encuentre en un primer plano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-33024-ES">Thoilliez, 2025</xref>). Tal es as&#x00ED; que las cosas y los objetos se construyen, se consideran y se hacen representando al sujeto, a la persona, pero sin realmente preocuparse de ella, m&#x00E1;s que para poder captarla, incluso atraparla frente a un escaparate, un coche, o una pantalla, entre otros. Objetos y cosas aparentemente impersonales, cuya neutralidad, al menos en educaci&#x00F3;n, no pasa desapercibida, pues es la que termina trazando el sendero que va del sujeto al objeto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-33024-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a del Dujo, 2022</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-6-33024-ES">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title>Pantalla versus naturaleza: del dualismo dicot&#x00F3;mico al dualismo dial&#x00E9;ctico</title>
<p>El objeto por excelencia, hoy en d&#x00ED;a, es el entorno tecnol&#x00F3;gico, la pantalla y todo lo que asoma a trav&#x00E9;s de ella, porque, por suerte, gracias a las numerosas investigaciones que ya tenemos, cada vez esconde menos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-33024-ES">Caballero-Julia et al., 2024</xref>). Una pantalla entendida como el lugar en el que conviven los j&#x00F3;venes y no tan j&#x00F3;venes, en el que est&#x00E1;n, donde viven, y de donde les cuesta salir, aunque sea un momento para compartir una comida de amigos. La pantalla, entendida tambi&#x00E9;n como territorio de relaci&#x00F3;n y comunicaci&#x00F3;n, a partir de esa visi&#x00F3;n omniabarcadora que se le ha dado, engloba todo tipo de planteamientos econ&#x00F3;micos, sociales, culturales, personales y, en consecuencia, educativos, comprendida como una aut&#x00E9;ntica pr&#x00E1;ctica social, que figura como otras muchas en el conjunto de la sociedad. Es ese objeto, convertido en lugar, que vehicula, de una u otra manera, el desarrollo de la persona a trav&#x00E9;s de su dimensi&#x00F3;n espacial, desafiando al que ha venido siendo el lugar por excelencia del desarrollo humano: el entorno natural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-33024-ES">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Y aqu&#x00ED; situamos el tri&#x00E1;logo entre el yo, el t&#x00FA; y lo otro. De un lado, la persona, junto con otras personas, frente a la pantalla, lugar preferido de la convivencia actual; de otro lado, los seres humanos junto a la naturaleza, espacio de relaci&#x00F3;n que poco a poco se ha ido denostando; y finalmente, el cuerpo y los cuerpos frente al entorno artificial, versus el cuerpo y los cuerpos frente al entorno natural. No estamos defendiendo un dualismo dicot&#x00F3;mico que va de esto o aquello, de la naturaleza frente a la pantalla, y mucho menos de demonizar, valga la expresi&#x00F3;n, el entorno tecnol&#x00F3;gico. M&#x00E1;s bien defendemos un dualismo dial&#x00E9;ctico que nos invita a ver lo uno y lo otro como complementarios, desde el conocimiento de las potencialidades de uno y otro, pero en la b&#x00FA;squeda de la complementariedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-33024-ES">Liukkonen et al., 2025</xref>). Frente a un planteamiento contrario, proponemos uno complementario apoyado en una dial&#x00E9;ctica veros&#x00ED;mil y posible entre lo natural y lo artificial como caldos de cultivo de la persona cuyo primer eslab&#x00F3;n de desarrollo es el cuerpo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-33024-ES">Prieto, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>Toda realidad espacial, natural o artificial, interioriza al ser humano. De una u otra manera, tanto el espacio virtual, representado en la pantalla, como el espacio natural, representado en un bosque, una pradera, una era, un parque o un jard&#x00ED;n, son interiores y exteriores al mismo tiempo; &#x201C;el espacio como un dentro y un fuera&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-33024-ES">Zubiri, 1996</xref>, p. 167) nos permite ver la potencialidad que tiene para el desarrollo personal, donde el cuerpo entra y sale, se queda, se mueve, y permite ir interiorizando las diferentes dimensiones que uno y otro espacio aportan, m&#x00E1;s o menos constructivas. En unas ocasiones se instala en ellos, en otras se construye; es el dentro y el fuera de mi cuerpo que se complementan, siendo uno y otro, indistintamente, lo vasto y lo concreto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-33024-ES">Balling et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Y es esa complementariedad la que nos permite, a nivel educativo, entender la potencialidad de uno y otro escenario; situarse, a la vez, tanto en el interior como en el exterior de un momento, de un acontecimiento, de un lugar, es entender el espacio como una estructura edificante, particular y sincr&#x00F3;nica; la pantalla o la naturaleza, vistas desde dentro, se cruzan permanentemente con los s&#x00ED;mbolos, materialidades, cosas que se ven desde fuera, permiti&#x00E9;ndonos una interpretaci&#x00F3;n sint&#x00E9;tica del espacio, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de derechos y hechos aislados en uno y otro lugar. Tanto en uno como en otro debemos perseguir que el cuerpo humano no solo se coloque, sino que se sit&#x00FA;e, ser en los lugares y no s&#x00F3;lo estar un determinado lugar. Sin situaci&#x00F3;n no hay identidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-33024-ES">Charteris et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>As&#x00ED; las cosas, cabe preguntarse: &#x00BF;Hay argumentos que nos permitan decir que el ser humano, su corporalidad, necesita de naturaleza m&#x00E1;s que de pantallas? &#x00BF;El super&#x00E1;vit de tecnolog&#x00ED;a al que estamos sometidos es realmente edificante para el ser humano? Pensemos en el proceso de construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria en un nivel b&#x00E1;sico. La identidad humana, personal y colectiva, que comienza por el cuerpo, es construida; ahora bien, lo importante es ver el c&#x00F3;mo, desde qu&#x00E9; y para qu&#x00E9;. El cuerpo, cuando atraviesa uno u otro espacio, utiliza materiales de la historia, de la biolog&#x00ED;a, de las instituciones, de la memoria, incluso de la fantas&#x00ED;a, proces&#x00E1;ndolos y reorden&#x00E1;ndolos en un sentido concreto, seg&#x00FA;n las determinaciones del lugar, naturales o artificiales, que ponen en disposici&#x00F3;n de ser o no aut&#x00F3;nomo y responsable al ser humano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-33024-ES">Woolner et al., 2018</xref>). El grado de flexibilidad, que nos permite poner l&#x00ED;mites, es fundamental, pues no determina lo corporal m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del alcance de la vida. Y es ah&#x00ED; donde radica la diferencia: en el mundo de la vida, en todo aquello que el cuerpo utiliza cuando atraviesa uno u otro espacio para ir viviendo.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-33024-ES">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title>El cuerpo frente a la pantalla y/o la naturaleza: hacia un humanismo de pertenencia a lo natural</title>
<p>Las externalidades de los lugares adquieren en el cuerpo ese car&#x00E1;cter de mosaico social que favorece su identificaci&#x00F3;n, su ubicaci&#x00F3;n, mostrando una variedad de matices que nos permiten ver el potencial educativo de uno y otro entorno. Porque el ser humano, a trav&#x00E9;s de su cuerpo, es un ser entreabierto, es decir, se manifiesta y se oculta permanentemente a trav&#x00E9;s de movimientos de cierre y apertura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-33024-ES">Bachelard, 1965</xref>). La cuesti&#x00F3;n es que los espacios naturales tienen una estructura que visualiza a un cuerpo permeable abierto al exterior, que aprehende todo cuanto le rodea; en cambio, en la pantalla, ese ser entreabierto se muestra m&#x00E1;s oculto, menos permeable a su actuaci&#x00F3;n responsable, libre y creativa. Uno organiza el mundo interior de forma m&#x00E1;s disponible al exterior que el otro; los l&#x00ED;mites de lo construido en el espacio natural son mucho m&#x00E1;s porosos que en la pantalla y disponen al ser humano en una situaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s favorable de cara a su desarrollo humano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-33024-ES">Silva-Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>La esencia del entorno natural reside en la correlaci&#x00F3;n que existe entre el interior y el exterior; la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a de lo natural frente a lo corporal, nos muestra una individualidad, una corporalidad coherente consigo misma pues permite la manifestaci&#x00F3;n de un individuo libre, aut&#x00F3;nomo, responsable, es decir, una persona cuyas dimensiones identitarias se desarrollan en plenitud. La naturaleza es un entorno rodeado de cualidades primarias, aquellas que se corresponden con propiedades inmutables del lugar, aspecto del que adolece la pantalla, que se apoya en propiedades secundarias, subjetivas, cambiantes, vol&#x00E1;tiles. Los entornos artificiales, la pantalla y todo lo que muestra, se construyen pensando en una corporeidad pura, porque su objetivo es manejarla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-33024-ES">L&#x2019;ecuyer et al., 2025</xref>); en cambio, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de una corporeidad pura, lo que nos interesa es el sentido que creamos al manejar esa corporeidad como seres humanos libres, aut&#x00F3;nomos, responsables y creativos; dimensiones que s&#x00ED; podemos desplegar en los entornos naturales.</p>
<p>Expliqu&#x00E9;moslo de otra forma; la digitalidad utiliza un lenguaje objetivo que crea espacios objetivos, pero el cuerpo necesita de lenguajes similares al humano, subjetivos, penta-sensoriales, no bi-sensoriales, o&#x00ED;do y vista solo, para desarrollarse en plenitud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-33024-ES">De Tapia y Salvado, 2021</xref>). La pantalla, objetivada, conduce a pensamientos &#x00FA;nicos, a verdades cuasi indiscutibles, desdibujando el car&#x00E1;cter corporal del ser humano y extinguiendo, en buena medida, la heterogeneidad de las corporalidades que all&#x00ED; se cruzan. En cambio, los factores subjetivos que pivotan en el entorno natural son el reflejo de la compleja trama corporal que despliega el ser humano, son un continuo transcurrir de acontecimientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-33024-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>La naturaleza permite el v&#x00ED;nculo, aquello que identifica lo uno y lo otro, el cuerpo y el espacio, como propios entre s&#x00ED;, interdependientes, pues permite la internalizaci&#x00F3;n de las cosas de la naturaleza, de su materialidad, en t&#x00E9;rminos edificantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-33024-ES">Nandyal, 2025</xref>). En el entorno natural, el ser humano pone en funcionamiento mecanismos de creaci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de meras relaciones, de identidades situadas m&#x00E1;s que de identidades est&#x00E1;ticas. El v&#x00ED;nculo permite una plena imbricaci&#x00F3;n, donde las cosas de la naturaleza son parte del proceso de construcci&#x00F3;n identitaria del ser humano. La naturaleza entra en el desarrollo humano como algo connatural a su esencia humana; no se trata de algo abstracto, secundario; ni mucho menos de infraestructuras para la acci&#x00F3;n educativa, sino ese algo superpuesto a la naturaleza humana que sit&#x00FA;a la relaci&#x00F3;n cuerpo-naturaleza en un nivel l&#x00F3;gico, de sentido com&#x00FA;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-33024-ES">Liukkonen et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>La relaci&#x00F3;n cuerpo-entorno debe ser interdependiente, y es ah&#x00ED; donde radica la diferencia del entorno natural con la pantalla. En la pantalla, el ser humano tambi&#x00E9;n ocupa lugares y manifiesta comportamientos an&#x00E1;logos a los vividos en los &#x00E1;mbitos anal&#x00F3;gicos; exponen lealtad a los sitios y a las gentes de esos sitios; m&#x00E1;s a&#x00FA;n se usan corporalmente c&#x00F3;digos de reconocimiento y se edifican ecosistemas vitales, pero siempre desde enclaves fr&#x00E1;giles, temporales. Y lo que es m&#x00E1;s delicado, nunca desde un humanismo de pertenencia o, mejor a&#x00FA;n, de interdependencia, porque la pantalla manda, mueve, y el ser humano se muestra dependiente de ella; no se trata de dominar la pantalla, pero s&#x00ED; de buscar mecanismos que la hagan interdependiente, como s&#x00ED; ocurre con el entorno natural donde cuerpo y lugar se buscan, se necesitan, se retroalimentan.</p>
<p>Hemos de conjugar la racionalidad funcional con la que la pantalla est&#x00E1; hecha con esa racionalidad sustancial del entorno natural cuyos elementos permiten v&#x00ED;nculos afectivos, comunicativos, significativos al ser humano, coadyuvando a la tr&#x00ED;ada del yo-tu-ello. Porque la persona es raz&#x00F3;n y pasi&#x00F3;n, cerebro y coraz&#x00F3;n, pero sin pasi&#x00F3;n, afecto, emoci&#x00F3;n, no hay verdadera raz&#x00F3;n. No es dif&#x00ED;cil encontrar en la red mecanismos de pertenencia que hacen compartir aficiones, juegos, deseos, gustos, a partir de v&#x00ED;nculos no establecidos, no visualizados, no encontrados directamente, pero existentes. El problema radica en la incapacidad de libertad y de autonom&#x00ED;a a la que se somete al ser humano.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-33024-ES">
<label>4.</label>
<title>L<sc>a acci&#x00F3;n educativa en los entornos naturales</sc>. L<sc>a simbiosis del territorio corporal con el territorio natural</sc></title>
<p>La acci&#x00F3;n educativa, entendida desde la relaci&#x00F3;n del ser humano con la naturaleza, siempre ser&#x00E1; anterior a cualquier forma de comunicaci&#x00F3;n, por muy compleja que esta sea, lo que significa entender la acci&#x00F3;n educativa como el modo de relacionarse y de comunicarse con la naturaleza, es decir, resultado y causa a la vez del hecho o proceso educativo. Nadie se atrever&#x00ED;a a negar que en la vida en general, y en la educaci&#x00F3;n en particular, no hay posibilidad de comprender la acci&#x00F3;n sin el lugar, porque todo, a fin de cuentas, se dirime en un territorio, lugar, plaza, plaza, calle o guarida. Porque, de ser una cosa la acci&#x00F3;n y otra el lugar, podr&#x00ED;amos pensar que toda acci&#x00F3;n se puede llevar a cabo en cualquier sitio, lo que vitalmente y, en consecuencia, educativamente, es rechazado.</p>
<p>Defendemos la idea de la naturaleza como lugar de acci&#x00F3;n, no como mera contextualizaci&#x00F3;n de la acci&#x00F3;n educativa, sino como oportunidad de acci&#x00F3;n encubierta susceptible de generar modos y formas de representaci&#x00F3;n corporal. La naturaleza como lugar polis&#x00E9;mico que favorece y vehicula una visi&#x00F3;n integral de la relaci&#x00F3;n yo-tu-ello. De esta forma la naturaleza pasa a ser patrimonio de la acci&#x00F3;n educativa y la educaci&#x00F3;n la considera elemento constitutivo del hecho educativo. La Pedagog&#x00ED;a debe organizar y planificar la acci&#x00F3;n educativa desde el significado, la comunicaci&#x00F3;n, el afecto o la emoci&#x00F3;n que conecta un entorno natural con el cuerpo humano. Y, en consecuencia, la acci&#x00F3;n educativa debe mostrarse como aquella que nace de la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el ser humano y el entorno natural, donde el cuerpo se inserta fomentando comprensiones creativas de la naturaleza.</p>
<sec id="sec-9-33024-ES">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>De la manera y oportunidad de entender la acci&#x00F3;n educativa en entornos naturales</title>
<p>La manera en la que quien programa, dise&#x00F1;a, visualiza y organiza una acci&#x00F3;n educativa, as&#x00ED; como la oportunidad que ve en el espacio o entorno en el que se desarrolla dicha acci&#x00F3;n van a ser cuestiones decisivas a la hora de establecer los mecanismos que van a mediar, de forma intencionada, en el proceso educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-33024-ES">Serrate y Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2025</xref>). El espacio se convierte en el eje central de la influencia e intermediaci&#x00F3;n educativa que queremos conseguir.</p>
<p>El espacio natural, entendido como espacio educativo, genera interferencias y tiene influencia en la construcci&#x00F3;n de realidades que ofrecen oportunidades de autorrealizaci&#x00F3;n individual, pero tambi&#x00E9;n colectiva. Porque el espacio natural educa, ofreciendo experiencias de autorrealizaci&#x00F3;n personal necesarias para una construcci&#x00F3;n introspectiva a partir de las oportunidades que ofrece el escuchar, el sentir, el ver, el oler, el percibir. Y tambi&#x00E9;n ofrece oportunidades educativas colectivas, de socializaci&#x00F3;n, de relaci&#x00F3;n con los otros y con lo otro. Se trata de un espacio donde se ponen a prueba y se practican todas las habilidades vitalmente necesarias para vivir, convivir y sobrevivir en un mundo complejo, habilidades de relaci&#x00F3;n social, comunicativas, pero tambi&#x00E9;n habilidades de supervivencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-33024-ES">Zylstra et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>La pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa en contextos naturales est&#x00E1; cargada de acciones cuya influencia est&#x00E1; sistematizada en una secuencia racionalmente fundamentada que permite al ser humano estar, ser y hacer. Pero, a su vez, es una pr&#x00E1;ctica cargada de espontaneidad e improvisaci&#x00F3;n que invita a la exploraci&#x00F3;n del ser y sentir y del percibir. Precisamente en esta compatibilidad dual y positiva entre la acci&#x00F3;n sistematizada y programada y la acci&#x00F3;n espont&#x00E1;nea e improvisada es d&#x00F3;nde cobra sentido la idea de que el entorno natural es parte -y no un aparte- de la acci&#x00F3;n educativa. La naturaleza no es un entorno artificial y edificado por el ser humano; la naturaleza, como entorno, educa per se, invita al ser antes que, al tener, al estar antes que al hacer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-33024-ES">Freire, 2026</xref>).</p>
<p>M&#x00E1;s a&#x00FA;n, la acci&#x00F3;n educativa encuentra en la naturaleza la perfecta aliada para mediar en procesos que favorecen el movimiento y la experimentaci&#x00F3;n, a diferencia de espacios como el digital dise&#x00F1;ados sin intencionalidad educativa, donde la tecnolog&#x00ED;a no ha sido capaz, a&#x00FA;n, de convertirse en socia para favorecer que ese espacio tambi&#x00E9;n de relaci&#x00F3;n, comunicaci&#x00F3;n y convivencia eduque por s&#x00ED; mismo. La naturaleza posibilita realizar acciones reflexivas y de introspecci&#x00F3;n, pero tambi&#x00E9;n f&#x00ED;sicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-33024-ES">Adam y Beauchamp, 2021</xref>) generadores de experiencias biof&#x00ED;licas, que permiten una mejor percepci&#x00F3;n de la naturaleza, conexi&#x00F3;n con el entorno y mayor sentido y conocimiento del yo. Aporta calma, plenitud, libertad y relajaci&#x00F3;n, en una sociedad cada vez m&#x00E1;s acelerada. La intervenci&#x00F3;n basada y apoyada en espacios verdes, exteriores, ha demostrado mejorar el bienestar, porque permiten percibir el entorno y los propios sentimientos, generar autoconfianza, conectar con los dem&#x00E1;s y establecer relaciones rec&#x00ED;procas, procurando beneficios comportamentales, emocionales y sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-33024-ES">Chiumento et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Y es que, toda acci&#x00F3;n educativa es una intromisi&#x00F3;n en la vida de otra persona, de ah&#x00ED; que quien ejerce ese poder de intromisi&#x00F3;n, desde sus supuestos te&#x00F3;ricos o ideol&#x00F3;gicos del hecho educativo, debe tener seguridad respecto a que el hecho educativo se produzca en espacios, lugares que adem&#x00E1;s permitan cambiar o modificar realidades. Partiendo de la base de que la intervenci&#x00F3;n educativa no es neutral, no en t&#x00E9;rminos de represi&#x00F3;n o coerci&#x00F3;n sino como marco artificial que nace de una demanda m&#x00E1;s o menos definida o informal, el espacio natural puede invertir las jerarqu&#x00ED;as en torno a la capacidad de aprendizaje compartido basado en la experiencia y lo vivenciado entre quien educa y quien es educado.</p>
<p>Educar no es adiestrar, sino respetar y canalizar la vida y las ganas de vivir desde la autonom&#x00ED;a, la responsabilidad, la creatividad, consiguiendo mayor seguridad en s&#x00ED; mismo. Y eso es precisamente lo que permite la acci&#x00F3;n educativa desde el entorno natural, lo que acrecienta la relaci&#x00F3;n educativa, pues permite que entren en juego conocimientos contextuales, ligados al momento, a partir de aportaciones de quienes de manera individual o colectiva transitan por el entorno natural, generando una educaci&#x00F3;n que empodera la experiencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-33024-ES">Liukkonen et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Entran en juego as&#x00ED; los valores y el referente &#x00E9;tico del educador como modelo educativo a seguir tanto en la trasmisi&#x00F3;n de valores proactivos para la vida como en la transmisi&#x00F3;n de una educaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s social que asuma que el espacio natural es el que vitalmente hace sostenible la vida. Educar es acompa&#x00F1;ar y orientar, y en este sentido, la naturaleza, en tanto que espacio educativo generador de acciones, aumenta el valor de lo com&#x00FA;n, invita a educar para conformar identidades resilientes vitalmente vinculadas a un espacio favorecedor del desarrollo de conciencias ecol&#x00F3;gicas y sostenibles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-33024-ES">Sass et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>El entorno natural no enga&#x00F1;a, est&#x00E1; cargado de verdad, da muestras de ello y permite y anima a que la persona aprenda, se desarrolle, se eduque, a que experimente, descubra y transfiera a otras actividades, situaciones y contextos de la vida cotidiana. La acci&#x00F3;n educativa encuentra en este espacio un facilitador de oportunidades de crecimiento, principio b&#x00E1;sico de un proceso educativo, aprendiendo a ser viviendo y descubriendo(nos). El espacio natural, como espacio para la acci&#x00F3;n educativa, se convierte en lugar de vida compartida, como &#x00E1;mbito com&#x00FA;n de convivencia que invita al aprendizaje y favorece la autonom&#x00ED;a, la emancipaci&#x00F3;n y el protagonismo de quienes participan. El entorno natural, en definitiva, permite dialogar, como n&#x00FA;cleo central de construcci&#x00F3;n de acuerdos; m&#x00E1;s a&#x00FA;n, invita a ser escuchado y buscar puntos de encuentro; a diferencia de otros escenarios, el entorno natural siempre responde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-33024-ES">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-33024-ES">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>La infancia ante el binomio cuerpo-naturaleza</title>
<p>Puede dar la sensaci&#x00F3;n que hablar del binomio cuerpo-naturaleza es hacerlo de algo abstracto, inconcreto, gen&#x00E9;rico, etc. En cambio, desde el momento que lo analizamos comprobamos que lo que se ve son elementos vivos, din&#x00E1;micos, organizados, deseados, cuya comprensi&#x00F3;n y estudio s&#x00F3;lo es posible desde la consideraci&#x00F3;n de la naturaleza como elemento constitutivo de la acci&#x00F3;n educativa, en la que afloran numerosos aspectos de orden social, cultural, natural y/o personal. No existe la independencia del ni&#x00F1;o o la ni&#x00F1;a respecto del territorio, sino que son la interdependencia y el v&#x00ED;nculo los que afloran permanentemente.</p>
<p>La naturaleza, en tanto que entorno natural, se encuentra en un proceso constante de estructuraci&#x00F3;n y desestructuraci&#x00F3;n; es decir, facilita actitudes, comportamientos, pensamientos, relaciones entre los ni&#x00F1;os y las ni&#x00F1;as, proporcionando sentido a la acci&#x00F3;n educativa a trav&#x00E9;s de momentos, lugares, tiempos y espacios. Cuando hablas con los ni&#x00F1;os y las ni&#x00F1;as, la naturaleza es considerada no solo como algo natural, verde y bonita, sino tambi&#x00E9;n social, cultural, relacional. La entienden no como algo ya hecho, terminado, realizado, sino como algo posible, que se torna facilitadora, mediadora y como espacio social de convivencia argumentando: &#x201C;<italic>Es que la palabra naturaleza no la entiendo solo como &#x00E1;rboles, vegetaci&#x00F3;n, tambi&#x00E9;n la entiendo porque t&#x00FA; no eres el &#x00FA;nico que puede caminar por all&#x00ED;</italic>&#x201D; (Transcripci&#x00F3;n GD_023). Para que la posibilidad se transforme en realidad se necesita la creaci&#x00F3;n de condiciones educativas propicias para una acci&#x00F3;n edificante.</p>
<p>Venimos advirtiendo, en investigaciones previas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-33024-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-33024-ES">Serrate-Gonz&#x00E1;lez et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-33024-ES">Silva-Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-33024-ES">Caballero-Julia et al., 2025</xref>), que la infancia, cuando se la deja elegir, manifiesta querer pasar tiempo en la calle, ocupar el espacio al aire libre en los parques las plazuelas, donde encuentran momentos de interacci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s del juego que favorecen su proceso de socializaci&#x00F3;n. Se ha comprobado que esta preferencia es m&#x00E1;s pronunciada en ni&#x00F1;os que en ni&#x00F1;as, sin embargo, son las ni&#x00F1;as a diferencia de los ni&#x00F1;os quienes manifiestan mayor gusto y disfrute por el tiempo que pasan en espacios naturales, algo que se ve reflejado en la manifestaci&#x00F3;n del cuerpo cuando se oponen a volver a casa al finalizar el tiempo libre que tienen para disfrutar en estos espacios.</p>
<p>A nivel conductual, as&#x00ED; mismo, se reconoce que tanto ni&#x00F1;os como ni&#x00F1;as que prefieren pasar tiempo en la naturaleza frente a otros espacios como el hogar, suelen tener mayor autonom&#x00ED;a, lo que nos indica que el espacio natural educa y ense&#x00F1;a a regular su comportamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-33024-ES">Silva-Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2025</xref>). M&#x00E1;s a&#x00FA;n, la investigaci&#x00F3;n con infancia hasta el momento ha permitido comprobar c&#x00F3;mo aquellos ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as que manifiestan sentir m&#x00E1;s libertad a la hora de elegir estar y qu&#x00E9; hacer en espacios naturales, son quienes se&#x00F1;alan que en dichos espacios se sienten menos controlados y con menos restricciones por parte de los adultos, algo que facilita la capacidad de movimiento, de acci&#x00F3;n. Tambi&#x00E9;n hemos venido se&#x00F1;alando que, el uso moderado de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la naturaleza se asocia a emociones positivas, como alegr&#x00ED;a o curiosidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-33024-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>). Es importante se&#x00F1;alar el hecho de que, siendo los propios ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as quienes manifiestan sentir emociones positivas cuando pasan tiempo en entornos naturales, permite reforzar la tesis de que las experiencias en la naturaleza se relacionan con un mayor bienestar general y desarrollo personal &#x00F3;ptimo.</p>
<p>Los datos hablan por s&#x00ED; solos. De una muestra de 2.586 ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as residentes en Espa&#x00F1;a entre los 9 y los 12 a&#x00F1;os, participantes en el proyecto de investigaci&#x00F3;n NATEC-ID, citado anteriormente,<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-ES"><sup>2</sup></xref> 8 de cada 10 prefieren salir a la calle que estar en casa rodeado de pantallas, la infancia lo tiene claro. Y adem&#x00E1;s a trav&#x00E9;s de sus discursos hemos podido identificar en sus modos de pensar que entienden como espacio natural o naturaleza el espacio por excelencia de libertad para el movimiento corporal. Algo que reflejan de la siguiente manera:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>Yo en la naturaleza me siento libre y feliz, porque tienes espacio para hacer lo que t&#x00FA; quieras. Y cuando estoy utilizando la tecnolog&#x00ED;a pues es como que te sientes m&#x00E1;s encerrada, porque no te puedes mover</italic>&#x201D; (Transcripci&#x00F3;n GD_007).</p>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>En el campo me siento m&#x00E1;s libre porque puedo correr y hacer lo que quiera</italic>&#x201D; (Transcripci&#x00F3;n GD_030).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>De hecho, asocian el movimiento corporal y la emoci&#x00F3;n positiva al espacio natural:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>Si estoy pues que no me apetece moverme y eso, pues me quedo (en casa con las pantallas), pero si estoy en&#x00E9;rgico y quiero gastar la energ&#x00ED;a y pas&#x00E1;rmelo bien, pues me voy por ah&#x00ED;</italic>&#x201D; (Transcripci&#x00F3;n GD_007).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>M&#x00E1;s a&#x00FA;n, son capaces de identificar comportamientos asociados a la experimentaci&#x00F3;n propia que ofrece el espacio al aire libre, como tirar piedras, correr, saltar, beber, etc., como muestran los siguientes argumentos:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>Yo si estoy en casa me echo en el sof&#x00E1; o en la cama, a veces hasta me duermo, y luego si es en la naturaleza hay un r&#x00ED;o all&#x00ED; al lado del pueblo nuestro, bajamos, que es en un prado, y cojo piedras de estas planas y empiezo a tirarlas y que den botes</italic>&#x201D; (Transcripci&#x00F3;n GD_001).</p>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>Pues yo en la naturaleza, porque, por ejemplo, no puedo hacer cualquier cosa en internet, yo en internet no puedo saltar por ejemplo</italic>&#x201D; (Transcripci&#x00F3;n GD_032).</p>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>En el campo, porque est&#x00E1; la acequia, si fuera pobre, me ir&#x00ED;a al campo, porque de la acequia bebo. Aunque no sea muy potable, si no tuviera ni un c&#x00E9;ntimo, me beber&#x00ED;a y har&#x00ED;a comida igualmente en el campo, estar&#x00ED;a mejor</italic>&#x201D; (Transcripci&#x00F3;n GD_030).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>As&#x00ED; mismo, reconocen una mayor sensaci&#x00F3;n de autonom&#x00ED;a y sentimiento de libertad, como hemos venido advirtiendo, aludiendo a que en el entorno natural perciben un menor control y restricci&#x00F3;n por parte de los adultos:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>Yo tengo una finca cerca de Serradilla y a m&#x00ED; me dejan salir a correr, salir por ah&#x00ED;</italic>&#x201D; (Transcripci&#x00F3;n GD_017).</p>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>Pues a m&#x00ED; en la naturaleza me siento s&#x00FA;per libre y me encanta la naturaleza porque me dejan solo. Me dicen &#x201C;tienes que volver a esta hora&#x201D;, pues yo estoy ah&#x00ED; en el parque con mis amigos jugando. Luego con la tecnolog&#x00ED;a, como ha dicho nuestra compa&#x00F1;era, me siento como m&#x00E1;s cerrado</italic>&#x201D; (Transcripci&#x00F3;n GD_007).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Podemos comprender conversando con la infancia, que los ni&#x00F1;os y las ni&#x00F1;as en su &#x00FA;ltimo tramo de la infancia integran en sus patrones de pensamiento genuinos la idea de asociaci&#x00F3;n entre el cuerpo y el espacio en el que sucede la acci&#x00F3;n educativa. Lo que implica que la infancia reconoce la sensibilidad del cuerpo. Se percibe en sus narraciones c&#x00F3;mo analizan la vida, las experiencias que tienen lugar en los diferentes espacios que habitan desde las implicaciones que tienen para el cuerpo con un nivel de complejidad exigente ya que reconocen movimiento, experimentaci&#x00F3;n, emoci&#x00F3;n tangible, y conectan la experiencia corp&#x00F3;rea con la dimensi&#x00F3;n moral y &#x00E9;tica.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-33024-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>5.</label>
<title>C<sc>oncluyendo y abriendo perspectivas hacia la pedagog&#x00ED;a</sc></title>
<p>En este trabajo hemos mostrado que el ser humano a trav&#x00E9;s de su cuerpo necesita de conexiones con la naturaleza, especialmente en la etapa infantil. Hemos mostrado la necesidad de re-volver a conectar con la naturaleza, sin prescindir de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a. La tecnolog&#x00ED;a es cultura y, en consecuencia, es tambi&#x00E9;n algo natural en el ser humano. De lo que se trata de es trazar puentes y conexiones entre un entorno y otro. No tiene sentido tratar de solventar el desarrollo humano bajo una l&#x00F3;gica que ya no encaja con la manera en la que est&#x00E1; estructurado el mundo digital; pero tampoco tiene mucho sentido seguir viviendo al margen de la naturaleza. A ojos de la pedagog&#x00ED;a, el problema del desarrollo infantil no es un problema tecnol&#x00F3;gico, ni de abuso de la tecnolog&#x00ED;a que deriva en una hiperconectividad, sino un problema antropol&#x00F3;gico de desconexi&#x00F3;n con el entorno natural que deriva, a su vez, en una cuesti&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica y de formas de hacer m&#x00E1;s y mejor la edificabilidad humana.</p>
<p>La pedagog&#x00ED;a debe apoyarse en asideros m&#x00E1;s ligados a lo sensible de lo que lo viene haciendo; hemos de pensar en una pedagog&#x00ED;a, quiz&#x00E1; bien llamada sensible, frente a la pedagog&#x00ED;a sin sentido que muchas veces defendemos, que se fundamente en el reconocimiento de que lo educativo involucra necesariamente la dimensi&#x00F3;n afectiva y sensorial de la experiencia humana ligada al entorno natural. No se trata simplemente de a&#x00F1;adir actividades sensoriales y sensibles como complemento a una educaci&#x00F3;n que seguir&#x00ED;a siendo fundamentalmente abstracta y desencarnada, didactista, sino de reconocer que toda forma de conocimiento genuino tiene ra&#x00ED;ces sensoriales y corporales que necesitan del entorno natural para reconocerse humanamente. En el entorno natural, esta pedagog&#x00ED;a encuentra condiciones &#x00F3;ptimas para su desarrollo. La naturaleza ofrece una riqueza sensorial incomparable: la diversidad de texturas de cortezas, hojas, piedras y tierra; la paleta infinita de colores que cambia con las estaciones y las horas del d&#x00ED;a; la sinfon&#x00ED;a de sonidos del viento, el agua, los p&#x00E1;jaros y otros animales; los aromas de flores, tierra h&#x00FA;meda, resina o hierba reci&#x00E9;n cortada. Esta abundancia sensorial no solo resulta placentera, sino que constituye un est&#x00ED;mulo fundamental para el desarrollo cognitivo, emocional, moral y est&#x00E9;tico.</p>
<p>Una pedagog&#x00ED;a que cultive una mejor y m&#x00E1;s profunda alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica, un conocimiento encarnado de los ritmos, ciclos y procesos naturales que resulta esencial en un momento hist&#x00F3;rico marcado por la crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica global. El ser humano infantil que convive y aprende regularmente en contacto con la naturaleza desarrolla no solo conocimientos sobre el medio ambiente, sino tambi&#x00E9;n una relaci&#x00F3;n afectiva con &#x00E9;l, un sentido de pertenencia y responsabilidad que puede motivar actitudes y comportamientos m&#x00E1;s sostenibles, un v&#x00ED;nculo vitalmente necesario. Adem&#x00E1;s, tal y como hemos ido mostrando, el entorno natural ofrece oportunidades &#x00FA;nicas para el desarrollo de la autonom&#x00ED;a, la toma de decisiones, la gesti&#x00F3;n de riesgos y la resiliencia. En espacios menos controlados y predecibles que el aula convencional, los ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as deben enfrentar desaf&#x00ED;os reales, resolver problemas imprevistos, adaptarse a condiciones cambiantes. Esta confrontaci&#x00F3;n directa con la realidad natural, mediada por la experiencia corporal y sensorial, genera una edificabilidad humana de gran profundidad y permanencia que dif&#x00ED;cilmente pueden lograrse &#x00FA;nicamente a trav&#x00E9;s de la instrucci&#x00F3;n verbal o la interacci&#x00F3;n con representaciones abstractas, por indicar alg&#x00FA;n ejemplo.</p>
<p>En el entorno natural existe libertad y autonom&#x00ED;a, no dependencia como si ocurre en los entornos tecnol&#x00F3;gicos; la pedagog&#x00ED;a ha sabido caminar de la mano de una educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental que ha hecho del entorno natural un aliado para el cuerpo y para el ser humano. Tenemos que seguir construyendo una pedagog&#x00ED;a que se apoye en la interdependencia del ser humano, en su responsabilidad y capacidad de autorregulaci&#x00F3;n y, sobre todo, en su capacidad de re-volver, de adaptarse y re-conectar con el entorno natural. Una pedagog&#x00ED;a acorde con un humanismo de pertenencia a la naturaleza; una naturaleza que invita a la pedagog&#x00ED;a de la elecci&#x00F3;n, que respeta la libertad de decidir, que acompa&#x00F1;a las elecciones personales sin imponer o sustituir, que procura que cada decisi&#x00F3;n sea consciente y responsable, frente a otros entornos que derivan en pedagog&#x00ED;as de la imposici&#x00F3;n, del dictamen, del sinsentido. Todo ello implica, a su vez, reconocer que el primer territorio natural es el propio cuerpo, y que la educaci&#x00F3;n debe contribuir a que cada persona desarrolle una relaci&#x00F3;n consciente, respetuosa y empoderadora con su propia corporalidad, mirando el otro y a lo otro como aliados imprescindibles.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-ES" fn-type="financial-disclosure"><label>1</label> <p>La investigaci&#x00F3;n a la que se hace referencia es: (NATEC-ID). &#x201C;An&#x00E1;lisis de los procesos de (des-re) conexi&#x00F3;n con la NATuraleza y la TECnolog&#x00ED;a en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la IDentidad del ni&#x00F1;o&#x201D; -PID2021-122993NB-100-. IP: Jos&#x00E9; Manuel Mu&#x00F1;oz Rodr&#x00ED;guez.</p></fn>
<fn id="fn2-ES" fn-type="other"><label>2</label> <p>Los resultados cuantitativos se obtuvieron tras el an&#x00E1;lisis de las respuestas ofrecidas por la muestra de 2586 ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as al cuestionario aplicado y la muestra de 300 ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as participantes en sesiones de grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n tras el an&#x00E1;lisis de sus discursos.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.33024</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.33024</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Natural Environment Versus Digital Environment. Educational Implications from the Perspective of the Body</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Entorno natural versus entorno digital. Implicaciones educativas desde la mirada del cuerpo</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4688-6420</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Mu&#x00F1;oz Rodr&#x00ED;guez</surname>
<given-names>Jos&#x00E9; Manuel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9985-7623</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Serrate Gonz&#x00E1;lez</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0463-4177</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Planella</surname>
<given-names>Jordi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Salamanca. Espa&#x00F1;a</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Salamanca</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-EN">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Oberta de Catalu&#x00F1;a. Espa&#x00F1;a</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Oberta de Catalu&#x00F1;a</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>pepema@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>Sarasg@usal.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>jplanella@uoc.edu</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
    <fpage>39</fpage>
    <lpage>59</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>03</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>18</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>This article analyses the dialectic relationship between natural environment and digital environment from the perspective of the body as an essential mediator of education processes. Based on the body-space-education triad, it examines how different spaces condition the possibilities of a person&#x2019;s sensory, cognitive and emotional development. Faced with the current predominance of data-driven pedagogy and technological hyperconnectivity that has generated a deficit of nature, it proposes recovering sensitive pedagogy that recognises the body not only as a mere vessel for the brain, but as a territory of embodied knowledge. Literature available indicates that, while natural space favours the development of interdependent bonds, free mobilisation of the senses and autonomy, the digital environment leans toward dependence, sensory reduction and fragmentation of the bodily experience. The methodology used is a theoretical analyses based on the phenomenology of the body, embodied cognition and the concepts of anthropological place versus non-place, complemented with a sample from a qualitative study applying the discussion group technique with 33 groups of 9-11 year old boys and girls. An analysis was then performed using NVivo software. Results show that renaturalising education is essential for comprehensive human development. It concludes that contemporary education must seek a dialectic complementarity between nature and technology, acknowledging that the human body needs five-sensory languages and spaces for holistic development in order to build an identity based on belonging to the natural world, responsibility and creativity.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El presente art&#x00ED;culo analiza la relaci&#x00F3;n dial&#x00E9;ctica entre entorno natural y entorno digital desde la perspectiva del cuerpo como mediador fundamental de los procesos educativos. A partir del trinomio cuerpo-espacio-educaci&#x00F3;n, se examina c&#x00F3;mo los diferentes espacios condicionan las posibilidades de despliegue sensorial, cognitivo y emocional del ser humano. Frente al predominio actual de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de los datos y la hiperconexi&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica que ha generado un d&#x00E9;ficit de naturaleza, se propone recuperar una pedagog&#x00ED;a sensible que reconozca al cuerpo no como mero contenedor del cerebro sino como territorio de conocimiento encarnado. La literatura constata que, mientras el espacio natural favorece el desarrollo de v&#x00ED;nculos interdependientes, la libre movilizaci&#x00F3;n de los sentidos y la autonom&#x00ED;a, el entorno digital tiende a la dependencia, la reducci&#x00F3;n sensorial y la fragmentaci&#x00F3;n de la experiencia corporal. Metodol&#x00F3;gicamente se ha hecho a trav&#x00E9;s de un an&#x00E1;lisis te&#x00F3;rico fundamentado en la fenomenolog&#x00ED;a del cuerpo, la cognici&#x00F3;n encarnada y los conceptos de lugar antropol&#x00F3;gico versus no-lugar, y complementado con una muestra de un estudio cualitativo aplicando la t&#x00E9;cnica de grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n con 33 grupos de ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as de 9-11 a&#x00F1;os. Posteriormente, se ha realizado un an&#x00E1;lisis con el software NVivo. Los resultados muestran que la renaturalizaci&#x00F3;n de la acci&#x00F3;n educativa resulta esencial para el desarrollo integral del ser humano. Se concluye que la educaci&#x00F3;n contempor&#x00E1;nea debe buscar una complementariedad dial&#x00E9;ctica entre lo natural y lo tecnol&#x00F3;gico, reconociendo que el cuerpo humano necesita de lenguajes pentasensoriales y espacios que permitan su despliegue hol&#x00ED;stico para construir una identidad basada en la pertenencia al mundo natural, la responsabilidad y la creatividad.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>body</kwd>
<kwd>education</kwd>
<kwd>natural environment</kwd>
<kwd>digital environment</kwd>
<kwd>sensitive pedagogy</kwd>
<kwd>embodied cognition</kwd>
<kwd>education space</kwd>
<kwd>identity</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>cuerpo</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>entorno natural</kwd>
<kwd>entorno digital</kwd>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a sensible</kwd>
<kwd>cognici&#x00F3;n encarnada</kwd>
<kwd>espacio educativo</kwd>
<kwd>identidad</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="award01">
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>NATEC-ID</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>PID2021-122993NB-100</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>The research referred to is: (NATEC-ID). &#x201C;Analysis of the processes of (dis-re) connection with NATure and TEChnology when building a child's IDentity&#x201D; -PID2021-122993NB-100-. PI: Jos&#x00E9; Manuel Mu&#x00F1;oz Rodr&#x00ED;guez.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-33024-EN">
<label>1.</label>
<title>A<sc>pproach to the issue</sc></title>
<p>Placing yourself in the educational spaces of the environment is to approach the discourse from one of the vital dimensions of the human being: space. Everything that any human does is related to a space in which their action is included (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-33024-EN">Brown, 2025</xref>). Along with time, space is the dimension without which we cannot fully understand a humanisation process, an educational process. The environment &#x2014;the core theme of this monograph&#x2014; translated in terms of space as a vital dimension of education, allows us to situate the discourse in what makes education a vitally necessary process, as it anchors the educational action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-33024-EN">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>When this vital dimension is translated into tangible terms, it becomes an environment or place where many things happen and are done, often derived from the action of the human body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-33024-EN">Plage et al., 2025</xref>); things that can be immediately translated into educational terms. Because only if we consider this practical and action-related aspect can we view the environment as a source of information where stimuli in terms of communication, relationship, affection, education coexist, in short, which are a consequence of transactions between the human body and the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-33024-EN">Polson, 2022</xref>). Educational action is not only regulated by moral regulations but also by spatial norms. Thus, some environments enable certain human bodily actions and others inhibit certain human behaviours.</p>
<p>From the different environments in which we can see and represent educational actions, the natural environment has been emerging in research as an optimal environment for human building processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-33024-EN">Humphreys &#x0026; Blenkinsop, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-33024-EN">Bikomeye et al,. 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-33024-EN">Balza &#x0026; Beyer, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-33024-EN">P&#x00E9;rez del Pulgar et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-33024-EN">Serrate-Gonz&#x00E1;lez et al., 2025</xref>). Understanding education as an activity in the natural environment allows humans in general, and their bodies in particular, to understand education and, therefore, communication, relationships, affection, etc. in terms of perception, of being able to see, hear, smell, touch, feel and enjoy things that carry educational value, understanding basic educational processes beyond their argumentative function (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-33024-EN">Jonas, 2000</xref>). Not only do human beings have competence to communicate, relate and feel emotion intersubjectively, we must also speak of an argumentative community where educational dialogue takes place on three levels: me, you and the other, with the other being those things from the natural environment that involve education from their interdependence with humans, especially with their body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-33024-EN">Leopold, 1949</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-33024-EN">Riechman, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-33024-EN">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>The challenge is posed when we live with our backs to that environment, when our bodies no longer walk among the things of nature or, at least, much less often, even going so far as to speak of a deficit of nature and landscape orphanhood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-33024-EN">Louv, 2012</xref>). We are what we see, what we hear, what we touch and smell; we observe today&#x2019;s cities and we see squares that years ago were bursting with nature and today are no more than open forums glued to cement and slabs, unconcerned with contact with nature and their climatic function; or school playgrounds associated with greyscales and reinforced concrete that point to the need for other landscapes, other sounds, a bodily landscape nutrition linked to the natural environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-33024-EN">De Tapia &#x0026; Salvado, 2021</xref>). In contrast to the required argument, we are experiencing a phenomenon that concerns and occupies researchers: today&#x2019;s technology surplus in society, the excess screen time that has enabled humans to live permanently connected (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-33024-EN">Caballero-Julia et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>In view of this social phenomenology, this paper will attempt to answer the following questions: Why does our body tend to become constantly immersed in the screen and gradually distance itself from nature? What pedagogy is needed to build a human being who recognises themself and their body as part of that natural environment? How does a human being, from their body, behave in one environment versus the other? From a theoretical perspective, how can we read socio-educational intervention based on the body-natural environment relationship? In the last phase of childhood, how do boys and girls perceive the body-natural environment bond? The answers will lead us to show educational intervention as one that stems from the relationship between the body and its territory, fostering creative understandings of natural environments so as to suggest a transformative power that impacts human development. The results obtained in a quantitative and qualitative national study with boys and girls aged 9-12 have enabled us to understand the need to spend time and live in nature, not just around it.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-EN"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-33024-EN">
<label>2.</label>
<title>B<sc>ody</sc>, <sc>space and education</sc></title>
<p>Articulating the body-space-education triad requires a process of recovering certain parameters in line with different contemporary pedagogies. More and more research directly addresses the body&#x2019;s role in education and the practices of different pedagogies that incorporate the sensory aspect as a fundamental basis of educational processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-33024-EN">Gallo et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-33024-EN">Planella, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-33024-EN">Planella, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-33024-EN">Chac&#x00F3;n 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-33024-EN">Donato et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-33024-EN">Galvis et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-33024-EN">Coffey et al., 2016</xref>). Based on these studies, we can state that in many spaces the body has the possibility of developing from less constrained logics, changing from being thought of and executed as brains that learn to boundless subjectivities developed from and with the sensory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-33024-EN">Planella, 2017</xref>). However, this statement does not intend to universalise a single childhood corporality or just one form of nature. The possibilities of this development are always crossed by material, symbolic and cultural conditions, such as gender, social class, age, institutional contexts, etc., which configure multiple ways of &#x2018;being a body&#x2019; in education.</p>
<p>This paradigm shift is not simply rhetorical or conceptual, it implies a profound transformation in how educational processes and the resulting educational intervention are conceived and organised, as we will see throughout this text. Recovering the body in education means acknowledging that learning does not only occur in and from the abstract cognitive dimension, but rather it involves the full human experience through its emotional, sensory, motor, communicational and relational dimensions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-33024-EN">Planella, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-33024-EN">Louv, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-33024-EN">Gallo et al., 2025</xref>). This holistic perspective questions educational models inherited from Cartesian modernity, which have historically privileged the mind above the body, the rational over the sensitive and the abstract over the experiential.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-33024-EN">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Studies on the body and education</title>
<p>This way of understanding education necessarily links educational practice with the body and spaces where educational action takes place. In the words of Ruiz, it is about starting from the idea that &#x2018;<italic>el sujeto incompleto, un sujeto no preparado, es la representaci&#x00F3;n pertinente en el espacio tradicional</italic>&#x2019; [&#x2018;the incomplete subject, an unprepared subject, is the pertinent representation in the traditional space&#x2019;] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-33024-EN">2021</xref>, p. 36), and that traditional space has been transformed by different processes and devices. In recent years, we have witnessed profound transformations that have placed technology &#x2014;devices, interfaces, social media, generative intelligence&#x2014; at the heart of educational action and, in many cases, the sensitive has been displaced as a result of this incorporation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-33024-EN">Selwyn, 2020</xref>). However, it is worth stressing that this technological mediation is not homogenous since access to devices, levels of connectivity and conditions of use are socially distributed, which can contribute to concealing and naturalising certain inequalities under the appearance of technological neutrality. Following the original approach of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-33024-EN">Bourdieu (1997)</xref>, bodily experiences mediated by technology are configured differently depending on socio-economic, cultural and family contexts, generating diverse ways of relating with knowledge, time and the educational space. The screen is not a universal environment for all bodies, it is a device that amplifies or restricts possibilities of participation, attention and presence. Recognising this dimension enables us to avoid an abstract understanding of technology and address how it unevenly reconfigures ways of being, feeling and learning at school (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-33024-EN">Selwyn, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>This is how pedagogy of data has partially displaced pedagogy of things and, subsequently, pedagogy of people and their body, leading to educational processes excessively based on abstraction and with scarce incorporation of dimensions such as tactility, visibility, hearing or other forms of perception. When speaking of five-sensory experience, we refer to the activation of the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste) as a material condition of embodied learning. Paradoxically, this technocentric drift has generated a kind of educational disembodiment where students increasingly interact with screens and digital representations, while their direct bodily experience of the world is reduced or mediated by technological devices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-33024-EN">Maurette, 2017</xref>). However, a simplistic opposition between bodily presence and digital mediation must be avoided, since the experience on and through screens also brings into play specific forms of corporality, affection and relation with the environment. A kind of digital embodiment, so to speak.</p>
<p>We must recover the words of Pallasmaa for a contextual understanding: &#x2018;<italic>adquirir una habilidad no se basa fundamentalmente en la ense&#x00F1;anza verbal, sino m&#x00E1;s bien en la transferencia directa de las destrezas desde los m&#x00FA;sculos del maestro a los del aprendiz a trav&#x00E9;s de un acto de percepci&#x00F3;n sensorial y de m&#x00ED;mesis corporal</italic>&#x2019; [&#x2018;learning a skill is not primarily founded on verbal teaching, but rather on the transference of the skill from the teacher&#x2019;s muscles directly to the apprentice&#x2019;s muscles through the act of sensory perception and bodily mimesis&#x2019;] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-33024-EN">2012</xref>, p. 12). According to this author, transference centrally incorporates the embodied presence of the educator and the learner; a shared corporality that is a key element of any educational process. This is especially relevant in educational practices that require the development of complex sensory-motor skills, where knowledge is literally embodied in gestures, movements and ways of perceiving and acting in the world.</p>
<p>Octavi Fullat also insists on this matter when he states that &#x2018;<italic>conocemos las cosas del mundo porque &#x00E9;stas son la prolongaci&#x00F3;n de mi carne. El mundo es mi cuerpo exterior; que s&#x00F3;lo artificiosamente puede pensarse como objeto</italic>&#x2019; [&#x2018;we know the things of the world because they are an extension of my flesh. The world is my external body; which can only ingeniously be thought of as an object&#x2019;] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-33024-EN">1997</xref>, p. 43). A core idea therefore emerges that places education as a comprehensive process that cannot relegate the body to a mere residue or a body-object (<italic>K&#x00F6;rper</italic>), it must be recognised as a body-subject (<italic>Leib</italic>). This phenomenological distinction, widely explored in the field of physical education, allows us to understand how schools have historically tended to manage bodies as disciplined objects, rather than recognising them as lived and experiential bodies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-33024-EN">Planella, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-33024-EN">Taborda de Oliveira &#x0026; Fern&#x00E1;ndez Vaz, 2011</xref>). On the contrary, embodied pedagogy recognises the body as a condition that makes significant learning possible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-33024-EN">Schilling, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Hence, we understand that pedagogy is also close to the phenomenology which proposes that we are beings extended in space and we do so from our body, from our developed sensibilities. This viewpoint is relevant to drive a pedagogy based on the idea that we are body, not that we have a body. A linguistic nuance that places bodily conception far beyond objectual materiality to conceive it from the symbolic-cultural axis. This formulation entails an epistemological transformation that dissolves the mind-body duality and allows us to understand the relationship between corporality, environment and educational experience.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-33024-EN">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>Placing bodies in spaces</title>
<p>Rereading Marc Aug&#x00E9;&#x2019;s impactful prospective work on Non-Places is necessary because it has gained more strength and consistency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-33024-EN">1993</xref>) in our contemporary world. Thus, the Non-Place, <italic>Non-lieu</italic>, is by definition the opposite of the school, park, public space (public place) where certain thing happen that do not happen in other spaces. Physical space (the same does not exactly occur in digital space) requires the subject to deploy the senses, articulating a specific way of being and existing in that specific space.</p>
<p>Aug&#x00E9;&#x2019;s non-places &#x2014;airports, motorways, supermarkets, hotel chains, shopping centres, cash machines, etc.&#x2014; are characterised by their anonymous, transitory and standardised nature. They are spaces for passing through, where people circulate without establishing significant bonds, without creating history or collective memory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-33024-EN">Aug&#x00E9;, 1993</xref>). By contrast, traditional anthropological places are precisely defined by their capacity to generate identity, relationships and a sense of belonging. School, for example, in its ideal conception, should clearly be placed in this second category: as a space for meeting, creating bonds, generating shared experiences that shape individual and collective biographies. School seen and understood as a living place, a place of the senses. However, continuing with the school as a physical educational space of reference, we must ask to what extent contemporary schools, with their standardised architecture, their hyper-regulated spaces, their fragmented temporalities and their increasing virtualisation, are not adopting characteristics of non-places. When school spaces are designed and used in a way that bodies must remain immobile, when efficient circulation is prioritised over significant permanence, when virtual interactions are privileged over face-to-face meetings, the school and many other spaces used for education run the risk of transforming into a non-place where people pass through, but do not truly inhabit.</p>
<p>This reality invites us to look to natural environments as spaces where bodies can develop from other sensitive logics, without assuming natural as a homogeneous or universal category. Because the natural environment, or at least its materiality, does not make us experience the material world separately from the mental world; on the contrary, it allows precisely that juxtaposition of planes that makes the human being a being-in-the-world and who has corporeal experience of it, sensory thought and also develops learning processes from those parameters.</p>
<p>So we start from the fundamental idea that school directly links with the idea of space, of place or of territory and that directly links with ways of pedagogically inhabiting those spaces, places or territories. According to N&#x00F6;el, I am the space where I am (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-33024-EN">1950</xref>), and this invites us to think about the real possibilities of placing the bodies of education (educators and learners) in a tangible space where being and learning is possible from being, from that place called school. Bosch also believes the school is a place in the sense that &#x2018;<italic>la escuela es el nombre de un espacio, de caracter&#x00ED;sticas f&#x00ED;sicas m&#x00E1;s o menos afortunadas, que sabemos existente en todas las ciudades y en la mayor&#x00ED;a de los pueblos del mundo</italic>&#x2019; [&#x2018;school is the name of a space, of more or less fortunate physical characteristics, that we know exists in all cities and in most towns of the world&#x2019;] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-33024-EN">2009</xref>, p. 117). But that place cannot and should not be limited to its materiality or to what the buildings erected delimit. School has a place and exists in many other spaces, which especially include natural environments.</p>
<p>Opening to the outdoors, to unconventional spaces, does not imply an uncritical shift toward nature, but an extension of educational possibilities from material contexts that favour mobility, sensitivity and situated experience of learning. If we go back to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-33024-EN">Aug&#x00E9; (1993)</xref> and his critique of contemporary ways of inhabiting the world, we realise that he believes those spaces cannot be considered anthropological places in the traditional sense. Their new location and condition puts them in a category of anonymity, transitory and non-standardised. At this point it is relevant to ask what remains of school and contemporary educational spaces when we read them from the body-space-education triad, and especially to reveal whether ways of exercising contemporary pedagogy take fundamental elements into account in educational practices, such as the natural, the bodily, the sensitive.</p>
<p>In line with Pallasmaa&#x2019;s reflection, space can be another space, an unconventional space located beyond the classroom walls, the corridors that run through the school, the library or the gymnasium. The space can be artificial (the artefacts that shape the &#x2018;school&#x2019; device) or natural. The natural landscape is most typically one of the spaces where learning processes take place naturally, as seen in the pedagogical models of Rousseauian naturalism (with a clear commitment to returning to nature), in the School of the Sea project in Republican Barcelona (with bodies in the open air, learning directly from the natural maritime environment), etc.</p>
<p>This is how the bodies of students move and evolve in a less constrained way in the natural space. The senses flow freely in the natural environment and that radical potential enables other ways of learning. The cognitive aspect remains, but all the senses are mobilised from other parameters in human development. In the woods, on the beach, in the countryside, students can run, jump, climb, explore textures, smells, sounds that they would never find in a conventional classroom. This freedom of movement and sensory richness is not a mere recreational complement of development and education, it is in itself a privileged form of embodied knowledge of the world.</p>
<p>With it, the idea that the body is not a passive part of the human being emerges, it plays an active role in educational processes. But the natural environment is not just a space for certain bodily learning, but rather it is precisely in that space that the senses fully awaken and mobilise. Sensory activation cannot be understood abstractly, but always in relation with concrete contexts, with situated bodies and with the specific material conditions that make possible, or limit, those educational experiences.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-33024-EN">
<label>3.</label>
<title>T<sc>he body against the dual synergy of natural and technological spaces</sc></title>
<p>Today it is an accepted fact that body culture prevails in many areas of life: body culture versus person culture. Moreover, in a more superficial discourse, object culture, of things, versus subject culture, is also part of everyday life in our society. Commercial, economic, technological interests have put the person in the background and the thing at centre stage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-33024-EN">Thoilliez, 2025</xref>). So much so that things and objects are constructed, considered and made representing the subject, the person, but without really caring about them other than to be able to capture them, even trap them in front of a shop window, a car or a screen. Apparently impersonal objects and things whose neutrality, at least in education, does not go unnoticed as it is what ends up tracing the path from the subject to the object (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-33024-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a del Dujo, 2022</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-6-33024-EN">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title>Screen versus nature: from dichotomous dualism to dialectical dualism</title>
<p>Today, the ultimate object is the technological environment, the screen and everything we see on it but, luckily, thanks to numerous research studies, it is hiding less and less (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-33024-EN">Caballero-Julia et al., 2024</xref>). A screen understood as the place where the young and not-so-young coexist, where they are, where they live and where they find it difficult to leave, even if just for a moment, to share a meal with friends. The screen, also understood as a territory of relationship and communication, based on that all-encompassing vision it has been given, enshrouds all kinds of economic, social, cultural, personal and, consequently, educational approaches, understood as an authentic social practice like many others in society as a whole. It is the object, transformed into a place, that in one way or another drives the development of the person through their spatial dimension, challenging what has been the quintessential place of human development: the natural environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-33024-EN">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>And here we place the three-way dialogue between me, you and the other. On one hand the person, together with other people, in front of the screen, the preferred place for coexisting today; on the other, human beings together with nature, a relationship space that has gradually been reviled; and finally, the body and bodies against the artificial environment versus the body and bodies against the natural environment. We are not defending a dichotomous dualism about this or that, about nature against the screen, and much less demonising the technological environment. Rather, we are advocating a dialectical dualism that invites us to see one and the other as complementary, from knowledge of the potential of each, but in pursuit of complementarity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-33024-EN">Liukkonen et al., 2025</xref>). By contrast to the opposing view, we propose a complementary standpoint based on a plausible and possible dialectic between natural and artificial as breeding grounds for the person whose first development link is the body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-33024-EN">Prieto, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>All natural or artificial spatial reality interiorises the human being. One way or another, both the virtual space represented on the screen and the natural space represented in a forest, meadow, plot, park or garden, are both interior and exterior at the same time; &#x2018;<italic>el espacio como un dentro y un fuera</italic>&#x2019; [&#x2018;space like an inside and an outside&#x2019;] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-33024-EN">Zubiri, 1996</xref>, p. 167) allows us to see its potential for personal development, where the body enters and leaves, remains, moves, and we can internalise the different dimensions each space contributes, more or less constructively. Sometimes we settle in them, others we build; it is the inside and outside my body that complement each other, both being indistinctly vague and specific (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-33024-EN">Balling et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>It is this complementarity that allows us to understand the potential of either scenario at an educational level; situating oneself at the same time both inside and outside a moment, an event, a place, is understanding the space as a edifying, particular and synchronic structure; seen from within, the screen and nature permanently intersect with symbols, materialities, things that are seen from outside, allowing us a synthetic interpretation of the space beyond the rights and isolated facts of either place. In both, we must strive to ensure that the human body is not only placed, but placed in context, to be in the places and not just a certain place. There is no identity without context (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-33024-EN">Charteris et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>We must therefore ask: Are there arguments that allow us to say that human beings, their corporality, need nature more than screens? Is the technology surplus we are subject to truly edifying for the human being? Let's think about the process of constructing identity at a basic level. Human identity, both personal and collective, which begins with the body, is constructed: however, what is important is to see how, from what and why. When it passes through one space or the other, the body uses materials from history, from biology, from institutions and memory, even from fantasy, processing and rearranging them in a specific sense according to the determinations of the place, whether natural or artificial, which enable the human being to be autonomous and responsible or not (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-33024-EN">Woolner et al., 2018</xref>). The level of flexibility, which allows us to set limits, is fundamental as it does not determine the body beyond the scope of life. And therein lies the difference: in the world of life, in all that the body uses when it passes through one space or the other in order to live.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-33024-EN">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title>Body versus screen and/or nature: towards a humanism of belonging to the natural world</title>
<p>In the body, the externalities of places acquire that social mosaic nature that favours their identification, their location, displaying a variety of nuances that allow us to see the educational potential of each environment. Because through the body, the human being is a semi-open being, in other words, a being that permanently hides and shows itself through opening and closing movements (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-33024-EN">Bachelard, 1965</xref>). The matter is that natural spaces have a structure that visualises a body permeable to the outside, apprehending everything around it; by contrast, on the screen, that semi-open being is more hidden, less permeable to its responsible, free and creative action. One organises the inner world in a way that is more available to the outside than the other; in the natural space, the limits of what is constructed are much more porous than on the screen and put in the human being in a more favourable position for human development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-33024-EN">Silva-Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>The essence of the natural environment lies in the correlation between interior and exterior; the phenomenology of the natural versus the corporeal shows us an individuality, a corporality consistent with itself as it enables the individual to show themself as free, autonomous, responsible, i. e., a person whose identity dimensions are fully developed. Nature is an environment surrounded by primary qualities, which correspond to the immutable properties of the place, an aspect that the screen lacks as it relies on secondary, subjective, changing and volatile properties. Artificial environments &#x2014;screens and all that they display&#x2014; are constructed with a pure corporality in mind as their goal is to manipulate it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-33024-EN">L&#x2019;ecuyer et al., 2025</xref>); however, beyond pure corporality, we are interested in the meaning we create when manipulating that corporality as free, autonomous, responsible and creative human beings - dimensions that we can develop in natural spaces.</p>
<p>Explained in another way, digital technology uses an objective language that creates objective spaces, but the body needs languages similar to human languages: subjective, five-sensory, not bisensory (hearing and sight only) to fully develop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-33024-EN">De Tapia &#x0026; Salvado, 2021</xref>). Objectified, the screen leads to singular thoughts, to quasi indisputable truths, blurring the bodily nature of the human being and largely extinguishing the heterogeneity of the bodies that intersect there. By contrast, the pivotal subjective factors of the natural environment are a reflection of the complex bodily structure developed by the human being, a continuous flow of events (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-33024-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>Nature allows for connection, that which identifies one and the other, body and space, as their own, interdependent, since they enable the internalisation of the things of nature, of its materiality, in edifying terms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-33024-EN">Nandyal, 2025</xref>). In the natural environment, human beings mobilise mechanisms to create bonds beyond mere relationships, situated identities rather than static identities. The bond allows for full imbrication where the things of nature are part of the process of constructing human identity. Nature is part of human development as something inherent to human essence; it is not something abstract, secondary; much less infrastructure for educational action, but rather something superimposed on human nature that places the body-nature relationship at a logical, common-sense level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-33024-EN">Liukkonen et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>The body-environment relationship must be interdependent and therein lies the difference between the natural environment and the screen. On the screen, human beings also occupy places and show similar behaviours to those experienced in analogue settings. They show loyalty to places and the people in those places. What&#x2019;s more, they use bodily codes of recognition and build vital ecosystems, but always from fragile, temporary enclaves. And what is even more delicate, never from a humanism of belonging or, even better, of interdependence as the screen commands, moves, and the human being is dependent on it; it is not about dominating the screen, but about looking for mechanisms that make it interdependent, as happens with the natural environment when body and place seek each other, need each other and feed back into each other.</p>
<p>We must combine the screen's functional rationality with the substantial reality of the natural environment, whose elements allow humans to create affective, communicative, meaningful bonds, contributing to the me-you-it triad. Because people are reason and passion, brain and heart, but there is no true reason without passion, affection and emotion. It is not difficult to find in mechanisms of belonging in the network that make us share hobbies, games, desires and tastes based on bonds that are not established, not visualised, not found directly, but that exist. The problem lies in the lack of freedom and autonomy that human beings are subjected to.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-33024-EN">
<label>4.</label>
<title>E<sc>ducational action in natural environments</sc>. S<sc>ymbiosis of bodily territory and natural territory</sc></title>
<p>Understood from the relationship between human and nature, educational action will always come before any form of communication, no matter how complex, which means understanding educational action as the way of relating and communicating with nature, i. e., the result and cause of the educational event or process at the same time. Nobody would dare to deny that there is no possibility of understanding action without the place in life in general, and education in particular, because at the end of the day, everything is resolved from a territory, place, square, street or shelter. If action were one thing and place another, we could think that every action may lead to any place, something that is rejected in life and, consequently, in education.</p>
<p>We defend the idea of nature as a place of action, not as a mere contextualisation of educational action, but rather an opportunity for covert action capable of generating modes and forms of bodily representation. Nature as a polysemic place that favours and conveys a comprehensive vision of the me-you-it relationship. This way, nature becomes the heritage of educational action and education is deemed to be a constituent element of the educational event. Pedagogy must organise and plan the educational action based on the meaning, communication, affection or emotion that connects a natural environment with the human body. Consequently, educational action must also be shown as the action that stems from the relationship between the human being and the natural environment, where the body is inserted, fostering creative understandings of nature.</p>
<sec id="sec-9-33024-EN">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>On the manner and opportunity to understand educational action in natural environments</title>
<p>The manner in which an educational action is programmed, designed, visualised and organised, as well as the opportunity seen in the space or environment where this action takes place, will be decisive when establishing the mechanisms that will intentionally mediate the educational process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-33024-EN">Serrate-Gonza&#x0301;lez &#x0026; Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2025</xref>). The space becomes the core of the influence and educational intermediation we want to achieve.</p>
<p>Natural space, understood as an educational space, generates interferences and impacts the construction of realities that offer opportunities for both individual and collective self-realisation. Because the natural space educates, offering the personal self-realisation experiences necessary for introspective construction based on the opportunities offered by listening, feeling, seeing, smelling and perceiving. It also offers opportunities for collective education, socialisation, relationships with others and the other. A space where all life skills necessary to live, coexist and survive in a complex world are tested and practiced; social relationship and communication skills, but also survival skills (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-33024-EN">Zylstra et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Educational practice in natural contexts is full of actions with an influence that is systematised in a rationally grounded sequence that enables the human being to be, to exist and to do. In turn, it is also a practice full of spontaneity and improvisation that invites us to explore being, feeling and perceiving. It is precisely this dual, positive compatibility between systematised, programmed action and spontaneous, improvised action where the idea that the natural environment is a part of &#x2014;and not apart from&#x2014; educational action makes sense. Nature is not an artificial environment built by humans; nature, as an environment, educates per se, inviting us to be rather than to have, to exist rather than to do (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-33024-EN">Freire, 2026</xref>).</p>
<p>Moreover, educational action finds the perfect ally in nature to mediate processes that favour movement and experimentation, unlike digital spaces designed with no educational intent, where technology has not yet been able to become a partner to help that space of relationship, communication and coexistence educate by itself. Nature enables actions of reflection and introspection, but also physical actions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-33024-EN">Adam &#x0026; Beauchamp, 2021</xref>) that generate biophilic experiences, which allow a better perception of nature, connection with the environment, and a greater sense and knowledge of the self. It brings calm, fulfilment, freedom and relaxation in an increasingly fast-paced society. Intervention based and supported on green, outdoor spaces has proven to improve wellbeing because they allow us to perceive the environment and our own feelings, generate self-confidence, connect with others and establish reciprocal relationships, providing behaviour, emotional and social benefits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-33024-EN">Chiumento et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Indeed, every educational action is an intrusion into the life of another person so whoever exercises that power of intrusion, from their theoretical or ideological assumptions of the educational event, must be sure that the educational event takes place in spaces, places that also allow changing or modifying realities. Starting from the basis that educational intervention is not neutral, not in terms of repression and coercion but as an artificial framework arising from a more-or-less defined or informal demand, the natural space can invert hierarchies around the capacity for shared learning based on the experience and experiences of the educator and the learner.</p>
<p>To educate is not to train, but to respect and channel life and the desire to live from autonomy, responsibility and creativity, achieving more self-confidence. Precisely what is offered by educational action from the natural environment, increasing the educational relationship as it enables contextual knowledge linked to the moment to come into play, based on the contributions of those who individually or collectively pass through the natural space, generating an education that empowers experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-33024-EN">Liukkonen et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>The educator&#x2019;s values and ethical reference thus come into play as an educational model to follow in both conveying proactive values or life and in conveying a more social education that assumes that the natural space is what vitally makes life sustainable. To educate is to accompany and guide and, in this sense, as an educational space that generates actions, nature increases the value of what is common, invites us to educate to shape resilient identities vitally linked to a space that favours the development of ecological and sustainable awareness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-33024-EN">Sass et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>The natural space does not deceive, is full of truth, shows signs of this, and enables and encourages people to learn, develop, be educated, experience, enjoy and transfer other activities, situations and contexts to everyday life. In this space, educational action finds a facilitator of opportunities for growth, a basic principle of an educational process, learning to be by experiencing and discovering (ourselves). As a space for educational action, the natural space becomes a place for shared life, a common setting for coexistence that invites us to learn and favours autonomy, emancipation and a leading role for participants. In short, the natural environment enables dialogue as a core for building agreements; even more, it invites us to be heard and seek common ground; unlike other scenarios, the natural space always responds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-33024-EN">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-33024-EN">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Childhood in the face of the body-nature binomial</title>
<p>Speaking of the body-nature binomial may appear to be something abstract, vague, generic, etc. On the contrary, from the very moment we analyse it, we verify that what is seen are living, dynamic, organised, desired elements that can only be understood and studied by considering nature as a constituent element of educational action, in which numerous social, cultural, natural and/or personal aspects emerge. A boy or girl is not independent from the territory, but rather interdependence and bonding constantly emerge.</p>
<p>Nature, as a natural environment, is in a constant process of structuring and destructuring; in other words, it facilitates attitudes, behaviours, thoughts and relationships between boys and girls, giving meaning to educational action through moments, places, times and spaces. When speaking with boys and girls, nature is not only considered to be something natural, green and beautiful, but also social, cultural, relational. They understand it not as something that has already been done, completed, accomplished, but as something possible, which becomes facilitating, mediating and a social space for coexistence, arguing: &#x201D;<italic>I don&#x2019;t just understand the word nature as trees, vegetation; I also understand it because you&#x2019;re not the only one who can walk there</italic>&#x201D; (Transcription GD_023). For possibility to become reality, educational conditions conducive to edifying action must be created.</p>
<p>Prior research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-33024-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-33024-EN">Serrate-Gonza&#x0301;lez et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-33024-EN">Silva-Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-33024-EN">Caballero-Julia et al., 2025</xref>) has been warning that, when given the choice, children express a desire to spend time in the street, occupying space outdoors in parks and squares where they find moments of interaction through play that favour their socialisation process. This preference is observed to be more pronounced in boys than in girls. However, it is girls, unlike boys, who show greater pleasure and enjoyment in spending time in natural spaces, something that is reflected in their body language when they resist going home at the end of their free time to enjoy these spaces.</p>
<p>At a behavioural level, both boys and girls who prefer spending time in nature versus in other spaces, such as the home, tend to have greater autonomy, which indicates that the natural space educates and teaches them to regulate their behaviour (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-33024-EN">Silva-Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2025</xref>). Moreover, research with children to date has shown that boys and girls who say they feel more freedom when choosing to be and what to do in natural spaces indicate that they feel less controlled in these spaces with fewer restrictions from adults, which facilitates their capacity for movement, for action. Moderate use of technology in nature has also been associated with positive emotions, such as joy and curiosity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-33024-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>). It is important to note that, since the children themselves express feeling positive emotions when they spend time in natural environments, it reinforces the thesis that experiences in nature are related to greater overall wellbeing and optimal personal development.</p>
<p>The figures speak for themselves. From a sample of 2,586 boys and girls living in Spain aged between 9 and 12, participants in the NATEC-ID research project mentioned above,<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-EN"><sup>2</sup></xref> 8 out of 10 prefer to be out in the street than at home surrounded by screens; children know what they want. From their discourses we have also been able to identify in their ways of thinking that they ultimately understand natural space or space in nature as freedom for bodily movement. This is reflected as follows:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>In nature I feel free and happy because you have space to do what you want. And when I&#x2019;m using technology, well you feel more trapped because you can&#x2019;t move</italic>&#x201D; (Transcription GD_007).</p>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>I feel freer in the countryside because I can run and do what I want</italic>&#x201D; (Transcription GD_030).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In fact, they associate bodily movement and positive emotion with the natural space:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>If I&#x2019;m not in the mood to move around and such, then I stay (at home with screens), but if I&#x2019;m energetic and want to burn some energy off and have fun, then I go out</italic>&#x201D; (Transcription GD_007).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Moreover, they are capable of identifying behaviours associated with the experimentation offered by outdoor space, such as skimming stones, running, jumping, drinking, etc., as seen in the following arguments:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>If I&#x2019;m at home, I lie on the sofa or bed, sometimes I even fall asleep, and then if I&#x2019;m out in nature there&#x2019;s a river near our town, we go down to a meadow, I pick up these flat stones and start to skim them so they bounce</italic>&#x201D; (Transcription GD_001).</p>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>Well, I prefer nature because, for example, I can&#x2019;t do just anything on the internet, for example, I can&#x2019;t jump on the internet</italic>&#x201D; (Transcription GD_032).</p>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>In the countryside because there&#x2019;s an irrigation channel; if I were poor, I&#x2019;d go to the countryside because I drink from the irrigation channel. Even though it&#x2019;s not very drinkable, if I didn&#x2019;t have a penny, I&#x2019;d still drink it and make food in the countryside, it&#x2019;d be better</italic>&#x201D; (Transcription GD_030).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>They also acknowledge a greater feeling of autonomy and freedom, as we have been noting, alluding to the fact that they perceive less control and restrictions from adults in the natural environment:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>I&#x2019;ve got a property near Serradilla and they let me go out to run, go out around there</italic>&#x201D; (Transcription GD_017).</p>
<p>&#x201C;<italic>I feel really free in nature and I love nature because they leave me alone. They say, &#x201C;you&#x2019;ve got to be back at this time&#x201D; and I&#x2019;m there in the park playing with my friends. Then with technology, like our classmate said, I feel more enclosed</italic>&#x201D; (Transcription GD_007).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>By speaking with children, we can understand that boys and girls in the later phase of childhood integrate the idea of association between the body and the space where the educational action takes place in their genuine patterns of thought. This implies that children recognise the sensitivity of the body. In their narratives, we can perceive how they analyse life, experiences that take place in the different spaces they inhabit, from their implications for the body with a high level of demanding complexity as they recognise movement, experimentation, tangible emotion and connect bodily experience with the moral and ethical dimension.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-33024-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>5.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusions and opening perspectives towards pedagogy</sc></title>
<p>In this paper, we have shown that human beings need connections with nature through their body, especially during childhood. We have demonstrated the need to reconnect with nature without abandoning technology. Technology is culture and, therefore, it is also something natural to human beings. The aim is to draw bridges and connections between one environment and the other. It makes no sense to try to solve human development from a logic that no longer fits with how the digital world is structured; neither does it make much sense to continue living apart from nature. From a pedagogical perspective, the problem of child development is not a technology problem or an abuse of technology leading to hyperconnectivity, it is an anthropological problem of disconnecting from the natural environment that in turn leads to a matter of pedagogy and ways of making human development greater and better.</p>
<p>Pedagogy must be based on foundations more closely linked to the senses than it has been; we must think of a pedagogy, perhaps aptly named sensitive, as opposed to the senseless pedagogy that we often defend, based on the recognition that education necessarily involves the affective and sensory dimension of human experience linked to the natural environment. It is not simply a matter of adding sensory and sensitive activities as a complement to an education that would still be fundamentally abstract, disembodied and didactic, but of recognising that all forms of genuine knowledge have sensory and bodily roots that need the natural environment to be recognised in a human way. This pedagogy finds optimum conditions for its development in the natural environment. Nature offers incomparable sensory richness: the diversity of textures of barks, leaves, stones and soil; the endless palette of colours that change with the seasons and the time of day; the symphony of sounds of the wind, water, birds and other animals; the aromas of flowers, damp soil, resin or freshly cut grass. This sensory abundance is not only a pleasure, but also a fundamental stimulus for cognitive, emotional, moral and aesthetic development.</p>
<p>A pedagogy that cultivates better and more profound ecological literacy, embodied knowledge of natural rhythms, cycles and processes that is essential at a historic time marked by global ecological crisis. Human children who regularly live and learn in contact with nature develop not only knowledge about the environment, but also an emotional relationship with it, a sense of belonging and responsibility that can motivate more sustainable attitudes and behaviours, a vitally necessary bond. Furthermore, as we have shown, the natural environment offers unique opportunities to develop autonomy, decision-making, risk management and resilience. In space less controlled and predictable than the conventional classroom, boys and girls must face real challenges, resolve unexpected problems, adapt to changing conditions. This direct confrontation with natural reality, mediated by bodily and sensory experience, generates human development of great depth and permanence that can hardly be achieved through only verbal teaching or interaction with abstract representation, to give an example.</p>
<p>In the natural environment there is freedom and autonomy, not dependence as occurs in technological environments; pedagogy has known how to go hand in hand with environmental education, which has made the natural environment an ally for the body and for human beings. We must continue to build a pedagogy based on the interdependence of the human being, on their responsibility and capacity for self-regulation and, above all, their capacity to return, to adapt and to reconnect with the natural environment. A pedagogy in accordance with the humanism of belonging to nature; a nature that invites pedagogy of choice, that respects the freedom to decide, that accompanies personal choices without imposing or replacing, that intends for each decision to be conscious and responsible, versus other environments that lead to a pedagogy of imposition, of ruling, of no meaning. In turn, all this involves recognising that the first natural territory is the body itself and that education must contribute to each person developing a conscious, respectful and empowering relationship with their own corporality, viewing one and the other as essential allies.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-EN" fn-type="financial-disclosure"><label>1</label> <p>The research referred to is: (NATEC-ID). &#x201C;Analysis of the processes of (dis-re) connection with NATure and TEChnology when building a child's IDentity&#x201D; -PID2021-122993NB-100-. PI: Jos&#x00E9; Manuel Mu&#x00F1;oz Rodr&#x00ED;guez.</p></fn>
<fn id="fn2-EN" fn-type="other"><label>2</label> <p>Quantitative results were obtained after analysing the answers offered by the sample of 2586 boys and girls to the questionnaire applied and the sample of 300 boys and girls participating in group discussion sessions after analysing their discourses.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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