<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32957</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32957</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Por una &#x00E9;tica ecofeminista en la educaci&#x00F3;n para hacer frente a la crisis socioambiental</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Towards an Ecofeminist Ethic in Education to Address the Socio-Environmental Crisis</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9260-5274</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n</surname>
<given-names>Javier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3077-4675</contrib-id>
        <name>
            <surname>Fernández</surname>
            <given-names>Manu</given-names>
        </name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
    </contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Valencia. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Valencia</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>javier.gracia@uv.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>maferba2@alumni.uv.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>   
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
<fpage>127</fpage>
    <lpage>145</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>30</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>03</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El objetivo del art&#x00ED;culo es repensar la ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n desde una &#x00E9;tica ecofeminista que permita responder cr&#x00ED;ticamente a la crisis socioambiental actual y superar la subordinaci&#x00F3;n de cierta educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental al paradigma neoliberal del desarrollo sostenible, orient&#x00E1;ndola hacia la justicia ecosocial y el decrecimiento. La metodolog&#x00ED;a empleada es hermen&#x00E9;utica y est&#x00E1; basada en el an&#x00E1;lisis cr&#x00ED;tico de aportaciones filos&#x00F3;ficas, pedag&#x00F3;gicas y ecofeministas, especialmente de autoras como Lucie Sauv&#x00E9;, Anne Stephens, Annette Gough y Lisa Siegel. Entre los principales resultados, el estudio muestra que parte de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental tradicional ha perdido su potencial emancipador al quedar atrapada en l&#x00F3;gicas tecnocr&#x00E1;ticas y productivistas. Frente a ello, se propone una ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n decrecentista centrada en la &#x00E9;tica del cuidado, la interdependencia, la reciprocidad con la naturaleza y la autonom&#x00ED;a relacional. Asimismo, se plantea la posibilidad de una quinta etapa del ecofeminismo, de car&#x00E1;cter interseccional e intraconectivo, que fundamenta una pedagog&#x00ED;a de la interdependencia y una racionalidad ecol&#x00F3;gica cr&#x00ED;tica y sensible. Como principal conclusi&#x00F3;n, en el art&#x00ED;culo se defiende que una ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n ecofeminista, basada en el cuidado y la justicia socioambiental, puede contribuir de manera efectiva a una transici&#x00F3;n civilizatoria hacia modos de vida m&#x00E1;s justos, solidarios y ecol&#x00F3;gicamente responsables.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The aim of the article is to rethink eco-education from an ecofeminist ethical perspective capable of responding critically to the current socio-environmental crisis and of overcoming the subordination of certain forms of environmental education to the neoliberal paradigm of sustainable development, reorienting it toward ecosocial justice and degrowth. The methodology employed is hermeneutic and is based on the critical analysis of philosophical, pedagogical, and ecofeminist contributions, particularly those of authors such as Lucie Sauv&#x00E9;, Anne Stephens, Annette Gough, and Lisa Siegel. Among the main findings, the study shows that part of traditional environmental education has lost its emancipatory potential by becoming trapped in technocratic and productivist logics. In response, the article proposes a degrowth-oriented eco-education centered on an ethics of care, interdependence, reciprocity with nature, and relational autonomy. Furthermore, it puts forward the idea of a fifth stage of ecofeminism, interseccional and intraconnective in character, which grounds a pedagogy of interdependence and a critical and sensitive ecological rationality. As its main conclusion, the article argues that ecofeminist eco-education, grounded in care and socio-environmental justice, can effectively contribute to a civilizational transition toward more just, solidaristic, and ecologically responsible ways of life.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>feminismo</kwd>
<kwd>justicia socioambiental</kwd>
<kwd>&#x00E9;tica del cuidado</kwd>
<kwd>ecociudadan&#x00ED;a</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>environmental education</kwd>
<kwd>feminism</kwd>
<kwd>socio-environmental justice</kwd>
<kwd>ethics of care</kwd>
<kwd>eco-citizenship</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32957-ES">
<label>1.</label>
<title>E<sc>l giro decrecentista de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental</sc>, <sc>m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del neoliberalismo</sc></title>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental (EA) se ha configurado hist&#x00F3;ricamente a partir de iniciativas internacionales y nacionales, aunque su incorporaci&#x00F3;n a la educaci&#x00F3;n formal ha sido limitada por la rigidez del sistema escolar, desarroll&#x00E1;ndose principalmente en &#x00E1;mbitos no formales como ONG, museos y espacios naturales. Desde la d&#x00E9;cada de 1970, la UNESCO impuls&#x00F3; este campo en respuesta a la creciente conciencia sobre el agotamiento de los recursos, estableciendo en la Carta de Belgrado de 1975 objetivos de sensibilizaci&#x00F3;n, valores y competencias, y en la Conferencia de Tbilisi de 1977 principios como la interdisciplinariedad y el aprendizaje activo. Estas bases dieron lugar a un campo plural que ha evolucionado a trav&#x00E9;s de m&#x00FA;ltiples corrientes, tal como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32957-ES">Lucie Sauv&#x00E9; (2005)</xref>, quien distingue tanto tradiciones hist&#x00F3;ricas como enfoques m&#x00E1;s recientes. Esto muestra que la EA nunca ha constituido un bloque homog&#x00E9;neo, sino un territorio conceptual din&#x00E1;mico y en permanente construcci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, tras la Declaraci&#x00F3;n de R&#x00ED;o de 1992 y la Conferencia de Tesal&#x00F3;nica de 1997, la EA fue progresivamente reorientada hacia el paradigma del desarrollo sostenible, adoptando un enfoque crecientemente economicista. Como se&#x00F1;alan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32957-ES">Jos&#x00E9; Antonio Caride y Pablo &#x00C1;ngel Meira (2018)</xref> en su an&#x00E1;lisis acerca de la evoluci&#x00F3;n de la &#x201C;educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental&#x201D;, este proceso de institucionalizaci&#x00F3;n marc&#x00F3; el distanciamiento entre un ecologismo cr&#x00ED;tico, orientado a cuestionar las bases estructurales del modelo socioecon&#x00F3;mico, al ambientalismo, centrado en la adaptaci&#x00F3;n y la resoluci&#x00F3;n t&#x00E9;cnica de problemas sin impugnar las l&#x00F3;gicas del crecimiento. Este desplazamiento supuso la p&#x00E9;rdida de su potencial cr&#x00ED;tico y emancipador y gener&#x00F3; resistencias, especialmente en Am&#x00E9;rica Latina. No obstante, como advierten <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32957-ES">Caride y Meira (2020)</xref>, esta deriva no agota la complejidad del campo. La EA mantiene un sustrato profundamente pol&#x00ED;tico, pedag&#x00F3;gico y social que, lejos de reducirse a un ambientalismo instrumental, puede contribuir a una &#x201C;globalizaci&#x00F3;n alternativa&#x201D; orientada a la justicia socioambiental. Desde esta perspectiva, el desaf&#x00ED;o contempor&#x00E1;neo no consiste &#x201C;en adjetivar una educaci&#x00F3;n, sino en transformar todas las educaciones&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32957-ES">Caride y Meira, 2020</xref>, p. 21) para afrontar los riesgos ecol&#x00F3;gicos y civilizatorios.</p>
<p>Declaraciones m&#x00E1;s recientes, como la de Berl&#x00ED;n de 2021, as&#x00ED; como la educaci&#x00F3;n sobre cambio clim&#x00E1;tico impulsada tras el Acuerdo de Par&#x00ED;s de 2015 y la COP26, refuerzan la participaci&#x00F3;n y la sensibilizaci&#x00F3;n, pero mantienen como horizonte el desarrollo sostenible. En este contexto, la EA ha sido progresivamente sustituida por la educaci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo sostenible y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, cuya tensi&#x00F3;n interna entre crecimiento econ&#x00F3;mico y acci&#x00F3;n clim&#x00E1;tica evidencia, como advierte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9; (2024)</xref>, una persistente trampa ideol&#x00F3;gica. En el trasfondo se sit&#x00FA;a la racionalidad neoliberal, que ha colonizado el mundo de la vida, naturalizado el mercado y mercantilizado la naturaleza, transformando la EA en un dispositivo instrumental al servicio de intereses econ&#x00F3;micos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32957-ES">Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>M&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la complejidad y las tensiones en torno a la EA, en el plano internacional se consolidan discursos que cuestionan la compatibilidad entre crecimiento econ&#x00F3;mico y preservaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. Los informes del IPCC &#x2014;incluido el Informe de S&#x00ED;ntesis del AR6 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32957-ES">2023</xref>), que advierte de impactos crecientes y de la necesidad de reducciones r&#x00E1;pidas y profundas de emisiones&#x2014; refuerzan la urgencia de transitar hacia escenarios de decrecimiento, menor consumo y mayor equidad. A ello se suman los <italic>Sustainable Development Goals Reports</italic> de Naciones Unidas, que muestran el estancamiento o retroceso de numerosos ODS y ponen en duda la viabilidad de un modelo de desarrollo basado en el crecimiento. Este marco abre la posibilidad de liberar la EA del enfoque desarrollista que ha dominado durante d&#x00E9;cadas las agendas internacionales.</p>
<p>Pese a ello, los sistemas educativos contin&#x00FA;an ofreciendo un espacio limitado a la dimensi&#x00F3;n ambiental, con escaso apoyo institucional al profesorado. Persisten problemas estructurales como la falta de formaci&#x00F3;n, la rigidez curricular y la d&#x00E9;bil interdisciplinariedad, lo que favorece, como advierten <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32957-ES">Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano et al. (2020)</xref>, un ambientalismo blando centrado en acciones individuales, el optimismo tecnol&#x00F3;gico y la minimizaci&#x00F3;n de la dimensi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y pol&#x00ED;tica del cambio clim&#x00E1;tico. Frente a ello, se reclama un &#x201C;curr&#x00ED;culum de emergencia&#x201D; orientado a la formaci&#x00F3;n de ecociudadanos cr&#x00ED;ticos.</p>
<p>Aun en este contexto, diversos autores destacan el compromiso, la creatividad y la audacia del profesorado y de los actores de la educaci&#x00F3;n no formal, especialmente las ONG, as&#x00ED; como la demanda juvenil de una educaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s situada y transformadora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32957-ES">Carvalho et al., 2024</xref>). En conjunto, la EA se configura como un campo atravesado por avances institucionales, resistencias estructurales y pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas comprometidas, lo que refuerza la necesidad de profundizar la investigaci&#x00F3;n y fortalecer su dimensi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica y emancipadora.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32957-ES">
<label>2.</label>
<title>L<sc>a crisis socioambiental y el insostenible modelo de producci&#x00F3;n industrial</sc>-<sc>capitalista desde una &#x00E9;tica ecofeminista</sc></title>
<p>La crisis socioambiental que atraviesa nuestro tiempo no puede entenderse como una simple acumulaci&#x00F3;n de problemas ecol&#x00F3;gicos, sino como el resultado estructural de un modelo de producci&#x00F3;n y desarrollo profundamente insostenible. Este modelo, de ra&#x00ED;z industrial-capitalista, se ha consolidado a lo largo del &#x00FA;ltimo siglo como paradigma dominante, articulando una visi&#x00F3;n del mundo centrada en la explotaci&#x00F3;n ilimitada de recursos, la aceleraci&#x00F3;n tecnol&#x00F3;gica y la expansi&#x00F3;n econ&#x00F3;mica sin l&#x00ED;mites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32957-ES">Rosa, 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32957-ES">2019</xref>). En su l&#x00F3;gica, el crecimiento se presenta como condici&#x00F3;n necesaria del progreso, mientras se invisibilizan los impactos ecol&#x00F3;gicos, sociales y &#x00E9;ticos que genera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32957-ES">Mellor, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32957-ES">Fraser, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32957-ES">Hickel, 2023</xref>). Esta concepci&#x00F3;n ha contribuido a la ruptura de los equilibrios ecosist&#x00E9;micos, al agravamiento de las desigualdades globales y a la mercantilizaci&#x00F3;n de la vida.</p>
<p>Sustentado en una racionalidad instrumental, este modelo concibe la naturaleza como objeto o mercanc&#x00ED;a, ignorando las relaciones de interdependencia que sostienen la vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32957-ES">Shiva, 2024</xref>). La cultura del dominio y la l&#x00F3;gica extractivista han generado una desconexi&#x00F3;n profunda entre humanidad y entorno, alimentando la fragmentaci&#x00F3;n y la indiferencia ecol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32957-ES">Orr, 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32957-ES">Louv, 2005</xref>).</p>
<p>Las consecuencias son evidentes: cambio clim&#x00E1;tico, p&#x00E9;rdida de biodiversidad, contaminaci&#x00F3;n, desertificaci&#x00F3;n y una creciente desigualdad social vinculada al deterioro ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32957-ES">Shiva, 2024</xref>). Pero m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de los s&#x00ED;ntomas visibles, se trata de una crisis de sentido, una ruptura del v&#x00ED;nculo &#x00E9;tico entre humanidad y naturaleza. Como advierten diversos organismos internacionales, esta emergencia clim&#x00E1;tica exige respuestas urgentes desde todos los &#x00E1;mbitos, incluida la educaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Desde una perspectiva ecofeminista, esta crisis no puede abordarse sin cuestionar las estructuras de poder que la sostienen. El modelo industrial-capitalista no solo es ecol&#x00F3;gicamente inviable, sino &#x00E9;ticamente problem&#x00E1;tico, al reproducir l&#x00F3;gicas de dominaci&#x00F3;n que afectan especialmente a cuerpos feminizados, racializados y empobrecidos. Frente a ello, el ecofeminismo propone una &#x00E9;tica del cuidado, la reciprocidad y la justicia ambiental como base para reconstruir nuestra relaci&#x00F3;n con el entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32957-ES">Gaard, 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32957-ES">2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32957-ES">Puleo, 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32957-ES">2019</xref>). Solo desde una educaci&#x00F3;n comprometida con la justicia ecosocial ser&#x00E1; posible imaginar y construir futuros sostenibles.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32957-ES">
<label>3.</label>
<title>L<sc>a <italic>ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n</italic> y sus dimensiones</sc></title>
<p>Dada la pluralidad de significaciones que el t&#x00E9;rmino educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental ha revestido en sus m&#x00E1;s de cincuenta a&#x00F1;os de historia, siguiendo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32957-ES">Lucie Sauv&#x00E9; (2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32957-ES">2017</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-ES">2024</xref>) proponemos hablar en este trabajo de &#x201C;ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D;. Lo primero que cabr&#x00ED;a decir es que la <italic>ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n</italic> no tiene por objeto resolver los problemas que los seres humanos generan en el medioambiente. Esto es m&#x00E1;s bien un reduccionismo de la &#x201C;corriente resolutiva&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2005</xref>), muy presente en el Programa internacional de educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental de la UNESCO, entre 1975 y 1995, y que concibe el medio ambiente como un conjunto de problemas. Por el contrario, la <italic>ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n</italic> se centra en la relaci&#x00F3;n de las personas con el medioambiente, porque entiende que dicha relaci&#x00F3;n es el crisol del desarrollo personal. Efectivamente, &#x201C;el medioambiente nos forma, nos deforma y nos transforma, al menos tanto como nosotros lo formamos, lo deformamos, lo transformamos&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32957-ES">Cottereau, 1999</xref>, p. 11). Son los lazos con el medioambiente lo que constituye la ontog&#x00E9;nesis fundamental de los seres humanos. La eco-ontoge&#x0301;nesis busca caracterizar y diferenciar los periodos particulares en lo relativo a los tipos de relacio&#x0301;n con el medio ambiente y asociar a ello pra&#x0301;cticas especi&#x0301;ficas de educacio&#x0301;n ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32957-ES">Berryman, 2003</xref>).</p>
<p>La dimensi&#x00F3;n ontogen&#x00E9;tica de la ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; estrechamente vinculada a su dimensi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y pol&#x00ED;tica. En clave ecoeducativa, se podr&#x00ED;a decir que la eco-ontog&#x00E9;nesis consiste en una <italic>eco-onto-gen-&#x00E9;tica</italic>, es decir, una &#x00E9;tica entra&#x00F1;ada en el desarrollo de los v&#x00ED;nculos del ser-en-el-mundo. As&#x00ED;, la <italic>ecopedagog&#x00ED;a</italic> ahonda en la relaci&#x00F3;n &#x00ED;ntima entre nuestra realidad humana y la naturaleza y de este modo &#x201C;invita al an&#x00E1;lisis cr&#x00ED;tico de las din&#x00E1;micas sociales y las relaciones de poder para denunciar las alienaciones y promover la emancipaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2017</xref>, p. 270). La <italic>ecopedagog&#x00ED;a</italic> lleva impl&#x00ED;cita un claro componente de compromiso &#x00E9;tico y pol&#x00ED;tico, porque alude al anclaje de la identidad ecol&#x00F3;gica e incide en el empuje proactivo del compromiso. Por ello no se trata de hacerse eco de un ambientalismo pragm&#x00E1;tico, que de un modo u otro puede llegar a ser fagocitado por una racionalidad economicista, desarrollista, antropoc&#x00E9;ntrica y monocultural que sigue una forma unilateral de desarrollo sostenible. Por el contrario, se trata de liberar la ecolog&#x00ED;a del marco de la ciencia biol&#x00F3;gica y sus l&#x00ED;mites naturalistas, rebasando con ello un concepto limitado de educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental y apostando por una educaci&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica o <italic>ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, que explicite la relaci&#x00F3;n que las personas y las sociedades guardamos con el ambiente, con el mundo vivo, en definitiva, con nuestro <italic>o&#x00EF;kos</italic>. Es, por lo tanto, una exploraci&#x00F3;n de la dimensi&#x00F3;n identitaria en tanto que somos seres-en-el-mundo, o mejor dicho, &#x201C;seres que forman parte del mundo: el mundo vivo y en constante transformaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2024</xref>, p. 114), sabedores de que nuestra identidad &#x00E9;tica, pol&#x00ED;tica y a la postre humana est&#x00E1; entra&#x00F1;ada en dicho v&#x00ED;nculo con la naturaleza. Por eso, cuando profundizamos en esa identidad ecol&#x00F3;gica, se vuelve dif&#x00ED;cil &#x2014;y en cierto modo arbitrario&#x2014; trazar una l&#x00ED;nea divisoria entre nosotros y lo que nos rodea, porque tejemos una red de v&#x00ED;nculos inextricables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32957-ES">Latour, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>A la luz de la constitutiva identidad ecol&#x00F3;gica, la educaci&#x00F3;n para la ciudadan&#x00ED;a es una educaci&#x00F3;n para la <italic>ecociudadan&#x00ED;a</italic>, porque implica dimensiones pol&#x00ED;ticas, cr&#x00ED;ticas y &#x00E9;ticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2015</xref>, p. 16). Se trata de superar el moralismo particularista y avanzar hacia una &#x00E9;tica m&#x00E1;s reflexiva y sustantiva, centrada en la relaci&#x00F3;n con el mundo &#x2014;social y ecol&#x00F3;gico&#x2014;. El espacio que habitamos es nuestra casa (<italic>o&#x00EF;kos</italic>), y en la medida en que los v&#x00ED;nculos sociales nos constituyen como &#x201C;animales pol&#x00ED;ticos&#x201D; (<italic>zoon politikon</italic>), la ciudad (<italic>polis</italic>) es literalmente el espacio que habitan las personas, esto es, el <italic>o&#x00EF;kos</italic> del ser humano.</p>
<p>A juicio de Sauv&#x00E9;, adem&#x00E1;s de la dimensi&#x00F3;n epist&#x00E9;mica, ontogen&#x00E9;tica y est&#x00E9;tica, la educaci&#x00F3;n para la ecociudadan&#x00ED;a ha de desarrollar de modo indisociable las competencias &#x00E9;tica, cr&#x00ED;tica, heur&#x00ED;stica y pol&#x00ED;tica. Por una parte, la <italic>competencia &#x00E9;tica</italic> permite formarse un juicio a trav&#x00E9;s del cuestionamiento de las normas, los valores y el bien com&#x00FA;n. &#x201C;No se trata de transmitir una moral social de tipo ambiental [... sino de] la construcci&#x00F3;n de una &#x00E9;tica ambiental a trav&#x00E9;s de discusiones, debates y experimentaciones&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2024</xref>, p. 117-118). No se concibe la &#x00E9;tica como una mera proyecci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica de valores, sino como coherencia pr&#x00E1;ctica entre los valores que se predican y las acciones que se realizan. Por lo tanto, un gesto de clarificaci&#x00F3;n y discernimiento (este es el sentido originario que tiene la ra&#x00ED;z <italic>krinein</italic> del t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;cr&#x00ED;tica&#x201D;).</p>
<p>As&#x00ED;, la competencia &#x00E9;tica nos conduce a la <italic>competencia cr&#x00ED;tica</italic> que implica la &#x201C;capacidad de decodificar las relaciones de poder y las situaciones de injusticia, y un deseo de reconstruir las realidades socio-ecol&#x00F3;gicas&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2017</xref>, p. 272). La ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n no solo desarrolla una cr&#x00ED;tica basada en la denuncia social de la crisis socioambiental, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n se constituye como una pr&#x00E1;ctica transformadora, que articula indignaci&#x00F3;n con esperanza y acci&#x00F3;n. La capacidad cr&#x00ED;tica desde el punto de vista &#x00E9;tico es denuncia y propuesta de mejora, es decir, cr&#x00ED;tica constructiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32957-ES">Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n, 2020</xref>, pp. 114ss). Por eso es tan importante que el inconformismo no se instale en una quejumbre pasiva, sino que conduzca a modos proactivos de cr&#x00ED;tica y discernimiento. Para ello resulta indispensable que la cr&#x00ED;tica vaya acompa&#x00F1;ada de imaginaci&#x00F3;n creativa.</p>
<p>Por ello, en tercer lugar, la <italic>competencia heur&#x00ED;stica</italic> est&#x00E1; muy vinculada con las anteriores y conduce a la posibilidad de imaginar y proyectar otros mundos posibles, creando alternativas reales, resisti&#x00E9;ndose al conformismo y ampliando las posibilidades reales. Es fundamental pasar de la instalaci&#x00F3;n en la quejumbre infructuosa a una preocupaci&#x00F3;n responsable que avive la imaginaci&#x00F3;n y proponga alternativas.</p>
<p>Por &#x00FA;ltimo, pero no menos importante, la <italic>competencia pol&#x00ED;tica</italic> consiste en la &#x201C;capacidad de argumentar y comunicar en el espacio p&#x00FA;blico, implicarse en procesos democr&#x00E1;ticos, desplegar estrategias de acci&#x00F3;n apropiadas y eficaces&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2017</xref>, p. 273). La competencia pol&#x00ED;tica es clave porque la ecociudadan&#x00ED;a se enra&#x00ED;za en un territorio, que permite desarrollar una &#x201C;responsabilidad territorial colectiva&#x201D; (un ejemplo muy llamativo es el de las luchas socio-ecol&#x00F3;gicas contra el extractivismo). &#x201C;El proyecto poli&#x0301;tico-pedago&#x0301;gico de la ecociudadani&#x0301;a llama a una pedagogi&#x0301;a comprometida, una pedagogi&#x0301;a que estimula el compromiso&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2024</xref>, p. 122).</p>
<p>M&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de una confrontaci&#x00F3;n entre ecolog&#x00ED;a y pol&#x00ED;tica, la identidad ecol&#x00F3;gica da lugar a una confluencia que pone el foco en la pol&#x00ED;tica como el espacio donde se gestan los v&#x00ED;nculos personales y el desarrollo humano, y que, por tanto, debe integrar el medioambiente. La contradicci&#x00F3;n surge cuando la pol&#x00ED;tica act&#x00FA;a de espaldas &#x2013;y en contra&#x2013; de la ecolog&#x00ED;a: una parte de nuestra identidad y de nuestros v&#x00ED;nculos con la naturaleza queda truncada. Por el contrario, cuando se hace eco de la naturaleza y de los lazos constitutivos que las personas mantenemos con el medioambiente, la pol&#x00ED;tica reconoce la identidad ecol&#x00F3;gica que nos constituye como seres humanos. No obstante, se trata de ir m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del moralismo particularista y privatizado y de reconocer un nivel m&#x00E1;s reflexivo y sustantivo de la &#x00E9;tica c&#x00ED;vica al situar el centro de atenci&#x00F3;n en la relaci&#x00F3;n con el mundo &#x2014;entendido tanto en su dimensi&#x00F3;n social (las gentes) como en la ecol&#x00F3;gica (el medioambiente)&#x2014; y en la proyecci&#x00F3;n de dicha relaci&#x00F3;n en t&#x00E9;rminos de responsabilidad territorial colectiva. A este respecto cabr&#x00ED;a incluso hablar de una &#x201C;democracia ecol&#x00F3;gica&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32957-ES">Bourg y Whiteside, 2010</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32957-ES">
<label>4.</label>
<title>L<sc>a ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n desde el ecofeminismo</sc></title>
<p>El ecofeminismo (al igual que el ecosocialismo o el ecodesarrollo) es una corriente eco&#x00E9;tica y ecopol&#x00ED;tica que permite un mayor grado de concreci&#x00F3;n en el desarrollo de la ecociudadan&#x00ED;a. La corriente feminista es una de las se&#x00F1;aladas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32957-ES">Sauv&#x00E9; (2005)</xref> en su clarificadora &#x201C;cartograf&#x00ED;a de educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental&#x201D;. En el ecofeminismo el &#x00E9;nfasis est&#x00E1; puesto en las relaciones de poder y opresi&#x00F3;n que en ciertos contextos se ejercen sobre las mujeres y en la necesidad de integrar las perspectivas y valores feministas en los modos de gobernanza, producci&#x00F3;n, consumo y organizaci&#x00F3;n social que han de transformar tambi&#x00E9;n las relaciones de dominio con el medioambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32957-ES">Gough et al., 2024</xref>). Se denuncia un estrecho lazo entre las pr&#x00E1;cticas tradicionales de dominaci&#x00F3;n sobre las mujeres y las ejercidas sobre la naturaleza. El ecofeminismo critica el enfoque racional dominante en la mayor&#x00ED;a de teor&#x00ED;as ambientales y valora perspectivas intuitivas, afectivas, simb&#x00F3;licas, espirituales y art&#x00ED;sticas. Desde una &#x00E9;tica del cuidado y la responsabilidad, promueve la atenci&#x00F3;n y el compromiso afectuoso hacia los otros y hacia el entorno, en mayor medida que lo hacen otras corrientes de la teor&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32957-ES">Hatten-Flisher y Martusewicz, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Conviene recordar que el t&#x00E9;rmino ecofeminismo fue acu&#x00F1;ado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32957-ES">Fran&#x00E7;oise d&#x2019;Eaubonne (1974)</xref> y tiene sus ra&#x00ED;ces en los movimientos sociales activistas de la &#x00E9;poca &#x2014;especialmente antinucleares y pacifistas&#x2014; y en la creciente conciencia sobre el sexismo y la ceguera de g&#x00E9;nero presentes en otros grupos ambientalistas. El ecofeminismo surgi&#x00F3; como un movimiento tanto pol&#x00ED;tico como intelectual, en el que la uni&#x00F3;n entre las ideas ecol&#x00F3;gicas y feministas puso en tela de juicio las estructuras de poder de g&#x00E9;nero, las organizaciones sociales y econ&#x00F3;micas y los paradigmas cient&#x00ED;ficos, as&#x00ED; como las formas tradicionales de concebir la relaci&#x00F3;n del ser humano con la naturaleza. Aunque fue criticado en los noventa por supuesto esencialismo y etnocentrismo, en los &#x00FA;ltimos a&#x00F1;os ha resurgido, renov&#x00E1;ndose el inter&#x00E9;s por el encuentro entre feminismo, justicia social y ambientalismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32957-ES">Gaard, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32957-ES">Gough and Whitehouse, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32957-ES">Gough et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32957-ES">Karen J. Warren (2000)</xref> define la filosof&#x00ED;a ecofeminista como una perspectiva que emplea el an&#x00E1;lisis de sexo/g&#x00E9;nero como punto de partida para criticar los &#x201C;ismos de la opresi&#x00F3;n social&#x201D; (por ejemplo, sexismo, racismo, clasismo, heterosexismo y etnocentrismo), y como una postura que &#x201C;utiliza perspectivas ecol&#x00F3;gicas y ambientales sobre el mundo no humano y las interacciones entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza en su teor&#x00ED;a y pr&#x00E1;ctica&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32957-ES">Warren, 2000</xref>, p. 43). Estas estructuras de poder interconectadas y jer&#x00E1;rquicas, en forma de patriarcado y capitalismo, interact&#x00FA;an con la explotaci&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica para ejercer dominio sobre los grupos marginados y la naturaleza. El ecofeminismo constituye un tipo de &#x201C;filosof&#x00ED;a ambiental feminista&#x201D; caracterizado por: (1) explorar la naturaleza de las conexiones entre las dominaciones injustificadas de las mujeres y la naturaleza; (2) criticar las visiones filos&#x00F3;ficas can&#x00F3;nicas occidentales con sesgo masculino (suposiciones, conceptos, afirmaciones, distinciones, posiciones, teor&#x00ED;as) sobre las mujeres y la naturaleza; y (3) crear alternativas y soluciones a esas visiones con sesgo masculino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-32957-ES">Warren, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>En el marco del ecofeminismo, encontramos interesantes propuestas en los primeros a&#x00F1;os de la etapa educativa, como las escuelas de educaci&#x00F3;n al aire libre (<italic>Forest Schools</italic>), espacios basados en la naturaleza que pueden desafiar sistemas jer&#x00E1;rquicos de poder y fomentar pedagog&#x00ED;as m&#x00E1;s inclusivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32957-ES">Garden, 2025</xref>). A diferencia de las clases tradicionales donde los roles de estudiantes y profesores est&#x00E1;n claramente definidos y a menudo se refuerzan determinados estereotipos de g&#x00E9;nero, las escuelas al aire libre fomentan una mayor flexibilidad e interacci&#x00F3;n permitiendo redefinir los roles de g&#x00E9;nero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32957-ES">Garden and Downes, 2024</xref>). En esta propuesta quedan de manifiesto las enormes posibilidades que tienen los nuevos espacios de aprendizaje al aire libre, pues el contexto donde tiene lugar el aprendizaje es especialmente significativo para establecer los procesos de aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32957-ES">Schwai, 2024</xref>). &#x201C;Crear espacios inclusivos y seguros es cr&#x00ED;tico para redefinir las normas de g&#x00E9;nero y fomentar un sentido de pertenencia de todos los participantes&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32957-ES">Garden, 2025</xref>, p. 5).</p>
<p>Pero tambi&#x00E9;n pueden encontrarse otras propuestas de educaci&#x00F3;n ecofeminista aplicadas al &#x00E1;mbito universitario. Un ejemplo es el desarrollo de la conciencia ecofeminista mediante pedagog&#x00ED;a ecofeminista en clases de literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-32957-ES">Wiyatmi et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-5-32957-ES">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Superando el esencialismo en el horizonte de la quinta etapa del ecofeminismo</title>
<p>El ecofeminismo no constituye una corriente homog&#x00E9;nea, sino un campo plural de pensamiento y acci&#x00F3;n que ha evolucionado en di&#x00E1;logo con distintos contextos hist&#x00F3;ricos, culturales y pol&#x00ED;ticos. Las distintas corrientes del ecofeminismo comparten una preocupaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica por el sostenimiento de la vida, pero difieren en sus fundamentos filos&#x00F3;ficos, sus estrategias pol&#x00ED;ticas y sus modos de vincular lo femenino con la naturaleza. Algunas perspectivas han sido criticadas por reproducir esencialismos, mientras que otras han apostado por una visi&#x00F3;n relacional y constructivista que cuestiona los dualismos tradicionales. Comprender estas corrientes permite trazar un mapa de las tensiones y posibilidades del ecofeminismo contempor&#x00E1;neo, especialmente en su aplicaci&#x00F3;n al &#x00E1;mbito educativo.</p>
<p>La primera etapa del ecofeminismo se vincula al activismo ambiental y feminista de base, especialmente en contextos rurales y comunitarios, donde se establece una conexi&#x00F3;n entre la opresi&#x00F3;n de las mujeres y la explotaci&#x00F3;n de la naturaleza. En algunos casos, este v&#x00ED;nculo se expresa mediante un enfoque espiritual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32957-ES">Starhawk, 1979</xref>) o esencialista (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32957-ES">Daly, 1978</xref>), que asocia lo femenino con lo natural, reproduciendo imaginarios simb&#x00F3;licos que refuerzan la identificaci&#x00F3;n mujer-naturaleza. Una rama del movimiento hab&#x00ED;a insistido en que las mujeres ten&#x00ED;an una afinidad inherente con el mundo natural (a menudo en relaci&#x00F3;n con la crianza y el cuidado de los hijos), &#x201C;homogeneizando as&#x00ED; a las mujeres y reificando las nociones restrictivas del g&#x00E9;nero como biol&#x00F3;gicamente innatas y fijas&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32957-ES">Piersol y Timmerman, 2017</xref>, p. 11). El ecofeminismo fue criticado por ser esencialista, elitista y etnocentrista, y fue &#x201C;efectivamente descartado&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32957-ES">Gaard, 2011</xref>, p. 26).</p>
<p>La segunda etapa se caracteriza por el desarrollo filos&#x00F3;fico del ecofeminismo, con autoras como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-32957-ES">Karen Warren (1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32957-ES">2000</xref>), quienes proponen una &#x00E9;tica relacional sustentada en la cr&#x00ED;tica a los dualismos ontol&#x00F3;gicos y epistemol&#x00F3;gicos &#x2013;cultura/naturaleza, raz&#x00F3;n/emoci&#x00F3;n, masculino/femenino&#x2013;, y en la interdependencia entre los seres humanos y el entorno natural. Esta fase busca superar el esencialismo mediante marcos conceptuales m&#x00E1;s inclusivos y argumentativos.</p>
<p>La tercera etapa, de car&#x00E1;cter constructivista, profundiza en la cr&#x00ED;tica al esencialismo y propone una lectura cultural e hist&#x00F3;rica de las relaciones entre g&#x00E9;nero y medio ambiente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32957-ES">Val Plumwood (1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32957-ES">2002</xref>) es una figura clave en esta fase, al cuestionar los dualismos jer&#x00E1;rquicos que sustentan la racionalidad moderna y proponer una &#x201C;racionalidad ecol&#x00F3;gica&#x201D; que reconozca la interdependencia como base &#x00E9;tica y pol&#x00ED;tica. Esta etapa incorpora influencias del feminismo postestructuralista y de la filosof&#x00ED;a ambiental, y se enfoca en c&#x00F3;mo las categor&#x00ED;as de g&#x00E9;nero y naturaleza son construidas socialmente en contextos hist&#x00F3;ricos espec&#x00ED;ficos. El &#x00E9;nfasis ya no est&#x00E1; en la &#x201C;naturaleza femenina&#x201D;, sino en la cr&#x00ED;tica a las estructuras de pensamiento que legitiman la dominaci&#x00F3;n de cuerpos, territorios y saberes.</p>
<p>En la cuarta etapa se aboga por un ecofeminismo cr&#x00ED;tico, que ampl&#x00ED;a esta mirada desde una perspectiva interseccional, decolonial y multiespecie. Autoras como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32957-ES">Alicia Puleo (2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32957-ES">2019</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32957-ES">Greta Gaard (2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32957-ES">2015</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32957-ES">No&#x00EB;l Sturgeon (2009)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32957-ES">Barbara Noske (1989)</xref> articulan enfoques que vinculan el feminismo queer, la justicia ambiental, la liberaci&#x00F3;n animal y la cr&#x00ED;tica al antropocentrismo. Esta fase se caracteriza por una apertura te&#x00F3;rica hacia las ecolog&#x00ED;as disidentes, la transcorporeidad y la interdependencia radical, desafiando las hegemon&#x00ED;as del neoliberalismo, el patriarcado y el colonialismo. El ecofeminismo deja de ser una corriente homog&#x00E9;nea para convertirse en un espacio plural y din&#x00E1;mico, donde convergen m&#x00FA;ltiples voces, territorios y luchas.</p>
<p>Siguiendo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-ES">Lisa Siegel (2024)</xref>, esta evoluci&#x00F3;n ha dado lugar a una quinta etapa del ecofeminismo, caracterizada por una interseccionalidad expandida que integra las dimensiones de g&#x00E9;nero, especie, etnia, clase, territorio y afectividad. Esta etapa propone una praxis situada, que reconoce la vulnerabilidad compartida y la necesidad de construir alianzas entre movimientos de liberaci&#x00F3;n humana y no humana. Esta nueva narrativa rechaza la visi&#x00F3;n esencialista del primer ecofeminismo y plantea que los sujetos est&#x00E1;n &#x201C;epistemol&#x00F3;gicamente, ontol&#x00F3;gicamente y &#x00E9;ticamente entrelazados entre s&#x00ED; y con la materia de la tierra&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32957-ES">Davies, 2021</xref>, p. 132; citada en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-ES">Siegel, 2024</xref>, p. 339). Inspirada en el concepto de &#x201C;intra-acci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32957-ES">Karen Barad (2007)</xref>, Siegel introduce el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;intraconectivismo&#x201D; para describir un paradigma que reconoce que los individuos y las cosas no existen de forma independiente, sino que emergen a trav&#x00E9;s de sus relaciones. Como afirma la autora, &#x201C;absolutamente cualquier cosa est&#x00E1; enredada [<italic>entangled</italic>]&#x201D;; &#x201C;el intraconectivismo es transdisciplinario, trans-temporal y reconoce todas las comprensiones &#x00E9;tico-onto-epist&#x00E9;micas de la intraconexi&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-ES">Siegel, 2024</xref>, p. 329). El ecofeminismo contempor&#x00E1;neo se configura as&#x00ED; como una herramienta cr&#x00ED;tica para abordar la crisis ecosocial desde perspectivas &#x00E9;ticas, pol&#x00ED;ticas y pedag&#x00F3;gicas profundamente transformadoras.</p>
<p>Siegel reconoce que esta quinta etapa representa una <italic>historia aspiracional</italic>, pero necesaria para enfrentar las violencias estructurales del presente y construir una educaci&#x00F3;n comprometida con la justicia social y ecol&#x00F3;gica. En sus palabras:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>El pensamiento y la acci&#x00F3;n ecofeminista contin&#x00FA;an apoyando la lucha por un cambio sist&#x00E9;mico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32957-ES">Gough y Whitehouse, 2021</xref>) y, en ese sentido, seguir&#x00E1;n siendo un marco te&#x00F3;rico crucial para trabajar y sostener. Sin embargo, avanzar hacia ese horizonte aspiracional requiere nuevas formas de pensar, de ser y de actuar &#x2013;y eso es precisamente lo que el intraconectivismo y la educaci&#x00F3;n intraconectiva pueden ofrecer, no solo al campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental, sino a todos los &#x00E1;mbitos educativos comprometidos con la justicia social y ecol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-ES">Siegel, 2024</xref>, p. 340).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>El intraconectivismo es una propuesta educativa emergente que promueve una visi&#x00F3;n integral del aprendizaje, basada en la conexi&#x00F3;n profunda entre las dimensiones cognitiva, emocional, corporal, &#x00E9;tica y espiritual del sujeto. A diferencia del conectivismo &#x2013;centrado en las redes externas de informaci&#x00F3;n y en el aprendizaje digital&#x2013;, el intraconectivismo plantea una pedagog&#x00ED;a de la interioridad, la conciencia y la transformaci&#x00F3;n personal. Esta perspectiva reconoce que el conocimiento no se reduce a la acumulaci&#x00F3;n de datos, sino que constituye una experiencia relacional y significativa que vincula al sujeto consigo mismo, con los dem&#x00E1;s y con el entorno.</p>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n intraconectiva se entrelaza con enfoques como el ecofeminismo, la pedagog&#x00ED;a del cuidado, el pensamiento decolonial y la &#x00E9;tica ecol&#x00F3;gica, al proponer una formaci&#x00F3;n orientada al cultivo de una conciencia cr&#x00ED;tica, sensible y comprometida con la vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-ES">Siegel, 2024</xref>). En este marco, aprender no significa &#x00FA;nicamente acumular saberes, sino tambi&#x00E9;n <italic>ser</italic>, <italic>sentir</italic> y <italic>coexistir.</italic></p>
<p>Esta propuesta se desmarca de una educaci&#x00F3;n <italic>para</italic> o <italic>sobre</italic> el ambiente como la que ha defendido la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-32957-ES">UNESCO (1977)</xref>, orientada a fomentar aprendizajes sostenibles, sin integrar la dimensi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica, relacional y transformadora que la crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica actual demanda. Frente a esta educaci&#x00F3;n del medio ambiente limitadora, la educaci&#x00F3;n intraconectiva, &#x201C;educaci&#x00F3;n <italic>como</italic> ambiente&#x201D;, propone reorientar la mirada hacia una pedagog&#x00ED;a que reconozca la copertenencia y la interdependencia de todos los seres vivos. En ella se recogen tambi&#x00E9;n los saberes ancestrales de pueblos originarios, que desde hace a&#x00F1;os comprenden que &#x201C;somos parte, no aparte, del ambiente&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-32957-ES">Tapia, 2018</xref>). Desde esta base, la educaci&#x00F3;n intraconectiva busca superar los dualismos (humano/naturaleza, raz&#x00F3;n/emoci&#x00F3;n, masculino/femenino) que estructuran la cultura occidental moderna y proponer una educaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s inclusiva, equitativa y relacional<bold>,</bold> sensible a las diferencias y a la justicia social y ecol&#x00F3;gica. Finalmente, se vincula esta propuesta con el marco te&#x00F3;rico de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32957-ES">Macy y Brown (2014)</xref><bold>,</bold> quienes distinguen tres dimensiones del cambio ecol&#x00F3;gico: las acciones inmediatas para detener el da&#x00F1;o ambiental, las transformaciones estructurales de los sistemas sociales y los cambios de conciencia y valores. La educaci&#x00F3;n intraconectiva aspira a integrar estas tres dimensiones, ofreciendo una pedagog&#x00ED;a m&#x00E1;s consciente, cooperativa y en equilibrio con la Tierra<bold>.</bold></p>
<p>Desde esta perspectiva, se abren posibilidades para articular propuestas pedag&#x00F3;gicas que reconozcan la ecodependencia, la interdependencia, la vulnerabilidad compartida y la urgencia de formar sujetos capaces de cuidar y preservar la vida desde una conciencia &#x00E9;tica, cr&#x00ED;tica y transformadora.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32957-ES">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Los principios de la &#x00E9;tica ecofeminista como pilares de la ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n: cuidado, interdependencia y justicia socioambiental</title>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32957-ES">Anne Stephens (2013)</xref> identifica varios principios fundamentales que configuran la &#x00E9;tica ecofeminista. Estos principios orientan la reflexi&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica y ofrecen marcos pr&#x00E1;cticos para la acci&#x00F3;n educativa, pol&#x00ED;tica y comunitaria.</p>
<p><italic>El cuidado como valor central</italic>: Frente a la l&#x00F3;gica del dominio, el ecofeminismo reivindica el cuidado como principio &#x00E9;tico y pol&#x00ED;tico. Este cuidado no se limita a lo dom&#x00E9;stico o lo privado, sino que se extiende a los ecosistemas, a las relaciones interpersonales y a las comunidades multiespecies. Cuidar es resistir la violencia estructural y afirmar la vida. As&#x00ED;, el cuidado se concibe no solo como una pr&#x00E1;ctica afectiva, sino como una postura pol&#x00ED;tica que reconoce la vulnerabilidad compartida como base de una racionalidad comprometida, sensible y transformadora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32957-ES">Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n, 2023</xref>). Por ello hay que ir con cuidado, nunca mejor dicho, pues no se trata de altruismo sino de justicia. Conviene recordar con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32957-ES">Herta Nagl-Docekal (1994)</xref> que el cuidado bien entendido no solo no anula al ser cuidado, sino que establece una relaci&#x00F3;n que supera la dominaci&#x00F3;n y evita el paternalismo, reforzando la autonom&#x00ED;a de la persona cuidada. No una autonom&#x00ED;a individualista sino relacional e incluso ecosocial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32957-ES">Pulkki y Ketto, 2022</xref>). El cuidado en el ecofeminismo es una exigencia de justicia que se quita la venda de los ojos para ver las necesidades de cada ser, ampli&#x00E1;ndose incluso hacia aquellos seres que no son humanos, hacia la naturaleza en su conjunto.</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, la <italic>interdependencia entre seres humanos y naturaleza</italic>: El ecofeminismo cuestiona la idea de autonom&#x00ED;a individual como ideal absoluto. En su lugar, propone una visi&#x00F3;n relacional del sujeto, que reconoce su vulnerabilidad y su dependencia de redes ecol&#x00F3;gicas, sociales y afectivas. Esta interdependencia es la base para una &#x00E9;tica que promueve la cooperaci&#x00F3;n y la corresponsabilidad. La interdependencia se desmarca de la noci&#x00F3;n del ser humano como sujeto independiente y propone una visi&#x00F3;n relacional, en sinton&#x00ED;a con la cr&#x00ED;tica ecofeminista al modelo de racionalidad instrumental que ha separado la humanidad de la naturaleza. En el marco de esta interdependencia hay que entender la cr&#x00ED;tica ecofeminista a diversas formas de dualismos jerarquizadores cultura/naturaleza, masculino/femenino, racional/emocional. Este esquema ha servido para justificar la subordinaci&#x00F3;n de lo natural y lo femenino, y debe ser desmontado para construir una &#x00E9;tica inclusiva y no jer&#x00E1;rquica.</p>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n este segundo principio es decisivo para la ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n porque de nuevo incide en el v&#x00ED;nculo identitario constitutivo que la naturaleza supone para el ser humano. A este respecto el cultivo de esos v&#x00ED;nculos constitutivos con la naturaleza tiene un efecto muy positivo y es clave en la formaci&#x00F3;n de las identidades infantiles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32957-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>). Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32957-ES">Adams y Beauchamps (2021)</xref> destacan la oportunidad que ofrecen los espacios naturales para ejercitar la reflexi&#x00F3;n y la introspecci&#x00F3;n, subrayando el potencial liberador de las &#x201C;experiencias biof&#x00ED;licas&#x201D; que mejoran la percepci&#x00F3;n de la naturaleza y el autoconocimiento. Esta interdependencia entre las personas y la naturaleza queda de manifiesto en la influencia que en contextos educativos ejerce la naturaleza en la formaci&#x00F3;n de los valores y en el comportamiento de los ni&#x00F1;os, influyendo en la conformaci&#x00F3;n de la identidad de g&#x00E9;nero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32957-ES">Mycock, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32957-ES">Garden, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>El tercero de los tres pilares de la &#x00E9;tica ecofeminista es la <italic>justicia socioambiental</italic> entendida como la redistribuci&#x00F3;n de los impactos ecol&#x00F3;gicos y el reconocimiento de las voces hist&#x00F3;ricamente silenciadas. El ecofeminismo vincula la justicia ambiental y social, reconociendo que los da&#x00F1;os ecol&#x00F3;gicos afectan de manera desigual a mujeres, pueblos ind&#x00ED;genas, comunidades empobrecidas y otros grupos marginados. Por lo tanto, exige reconocer que los impactos del cambio clim&#x00E1;tico no se distribuyen de forma equitativa, afectando especialmente a las comunidades menos responsables.</p>
<p>Estos principios configuran una &#x00E9;tica que no se limita a la denuncia, sino que propone formas alternativas de relaci&#x00F3;n con el mundo. Una &#x00E9;tica que se construye desde los m&#x00E1;rgenes, desde cuerpos vulnerables, desde las pr&#x00E1;cticas cotidianas de resistencia y cuidado. En el &#x00E1;mbito educativo, estos principios pueden orientar la construcci&#x00F3;n de pedagog&#x00ED;as sensibles al sufrimiento humano y no humano, comprometidas con la transformaci&#x00F3;n social y ecol&#x00F3;gica. As&#x00ED;, incorporar estos valores en la educaci&#x00F3;n y convertirlos en h&#x00E1;bitos sostenibles implica formar sujetos capaces de compasi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica, responsabilidad solidaria y acci&#x00F3;n transformadora, comprometidos con una &#x00E9;tica relacional y ecosocial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-32957-ES">Su&#x00E1;rez Montoya et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
    <p>Al situar el cuidado, la interdependencia y la justicia ambiental como principios fundamentales, la &#x00E9;tica ecofeminista cuestiona no solo los modelos de desarrollo hegem&#x00F3;nicos, sino tambi&#x00E9;n las estructuras educativas que los perpet&#x00FA;an. En este sentido, conviene recordar lo que David Orr ya advirti&#x00F3; hace varias d&#x00E9;cadas: &#x201C;la crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica es una crisis de educaci&#x00F3;n y no en la educaci&#x00F3;n, y unos peque&#x00F1;os arreglos no solucionan el problema&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32957-ES">Orr, 1994</xref>, 8). Por lo que hay que tener muy presente que muchos problemas ecol&#x00F3;gicos actuales han sido provocados por personas altamente educadas seg&#x00FA;n patrones que han subordinado la eco&#x00E9;tica a la t&#x00E9;cnica y la producci&#x00F3;n. Lo que revela que el conocimiento t&#x00E9;cnico, desvinculado de una conciencia &#x00E9;tica, puede resultar profundamente destructivo. Véase la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32957-ES">Tabla 1</xref> en la que de forma gráfica se indican las dimensiones, los principios y las competencias de la ecoeducación ecofeminista.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32957-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>imensiones</sc>, <sc>principios y competencias de la ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n ecofeminista</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32957-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="33%"/>
<col width="33%"/>
<col width="34%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Dimensi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Principio ecofeminista</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Competencia ecoeducativa</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Eco-onto-gen&#x00E9;tica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Identidad ecol&#x00F3;gica, vulnerabilidad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00C9;tica relacional, coherencia vital</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00C9;tica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cuidado, autonom&#x00ED;a relacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Responsabilidad solidaria</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Pol&#x00ED;tica/Ecociudadana</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Justicia ecosocial</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Participaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Est&#x00E9;tica/Afectiva</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Corporeidad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Heur&#x00ED;stica, imaginaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ecofeminista (transversal)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Interdependencia</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cr&#x00ED;tica y transformadora</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Intraconectiva</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Coemergencia</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica relacional</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Decrecentista</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>sostenibilidad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>H&#x00E1;bitos ecosociales</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32957-ES">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title>Hacia una educaci&#x00F3;n basada en un humanismo holista l&#x00FA;cido atento al medioambiente que fomenta la autonom&#x00ED;a ecosocial</title>
<p>En el &#x00E1;mbito de la &#x00E9;tica ambiental, el antropocentrismo y el biocentrismo representan dos enfoques morales opuestos respecto al valor de la naturaleza no humana. El antropocentrismo fuerte considera que solo los seres humanos tienen relevancia moral, mientras que el biocentrismo fuerte extiende esta consideraci&#x00F3;n a todos los seres vivos. Entre ambos extremos existe una diversidad de posiciones &#x00E9;ticas, como el animalismo y el sensocentrismo, que reconocen el valor de los animales no humanos, especialmente aquellos capaces de sentir placer o sufrimiento. El biocentrismo individualista otorga valor a cada ser vivo como individuo, mientras que el biocentrismo holista ampl&#x00ED;a esta mirada a especies, ecosistemas o comunidades biol&#x00F3;gicas, proponiendo una &#x00E9;tica m&#x00E1;s integradora.</p>
<p>En este marco, la categor&#x00ED;a de &#x201C;antropocentrismo sabio&#x201D; &#x2013;una variaci&#x00F3;n del antropocentrismo d&#x00E9;bil&#x2013;, propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32957-ES">Mart&#x00ED;n Sosa (1997)</xref>, afirma la complicidad del ser humano con el resto de la naturaleza, con el objetivo de contener el crecimiento y aprender a vivir de otra manera. En palabras del propio autor: &#x201C;Es necesario adoptar la perspectiva de un antropocentrismo m&#x00E1;s sabio, que pueda dar paso a una &#x2018;&#x00C9;tica centrada en la vida&#x2019;, alternativa a las &#x2018;&#x00E9;ticas centradas exclusivamente en lo humano&#x2019;&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32957-ES">Mart&#x00ED;n Sosa, 1997</xref>, p. 124).</p>
<p>La crisis socioambiental contempor&#x00E1;nea exige revisar el lugar que ocupa el ser humano en relaci&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza no humana. Frente al antropocentrismo dominante &#x2013;que ha legitimado pr&#x00E1;cticas extractivistas, relaciones de poder y una racionalidad instrumental&#x2013; se abre paso la necesidad de construir un humanismo holista l&#x00FA;cido: una perspectiva que reconozca la agencia humana sin desligarla de la interdependencia ecol&#x00F3;gica. Esta mirada implica asumir la responsabilidad &#x00E9;tica del cuidado, la regeneraci&#x00F3;n y el respeto por los procesos vivos, integrando saberes diversos y pedagog&#x00ED;as sensibles al territorio.</p>
<p>En esta l&#x00ED;nea, la propuesta de la Educaci&#x00F3;n Eco-Racional (<italic>Eco-Rational Education</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-32957-ES">Thornton, 2023</xref>) resulta especialmente relevante. Este enfoque defiende una pedagog&#x00ED;a de la lucidez que busca interrumpir las estructuras coloniales y los discursos euroc&#x00E9;ntricos que han dominado la teor&#x00ED;a y pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa. A trav&#x00E9;s de una EA cr&#x00ED;tica y sensible al territorio, se propone reconstruir la experiencia del alumnado mediante el di&#x00E1;logo con m&#x00FA;ltiples sistemas de conocimiento, incluyendo saberes ind&#x00ED;genas y ecofeministas. Esta pedagog&#x00ED;a reconoce la Tierra como maestra y promueve una reflexi&#x00F3;n profunda sobre la relaci&#x00F3;n entre los sujetos y su entorno, abriendo paso a una racionalidad ecol&#x00F3;gica que desaf&#x00ED;a el antropocentrismo dominante y apuesta por la justicia ecosocial. Al situar el aprendizaje en di&#x00E1;logo con el territorio y con m&#x00FA;ltiples sistemas de conocimiento, permite al estudiantado reflexionar cr&#x00ED;ticamente sobre su v&#x00ED;nculo con el mundo m&#x00E1;s-que-humano y avanzar hacia una racionalidad que orienta la agencia humana al cuidado, la regeneraci&#x00F3;n y la responsabilidad compartida en la construcci&#x00F3;n de futuros sostenibles.</p>
<p>Desde una perspectiva ecofeminista cr&#x00ED;tica, la degradaci&#x00F3;n ambiental no representa &#x00FA;nicamente una crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica, sino tambi&#x00E9;n un profundo desaf&#x00ED;o educativo. Afrontarlo requiere una transformaci&#x00F3;n radical en las &#x201C;relaciones m&#x00E1;s-que-humanas&#x201D;, es decir, aquellas que vinculan a los seres humanos con el conjunto de entidades vivas y ecosistemas que cohabitan el planeta. A lo largo de la historia, la educaci&#x00F3;n ha contribuido a reproducir el desecho socioecol&#x00F3;gico al legitimar jerarqu&#x00ED;as entre los seres terrestres, invisibilizando los v&#x00ED;nculos corporales, afectivos y &#x00E9;ticos entre humanos y no humanos. En este marco, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32957-ES">Hyena Kim (2023)</xref> propone una educaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s-que-humana concebida como una responsabilidad transespecie, encarnada en formas de parentesco sensorial con el mundo.</p>
<p>Esta propuesta, que entrelaza el ecofeminismo con otros enfoques cr&#x00ED;ticos, invita a repensar la autonom&#x00ED;a humana desde una perspectiva relacional y situada, reconociendo que nuestra forma de habitar el planeta est&#x00E1; atravesada por v&#x00ED;nculos con otros seres vivos y por las huellas persistentes de la degradaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. En este contexto, los denominados &#x201C;cuerpos-desecho&#x201D; &#x2013;los marginados o tratados como residuos por los sistemas sociales y ecol&#x00F3;gicos&#x2013; revelan una crisis estructural en los modos en que reproducimos y sostenemos la vida. Frente a esta ruptura, emerge la <italic>pedagog&#x00ED;a del ecotono</italic>: una educaci&#x00F3;n situada en los m&#x00E1;rgenes, que valora la riqueza de lo liminal y promueve formas de convivencia m&#x00E1;s-que-humanas basadas en el cuidado, la interdependencia y la justicia ecosocial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32957-ES">Kim, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>En contraste con el ideal de una sociedad competitiva que &#x201C;presupone la autonom&#x00ED;a individual y la necesidad de defenderse&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32957-ES">Pulkki y Keto, 2022</xref>, p. 75), la autonom&#x00ED;a ecosocial promueve una interacci&#x00F3;n social basada en la cooperaci&#x00F3;n, el reconocimiento de la vulnerabilidad compartida y la responsabilidad ecol&#x00F3;gica. Esta forma de autonom&#x00ED;a se nutre de las epistemolog&#x00ED;as ecofeministas, que denuncian la l&#x00F3;gica de dominaci&#x00F3;n que atraviesa tanto las relaciones de g&#x00E9;nero como las relaciones entre humanos y naturaleza. La autonom&#x00ED;a ecosocial no significa que debamos descartar el autocontrol racional, sino m&#x00E1;s bien ampliar el concepto de autonom&#x00ED;a para incluir las comunidades ecosociales multiespecie, de modo que tambi&#x00E9;n podamos asumir la responsabilidad de nuestras acciones en estos entornos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32957-ES">Pulkki et al., 2020</xref>). As&#x00ED;, avanzar hacia una autonom&#x00ED;a ecosocial en la educaci&#x00F3;n supone transformar los ideales formativos desde una &#x00E9;tica del cuidado, la interdependencia y la sostenibilidad, en di&#x00E1;logo con saberes situados y experiencias de los cuerpos vulnerables que habitan el mundo.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32957-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>5.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusiones</sc></title>
<p>La EA, concebida como un medio para concienciar sobre los l&#x00ED;mites planetarios, fue inicialmente absorbida por los discursos del desarrollo sostenible y del neoliberalismo, reduci&#x00E9;ndose a un instrumento funcional del crecimiento econ&#x00F3;mico. Frente a ello, se propone un giro decrecentista y &#x00E9;tico que restituya a la educaci&#x00F3;n su potencial cr&#x00ED;tico y emancipador. Este giro reconoce que la crisis ecol&#x00F3;gica no es solo ambiental, sino civilizatoria, y exige un cambio profundo en los modos de pensar, producir, habitar y educar. La EA no puede limitarse a la transmisi&#x00F3;n de saberes t&#x00E9;cnicos o conductas ecol&#x00F3;gicas individuales; debe propiciar una transformaci&#x00F3;n cultural que cuestione la racionalidad productivista y fomente comunidades sostenibles, solidarias y conscientes de su interdependencia con la vida; ha de convertirse en una ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n con todas sus dimensiones y competencias, como se&#x00F1;ala Lucie Sauv&#x00E9;.</p>
<p>En este horizonte, la ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n desde el ecofeminismo emerge como propuesta integradora que rebasa el marco de la sostenibilidad instrumental y se orienta hacia la justicia ecosocial. Esta propuesta ecoeducativa insiste en que la relaci&#x00F3;n con el entorno no es solo objeto de conocimiento, sino fundamento ontol&#x00F3;gico, &#x00E9;tico y pol&#x00ED;tico de la existencia humana. Educar ecol&#x00F3;gicamente implica reconstruir los lazos de reciprocidad entre seres humanos y naturaleza, recuperando la dimensi&#x00F3;n afectiva, &#x00E9;tica y responsable de dicha relaci&#x00F3;n. Desde esta mirada, el aprendizaje se entiende como una experiencia de vinculaci&#x00F3;n y corresponsabilidad con el mundo, donde la &#x00E9;tica del cuidado, la interdependencia y la justicia socioambiental constituyen sus pilares fundamentales.</p>
<p>El ecofeminismo, en particular, ofrece un marco &#x00E9;tico y pol&#x00ED;tico capaz de articular la cr&#x00ED;tica a las dominaciones patriarcal, capitalista y colonial con la propuesta de una pedagog&#x00ED;a del cuidado y de la autonom&#x00ED;a relacional y ecosocial. Su evoluci&#x00F3;n hacia una quinta etapa interseccional e intraconectiva permite pensar una educaci&#x00F3;n que reconozca la vulnerabilidad compartida y la coemergencia de todos los seres vivos. Esta educaci&#x00F3;n no separa raz&#x00F3;n y emoci&#x00F3;n, conocimiento y vida, sino que cultiva la lucidez ecol&#x00F3;gica y el compromiso afectivo como bases de una nueva racionalidad: ecol&#x00F3;gica, cr&#x00ED;tica y solidaria.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>R<sc>eferencias bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas</sc></title>
<ref id="ref-1-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Adams</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Beauchamp</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>A study of the experiences of children aged 7&#x2013;11 taking part in mindful approaches in local nature reserves</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning</italic></source> <volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>129</fpage><lpage>138</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14729679.2020.1736110</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Adams, D., &#x0026; Beauchamp, G. (2021). A study of the experiences of children aged 7&#x2013;11 taking part in mindful approaches in local nature reserves<italic>. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 21</italic>(2), 129-138. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2020.1736110">https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2020.1736110</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-2-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barad</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2007</year> <source><italic>Meeting the universe halfway: Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning</italic></source> <publisher-name>Duke University Press</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/j.ctv12101zq</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Barad, K. (2007). <italic>Meeting the universe halfway: Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning</italic>. Duke University Press. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12101zq">https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12101zq</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-3-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Berryman</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2003</year> <article-title>L&#x2019;e&#x0301;co-ontogen&#x00E8;se: les relations &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement dans le de&#x0301;veloppement humain &#x2013; d&#x2019;autres rapports au monde pour d&#x2019;autres de&#x0301;veloppements</article-title> <source><italic>E&#x0301;ducation relative &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement. Regards &#x2013; Recherches &#x2013; Re&#x0301;flexions</italic></source> <volume>4</volume> <fpage>207</fpage><lpage>228</lpage> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.openedition.org/ere/5129?lang=en">https://journals.openedition.org/ere/5129?lang=en</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Berryman, T. (2003). L&#x2019;e&#x0301;co-ontogen&#x00E8;se: les relations &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement dans le de&#x0301;veloppement humain &#x2013; d&#x2019;autres rapports au monde pour d&#x2019;autres de&#x0301;veloppements. <italic>E&#x0301;ducation relative &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement. Regards &#x2013; Recherches &#x2013; Re&#x0301;flexions</italic>, <italic>4</italic>, 207&#x2013;228. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.openedition.org/ere/5129?lang=en">https://journals.openedition.org/ere/5129?lang=en</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-4-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bourg</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Whiteside</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2010</year> <source><italic>Vers une d&#x00E9;mocratie &#x00E9;cologique: Le citoyen, le savant et le politique</italic></source> <publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc> <publisher-name>&#x00C9;ditions du Seuil</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bourg, D., &#x0026; Whiteside, K. (2010). <italic>Vers une d&#x00E9;mocratie &#x00E9;cologique: Le citoyen, le savant et le politique</italic>. Paris: &#x00C9;ditions du Seuil.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-5-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Caride</surname> <given-names>J. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meira</surname> <given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Del ecologismo como movimiento social a la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental como construcci&#x00F3;n hist&#x00F3;rica</article-title> <source><italic>Historia De La Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>37</volume> <fpage>165</fpage><lpage>197</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/hedu201837165197</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Caride, J. A., &#x0026; Meira, P. A. (2018). Del ecologismo como movimiento social a la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental como construcci&#x00F3;n hist&#x00F3;rica. <italic>Historia De La Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>37</italic>, 165&#x2013;197. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/hedu201837165197">https://doi.org/10.14201/hedu201837165197</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-6-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Caride</surname> <given-names>J. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meira</surname> <given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>La educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental en los l&#x00ED;mites, o la necesidad c&#x00ED;vica y pedag&#x00F3;gica de respuestas a una civilizaci&#x00F3;n que colapsa</article-title> <source><italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a Social. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>36</volume> <fpage>21</fpage><lpage>34</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7179/PSRI_2020.36.01</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Caride, J. A., &#x0026; Meira, P. A. (2020). La educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental en los l&#x00ED;mites, o la necesidad c&#x00ED;vica y pedag&#x00F3;gica de respuestas a una civilizaci&#x00F3;n que colapsa. <italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a Social. Revista Interuniversitaria, 36</italic>, 21&#x2013;34. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2020.36.01">https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2020.36.01</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-7-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carvalho</surname> <given-names>A. E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Blanc</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Aguiar</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Torres</surname> <given-names>A. C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>Fostering diversity and participation with school gardens: Examining possibilities and challenges under different national educational policies. Educational Process: International Journal</italic></source> <volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>122</fpage><lpage>138</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22521/edupij.2024.132.8</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Carvalho, A. E., Blanc, S., Aguiar, M., &#x0026; Torres, A. C. (2024). <italic>Fostering diversity and participation with school gardens: Examining possibilities and challenges under different national educational policies</italic>. <italic>Educational Process: International Journal, 13</italic>(2<bold>)</bold>, 122&#x2013;138. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2024.132.8">https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2024.132.8</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-8-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cottereau</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1999</year> <source>Chemins de l&#x2019;imaginaire. Pe&#x0301;dagogie de l&#x2019;imaginaire et e&#x0301;ducation &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement</source> <publisher-loc>La Caunette</publisher-loc> <publisher-name>Babio</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cottereau, D. (1999). Chemins de l&#x2019;imaginaire. Pe&#x0301;dagogie de l&#x2019;imaginaire et e&#x0301;ducation &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement. La Caunette: Babio.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-9-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Daly</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1978</year> <source><italic>Gyn/ecology: The metaethics of radical feminism</italic></source> <publisher-name>Beacon Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Daly, M. (1978). <italic>Gyn/ecology: The metaethics of radical feminism</italic>. Beacon Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-10-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Davies</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <source><italic>Entanglement in the World&#x2019;s Becoming and the Doing of New Materialist Inquiry</italic></source> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Davies, B. (2021). <italic>Entanglement in the World&#x2019;s Becoming and the Doing of New Materialist Inquiry</italic>. Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-11-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>d&#x2019;Eaubonne</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1974</year> <source><italic>Le f&#x00E9;minisme ou la mort</italic></source> <publisher-name>Pierre Horay</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>d&#x2019;Eaubonne, F. (1974). <italic>Le f&#x00E9;minisme ou la mort</italic>. Pierre Horay.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-12-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fraser</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Capitalismo can&#x00ED;bal</italic></source> <publisher-name>Siglo XXI</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fraser, N. (2023). <italic>Capitalismo can&#x00ED;bal.</italic> Siglo XXI.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-13-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gaard</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2011</year> <article-title>Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and re-placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism</article-title> <source><italic>Feminist Formations</italic></source> <volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>26</fpage><lpage>53</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1353/ff.2011.0017.</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gaard, G. (2011). Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and re-placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism. <italic>Feminist Formations, 23</italic>(2), 26&#x2013;53. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2011.0017">https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2011.0017</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-14-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gaard</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2015</year> <article-title>Ecofeminism and Climate Change</article-title> <source><italic>Women&#x2019;s Studies International Forum</italic></source> <volume>49</volume> <fpage>20</fpage><lpage>33</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.wsif.2015.02.004</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gaard, G. (2015). Ecofeminism and Climate Change. <italic>Women&#x2019;s Studies International Forum, 49</italic>, 20&#x2013;33. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2015.02.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2015.02.004</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-15-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garden</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2025</year> <article-title>Challenging gender and power dynamics in Forest Schools: an ecofeminist perspective</article-title> <source><italic>Education</italic></source> <volume>3-13</volume> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>15</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/03004279.2025.2483327</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Garden, A. (2025). Challenging gender and power dynamics in Forest Schools: an ecofeminist perspective. <italic>Education, 3-13</italic>, 1&#x2013;15. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2025.2483327">https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2025.2483327</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-16-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garden</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Downes</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>New boundaries, undecided roles: Towards and understanding of Forest Schools as constructed spaces</article-title> <source>Education 3-13: International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education</source></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Garden, A., &#x0026; Downes, G. (2024). <italic>New boundaries, undecided roles: Towards and understanding of Forest Schools as constructed spaces</italic>. Education 3-13: International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-17-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <chapter-title>Cincuenta a&#x00F1;os de educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo estamos en la debacle neoliberal?</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Ed.</role> <source><italic>La formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos ecol&#x00F3;gicos en la universidad</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>107</fpage><lpage>130</lpage> <publisher-name>Universidad Veracruzana</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano, E. (2024). Cincuenta a&#x00F1;os de educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo estamos en la debacle neoliberal? En E. Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano (Ed.), <italic>La formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos ecol&#x00F3;gicos en la universidad</italic> (pp. 107&#x2013;130). Universidad Veracruzana.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-18-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gonza&#x0301;lez Gaudiano</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meira</surname> <given-names>P. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gutie&#x0301;rrez Pe&#x0301;rez</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>&#x00BF;Co&#x0301;mo educar hacia la complejidad de la crisis clima&#x0301;tica? Hacia un curri&#x0301;culum de emergencia</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Mexicana de Investigacio&#x0301;n Educativa</italic></source> <volume>25</volume><issue>87</issue> <fpage>843</fpage><lpage>872</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gonza&#x0301;lez Gaudiano, E., Meira, P. A., &#x0026; Gutie&#x0301;rrez Pe&#x0301;rez, J. (2020). &#x00BF;Co&#x0301;mo educar hacia la complejidad de la crisis clima&#x0301;tica? Hacia un curri&#x0301;culum de emergencia. <italic>Revista Mexicana de Investigacio&#x0301;n Educativa</italic>, <italic>25</italic>(87), 843&#x2013;872.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-19-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gough</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Whitehouse</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>New vintages and new bottles: The &#x201C;Nature&#x201D; of Environmental Education from new Material Feminist and Ecofeminist Viewpoints</article-title> <source><italic>The Journal of Environmental Education</italic></source> <volume>49</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>336</fpage><lpage>349</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00958964.2017.1409186</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gough, A., &#x0026; Whitehouse, H. (2018). New vintages and new bottles: The &#x201C;Nature&#x201D; of Environmental Education from new Material Feminist and Ecofeminist Viewpoints. <italic>The Journal of Environmental Education, 49</italic>(4), 336&#x2013;349. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2017.1409186">https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2017.1409186</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-20-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gough</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Whitehouse</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>&#x201C;How Did Australia End Up in This Mess?: Don&#x2019;t Blame Women! Ecofeminism and Internationalism&#x201D;</article-title> <source>Redress</source> <volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>14</fpage><lpage>21</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gough, A., &#x0026; Whitehouse, H. (2021). &#x201C;How Did Australia End Up in This Mess?: Don&#x2019;t Blame Women! Ecofeminism and Internationalism&#x201D;. Redress, <italic>30</italic>(1), 14&#x2013;21.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-21-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gough</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ho</surname> <given-names>Y. C. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lloro</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Russell</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Walters</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Whitehouse</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Ecofeminisms and education: repositioning gender and environment in education</article-title> <source><italic>Gender and Education</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>299</fpage><lpage>311</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540253.2024.2329289</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gough, A., Ho, Y. C. J., Lloro, T., Russell, C., Walters, S., &#x0026; Whitehouse, H. (2024). Ecofeminisms and education: repositioning gender and environment in education. <italic>Gender and Education</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(4), 299&#x2013;311. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2024.2329289">https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2024.2329289</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-22-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <source><italic>El desaf&#x00ED;o &#x00E9;tico de la educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n, J. (2020). <italic>El desaf&#x00ED;o &#x00E9;tico de la educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>. Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-23-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y filos&#x00F3;fica en contextos de conflicto, heridas y vulnerabilidad</italic></source> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n, J. (2023). <italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y filos&#x00F3;fica en contextos de conflicto, heridas y vulnerabilidad</italic>. Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-24-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez</surname> <given-names>B. M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ruedas-Caletrio</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Caballero Franco</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Murciano-Hueso</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>La conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza como factor clave en la formaci&#x00F3;n de las identidades infantiles: una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>31</fpage><lpage>52</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31397</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez, B. M., Ruedas-Caletrio, J., Caballero Franco, D., &#x0026; Murciano-Hueso, A. (2024). La conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza como factor clave en la formaci&#x00F3;n de las identidades infantiles: una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>. <italic>Revista Interuniversitaria</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(1), 31&#x2013;52. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31397">https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31397</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-25-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hatten-Flisher</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Martusewicz</surname> <given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <chapter-title>Ecofeminism and Education</chapter-title> <source><italic>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education</italic></source> <publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hatten-Flisher, J., &#x0026; Martusewicz, R. A. (2018). Ecofeminism and Education. <italic>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education</italic>. Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-26-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nagl-Docekal</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1994</year> <source><italic>Feministische Philosophie: Ergebnisse, Probleme, Perspektiven</italic></source> <publisher-loc>Wien</publisher-loc> <publisher-name>B&#x00F6;hlau</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Nagl-Docekal, H. (1994). <italic>Feministische Philosophie: Ergebnisse, Probleme, Perspektiven</italic>. Wien: B&#x00F6;hlau.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-27-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hickel</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Menos es m&#x00E1;s: c&#x00F3;mo el decrecimiento salvar&#x00E1; el mundo</italic></source> <publisher-name>Capit&#x00E1;n Swing</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hickel, J. (2023). <italic>Menos es m&#x00E1;s: c&#x00F3;mo el decrecimiento salvar&#x00E1; el mundo</italic>. Capit&#x00E1;n Swing.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-28-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="report"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</collab></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</italic></source> <publisher-name>IPCC</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2023). <italic>Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</italic>. IPCC. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647">https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-29-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Living as waste-bodies in a dump: feral sociality and ecofeminist education of ecotone</article-title> <source><italic>Gender and Education</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>312</fpage><lpage>327</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540253.2023.2284792</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Kim, H. (2023). Living as waste-bodies in a dump: feral sociality and ecofeminist education of ecotone. <italic>Gender and Education</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(4), 312&#x2013;327. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2023.2284792">https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2023.2284792</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-30-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Latour</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <source><italic>Ou&#x0300; suis-je? Lec&#x0327;ons du confinement &#x00E0; l&#x2019;usage des terrestres</italic></source> <publisher-name>E&#x0301;ditions La De&#x0301;couverte</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Latour, B. (2021). <italic>Ou&#x0300; suis-je? Lec&#x0327;ons du confinement &#x00E0; l&#x2019;usage des terrestres</italic>. E&#x0301;ditions La De&#x0301;couverte.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-31-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Louv</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2005</year> <source><italic>Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder</italic></source> <publisher-name>Algonquin Books</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Louv, R. (2005). <italic>Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder</italic>. Algonquin Books.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-32-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Macy</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brown</surname> <given-names>M. Y.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2014</year> <source><italic>Coming back to life: The updated guide to the Work That Reconnects</italic></source> <publisher-name>New Society Publishers</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Macy, J., &#x0026; Brown, M. Y. (2014). <italic>Coming back to life: The updated guide to the Work That Reconnects</italic>. New Society Publishers.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-33-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mart&#x00ED;n Sosa</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1997</year> <source><italic>Perspectiva &#x00E9;tica</italic></source> <publisher-name>Fundaci&#x00F3;n Universidad-Empresa</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mart&#x00ED;n Sosa, N. (1997). <italic>Perspectiva &#x00E9;tica</italic>. Fundaci&#x00F3;n Universidad-Empresa.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-34-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mellor</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2007</year> <chapter-title>&#x201C;Mujer, naturaleza y construcci&#x00F3;n social del &#x2018;hombre econ&#x00F3;mico&#x2019;&#x201D;</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Velayos</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Barrios</surname> <given-names>O.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Figueruelo</surname> <given-names>&#x00C1;.</given-names></name> <name><surname>L&#x00F3;pez</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Eds.</role> <source><italic>Feminismo ecol&#x00F3;gico. Estudios multidisciplinares de g&#x00E9;nero</italic></source> <publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>31</fpage><lpage>52</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mellor, M. (2007). &#x201C;Mujer, naturaleza y construcci&#x00F3;n social del &#x2018;hombre econ&#x00F3;mico&#x2019;&#x201D;. En C. Velayos, O. Barrios, &#x00C1;. Figueruelo y T. L&#x00F3;pez (Eds.), <italic>Feminismo ecol&#x00F3;gico. Estudios multidisciplinares de g&#x00E9;nero</italic>. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, pp. 31&#x2013;52.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-35-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mycock</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Playing with mud- becoming stuck, becoming free? The negotiation of gendered/class identities when learning outdoors</article-title> <source><italic>Children&#x2019;s Geographies</italic></source> <volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>454</fpage><lpage>466</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14733285.2018.1546379</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mycock, K. (2018). Playing with mud- becoming stuck, becoming free? The negotiation of gendered/class identities when learning outdoors. <italic>Children&#x2019;s Geographies, 17</italic>(4), 454&#x2013;466. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2018.1546379">https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2018.1546379</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-36-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Noske</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1989</year> <source><italic>Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology</italic></source> <publisher-name>Pluto Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Noske, B. (1989). <italic>Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology</italic>. Pluto Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-37-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Orr</surname> <given-names>D. W.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1990</year> <article-title>What Is Education For?</article-title> <source><italic>Annals of Earth</italic></source> <volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>5</fpage><lpage>8</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Orr, D. W. (1990). What Is Education For? <italic>Annals of Earth, 8</italic>(2), 5&#x2013;8.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-38-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Orr</surname> <given-names>D. W.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1994</year> <source><italic>Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect</italic></source> <publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc> <publisher-name>Island Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Orr, D. W. (1994). <italic>Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect</italic>. Washington, DC: Island Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-39-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Piersol</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Timmerman</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Reimagining Environmental Education Within Academia: Storytelling and Dialogue as Lived Ecofeminist Politics</article-title> <source><italic>The Journal of Environmental Education</italic></source> <volume>48</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>10</fpage><lpage>17</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00958964.2016.1249329</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Piersol, L., &#x0026; Timmerman. N. (2017). Reimagining Environmental Education Within Academia: Storytelling and Dialogue as Lived Ecofeminist Politics. <italic>The Journal of Environmental Education, 48</italic>(1), 10&#x2013;17. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2016.1249329">https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2016.1249329</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-40-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Plumwood</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1993</year> <source><italic>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</italic></source> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Plumwood, V. (1993). <italic>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</italic>. Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-41-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Plumwood</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2002</year> <source><italic>Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason</italic></source> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Plumwood, V. (2002). <italic>Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason</italic>. Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-42-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Puleo</surname> <given-names>A. H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2011</year> <source><italic>Ecofeminismo para otro mundo posible</italic></source> <publisher-name>C&#x00E1;tedra</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Puleo, A. H. (2011). <italic>Ecofeminismo para otro mundo posible</italic>. C&#x00E1;tedra.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-43-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Puleo</surname> <given-names>A. H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <source><italic>Claves ecofeministas</italic></source> <publisher-name>Plaza y Vald&#x00E9;s</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Puleo, A. H. (2019). <italic>Claves ecofeministas</italic>. Plaza y Vald&#x00E9;s.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-44-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pulkki</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Keto</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <source><italic>Ecosocial autonomy as an educational ideal. Relations Beyond Anthropocentrism</italic></source> <volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>75</fpage><lpage>90</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7358/RELA-2022-02-PUKE</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pulkki, J., &#x0026; Keto, S. (2022). <italic>Ecosocial autonomy as an educational ideal</italic>. <italic>Relations Beyond Anthropocentrism, 10</italic>(2), 75&#x2013;90. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7358/RELA-2022-02-PUKE">https://doi.org/10.7358/RELA-2022-02-PUKE</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-45-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pulkki</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Varpanen</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mullen</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>&#x201C;Ecosocial Philosophy of Education: Ecologizing the Opinionated Self&#x201D;</article-title> <source><italic>Studies in Philosophy and Education</italic></source> <volume>40</volume> <fpage>347</fpage><lpage>364</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11217-020-09748-3</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pulkki, J, Varpanen, J., &#x0026; Mullen. J. (2020). &#x201C;Ecosocial Philosophy of Education: Ecologizing the Opinionated Self&#x201D;. <italic>Studies in Philosophy and Education, 40</italic>, 347&#x2013;364. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-020-09748-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-020-09748-3</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-46-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosa</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2016</year> <source><italic>Alienaci&#x00F3;n y aceleraci&#x00F3;n social. Hacia una teor&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica de la temporalidad en la modernidad tard&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <publisher-name>Katz</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rosa, H. (2016). <italic>Alienaci&#x00F3;n y aceleraci&#x00F3;n social. Hacia una teor&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica de la temporalidad en la modernidad tard&#x00ED;a</italic>. Katz.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-47-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosa</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <source><italic>Resonancia. Una sociolog&#x00ED;a de la relaci&#x00F3;n con el mundo</italic></source> <publisher-name>Katz</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rosa, H. (2019). <italic>Resonancia. Una sociolog&#x00ED;a de la relaci&#x00F3;n con el mundo</italic>. Katz.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-48-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sauv&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2005</year> <chapter-title>Uma cartografia das corrientes em educa&#x00E7;ao ambiental</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sato</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Carvalho</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Dir.</role> <source><italic>Educa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o ambiental - Pesquisa e desafios</italic></source> <publisher-name>Artmed</publisher-name> <fpage>17</fpage><lpage>46</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sauv&#x00E9;, L. (2005). Uma cartografia das corrientes em educa&#x00E7;ao ambiental. En M. Sato &#x0026; I. Carvalho (Dir.), <italic>Educa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o ambiental - Pesquisa e desafios</italic>. Artmed, 17&#x2013;46.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-49-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sauv&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2015</year> <chapter-title>L&#x2019;e&#x0301;ducation relative &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Bourg</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Papaux</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <source><italic>Dictionnaire de la pense&#x0301;e e&#x0301;cologique</italic></source> <publisher-name>Presses Universitaires de France</publisher-name> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>376</fpage><lpage>379</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sauv&#x00E9;, L. (2015). L&#x2019;e&#x0301;ducation relative &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement. En D. Bourg &#x0026; A. Papaux, <italic>Dictionnaire de la pense&#x0301;e e&#x0301;cologique.</italic> Presses Universitaires de France, pp. 376-379.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-50-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sauv&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental y ecociudadan&#x00ED;a. Un proyecto ontogen&#x00E9;tico y pol&#x00ED;tico</article-title> <source><italic>Rev. Eletro&#x0302;nica Mestr. Educ. Ambient. Rio Grande</italic></source> <comment>Edic&#x0327;a&#x0303;o especial: XVI Encontro Paranaense de Educac&#x0327;a&#x0303;o Ambiental</comment> <comment>p.</comment> <fpage>261</fpage><lpage>278</lpage> <issn>1517-1256</issn></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sauv&#x00E9;, L. (2017). Educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental y ecociudadan&#x00ED;a. Un proyecto ontogen&#x00E9;tico y pol&#x00ED;tico. <italic>Rev. Eletro&#x0302;nica Mestr. Educ. Ambient. Rio Grande</italic>, Edic&#x0327;a&#x0303;o especial: XVI Encontro Paranaense de Educac&#x0327;a&#x0303;o Ambiental, p. 261&#x2013;278. E-ISSN 1517-1256.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-51-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sauv&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <chapter-title>El campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental: Camino hist&#x00F3;rico y retos actuales</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Ed.</role> <source><italic>La formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos ecol&#x00F3;gicos en la universidad</italic></source> <publisher-name>Universidad Veracruzana</publisher-name> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>107</fpage><lpage>130</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sauv&#x00E9;, L. (2024). El campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental: Camino hist&#x00F3;rico y retos actuales. En E. Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano (Ed.), <italic>La formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos ecol&#x00F3;gicos en la universidad</italic>. Universidad Veracruzana, pp. 107&#x2013;130.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-52-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="thesis"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schwai</surname> <given-names>J. E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>Forest Schools, Ecofeminism, the Gender Binary, and Androcentrism</italic></source> <comment>(Publication No. 3518) Master&#x2019;s thesis</comment> <institution>University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Milwaukee</institution> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/3518">https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/3518</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Schwai, J. E. (2024). <italic>Forest Schools, Ecofeminism, the Gender Binary, and Androcentrism</italic> (Publication No. 3518) [Master&#x2019;s thesis, University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Milwaukee]. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/3518">https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/3518</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-53-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shiva</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>El retorno a la Tierra. Regeneraci&#x00F3;n del cuidado</italic></source> <publisher-name>Icaria</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Shiva, V. (2024). <italic>El retorno a la Tierra. Regeneraci&#x00F3;n del cuidado</italic>. Icaria.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-54-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Siegel</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Ecofeminism &#x2194; Intraconnectivism: working beyond binaries in environmental education</article-title> <source><italic>Gender and Education</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>328</fpage><lpage>344</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540253.2024.2327429</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Siegel, L. (2024). Ecofeminism &#x2194; Intraconnectivism: working beyond binaries in environmental education. <italic>Gender and Education</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(4), 328&#x2013;344. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2024.2327429">https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2024.2327429</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-55-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Starhawk</collab></person-group> <year>1979</year> <source><italic>The spiral dance: A rebirth of the ancient religion of the Great Goddess</italic></source> <publisher-name>Harper &#x0026; Row</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Starhawk. (1979). <italic>The spiral dance: A rebirth of the ancient religion of the Great Goddess</italic>. Harper &#x0026; Row.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-56-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stephens</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2013</year> <chapter-title>Ecofeminism and Systems Theory</chapter-title> <comment>In</comment> <source><italic>Ecofeminism and Systems Thinking</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>15</fpage><lpage>27</lpage> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4324/9780203767283-11</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Stephens, A. (2013). Ecofeminism and Systems Theory<italic>.</italic> In <italic>Ecofeminism and Systems Thinking</italic> (pp. 15&#x2013;27). Routledge. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203767283-11">https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203767283-11</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-57-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sturgeon</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2009</year> <source><italic>Environmentalism in Popular Culture</italic></source> <publisher-name>University of Arizona Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sturgeon, N. (2009). <italic>Environmentalism in Popular Culture</italic>. University of Arizona Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-58-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Su&#x00E1;rez Montoya</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Orts Garc&#x00ED;a</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fern&#x00E1;ndez</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y filosof&#x00ED;a para el desarrollo de h&#x00E1;bitos sostenibles</italic></source> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Su&#x00E1;rez Montoya, L., Orts Garc&#x00ED;a, M., &#x0026; Fern&#x00E1;ndez, M. (2024). <italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y filosof&#x00ED;a para el desarrollo de h&#x00E1;bitos sostenibles</italic>. Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-59-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tapia Gonz&#x00E1;lez</surname> <given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source><italic>Mujeres ind&#x00ED;genas en defensa de la Tierra</italic></source> <publisher-name>C&#x00E1;tedra</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tapia Gonz&#x00E1;lez, G. A. (2018). <italic>Mujeres ind&#x00ED;genas en defensa de la Tierra</italic>. C&#x00E1;tedra.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-60-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thornton</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Eco-rational education: An educational response to environmental crisis</italic></source> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Thornton, S. (2023). <italic>Eco-rational education: An educational response to environmental crisis</italic>. Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-61-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="report"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>UNESCO</collab></person-group> <year>1977</year> <source><italic>Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education, Tbilisi: Final Report</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000327/032763eo.pdf">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000327/032763eo.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>UNESCO. (1977)<italic>. Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education, Tbilisi: Final Report.</italic> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000327/032763eo.pdf">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000327/032763eo.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-62-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Warren</surname> <given-names>K. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1987</year> <article-title>&#x201C;Feminism and Ecology: Making Connections&#x201D;</article-title> <source><italic>Environmental Ethics</italic></source> <volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>3</fpage><lpage>20</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Warren, K. J. (1987). &#x201C;Feminism and Ecology: Making Connections&#x201D;. <italic>Environmental Ethics, 9</italic>(1), 3&#x2013;20.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-63-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Warren</surname> <given-names>K. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2000</year> <source><italic>Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on what it is and why it Matters</italic></source> <publisher-name>Rowman &#x0026; Littlefield</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Warren, K. J. (2000). <italic>Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on what it is and why it Matters</italic>. Rowman &#x0026; Littlefield.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-64-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Warren</surname> <given-names>K. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2015</year> <chapter-title>Feminist Environmental Philosophy</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Zalta</surname> <given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Ed.</role> <source><italic>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-environmental/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-environmental/</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Warren, K. J. (2015). Feminist Environmental Philosophy. En E. N. Zalta (Ed.), <italic>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-environmental/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-environmental/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-65-32957-ES"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wiyatmi</surname> <given-names>W.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Suryaman</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sari</surname> <given-names>E. S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dewi</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Ecofeminist pedagogy in literary learning to cultivate environmental ethics awareness</article-title> <source><italic>Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry/Turkish Studies in Educational Sciences (TUSED)</italic></source> <volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>241</fpage><lpage>252</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36681/tused.2023.014</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Wiyatmi, W. Suryaman, M., Sari, E. S., &#x0026; Dewi, N. (2023). Ecofeminist pedagogy in literary learning to cultivate environmental ethics awareness. <italic>Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry/Turkish Studies in Educational Sciences (TUSED), 14</italic>(1), 241-252. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2023.014">https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2023.014</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32957</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32957</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Towards an Ecofeminist Ethic in Education to Address the Socio-Environmental Crisis</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Por una &#x00E9;tica ecofeminista en la educaci&#x00F3;n para hacer frente a la crisis socioambiental</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9260-5274</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n</surname>
<given-names>Javier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3077-4675</contrib-id>
        <name>
            <surname>Fernández</surname>
            <given-names>Manu</given-names>
        </name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
    </contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Valencia. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Valencia</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>javier.gracia@uv.es</email></corresp>
    <corresp id="c2-EN"><email>maferba2@alumni.uv.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
    <fpage>127</fpage>
    <lpage>145</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>30</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>03</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The aim of the article is to rethink eco-education from an ecofeminist ethical perspective that can respond critically to the current socio-environmental crisis and of overcoming the subordination of certain forms of environmental education to the neoliberal paradigm of sustainable development, reorienting it toward ecosocial justice and degrowth. The methodology employed is hermeneutic and is based on the critical analysis of philosophical, pedagogical, and ecofeminist contributions, particularly those of authors such as Lucie Sauv&#x00E9;, Anne Stephens, Annette Gough, and Lisa Siegel. Among the main findings, the study shows that part of traditional environmental education has lost its emancipatory potential by becoming trapped in technocratic and productivist logics. In response, the article proposes a degrowth-oriented eco-education centred on an ethics of care, interdependence, reciprocity with nature, and relational autonomy. Furthermore, it puts forward the idea of a fifth stage of ecofeminism, intersectional and intraconnective in character, which grounds a pedagogy of interdependence and a critical and sensitive ecological rationality. As its main conclusion, the article argues that ecofeminist eco-education, grounded in care and socio-environmental justice, can effectively contribute to a civilizational transition toward more just, solidarity-based, and ecologically responsible ways of life.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El objetivo del art&#x00ED;culo es repensar la ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n desde una &#x00E9;tica ecofeminista que permita responder cr&#x00ED;ticamente a la crisis socioambiental actual y superar la subordinaci&#x00F3;n de cierta educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental al paradigma neoliberal del desarrollo sostenible, orient&#x00E1;ndola hacia la justicia ecosocial y el decrecimiento. La metodolog&#x00ED;a empleada es hermen&#x00E9;utica y est&#x00E1; basada en el an&#x00E1;lisis cr&#x00ED;tico de aportaciones filos&#x00F3;ficas, pedag&#x00F3;gicas y ecofeministas, especialmente de autoras como Lucie Sauv&#x00E9;, Anne Stephens, Annette Gough y Lisa Siegel. Entre los principales resultados, el estudio muestra que parte de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental tradicional ha perdido su potencial emancipador al quedar atrapada en l&#x00F3;gicas tecnocr&#x00E1;ticas y productivistas. Frente a ello, se propone una ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n decrecentista centrada en la &#x00E9;tica del cuidado, la interdependencia, la reciprocidad con la naturaleza y la autonom&#x00ED;a relacional. Asimismo, se plantea la posibilidad de una quinta etapa del ecofeminismo, de car&#x00E1;cter interseccional e intraconectivo, que fundamenta una pedagog&#x00ED;a de la interdependencia y una racionalidad ecol&#x00F3;gica cr&#x00ED;tica y sensible. Como principal conclusi&#x00F3;n, en el art&#x00ED;culo se defiende que una ecoeducaci&#x00F3;n ecofeminista, basada en el cuidado y la justicia socioambiental, puede contribuir de manera efectiva a una transici&#x00F3;n civilizatoria hacia modos de vida m&#x00E1;s justos, solidarios y ecol&#x00F3;gicamente responsables.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>environmental education</kwd>
<kwd>feminism</kwd>
<kwd>socio-environmental justice</kwd>
<kwd>ethics of care</kwd>
<kwd>eco-citizenship</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>feminismo</kwd>
<kwd>justicia socioambiental</kwd>
<kwd>&#x00E9;tica del cuidado</kwd>
<kwd>ecociudadan&#x00ED;a</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32957-EN">
<label>1.</label>
<title>T<sc>he decentrists</sc>&#x2019; <sc>turn in environmental education</sc>: <sc>beyond neoliberalism</sc></title>
<p>Environmental education (EE) has emerged from international and national initiatives, although its integration into formal education has been limited by the rigidity of the school system, and has mainly developed in non-formal settings such as NGOs, museums, and natural areas. Since the 1970s, UNESCO has promoted this field in response to growing awareness of resource depletion, establishing objectives relating to awareness, values and skills in the 1975 Belgrade Charter, and principles such as interdisciplinarity and active learning at the 1977 Tbilisi Conference. These foundations gave rise to a diverse field that has evolved through multiple strands, as noted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32957-EN">Lucie Sauv&#x00E9; (2005)</xref>, who distinguishes both historical traditions and more recent approaches. This shows that EE has never constituted a homogeneous whole, but rather a dynamic conceptual territory constantly under construction.</p>
<p>However, following the 1992 Rio Declaration and the 1997 Thessaloniki Conference, environmental education was gradually reoriented towards the paradigm of sustainable development, adopting an increasingly market-driven approach. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32957-EN">Jos&#x00E9; Antonio Caride and Pablo &#x00C1;ngel Meira (2018)</xref> point out in their analysis of the evolution of &#x2018;environmental education&#x2019;, this process of institutionalisation marked a shift away from critical environmentalism&#x2014;which sought to challenge the structural foundations of the socio-economic model&#x2014;towards environmentalism, centred on adaptation and the technical resolution of problems without challenging the logic of growth. This shift entailed the loss of its critical and emancipatory potential and generated resistance, particularly in Latin America. However, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32957-EN">Caride and Meira (2020)</xref> caution, this drift does not exhaust the complexity of the field. EE retains a profoundly political, pedagogical and social foundation which, far from being reduced to instrumental environmentalism, can contribute to an &#x2018;alternative globalisation&#x2019; oriented towards socio-environmental justice. From this perspective, the contemporary challenge does not lie &#x201C;in labelling a form of education, but in transforming all forms of education&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32957-EN">Caride and Meira, 2020</xref>, p. 21) to address ecological and civilisational risks.</p>
<p>More recent declarations, such as the 2021 Berlin Declaration, as well as climate change education promoted following the 2015 Paris Agreement and COP26, reinforce participation and awareness, but continue to focus on sustainable development. In this context, EE has been progressively replaced by education for sustainable development and the Sustainable Development Goals, whose internal tension between economic growth and climate action highlights, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9; (2024)</xref> warns, a persistent ideological trap. Underlying this is neoliberal rationality, which has colonised the world of life, naturalised the market and commodified nature, transforming EE into an instrumental tool serving economic interests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32957-EN">Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano, 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>Beyond the complexity and tensions surrounding the EE, discourses questioning the compatibility of economic growth and environmental preservation are gaining ground at the international level. The IPCC reports &#x2014; including the AR6 Synthesis Report (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32957-EN">2023</xref>), which warns of increasing impacts and the need for rapid and deep emissions reductions &#x2014; reinforce the urgency of moving towards scenarios of degrowth, lower consumption and greater equity. Added to this are the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Reports, which show stagnation or regression in numerous SDGs and cast doubt on the viability of a growth-based development model. This framework opens up the possibility of freeing environmental assessment from the developmentalist approach that has dominated international agendas for decades.</p>
<p>Despite this, education systems continue to give limited space to environmental issues, with scant institutional support for teachers. Structural problems persist, such as a lack of training, curricular rigidity and weak interdisciplinarity, which, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32957-EN">Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano et al. (2020)</xref> warn, encourages a &#x2018;soft&#x2019; form of environmentalism centred on individual actions, technological optimism and the downplaying of the ethical and political dimensions of climate change. In response to this, there are calls for an &#x2018;emergency curriculum&#x2019; aimed at training critical eco-citizens.</p>
<p>Within this context, various authors highlight the commitment, creativity and boldness of teachers and actors in non-formal education, particularly NGOs, as well as young people&#x2019;s demand for a more situated and transformative education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32957-EN">Carvalho et al., 2024</xref>). Overall, EE is a field shaped by institutional advances, structural resistance and committed educational practices, which reinforces the need to deepen research and strengthen its critical and emancipatory dimension.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32957-EN">
<label>2.</label>
<title>T<sc>he socio</sc>-<sc>environmental crisis and the unsustainable industrial</sc>-<sc>capitalist model of production from an ecofeminist ethical perspective</sc></title>
<p>The socio-environmental crisis of our time cannot be understood as a mere accumulation of ecological problems, but rather as the outcome of a structurally unsustainable production and development model. This model, with its industrial-capitalist roots, has become entrenched over the last century as the dominant paradigm, articulating a worldview centred on the unlimited exploitation of resources, technological acceleration and boundless economic expansion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32957-EN">Rosa, 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32957-EN">2019</xref>). Within this logic, growth is presented as a necessary condition for progress, whilst the ecological, social, and ethical impacts it generates are rendered invisible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32957-EN">Mellor, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32957-EN">Fraser, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32957-EN">Hickel, 2023</xref>). This conception has contributed to the disruption of ecosystem balances, the exacerbation of global inequalities, and the commodification of life.</p>
<p>Grounded in an instrumental rationality, this model conceives of nature as an object or commodity, ignoring the interdependent relationships that sustain life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32957-EN">Shiva, 2024</xref>). The culture of domination and extractivist logic have created a profound disconnect between humanity and the environment, fuelling fragmentation and ecological indifference (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32957-EN">Orr, 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32957-EN">Louv, 2005</xref>).</p>
<p>The consequences are clear: climate change, loss of biodiversity, pollution, desertification, and growing social inequality linked to environmental degradation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32957-EN">Shiva, 2024</xref>). But beyond the visible symptoms, this is a crisis of meaning, a rupture in the ethical bond between humanity and nature. As various international organisations warn, this climate emergency demands urgent responses from all sectors, including education.</p>
<p>In this regard, from an ecofeminist perspective, this crisis cannot be addressed without questioning the power structures that underpin it. The industrial-capitalist model is not only ecologically unsustainable but also ethically problematic, as it reproduces logics of domination that particularly affect feminised, racialised and impoverished bodies. In response, ecofeminism proposes an ethic of care, reciprocity, and environmental justice as the basis for rebuilding our human-environment interaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32957-EN">Gaard, 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32957-EN">2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32957-EN">Puleo, 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32957-EN">2019</xref>). Only through an education committed to eco-social justice will it be possible to imagine and build sustainable futures.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32957-EN">
<label>3.</label>
<title><italic>E<sc>co</sc>-<sc>education</sc></italic> <sc>and its dimensions</sc></title>
<p>Given the variety of meanings the term &#x2018;environmental education&#x2019; has taken on over its more than fifty-year history, drawing <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32957-EN">Lucie Sauv&#x00E9; (2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32957-EN">2017</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-EN">2024</xref>), we propose using the term &#x2018;eco-education&#x2019; in this paper. The first point to make is that eco-education does not aim to solve the problems that humans cause to the environment. This constitutes a reductionist view of the &#x201C;problem-solving approach&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2005</xref>), which was very much in evidence in UNESCO&#x2019;s International Environmental Education Programme between 1975 and 1995, and which conceives of the environment as a collection of problems. On the contrary, eco-education focuses on the human-nature relationship, because it understands that this relationship is the crucible of personal development. Indeed, &#x201C;the environment shapes us, distorts us and transforms us, at least as much as we shape it, distort it and transform it&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32957-EN">Cottereau, 1999</xref>, p. 11). It is our bonds with the environment that constitute the fundamental ontogenesis of human beings. Eco-ontogenesis seeks to characterise and differentiate specific periods in terms of the types of relationship with the environment and to associate specific environmental education practices with them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32957-EN">Berryman, 2003</xref>).</p>
<p>The ontogenetic dimension of eco-education is closely linked to its ethical and political dimensions. From an eco-educational perspective, one could say that eco-ontogenesis consists of an eco-onto-gen-ethics, that is, an ethics embedded in the development of the bonds of being-in-the-world. Thus, <italic>eco-pedagogy</italic> delves into the close relationship between our human reality and nature and in this way &#x201C;invites a critical analysis of social dynamics and power relations to denounce alienation and promote emancipation&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2017</xref>, p. 270). <italic>Eco-pedagogy</italic> has a clear component of ethical and political commitment, because it refers to the anchoring of ecological identity and emphasises the proactive nature of commitment. It is therefore not a matter of echoing a pragmatic environmentalism, which in one way or another may end up being swallowed up by an economistic, developmentalist, anthropocentric and monocultural rationality that follows a unilateral form of sustainable development. On the contrary, it is about liberating ecology from the framework of biological science and its naturalistic limits, thereby transcending a limited concept of environmental education and committing to ecological education or eco-education, which makes explicit the relationship that people and societies maintain with the environment, with the living world, in short, with our <italic>o&#x00EF;kos</italic>. It is, therefore, an exploration of the dimension of identity insofar as we are beings-in-the-world, or rather, &#x201C;beings that form part of the world: the living world in constant transformation&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2024</xref>, p. 114), aware that our ethical, political and, ultimately, human identity is embedded in this bond with nature. For this reason, when we delve deeper into this ecological identity, it becomes difficult&#x2014;and in a sense arbitrary&#x2014;to draw a dividing line between ourselves and our surroundings, because we weave a web of inextricable links (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32957-EN">Latour, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>In light of this constitutive ecological identity, education for citizenship is an education for <italic>eco-citizenship</italic>, because it involves political, critical and ethical dimensions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2015</xref>, p. 16). It is a matter of moving beyond particularistic moralism and advancing towards a more reflective and substantive ethics, centred on our relationship with the world&#x2014;both social and ecological. The space we inhabit is our home (<italic>o&#x00EF;kos</italic>), and to the extent that social bonds constitute us as &#x2018;political animals&#x2019; (<italic>zoon politikon</italic>), the city (polis) is literally the space inhabited by people, that is, the <italic>o&#x00EF;kos</italic> of the human being.</p>
<p>In Sauv&#x00E9;&#x2019;s view, in addition to the epistemic, ontogenetic and aesthetic dimensions, education for eco-citizenship must inseparably develop ethical, critical, heuristic and political competences. On the one hand, <italic>ethical competence</italic> enables the formation of judgement through the questioning of norms, values and the common good. &#x201C;It is not a matter of transmitting an environmental social morality [...] but ratherc the construction of an environmental ethics through discussions, debates and experimentation&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2024</xref>, pp. 117&#x2013;118). Ethics is not conceived as a mere theoretical projection of values, but as practical coherence between the values that are professed and the actions that are carried out. It is therefore an act of clarification and discernment (this is the original meaning of the root <italic>krinein</italic> in the term &#x2018;critique&#x2019;).</p>
<p>Building on this argument, ethical competence leads us to <italic>critical competence</italic>, which involves &#x201C;the ability to decode power relations and situations of injustice, and a desire to reconstruct socio-ecological realities&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2017</xref>, p. 272). Eco-education not only develops a critique based on social denunciation of the socio-environmental crisis but also constitutes a transformative practice that connects critical awareness with transformative action. Critical capacity from an ethical perspective is both a denunciation and a proposal for improvement; in other words, it is constructive criticism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32957-EN">Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n, 2020</xref>, pp. 114ff). This is why it is so important that nonconformism does not settle into passive complaining but rather leads to proactive forms of criticism and discernment. To this end, it is essential that criticism be accompanied by creative imagination.</p>
<p>Consequently, thirdly, <italic>heuristic competence</italic> is closely linked to the previous ones and leads to the possibility of imagining and envisioning other possible worlds, creating real alternatives, resisting conformism and expanding real possibilities. It is essential to move from settling into unproductive complaint to a responsible concern that stimulates the imagination and proposes alternatives.</p>
<p>Finally, political competence consists of the &#x201C;ability to argue and communicate in the public sphere, to engage in democratic processes, and to deploy appropriate and effective strategies for action&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2017</xref>, p. 273). Political competence is key because eco-citizenship is rooted in a territory, which allows for the development of a &#x201C;collective territorial responsibility&#x201D; (a striking example is that of the socio-ecological struggles against extractivism). &#x201C;The political-pedagogical project of eco-citizenship calls for a committed pedagogy, a pedagogy that fosters engagement&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2024</xref>, p. 122).</p>
<p>Beyond a confrontation between ecology and politics, ecological identity gives rise to a convergence that focuses on politics as the space where personal bonds and human development are forged, and which must therefore integrate the environment. The contradiction arises when politics acts turns its back on and acts against ecology: a part of our identity and our bonds with nature is severed. Conversely, when it responds to nature and the constitutive bonds that we maintain with the environment, politics recognises the ecological identity that constitutes us as human beings. However, the aim is to move beyond particularist and privatised moralism and to recognise a more reflective and substantive level of civic ethics by placing the focus on our relationship with the world&#x2014;understood in both its social dimension (people) and its ecological dimension (the environment)&#x2014;and on the projection of that relationship in terms of collective territorial responsibility. In this regard, one might even speak of an &#x2018;ecological democracy&#x2019; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32957-EN">Bourg and Whiteside, 2010</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32957-EN">
<label>4.</label>
<title>E<sc>co</sc>-<sc>education from an ecofeminist perspective</sc></title>
<p>Ecofeminism, like ecosocialism or eco-development, is an eco-ethical and eco-political movement that allows for a greater degree of specificity in the development of eco-citizenship. The feminist movement is one of those identified by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32957-EN">Sauv&#x00E9; (2005)</xref> in hes illuminating &#x2018;map of environmental education&#x2019;. In ecofeminism, the emphasis is placed on the power relations and oppression exerted upon women in certain contexts, and on the need to integrate feminist perspectives and values into modes of governance, production, consumption and social organisation that must also transform relations of domination with the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32957-EN">Gough et al., 2024</xref>). It highlights a close link between traditional practices of domination over women and those exercised over nature. Ecofeminism critiques the dominant rationalist approach in most environmental theories and values intuitive, affective, symbolic, spiritual and artistic perspectives. From an ethic of care and responsibility, it promotes attention and affectionate commitment towards others and the environment, to a greater extent than other strands of critical theory do (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32957-EN">Hatten-Flisher and Martusewicz, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>The term ecofeminism was coined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32957-EN">Fran&#x00E7;oise d&#x2019;Eaubonne (1974)</xref> and has its roots in the activist social movements of the time&#x2014;particularly anti-nuclear and pacifist movements&#x2014;and in the growing awareness of sexism and gender blindness present in other environmentalist groups. Ecofeminism emerged as both a political and intellectual movement, in which the union of ecological and feminist ideas challenged gender power structures, social and economic organisations, and scientific paradigms, as well as traditional ways of conceiving the relationship between humans and nature. Although it was criticised in the 1990s for alleged essentialism and ethnocentrism, it has resurfaced in recent years, with renewed interest in the convergence of feminism, social justice and environmentalism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32957-EN">Gaard, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32957-EN">Gough and Whitehouse, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32957-EN">Gough et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32957-EN">Karen J. Warren (2000)</xref> defines ecofeminist philosophy as a perspective that employs sex/gender analysis as a starting point for critiquing the &#x201C;isms of social oppression&#x201D; (e. g., sexism, racism, classism, heterosexism and ethnocentrism), and as a stance that &#x201C;employs ecological and environmental perspectives on the non-human world and the interactions between humans and nature in its theory and practice&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32957-EN">Warren, 2000</xref>, p. 43). These interconnected and hierarchical power structures, in the form of patriarchy and capitalism, interact with ecological exploitation to exert dominion over marginalised groups and nature. Ecofeminism constitutes a type of &#x201C;feminist environmental philosophy&#x201D; characterised by: (1) exploring the nature of the connections between the unjustified domination of women and nature; (2) critiquing canonical Western philosophical views with a male bias (assumptions, concepts, assertions, distinctions, positions, theories) regarding women and nature; and (3) creating alternatives and solutions to these male-biased views (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-32957-EN">Warren, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Within the framework of ecofeminism, we find theoretically significant proposals for early childhood education, such as Forest Schools, nature-based spaces that can challenge hierarchical power systems and foster more inclusive pedagogies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32957-EN">Garden, 2025</xref>). Unlike traditional classrooms where the roles of students and teachers are clearly defined and certain gender stereotypes are often reinforced, outdoor schools encourage greater flexibility and interaction, allowing gender roles to be redefined (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32957-EN">Garden and Downes, 2024</xref>). This proposal highlights the enormous potential of new outdoor learning spaces, as the context in which learning takes place is particularly significant for shaping learning processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32957-EN">Schwai, 2024</xref>). &#x201C;Creating inclusive and safe spaces is critical to redefining gender norms and fostering a sense of belonging among all participants&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32957-EN">Garden, 2025</xref>, p. 5).</p>
<p>However, other proposals for ecofeminist education applied to the university setting can also be found. One example is the development of ecofeminist awareness through ecofeminist pedagogy in literature classes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-32957-EN">Wiyatmi et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-5-32957-EN">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Moving beyond essentialism in the fifth phase of ecofeminism</title>
<p>Ecofeminism is not a homogeneous movement, but rather a diverse field of thought and action that has evolved in dialogue with various historical, cultural and political contexts. The different strands of ecofeminism share an ethical concern for the sustainability of life, but differ in their philosophical foundations, political strategies and ways of linking the feminine with nature. Some perspectives have been criticised for reproducing essentialism, whilst others have adopted a relational and constructivist approach that challenges traditional dualisms. Understanding these strands allows us to map out the tensions and possibilities of contemporary ecofeminism, particularly in its application to the field of education.</p>
<p>The first phase of ecofeminism is linked to grassroots environmental and feminist activism, particularly in rural and community contexts, where a connection is established between the oppression of women and the exploitation of nature. In some cases, this link is expressed through a spiritual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32957-EN">Starhawk, 1979</xref>) or essentialist (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32957-EN">Daly, 1978</xref>) approach, which associates the feminine with the natural, reproducing symbolic imaginaries that reinforce the identification of woman with nature. One strand of the movement had insisted that women had an inherent affinity with the natural world (often in relation to child-rearing and care), &#x201C;thereby homogenising women and reifying restrictive notions of gender as biologically innate and fixed&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32957-EN">Piersol and Timmerman, 2017</xref>, p. 11). Ecofeminism was criticised for being essentialist, elitist and ethnocentric, and was &#x201C;effectively dismissed&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32957-EN">Gaard, 2011</xref>, p. 26).</p>
<p>The second stage is characterised by the philosophical development of ecofeminism, with authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-32957-EN">Karen Warren (1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-32957-EN">2000</xref>), who propose a relational ethics grounded in a critique of ontological and epistemological dualisms &#x2013;culture/nature, reason/emotion, masculine/feminine&#x2013; and in the interdependence between human beings and the natural environment. This phase seeks to overcome essentialism through more inclusive and argumentative conceptual frameworks.</p>
<p>The third stage of a constructivist nature, delves deeper into the critique of essentialism and proposes a cultural and historical reading of the relationships between gender and the environment. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32957-EN">Val Plumwood (1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32957-EN">2002</xref>) is a key figure in this phase, questioning the hierarchical dualisms underpinning modern rationality and proposing an &#x2018;ecological rationality&#x2019; that recognises interdependence as an ethical and political foundation. This stage incorporates influences from poststructuralist feminism and environmental philosophy and focuses on how the categories of gender and nature are socially constructed within specific historical contexts. The emphasis is no longer on &#x2018;feminine nature&#x2019;, but on a critique of the structures of thought that legitimise the domination of bodies, territories and knowledge.</p>
<p>The fourth stage advocates for a critical ecofeminism, which broadens this perspective from an intersectional, decolonial and multispecies viewpoint. Authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32957-EN">Alicia Puleo (2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32957-EN">2019</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32957-EN">Greta Gaard (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32957-EN">No&#x00EB;l Sturgeon (2009)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32957-EN">Barbara Noske (1989)</xref> articulate approaches that link queer feminism, environmental justice, animal liberation and a critique of anthropocentrism. This phase is characterised by a theoretical openness towards dissident ecologies, transcorporeality and radical interdependence, challenging the hegemonies of neoliberalism, patriarchy and colonialism. Ecofeminism ceases to be a homogeneous current and becomes a plural and dynamic space, where multiple voices, territories and struggles converge.</p>
<p>Following <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-EN">Lisa Siegel (2024)</xref>, this evolution has given rise to a fifth stage of ecofeminism, characterised by an expanded intersectionality that integrates the dimensions of gender, species, ethnicity, class, territory and affectivity. This stage proposes a situated praxis, which recognises shared vulnerability and the need to build alliances between human and non-human liberation movements. This new narrative rejects the essentialist vision of early ecofeminism and posits that subjects are &#x201C;epistemologically, ontologically and ethically entangled with each other and with the matter of the earth&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32957-EN">Davies, 2021</xref>, p. 132; cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-EN">Siegel, 2024</xref>, p. 339). Inspired by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32957-EN">Karen Barad&#x2019;s (2007)</xref> concept of &#x2018;intra-action&#x2019;, Siegel introduces the term &#x2018;intraconnectivism&#x2019; to describe a paradigm that recognises that individuals and things do not exist independently but emerge through their relationships. As the author states, &#x201C;absolutely everything is entangled&#x201D;; &#x201C;intraconnectivism is trans-disciplinary, trans-temporal, and acknowledging of all ethical-onto-epistemic understandings of interconnectedness&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-EN">Siegel, 2024</xref>, p. 329). Contemporary ecofeminism thus emerges as a critical tool for addressing the eco-social crisis from profoundly transformative ethical, political and pedagogical perspectives.</p>
<p>Siegel acknowledges that this fifth stage represents an aspirational narrative, yet one that is necessary to confront the structural violence of the present and build an education system committed to social and ecological justice. In her words:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Ecofeminist thinking and action continue to support the fight for systemic change (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32957-EN">Gough and Whitehouse, 2021</xref>) and as such, will always be a crucial theoretical framework to continue to work through and support. Moving towards that aspirational story, however, requires additional ways of thinking, being, and acting&#x2013; and that is exactly what intraconnectivism, and intraconnective education, can offer not only the field of environmental education but all fields of education that are grounded in social and ecological justice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-EN">Siegel, 2024</xref>, p. 340).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Intraconnectivism is an emerging educational approach that promotes a holistic view of learning, based on the deep connection between the cognitive, emotional, physical, ethical and spiritual dimensions of the individual. Unlike connectivism &#x2013;which focuses on external information networks and digital learning&#x2013; intraconectivism proposes a pedagogy of inner life, consciousness and personal transformation. This perspective recognises that knowledge is not merely the accumulation of data, but rather a relational and meaningful experience that connects the individual with themselves, with others and with their environment.</p>
<p>Intraconnective education is intertwined with approaches such as ecofeminism, the pedagogy of care, decolonial thought and ecological ethics, by proposing an education geared towards cultivating a critical, sensitive and life-committed consciousness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32957-EN">Siegel, 2024</xref>). Within this framework, learning does not merely mean accumulating knowledge, but also <italic>being, feeling</italic> and <italic>coexisting</italic>.</p>
<p>This proposal stands apart from an education for or about the environment, such as that advocated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-32957-EN">UNESCO (1977)</xref>, which is geared towards promoting sustainable learning without integrating the ethical, relational and transformative dimensions demanded by the current ecological crisis. In contrast to this limiting form of environmental education, intraconnective education, or &#x2018;education as environment&#x2019;, proposes redirecting our focus towards a pedagogy that recognises the co-belonging and interdependence of all living beings. It also draws on the ancestral knowledge of indigenous peoples, who have long understood that &#x201C;we are part of, not separate from, the environment&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-32957-EN">Tapia Gonz&#x00E1;lez, 2018</xref>). Building on this foundation, intraconnective education seeks to overcome the dualisms (human/nature, reason/emotion, masculine/feminine) that structure modern Western culture and to propose a more inclusive, equitable and relational form of education, sensitive to differences and to social and ecological justice. Finally, this proposal is linked to the theoretical framework of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32957-EN">Macy and Brown (2014)</xref>, who distinguish three dimensions of ecological change: immediate actions to halt environmental damage, structural transformations of social systems, and shifts in consciousness and values. Intraconnective education aims to integrate these three dimensions, offering a pedagogy that is more conscious, cooperative and in balance with the Earth.</p>
<p>From this perspective, possibilities open up for developing pedagogical approaches that recognise eco-dependence, interdependence, shared vulnerability and the urgency of nurturing individuals capable of caring for and preserving life through an ethical, critical and transformative consciousness.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32957-EN">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>The principles of ecofeminist ethics as pillars of eco-education: care, interdependence and socio-environmental justice</title>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32957-EN">Anne Stephens (2013)</xref> identifies several fundamental principles that underpin ecofeminist ethics. These principles guide theoretical reflection and provide practical frameworks for educational, political and community action.</p>
<p><italic>Care as a central value</italic>: In contrast to the logic of domination, ecofeminism champions care as an ethical and political principle. This care is not limited to the domestic or private sphere, but extends to ecosystems, interpersonal relationships and multi-species communities. To care is to resist structural violence and affirm life. Thus, care is conceived not only as an affective practice, but as a political stance that recognises shared vulnerability as the basis of a committed, sensitive and transformative rationality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32957-EN">Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n, 2023</xref>). For this reason, we must proceed with care&#x2014;never has this been more apt&#x2014;for this is not a matter of altruism but of justice. It is worth recalling, with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32957-EN">Herta Nagl-Docekal (1994)</xref>, that care, properly understood, not only does not negate the cared-for, but establishes a relationship that transcends domination and avoids paternalism, reinforcing the autonomy of the person being cared for. Not an individualistic autonomy, but a relational and even eco-social one (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32957-EN">Pulkki and Ketto, 2022</xref>). Care in ecofeminism is a demand for justice that removes the blindfold to see the needs of every being, extending even to those beings that are not human, to nature as a whole.</p>
<p>Secondly, <italic>the interdependence between human beings and nature</italic>: Ecofeminism challenges the idea of individual autonomy as an absolute ideal. Instead, it proposes a relational view of the subject, which acknowledges their vulnerability and their dependence on ecological, social and affective networks. This interdependence forms the basis for an ethics that promotes cooperation and shared responsibility. Interdependence rejects the notion of the human being as an independent subject and proposes a relational view, in line with ecofeminist criticism of the model of instrumental rationality that has separated humanity from nature. It is within the framework of this interdependence that we must understand the ecofeminist critique of various forms of hierarchical dualisms&#x2014;culture/nature, male/female, rational/emotional. This framework has served to justify the subordination of the natural and the feminine and must be dismantled in order to build an inclusive and non-hierarchical ethics.</p>
<p>This second principle is also crucial for eco-education because it once again highlights the constitutive identity link that nature represents for human beings. In this regard, the cultivation of these constitutive links with nature has a very positive effect and is key to the formation of children&#x2019;s identities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32957-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez et al., 2024</xref>). For their part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32957-EN">Adams and Beauchamps (2021)</xref> highlight the opportunity offered by natural spaces to engage in reflection and introspection, emphasising the liberating potential of &#x2018;biophilic experiences&#x2019; that enhance the perception of nature and self-knowledge. This interdependence between people and nature is evident in the influence that nature exerts on educational contexts, shaping children&#x2019;s values, behaviour, and the development of gender identity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32957-EN">Mycock, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32957-EN">Garden, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>The third pillar of ecofeminist ethics is <italic>socio-environmental justice</italic>, understood as the redistribution of ecological impacts and the recognition of historically silenced voices. Ecofeminism links environmental and social justice, recognising that ecological damage disproportionately affects women, indigenous peoples, impoverished communities and other marginalised groups. It therefore demands recognition that the impacts of climate change are not distributed equitably, affecting in particular those communities that are least responsible for causing it in particular.</p>
<p>These principles shape an ethics that is not limited to denunciation but proposes alternative ways of relating to the world. An ethics built from the margins, from vulnerable bodies, from the everyday practices of resistance and care. In the field of education, these principles can guide the development of pedagogies that are sensitive to human and non-human suffering and committed to social and ecological transformation. Thus, incorporating these values into education and turning them into sustainable habits involves shaping individuals capable of ethical compassion, solidarity-based responsibility and transformative action, committed to a relational and eco-social ethic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-32957-EN">Su&#x00E1;rez Montoya et al.., 2024</xref>).</p>
    <p>By placing care, interdependence and environmental justice at its core, ecofeminist ethics challenges not only hegemonic models of development, but also the educational structures that perpetuate them. In this regard, it is worth recalling what David Orr warned several decades ago: &#x201C;the ecological crisis is a crisis of education, not in education, and minor adjustments will not solve the problem&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32957-EN">Orr, 1994</xref>, p. 8). We must therefore bear in mind that many of today&#x2019;s ecological problems have been caused by highly educated people following patterns that have subordinated eco-ethics to technology and production. This reveals that technical knowledge, divorced from an ethical conscience, can prove profoundly destructive. See <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32957-EN">Table 1</xref>, which graphically presents the dimensions, principles, and competencies of ecofeminist eco-education.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32957-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>imensions</sc>, <sc>principles and competencies of ecofeminist eco</sc>-<sc>education</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32957-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="33%"/>
<col width="33%"/>
<col width="34%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Dimension</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Ecofeminist principle</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Eco-educational competence</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Eco-onto-genetics</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ecological Identity, vulnerability</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Relational Ethics, vital coherence</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ethics</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Care, relational autonomy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Solidarity-based responsibility</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Politics/Eco-citizenship</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Eco-social justice</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Participation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Aesthetics/Affect</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Bodily awareness</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Heuristics, imagination</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ecofeminist (cross-cutting)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Interdependence</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Critical and transformative</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Intraconnective</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Co-emergence</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Relational ecological consciousness</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Degrowth</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sustainability</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Eco-social habits</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32957-EN">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title>Towards an education based on a clear-sighted, environmentally conscious anthropocentrism that fosters eco-social autonomy</title>
<p>In the field of environmental ethics, anthropocentrism and biocentrism represent two opposing moral approaches to the value of non-human nature. Strong anthropocentrism holds that only human beings have moral significance, whilst strong biocentrism extends this consideration to all living beings. Between these two extremes lies a range of ethical positions, such as animalism and sentientism, which recognise the value of non-human animals, particularly those capable of experiencing pleasure or suffering. Individualistic biocentrism assigns value to each living being as an individual, whilst holistic biocentrism broadens this perspective to include species, ecosystems or biological communities, proposing a more inclusive ethic.</p>
<p>Within this framework, the category of &#x2018;wise anthropocentrism&#x2019; &#x2013;a variation of weak anthropocentrism&#x2013; proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32957-EN">Mart&#x00ED;n Sosa (1997)</xref>, affirms humanity&#x2019;s complicity with the rest of nature, with the aim of curbing growth and learning to live differently. In the author&#x2019;s own words: &#x201C;It is necessary to adopt the perspective of a wiser anthropocentrism, which can give way to a &#x2018;life-centred ethics&#x2019;, an alternative to &#x2018;ethics centred exclusively on the human&#x2019;&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32957-EN">Mart&#x00ED;n Sosa, 1997</xref>, p. 124).</p>
<p>The contemporary socio-environmental crisis demands a re-examination of the place humans occupy in relation to non-human nature. In the face of dominant anthropocentrism &#x2013;which has legitimised extractive practices, power relations and an instrumental rationality&#x2013; there is a growing need to construct a lucid anthropocentrism: a perspective that recognises human agency without detaching it from ecological interdependence. This approach involves assuming the ethical responsibility of care, regeneration and respect for living processes, integrating diverse forms of knowledge and pedagogies sensitive to the territory.</p>
<p>In this vein, the proposal for Eco-Rational Education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-32957-EN">Thornton, 2023</xref>) is particularly relevant. This approach advocates a pedagogy of lucidity that seeks to disrupt the colonial structures and Eurocentric discourses that have dominated educational theory and practice. Through a critical and territory-sensitive EE, it proposes to reconstruct students&#x2019; experience through dialogue with multiple knowledge systems, including indigenous and ecofeminist knowledge. This pedagogy recognises the Earth as a teacher and promotes a profound reflection on the relationship between individuals and their environment, paving the way for an ecological rationality that challenges dominant anthropocentrism and advocates for eco-social justice. By situating learning in dialogue with the territory and with multiple systems of knowledge, it enables students to reflect critically on their connection with the more-than-human world and to move towards a rationality that directs human agency towards care, regeneration and shared responsibility in building sustainable futures.</p>
<p>From a critical ecofeminist perspective, environmental degradation represents not only an ecological crisis, but also a profound educational challenge. Addressing it requires a radical transformation in &#x2018;more-than-human relations&#x2019;, that is, those that link human beings with the whole range of living entities and ecosystems that cohabit the planet. Throughout history, education has contributed to reproducing socio-ecological waste by legitimising hierarchies among terrestrial beings, rendering invisible the bodily, affective and ethical bonds between humans and non-humans. Within this framework, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32957-EN">Hyena Kim (2023)</xref> proposes a more-than-human education conceived as a trans-species responsibility, embodied in forms of sensory kinship with the world.</p>
<p>This proposal, which intertwines ecofeminism with other critical approaches, invites us to rethink human autonomy from a relational and situated perspective, recognising that our way of inhabiting the planet is interwoven with bonds to other living beings and with the persistent traces of environmental degradation. In this context, so-called &#x2018;waste-bodies&#x2019; &#x2013;those marginalised or treated as waste by social and ecological systems&#x2013; reveal a structural crisis in the ways in which we reproduce and sustain life. Faced with this rupture, the pedagogy of the ecotone emerges: an education situated on the margins, which values the richness of the liminal and promotes more-than-human forms of coexistence based on care, interdependence and eco-social justice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32957-EN">Kim, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>In contrast to the ideal of a competitive society that &#x201C;presupposes individual autonomy and the need to defend oneself&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32957-EN">Pulkki and Keto, 2022</xref>, p. 75), eco-social autonomy promotes social interaction based on cooperation, the recognition of shared vulnerability, and ecological responsibility. This form of autonomy draws on ecofeminist epistemologies, which challenge the logic of domination that permeates both gender relations and the relationship between humans and nature. Eco-social autonomy does not mean that we should discard rational self-control but rather expand the concept of autonomy to include multi-species eco-social communities, so that we may also take responsibility for our actions within these environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32957-EN">Pulkki et al., 2020</xref>). Thus, moving towards eco-social autonomy in education involves transforming educational ideals through an ethic of care, interdependence and sustainability, in dialogue with situated knowledge and the experiences of the vulnerable bodies that inhabit the world.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32957-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>5.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusions</sc></title>
<p>Environmental education conceived as a means of raising awareness of planetary boundaries was initially subsumed within the discourses of sustainable development and neoliberalism, being reduced to a functional tool for economic growth. In response to this, a degrowth-oriented, ethical shift is proposed to restore education&#x2019;s critical and emancipatory potential. This shift recognises that the ecological crisis is not merely environmental, but civilisational, and demands a profound change in the ways we think, produce, live and educate. EE cannot be limited to the transmission of technical knowledge or individual ecological behaviours; it must foster a cultural transformation that challenges productivist rationality and promotes sustainable, supportive communities that are conscious of their interdependence with life; it must become an eco-education encompassing all its dimensions and competencies, as Lucie Sauv&#x00E9; points out.</p>
<p>Within this framework, eco-education from an ecofeminist perspective emerges as an integrative approach that goes beyond instrumental sustainability and is oriented towards eco-social justice. This eco-educational approach insists that our relationship with the environment is not merely an object of knowledge, but the ontological, ethical and political foundation of human existence. Educating ecologically involves rebuilding the bonds of reciprocity between human beings and nature, restoring the affective, ethical and responsible dimension of that relationship. From this perspective, learning is understood as an experience of connection and shared responsibility with the world, where the ethics of care, interdependence and socio-environmental justice constitute its fundamental pillars.</p>
<p>Ecofeminism, in particular, offers an ethical and political framework capable of articulating a critique of patriarchal, capitalist and colonial domination while also proposing for a pedagogy of care and of relational and eco-social autonomy. Its evolution towards a fifth, intersectional and intraconnective stage allows us to conceive of an education that recognises the shared vulnerability and co-emergence of all living beings. This education does not separate reason and emotion, knowledge and life, but rather cultivates ecological lucidity and affective commitment as the foundations of a new rationality: ecological, critical and based on solidarity.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>R<sc>eferences</sc></title>
<ref id="ref-1-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Adams</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Beauchamp</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>A study of the experiences of children aged 7&#x2013;11 taking part in mindful approaches in local nature reserves</article-title> <source><italic>Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning</italic></source> <volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>129</fpage><lpage>138</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14729679.2020.1736110</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Adams, D., &#x0026; Beauchamp, G. (2021). A study of the experiences of children aged 7&#x2013;11 taking part in mindful approaches in local nature reserves<italic>. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 21</italic>(2), 129-138. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2020.1736110">https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2020.1736110</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-2-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barad</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2007</year> <source><italic>Meeting the universe halfway: Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning</italic></source> <publisher-name>Duke University Press</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/j.ctv12101zq</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Barad, K. (2007). <italic>Meeting the universe halfway: Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning</italic>. Duke University Press. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12101zq">https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12101zq</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-3-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Berryman</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2003</year> <article-title>L&#x2019;e&#x0301;co-ontogen&#x00E8;se: les relations &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement dans le de&#x0301;veloppement humain &#x2013; d&#x2019;autres rapports au monde pour d&#x2019;autres de&#x0301;veloppements</article-title> <source><italic>E&#x0301;ducation relative &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement. Regards &#x2013; Recherches &#x2013; Re&#x0301;flexions</italic></source> <volume>4</volume> <fpage>207</fpage><lpage>228</lpage> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.openedition.org/ere/5129?lang=en">https://journals.openedition.org/ere/5129?lang=en</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Berryman, T. (2003). L&#x2019;e&#x0301;co-ontogen&#x00E8;se: les relations &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement dans le de&#x0301;veloppement humain &#x2013; d&#x2019;autres rapports au monde pour d&#x2019;autres de&#x0301;veloppements. <italic>E&#x0301;ducation relative &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement. Regards &#x2013; Recherches &#x2013; Re&#x0301;flexions</italic>, <italic>4</italic>, 207&#x2013;228. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.openedition.org/ere/5129?lang=en">https://journals.openedition.org/ere/5129?lang=en</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-4-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bourg</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Whiteside</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2010</year> <source><italic>Vers une d&#x00E9;mocratie &#x00E9;cologique: Le citoyen, le savant et le politique</italic></source> <elocation-id>Paris</elocation-id> <publisher-name>&#x00C9;ditions du Seuil</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bourg, D., &#x0026; Whiteside, K. (2010). <italic>Vers une d&#x00E9;mocratie &#x00E9;cologique: Le citoyen, le savant et le politique</italic>. Paris: &#x00C9;ditions du Seuil.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-5-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Caride</surname> <given-names>J. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meira</surname> <given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Del ecologismo como movimiento social a la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental como construcci&#x00F3;n hist&#x00F3;rica</article-title> <source><italic>Historia De La Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <volume>37</volume> <fpage>165</fpage><lpage>197</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/hedu201837165197</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Caride, J. A., &#x0026; Meira, P. A. (2018). Del ecologismo como movimiento social a la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental como construcci&#x00F3;n hist&#x00F3;rica. <italic>Historia De La Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>, <italic>37</italic>, 165&#x2013;197. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/hedu201837165197">https://doi.org/10.14201/hedu201837165197</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-6-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Caride</surname> <given-names>J. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meira</surname> <given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>La educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental en los l&#x00ED;mites, o la necesidad c&#x00ED;vica y pedag&#x00F3;gica de respuestas a una civilizaci&#x00F3;n que colapsa</article-title> <source><italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a Social. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>36</volume> <fpage>21</fpage><lpage>34</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7179/PSRI_2020.36.01</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Caride, J. A., &#x0026; Meira, P. A. (2020). La educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental en los l&#x00ED;mites, o la necesidad c&#x00ED;vica y pedag&#x00F3;gica de respuestas a una civilizaci&#x00F3;n que colapsa. <italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a Social. Revista Interuniversitaria, 36</italic>, 21&#x2013;34. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2020.36.01">https://doi.org/10.7179/PSRI_2020.36.01</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-7-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carvalho</surname> <given-names>A. E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Blanc</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Aguiar</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Torres</surname> <given-names>A. C.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>Fostering diversity and participation with school gardens: Examining possibilities and challenges under different national educational policies. Educational Process: International Journal</italic></source> <volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>122</fpage><lpage>138</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22521/edupij.2024.132.8</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Carvalho, A. E., Blanc, S., Aguiar, M., &#x0026; Torres, A. C. (2024). <italic>Fostering diversity and participation with school gardens: Examining possibilities and challenges under different national educational policies</italic>. <italic>Educational Process: International Journal, 13</italic>(2<bold>)</bold>, 122&#x2013;138. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2024.132.8">https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2024.132.8</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-8-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cottereau</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1999</year> <source>Chemins de l&#x2019;imaginaire. Pe&#x0301;dagogie de l&#x2019;imaginaire et e&#x0301;ducation &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement</source> <publisher-loc>La Caunette</publisher-loc> <publisher-name>Babio</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cottereau, D. (1999). Chemins de l&#x2019;imaginaire. Pe&#x0301;dagogie de l&#x2019;imaginaire et e&#x0301;ducation &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement. La Caunette: Babio.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-9-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Daly</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1978</year> <source><italic>Gyn/ecology: The metaethics of radical feminism</italic></source> <publisher-name>Beacon Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Daly, M. (1978). <italic>Gyn/ecology: The metaethics of radical feminism</italic>. Beacon Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-10-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Davies</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <source><italic>Entanglement in the World&#x2019;s Becoming and the Doing of New Materialist Inquiry</italic></source> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Davies, B. (2021). <italic>Entanglement in the World&#x2019;s Becoming and the Doing of New Materialist Inquiry</italic>. Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-11-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>d&#x2019;Eaubonne</surname> <given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1974</year> <source><italic>Le f&#x00E9;minisme ou la mort</italic></source> <publisher-name>Pierre Horay</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>d&#x2019;Eaubonne, F. (1974). <italic>Le f&#x00E9;minisme ou la mort</italic>. Pierre Horay.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-12-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fraser</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Capitalismo can&#x00ED;bal</italic></source> <publisher-name>Siglo XXI</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Fraser, N. (2023). <italic>Capitalismo can&#x00ED;bal.</italic> Siglo XXI.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-13-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gaard</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2011</year> <article-title>Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and re-placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism</article-title> <source><italic>Feminist Formations</italic></source> <volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>26</fpage><lpage>53</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1353/ff.2011.0017.</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gaard, G. (2011). Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and re-placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism. <italic>Feminist Formations, 23</italic>(2), 26&#x2013;53. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2011.0017">https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2011.0017</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-14-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gaard</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2015</year> <article-title>Ecofeminism and Climate Change</article-title> <source><italic>Women&#x2019;s Studies International Forum</italic></source> <volume>49</volume> <fpage>20</fpage><lpage>33</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.wsif.2015.02.004</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gaard, G. (2015). Ecofeminism and Climate Change. <italic>Women&#x2019;s Studies International Forum, 49</italic>, 20&#x2013;33. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2015.02.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2015.02.004</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-15-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garden</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2025</year> <article-title>Challenging gender and power dynamics in Forest Schools: an ecofeminist perspective</article-title> <source><italic>Education</italic></source> <volume>3-13</volume> <fpage>1</fpage><lpage>15</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/03004279.2025.2483327</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Garden, A. (2025). Challenging gender and power dynamics in Forest Schools: an ecofeminist perspective. <italic>Education, 3-13</italic>, 1&#x2013;15. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2025.2483327">https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2025.2483327</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-16-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garden</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Downes</surname> <given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>New boundaries, undecided roles: Towards and understanding of Forest Schools as constructed spaces</article-title> <source>Education 3-13: International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education</source></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Garden, A., &#x0026; Downes, G. (2024). <italic>New boundaries, undecided roles: Towards and understanding of Forest Schools as constructed spaces</italic>. Education 3-13: International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-17-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <chapter-title>Cincuenta a&#x00F1;os de educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo estamos en la debacle neoliberal?</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Ed.</role> <source><italic>La formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos ecol&#x00F3;gicos en la universidad</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>107</fpage><lpage>130</lpage> <publisher-name>Universidad Veracruzana</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano, E. (2024). Cincuenta a&#x00F1;os de educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo estamos en la debacle neoliberal? En E. Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano (Ed.), <italic>La formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos ecol&#x00F3;gicos en la universidad</italic> (pp. 107&#x2013;130). Universidad Veracruzana.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-18-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gonza&#x0301;lez Gaudiano</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meira</surname> <given-names>P. A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gutie&#x0301;rrez Pe&#x0301;rez</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>&#x00BF;Co&#x0301;mo educar hacia la complejidad de la crisis clima&#x0301;tica? Hacia un curri&#x0301;culum de emergencia</article-title> <source><italic>Revista Mexicana de Investigacio&#x0301;n Educativa</italic></source> <volume>25</volume><issue>87</issue> <fpage>843</fpage><lpage>872</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gonza&#x0301;lez Gaudiano, E., Meira, P. A., &#x0026; Gutie&#x0301;rrez Pe&#x0301;rez, J. (2020). &#x00BF;Co&#x0301;mo educar hacia la complejidad de la crisis clima&#x0301;tica? Hacia un curri&#x0301;culum de emergencia. <italic>Revista Mexicana de Investigacio&#x0301;n Educativa</italic>, <italic>25</italic>(87), 843&#x2013;872.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-19-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gough</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Whitehouse</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>New vintages and new bottles: The &#x201C;Nature&#x201D; of Environmental Education from new Material Feminist and Ecofeminist Viewpoints</article-title> <source><italic>The Journal of Environmental Education</italic></source> <volume>49</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>336</fpage><lpage>349</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00958964.2017.1409186</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gough, A., &#x0026; Whitehouse, H. (2018). New vintages and new bottles: The &#x201C;Nature&#x201D; of Environmental Education from new Material Feminist and Ecofeminist Viewpoints. <italic>The Journal of Environmental Education, 49</italic>(4), 336&#x2013;349. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2017.1409186">https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2017.1409186</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-20-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gough</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Whitehouse</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>&#x201C;How Did Australia End Up in This Mess?: Don&#x2019;t Blame Women! Ecofeminism and Internationalism&#x201D;</article-title> <source>Redress</source> <volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>14</fpage><lpage>21</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gough, A., &#x0026; Whitehouse, H. (2021). &#x201C;How Did Australia End Up in This Mess?: Don&#x2019;t Blame Women! Ecofeminism and Internationalism&#x201D;. Redress, <italic>30</italic>(1), 14&#x2013;21.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-21-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gough</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ho</surname> <given-names>Y. C. J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lloro</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Russell</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Walters</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Whitehouse</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Ecofeminisms and education: repositioning gender and environment in education</article-title> <source><italic>Gender and Education</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>299</fpage><lpage>311</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540253.2024.2329289</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gough, A., Ho, Y. C. J., Lloro, T., Russell, C., Walters, S., &#x0026; Whitehouse, H. (2024). Ecofeminisms and education: repositioning gender and environment in education. <italic>Gender and Education</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(4), 299&#x2013;311. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2024.2329289">https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2024.2329289</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-22-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <source><italic>El desaf&#x00ED;o &#x00E9;tico de la educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></source> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n, J. (2020). <italic>El desaf&#x00ED;o &#x00E9;tico de la educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>. Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-23-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y filos&#x00F3;fica en contextos de conflicto, heridas y vulnerabilidad</italic></source> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gracia Caland&#x00ED;n, J. (2023). <italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y filos&#x00F3;fica en contextos de conflicto, heridas y vulnerabilidad</italic>. Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-24-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez</surname> <given-names>B. M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ruedas-Caletrio</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Caballero Franco</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Murciano-Hueso</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>La conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza como factor clave en la formaci&#x00F3;n de las identidades infantiles: una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica</article-title> <source><italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>31</fpage><lpage>52</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31397</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Guti&#x00E9;rrez-P&#x00E9;rez, B. M., Ruedas-Caletrio, J., Caballero Franco, D., &#x0026; Murciano-Hueso, A. (2024). La conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza como factor clave en la formaci&#x00F3;n de las identidades infantiles: una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica. <italic>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>. <italic>Revista Interuniversitaria</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(1), 31&#x2013;52. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31397">https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31397</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-25-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hatten-Flisher</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Martusewicz</surname> <given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <chapter-title>Ecofeminism and Education</chapter-title> <source><italic>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education</italic></source> <publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hatten-Flisher, J., &#x0026; Martusewicz, R. A. (2018). Ecofeminism and Education. <italic>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education</italic>. Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-26-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nagl-Docekal</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1994</year> <source><italic>Feministische Philosophie: Ergebnisse, Probleme, Perspektiven</italic></source> <publisher-loc>Wien</publisher-loc> <publisher-name>B&#x00F6;hlau</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Nagl-Docekal, H. (1994). <italic>Feministische Philosophie: Ergebnisse, Probleme, Perspektiven</italic>. Wien: B&#x00F6;hlau.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-27-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hickel</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Menos es m&#x00E1;s: c&#x00F3;mo el decrecimiento salvar&#x00E1; el mundo</italic></source> <publisher-name>Capit&#x00E1;n Swing</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hickel, J. (2023). <italic>Menos es m&#x00E1;s: c&#x00F3;mo el decrecimiento salvar&#x00E1; el mundo</italic>. Capit&#x00E1;n Swing.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-28-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="report"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</collab></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</italic></source> <publisher-name>IPCC</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2023). <italic>Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</italic>. IPCC. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647">https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-29-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Living as waste-bodies in a dump: feral sociality and ecofeminist education of ecotone</article-title> <source><italic>Gender and Education</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>312</fpage><lpage>327</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540253.2023.2284792</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Kim, H. (2023). Living as waste-bodies in a dump: feral sociality and ecofeminist education of ecotone. <italic>Gender and Education</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(4), 312&#x2013;327. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2023.2284792">https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2023.2284792</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-30-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Latour</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <source><italic>Ou&#x0300; suis-je? Lec&#x0327;ons du confinement &#x00E0; l&#x2019;usage des terrestres</italic></source> <publisher-name>E&#x0301;ditions La De&#x0301;couverte</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Latour, B. (2021). <italic>Ou&#x0300; suis-je? Lec&#x0327;ons du confinement &#x00E0; l&#x2019;usage des terrestres</italic>. E&#x0301;ditions La De&#x0301;couverte.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-31-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Louv</surname> <given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2005</year> <source><italic>Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder</italic></source> <publisher-name>Algonquin Books</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Louv, R. (2005). <italic>Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder</italic>. Algonquin Books.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-32-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Macy</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brown</surname> <given-names>M. Y.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2014</year> <source><italic>Coming back to life: The updated guide to the Work That Reconnects</italic></source> <publisher-name>New Society Publishers</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Macy, J., &#x0026; Brown, M. Y. (2014). <italic>Coming back to life: The updated guide to the Work That Reconnects</italic>. New Society Publishers.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-33-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mart&#x00ED;n Sosa</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1997</year> <source><italic>Perspectiva &#x00E9;tica</italic></source> <publisher-name>Fundaci&#x00F3;n Universidad-Empresa</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mart&#x00ED;n Sosa, N. (1997). <italic>Perspectiva &#x00E9;tica</italic>. Fundaci&#x00F3;n Universidad-Empresa.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-34-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mellor</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2007</year> <chapter-title>&#x201C;Mujer, naturaleza y construcci&#x00F3;n social del &#x2018;hombre econ&#x00F3;mico&#x2019;&#x201D;</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Velayos</surname> <given-names>C.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Barrios</surname> <given-names>O.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Figueruelo</surname> <given-names>&#x00C1;.</given-names></name> <name><surname>L&#x00F3;pez</surname> <given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Eds.</role> <source><italic>Feminismo ecol&#x00F3;gico. Estudios multidisciplinares de g&#x00E9;nero</italic></source> <publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>31</fpage><lpage>52</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mellor, M. (2007). &#x201C;Mujer, naturaleza y construcci&#x00F3;n social del &#x2018;hombre econ&#x00F3;mico&#x2019;&#x201D;. En C. Velayos, O. Barrios, &#x00C1;. Figueruelo y T. L&#x00F3;pez (Eds.), <italic>Feminismo ecol&#x00F3;gico. Estudios multidisciplinares de g&#x00E9;nero</italic>. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, pp. 31&#x2013;52.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-35-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mycock</surname> <given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <article-title>Playing with mud- becoming stuck, becoming free? The negotiation of gendered/class identities when learning outdoors</article-title> <source><italic>Children&#x2019;s Geographies</italic></source> <volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>454</fpage><lpage>466</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14733285.2018.1546379</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mycock, K. (2018). Playing with mud- becoming stuck, becoming free? The negotiation of gendered/class identities when learning outdoors. <italic>Children&#x2019;s Geographies, 17</italic>(4), 454&#x2013;466. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2018.1546379">https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2018.1546379</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-36-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Noske</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1989</year> <source><italic>Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology</italic></source> <publisher-name>Pluto Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Noske, B. (1989). <italic>Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology</italic>. Pluto Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-37-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Orr</surname> <given-names>D. W.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1990</year> <article-title>What Is Education For?</article-title> <source><italic>Annals of Earth</italic></source> <volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>5</fpage><lpage>8</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Orr, D. W. (1990). What Is Education For? <italic>Annals of Earth, 8</italic>(2), 5&#x2013;8.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-38-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Orr</surname> <given-names>D. W.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1994</year> <source><italic>Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect</italic></source> <publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc> <publisher-name>Island Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Orr, D. W. (1994). <italic>Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect</italic>. Washington, DC: Island Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-39-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Piersol</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Timmerman</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Reimagining Environmental Education Within Academia: Storytelling and Dialogue as Lived Ecofeminist Politics</article-title> <source><italic>The Journal of Environmental Education</italic></source> <volume>48</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>10</fpage><lpage>17</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00958964.2016.1249329</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Piersol, L., &#x0026; Timmerman. N. (2017). Reimagining Environmental Education Within Academia: Storytelling and Dialogue as Lived Ecofeminist Politics. <italic>The Journal of Environmental Education, 48</italic>(1), 10&#x2013;17. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2016.1249329">https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2016.1249329</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-40-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Plumwood</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1993</year> <source><italic>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</italic></source> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Plumwood, V. (1993). <italic>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</italic>. Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-41-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Plumwood</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2002</year> <source><italic>Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason</italic></source> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Plumwood, V. (2002). <italic>Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason</italic>. Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-42-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Puleo</surname> <given-names>A. H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2011</year> <source><italic>Ecofeminismo para otro mundo posible</italic></source> <publisher-name>C&#x00E1;tedra</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Puleo, A. H. (2011). <italic>Ecofeminismo para otro mundo posible</italic>. C&#x00E1;tedra.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-43-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Puleo</surname> <given-names>A. H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <source><italic>Claves ecofeministas</italic></source> <publisher-name>Plaza y Vald&#x00E9;s</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Puleo, A. H. (2019). <italic>Claves ecofeministas</italic>. Plaza y Vald&#x00E9;s.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-44-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pulkki</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Keto</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2022</year> <source><italic>Ecosocial autonomy as an educational ideal. Relations Beyond Anthropocentrism</italic></source> <volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue> <fpage>75</fpage><lpage>90</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7358/RELA-2022-02-PUKE</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pulkki, J., &#x0026; Keto, S. (2022). <italic>Ecosocial autonomy as an educational ideal</italic>. <italic>Relations Beyond Anthropocentrism, 10</italic>(2), 75&#x2013;90. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7358/RELA-2022-02-PUKE">https://doi.org/10.7358/RELA-2022-02-PUKE</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-45-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pulkki</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Varpanen</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mullen</surname> <given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2020</year> <article-title>&#x201C;Ecosocial Philosophy of Education: Ecologizing the Opinionated Self&#x201D;</article-title> <source><italic>Studies in Philosophy and Education</italic></source> <volume>40</volume> <fpage>347</fpage><lpage>364</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11217-020-09748-3</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pulkki, J, Varpanen, J., &#x0026; Mullen. J. (2020). &#x201C;Ecosocial Philosophy of Education: Ecologizing the Opinionated Self&#x201D;. <italic>Studies in Philosophy and Education, 40</italic>, 347&#x2013;364. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-020-09748-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-020-09748-3</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-46-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosa</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2016</year> <source><italic>Alienaci&#x00F3;n y aceleraci&#x00F3;n social. Hacia una teor&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica de la temporalidad en la modernidad tard&#x00ED;a</italic></source> <publisher-name>Katz</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rosa, H. (2016). <italic>Alienaci&#x00F3;n y aceleraci&#x00F3;n social. Hacia una teor&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica de la temporalidad en la modernidad tard&#x00ED;a</italic>. Katz.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-47-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosa</surname> <given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2019</year> <source><italic>Resonancia. Una sociolog&#x00ED;a de la relaci&#x00F3;n con el mundo</italic></source> <publisher-name>Katz</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rosa, H. (2019). <italic>Resonancia. Una sociolog&#x00ED;a de la relaci&#x00F3;n con el mundo</italic>. Katz.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-48-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sauv&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2005</year> <chapter-title>Uma cartografia das corrientes em educa&#x00E7;ao ambiental</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sato</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Carvalho</surname> <given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Dir.</role> <source><italic>Educa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o ambiental - Pesquisa e desafios</italic></source> <publisher-name>Artmed</publisher-name> <fpage>17</fpage><lpage>46</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sauv&#x00E9;, L. (2005). Uma cartografia das corrientes em educa&#x00E7;ao ambiental. En M. Sato &#x0026; I. Carvalho (Dir.), <italic>Educa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o ambiental - Pesquisa e desafios</italic>. Artmed, 17&#x2013;46.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-49-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sauv&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2015</year> <chapter-title>L&#x2019;e&#x0301;ducation relative &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Bourg</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Papaux</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <source><italic>Dictionnaire de la pense&#x0301;e e&#x0301;cologique</italic></source> <publisher-name>Presses Universitaires de France</publisher-name> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>376</fpage><lpage>379</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sauv&#x00E9;, L. (2015). L&#x2019;e&#x0301;ducation relative &#x00E0; l&#x2019;environnement. En D. Bourg &#x0026; A. Papaux, <italic>Dictionnaire de la pense&#x0301;e e&#x0301;cologique.</italic> Presses Universitaires de France, pp. 376-379.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-50-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sauv&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2017</year> <article-title>Educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental y ecociudadan&#x00ED;a. Un proyecto ontogen&#x00E9;tico y pol&#x00ED;tico</article-title> <source><italic>Rev. Eletro&#x0302;nica Mestr. Educ. Ambient. Rio Grande</italic></source> <comment>Edic&#x0327;a&#x0303;o especial: XVI Encontro Paranaense de Educac&#x0327;a&#x0303;o Ambiental</comment> <comment>p.</comment> <fpage>261</fpage><lpage>278</lpage> <issn>1517-1256</issn></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sauv&#x00E9;, L. (2017). Educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental y ecociudadan&#x00ED;a. Un proyecto ontogen&#x00E9;tico y pol&#x00ED;tico. <italic>Rev. Eletro&#x0302;nica Mestr. Educ. Ambient. Rio Grande</italic>, Edic&#x0327;a&#x0303;o especial: XVI Encontro Paranaense de Educac&#x0327;a&#x0303;o Ambiental, p. 261&#x2013;278. E-ISSN 1517-1256.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-51-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sauv&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <chapter-title>El campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental: Camino hist&#x00F3;rico y retos actuales</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano</surname> <given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Ed.</role> <source><italic>La formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos ecol&#x00F3;gicos en la universidad</italic></source> <publisher-name>Universidad Veracruzana</publisher-name> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>107</fpage><lpage>130</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sauv&#x00E9;, L. (2024). El campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental: Camino hist&#x00F3;rico y retos actuales. En E. Gonz&#x00E1;lez Gaudiano (Ed.), <italic>La formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos ecol&#x00F3;gicos en la universidad</italic>. Universidad Veracruzana, pp. 107&#x2013;130.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-52-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="thesis"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schwai</surname> <given-names>J. E.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>Forest Schools, Ecofeminism, the Gender Binary, and Androcentrism</italic></source> <comment>(Publication No. 3518) Master&#x2019;s thesis</comment> <institution>University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Milwaukee</institution> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/3518">https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/3518</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Schwai, J. E. (2024). <italic>Forest Schools, Ecofeminism, the Gender Binary, and Androcentrism</italic> (Publication No. 3518) [Master&#x2019;s thesis, University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Milwaukee]. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/3518">https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/3518</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-53-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shiva</surname> <given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>El retorno a la Tierra. Regeneraci&#x00F3;n del cuidado</italic></source> <publisher-name>Icaria</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Shiva, V. (2024). <italic>El retorno a la Tierra. Regeneraci&#x00F3;n del cuidado</italic>. Icaria.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-54-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Siegel</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <article-title>Ecofeminism &#x2194; Intraconnectivism: working beyond binaries in environmental education</article-title> <source><italic>Gender and Education</italic></source> <volume>36</volume><issue>4</issue> <fpage>328</fpage><lpage>344</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540253.2024.2327429</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Siegel, L. (2024). Ecofeminism &#x2194; Intraconnectivism: working beyond binaries in environmental education. <italic>Gender and Education</italic>, <italic>36</italic>(4), 328&#x2013;344. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2024.2327429">https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2024.2327429</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-55-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>Starhawk</collab></person-group> <year>1979</year> <source><italic>The spiral dance: A rebirth of the ancient religion of the Great Goddess</italic></source> <publisher-name>Harper &#x0026; Row</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Starhawk. (1979). <italic>The spiral dance: A rebirth of the ancient religion of the Great Goddess</italic>. Harper &#x0026; Row.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-56-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stephens</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2013</year> <chapter-title>Ecofeminism and Systems Theory</chapter-title> <comment>In</comment> <source><italic>Ecofeminism and Systems Thinking</italic></source> <comment>pp.</comment> <fpage>15</fpage><lpage>27</lpage> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4324/9780203767283-11</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Stephens, A. (2013). Ecofeminism and Systems Theory<italic>.</italic> In <italic>Ecofeminism and Systems Thinking</italic> (pp. 15&#x2013;27). Routledge. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203767283-11">https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203767283-11</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-57-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sturgeon</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2009</year> <source><italic>Environmentalism in Popular Culture</italic></source> <publisher-name>University of Arizona Press</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sturgeon, N. (2009). <italic>Environmentalism in Popular Culture</italic>. University of Arizona Press.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-58-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Su&#x00E1;rez Montoya</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Orts Garc&#x00ED;a</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fern&#x00E1;ndez</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2024</year> <source><italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y filosof&#x00ED;a para el desarrollo de h&#x00E1;bitos sostenibles</italic></source> <publisher-name>Dykinson</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Su&#x00E1;rez Montoya, L., Orts Garc&#x00ED;a, M., &#x0026; Fern&#x00E1;ndez, M. (2024). <italic>Educaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y filosof&#x00ED;a para el desarrollo de h&#x00E1;bitos sostenibles</italic>. Dykinson.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-59-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tapia Gonz&#x00E1;lez</surname> <given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2018</year> <source><italic>Mujeres ind&#x00ED;genas en defensa de la Tierra</italic></source> <publisher-name>C&#x00E1;tedra</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Tapia Gonz&#x00E1;lez, G. A. (2018). <italic>Mujeres ind&#x00ED;genas en defensa de la Tierra</italic>. C&#x00E1;tedra.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-60-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thornton</surname> <given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <source><italic>Eco-rational education: An educational response to environmental crisis</italic></source> <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Thornton, S. (2023). <italic>Eco-rational education: An educational response to environmental crisis</italic>. Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-61-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="report"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>UNESCO</collab></person-group> <year>1977</year> <source><italic>Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education, Tbilisi: Final Report</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000327/032763eo.pdf">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000327/032763eo.pdf</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>UNESCO. (1977)<italic>. Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education, Tbilisi: Final Report.</italic> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000327/032763eo.pdf">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000327/032763eo.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-62-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Warren</surname> <given-names>K. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1987</year> <article-title>&#x201C;Feminism and Ecology: Making Connections&#x201D;</article-title> <source><italic>Environmental Ethics</italic></source> <volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>3</fpage><lpage>20</lpage></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Warren, K. J. (1987). &#x201C;Feminism and Ecology: Making Connections&#x201D;. <italic>Environmental Ethics, 9</italic>(1), 3&#x2013;20.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-63-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Warren</surname> <given-names>K. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2000</year> <source><italic>Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on what it is and why it Matters</italic></source> <publisher-name>Rowman &#x0026; Littlefield</publisher-name></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Warren, K. J. (2000). <italic>Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on what it is and why it Matters</italic>. Rowman &#x0026; Littlefield.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-64-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Warren</surname> <given-names>K. J.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2015</year> <chapter-title>Feminist Environmental Philosophy</chapter-title> <comment>En</comment> <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Zalta</surname> <given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></person-group> <role>Ed.</role> <source><italic>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</italic></source> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-environmental/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-environmental/</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Warren, K. J. (2015). Feminist Environmental Philosophy. En E. N. Zalta (Ed.), <italic>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-environmental/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-environmental/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-65-32957-EN"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wiyatmi</surname> <given-names>W.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Suryaman</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sari</surname> <given-names>E. S.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dewi</surname> <given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2023</year> <article-title>Ecofeminist pedagogy in literary learning to cultivate environmental ethics awareness</article-title> <source><italic>Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry/Turkish Studies in Educational Sciences (TUSED)</italic></source> <volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>241</fpage><lpage>252</lpage> <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36681/tused.2023.014</pub-id></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Wiyatmi, W. Suryaman, M., Sari, E. S., &#x0026; Dewi, N. (2023). Ecofeminist pedagogy in literary learning to cultivate environmental ethics awareness. <italic>Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry/Turkish Studies in Educational Sciences (TUSED), 14</italic>(1), 241-252. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2023.014">https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2023.014</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
