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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32952</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32952</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Entre la sostenibilidad y el cuidado: la educaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo sostenible</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Between Sustainability and Care: Education for Sustainable Consumption</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-496X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Trifu</surname>
<given-names>Aura</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5806-737X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Lozano Estivalis</surname>
<given-names>Mar&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Andorra Recerca i Innovaci&#x00F3;. Principat d&#x2019;Andorra.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Andorra Recerca i Innovaci&#x00F3;</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Principat d&#x2019;Andorra</institution>
<country country="AD">Andorra</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-ES">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Jaume I. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Jaume I</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>auratrifu@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>estivali@uji.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
<fpage>173</fpage>
    <lpage>192</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>30</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>22</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Los enormes retos que plantean el retroceso democr&#x00E1;tico, la polarizaci&#x00F3;n social y el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico en nuestros entornos educativos hacen necesario transformar colectivamente las pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas desde par&#x00E1;metros de justicia, equidad y sostenibilidad. Proponemos una reflexi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica, filos&#x00F3;fica y pedag&#x00F3;gica sobre la evoluci&#x00F3;n de este &#x00FA;ltimo concepto desde los modelos mecanicistas expansionistas y reductores hasta las perspectivas hol&#x00ED;sticas e integradoras. Desde la ecolog&#x00ED;a profunda de Aarne Ness y el pensamiento en sistemas completos de Stephen Sterling nos centramos en el enfoque regenerativo de la sostenibilidad y las cr&#x00ED;ticas al enfoque reactivo que predomina en el discurso p&#x00FA;blico. La educaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo sostenible, situada en el nexo entre la educaci&#x00F3;n para la paz y la educaci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo sostenible, se presenta como un eje fundamental para la discusi&#x00F3;n sobre estos aspectos. El reto del consumo sostenible es el de reducir la violencia directa, la estructural y la cultural relacionadas con el consumo, y fomentar relaciones pac&#x00ED;ficas en la medida en la que se respeten las necesidades aut&#x00E9;nticas y los derechos fundamentales de los seres humanos y de la Naturaleza. El imperativo de la educaci&#x00F3;n inclusiva y equitativa para la justicia social requiere incorporar una formaci&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica para una ciudadan&#x00ED;a global consciente de la repercusi&#x00F3;n del consumo en el presente y futuro de la humanidad y del planeta. Esto implica la creaci&#x00F3;n de espacios democr&#x00E1;ticos de aprendizaje situado, vinculados con su entorno y alineados con un modelo educativo ecol&#x00F3;gico que se centre en el cuidado, la corresponsabilidad y la conciencia de interdependencia.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The enormous challenges posed by democratic regression, social polarisation and climate change in our educational environments make it necessary to collectively transform pedagogical practices based on parameters of justice, equity and sustainability. We propose an ethical, philosophical and pedagogical reflection on the evolution of this latter concept, from expansionist and reductive mechanistic models to holistic and integrative perspectives. Drawing on Aarne Ness's deep ecology and Stephen Sterling's thinking on complete systems, we focus on the regenerative approach to sustainability and criticisms of the reactive approach that predominates in public discourse. Education for sustainable consumption, situated at the nexus between education for peace and education for sustainable development, is presented as a fundamental axis for discussion on these issues. The challenge of sustainable consumption is to reduce direct, structural and cultural violence related to consumption, and to foster peaceful relationships that respect the authentic needs and fundamental rights of human beings and Nature. The imperative of inclusive and equitable education for social justice requires incorporating critical training for a global citizenry that is aware of the impact of consumption on the present and future of humanity and the planet. This involves creating democratic spaces for situated learning, linked to their environment and aligned with an ecological educational model that focuses on care, shared responsibility and awareness of interdependence.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo sostenible</kwd>
<kwd>ecolog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n inclusiva</kwd>
<kwd>aprendizaje activo</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>environmental education</kwd>
<kwd>education for sustainable development</kwd>
<kwd>ecology</kwd>
<kwd>inclusive education</kwd>
<kwd>active learning</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32952-ES">
<label>1.</label>
<title>C<sc>osmovisiones en torno a la sostenibilidad</sc></title>
<p>Con or&#x00ED;genes en la noci&#x00F3;n kantiana de <italic>Weltanschauung</italic>, la palabra <italic>cosmovisi&#x00F3;n</italic> significa una <italic>visi&#x00F3;n del mundo</italic> que lo abarca todo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32952-ES">Alessiato, 2022</xref>), refleja el conjunto de creencias que nutren nuestras visiones de la realidad, de la naturaleza humana, del prop&#x00F3;sito de la vida y de las relaciones humanas, visiones moldeadas por nuestras historias de vida individuales en el contexto de nuestras historias culturales colectivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32952-ES">Danesh, 2006</xref>). Las cosmovisiones de una sociedad intervienen sigilosamente para canalizar la atenci&#x00F3;n, filtrar informaci&#x00F3;n, categorizar la experiencia y anclar la interpretaci&#x00F3;n, orientar el aprendizaje, establecer estados de &#x00E1;nimo, producir normas y legitimar narrativas, ideolog&#x00ED;as y estructuras de poder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32952-ES">Gladwin et al., 1997</xref>). Generalmente, las cosmovisiones se sit&#x00FA;an dentro de tres marcos diferentes: mecanicista, organicista y contextualista (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32952-ES">Danesh, 2008</xref>):</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>La visi&#x00F3;n <italic>mecanicista</italic> del mundo concibe tanto al individuo como al mundo, as&#x00ED; como la din&#x00E1;mica de su respectivo desarrollo y cambio, dentro de un marco mec&#x00E1;nico similar al de una m&#x00E1;quina.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>La visi&#x00F3;n <italic>organicista</italic> concibe el mundo como un organismo vivo en constante cambio, adaptaci&#x00F3;n y modificaci&#x00F3;n.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>La visi&#x00F3;n <italic>contextualista</italic> del mundo considera que todo comportamiento humano tiene significado y es comprensible en un contexto sociohist&#x00F3;rico espec&#x00ED;fico.</p></list-item></list>
<p>Estos marcos se relacionan, comunican y hasta compiten, y esta interrelaci&#x00F3;n permite entender las limitaciones de una cosmovisi&#x00F3;n y evolucionar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32952-ES">Alessiato, 2022</xref>). El veh&#x00ED;culo principal, en todas las sociedades, tanto para la transferencia como para la formaci&#x00F3;n de la cosmovisi&#x00F3;n, es la educaci&#x00F3;n porque tiene un profundo impacto en c&#x00F3;mo respondemos a nuestras experiencias de vida y c&#x00F3;mo las moldeamos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32952-ES">Danesh, 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32952-ES">2008</xref>).</p>
<p>Las sociedades occidentales permanecen atrapadas en una visi&#x00F3;n del mundo expansionista, mecanicista, que coloca la empresa humana por encima de la Naturaleza<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-ES">1</xref></sup> y esencialmente independiente de esta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32952-ES">Cole, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-ES">du Plessis, 2012</xref>). Esta cosmovisi&#x00F3;n percibe el mundo natural como algo diferente, separado del ser humano, y le otorga una funci&#x00F3;n meramente instrumental. Sin embargo, el mundo que nos envuelve est&#x00E1; tambi&#x00E9;n dentro de nosotros, estamos hechos de &#x00E9;l, nos nutre y lo respiramos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32952-ES">Reed, 2007</xref>), por tanto, no se trata de algo que nos rodea sino de algo con lo que nos compenetramos org&#x00E1;nicamente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-ES">Sterling (2003)</xref> identifica el surgimiento de una cosmovisi&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica id&#x00F3;nea para generar cambios profundos desde la educaci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s de trabajos de educadores ambientales como David Orr, entre otros. No se trata de una nueva cosmovisi&#x00F3;n, sino de un redescubrimiento, un despertar espiritual que integra razonamiento con una percepci&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica profunda: &#x201C;La percepci&#x00F3;n desde la ecolog&#x00ED;a profunda reconoce la interdependencia fundamental entre todos los fen&#x00F3;menos y el hecho de que, como individuos y como sociedades, estamos todos inmersos en (y finalmente dependientes de) los procesos c&#x00ED;clicos de la naturaleza&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-ES">Capra, 1998</xref>, p. 28).</p>
<p>La percepci&#x00F3;n de la ecolog&#x00ED;a profunda influy&#x00F3; a principios de los sesenta en la escuela filos&#x00F3;fica fundada por el fil&#x00F3;sofo noruego Arne Naess al distinguir entre la ecolog&#x00ED;a <italic>superficial</italic> y la <italic>profunda</italic>. Contrariamente a la cosmovisi&#x00F3;n mecanicista antropoc&#x00E9;ntrica, la visi&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica profunda es hol&#x00ED;stica, entiende la realidad desde la comprensi&#x00F3;n del todo y de las relaciones interdependientes que lo componen:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>La ecolog&#x00ED;a profunda no separa a los humanos &#x2012;ni a ninguna otra cosa&#x2012; del entorno natural. Ve el mundo, no como una colecci&#x00F3;n de objetos aislados, sino como una red de fen&#x00F3;menos fundamentalmente interconectados e interdependientes. La ecolog&#x00ED;a profunda reconoce el valor intr&#x00ED;nseco de todos los seres vivos y ve a los humanos como una mera hebra de la trama de la vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-ES">Capra, 1998</xref>, p. 29).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Esta visi&#x00F3;n del mundo y de la realidad es consecuente con sistemas de conocimiento ind&#x00ED;gena de todos los continentes habitados, as&#x00ED; como con tradiciones filos&#x00F3;ficas y religiosas del oriente. Se refleja asimismo en la espiritualidad de m&#x00ED;sticos cristianos, en las ideas de pensadores occidentales como Baruch Spinoza, Alfred North Whitehead, Jan Smuts y Carl Jung, y se ve reforzada por descubrimientos cient&#x00ED;ficos en campos que van desde la f&#x00ED;sica cu&#x00E1;ntica a la ecolog&#x00ED;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-ES">Capra, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-ES">du Plessis, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>La comprensi&#x00F3;n hol&#x00ED;stica de la realidad trasciende el dominio de la ecolog&#x00ED;a y nutre el pensamiento sist&#x00E9;mico con dos conceptos clave: el concepto de <italic>comunidad</italic> y el concepto de <italic>red</italic>:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Al contemplar la comunidad ecol&#x00F3;gica como un conjunto de organismos ligados en un todo funcional por sus mutuas relaciones, los ec&#x00F3;logos facilitaron el cambio de atenci&#x00F3;n desde los organismos hacia las comunidades y en general, aplicando conceptos similares a distintos niveles de los sistemas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-ES">Capra, 1998</xref>, p. 53).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Desde una perspectiva sist&#x00E9;mica, &#x201C;la sostenibilidad es un atributo de los sistemas abiertos a interacciones con su mundo externo. No es un estado fijo sino la preservaci&#x00F3;n din&#x00E1;mica de la identidad esencial del sistema en medio de cambios permanentes&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32952-ES">Gallop&#x00ED;n, 2003</xref>, p. 37). Se trata de una propiedad emergente y puede ser vista como la habilidad de un sistema de sostenerse en relaci&#x00F3;n con sus ambientes internos y externos, dado que todos los sistemas est&#x00E1;n hechos por subsistemas y son partes de grandes meta-sistemas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-ES">Sterling, 2003</xref>). Cuando aplicamos este pensamiento al sistema humano y a sus sub y meta sistemas, hablamos de sistemas vivos, es decir, sistemas en los que todas las cosas est&#x00E1;n vivas y en proceso de <italic>devenir</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32952-ES">Reed, 2007</xref>). Estos sistemas existen en interdependencia porque los seres humanos, a la vez que somos seres f&#x00ED;sicos y biol&#x00F3;gicos, somos seres sociales y culturales, nuestra historia se escribe continuamente y tenemos un cuerpo mental y emocional que nos hace interdependientes. La multidimensionalidad e interdependencia humanas exigen educar para la comprensi&#x00F3;n humana entendida como &#x201C;relaci&#x00F3;n de empat&#x00ED;a que trata de ver en la subjetividad del otro&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32952-ES">Morin, 1999</xref>, p. 45). La empat&#x00ED;a est&#x00E1; vinculada con el valor de la no-violencia y de la paz como una relaci&#x00F3;n integrada de armon&#x00ED;a con uno mismo, con otros seres y culturas, y con el todo m&#x00E1;s grande del que somos parte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2000</xref>). Consecuentemente, la propia investigaci&#x00F3;n en educaci&#x00F3;n es una b&#x00FA;squeda de sentido en la que las personas descubren y encadenan los temas m&#x00E1;s significativos en un proceso continuo de interacci&#x00F3;n de los problemas:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Es por esto que la investigaci&#x00F3;n se har&#x00E1; tanto m&#x00E1;s pedag&#x00F3;gica cuanto m&#x00E1;s cr&#x00ED;tica y tanto m&#x00E1;s cr&#x00ED;tica en cuanto, dejando de perderse en los esquemas estrechos de las visiones parciales de la realidad, de las visiones &#x2018;focalistas&#x2019; de la realidad, se fije en la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la totalidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32952-ES">Freire, 2007</xref>, p. 124).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Esta teleolog&#x00ED;a basada en la interdependencia afecta a la naturaleza misma de la educaci&#x00F3;n inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad. Para la UNESCO la escuela se presenta como un espacio clave para &#x201C;promover pr&#x00E1;cticas epist&#x00E9;micas y formar alianzas constructivas m&#x00E1;s amplias entre las diferentes epistemolog&#x00ED;as y las ecolog&#x00ED;as del conocimiento&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2022</xref>, p. 100). La inclusi&#x00F3;n educativa exige, por tanto, asumir desde la educaci&#x00F3;n formal un papel dinamizador para la transformaci&#x00F3;n hacia sociedades m&#x00E1;s justas, responsables e igualitarias desde principios de democratizaci&#x00F3;n, interculturalidad, ecolog&#x00ED;a y territorializaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32952-ES">Moliner, 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32952-ES">
<label>2.</label>
<title>D<sc>e la educaci&#x00F3;n en sostenibilidad a la educaci&#x00F3;n sostenible</sc></title>
<p>La idea de la educaci&#x00F3;n en sostenibilidad se atribuye al movimiento de Educaci&#x00F3;n Ambiental de la sociedad civil de los a&#x00F1;os 70 que abre espacios para integrar la noci&#x00F3;n de sostenibilidad al &#x00E1;mbito educativo. Mar&#x00ED;a Novo explica que, con este movimiento</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>se produce un hecho hist&#x00F3;rico sin precedentes: por primera vez, junto al objetivo cl&#x00E1;sico, de corte antropoc&#x00E9;ntrico de la educaci&#x00F3;n de mejorar al individuo aparece otro objetivo del mismo rango que podr&#x00ED;amos denominar &#x00AB;bioc&#x00E9;ntrico&#x00BB; o &#x00AB;ecoc&#x00E9;ntrico&#x00BB;: mejorar la vida de los ecosistemas; respetar los condicionantes y l&#x00ED;mites de la naturaleza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32952-ES">Novo, 2009</xref>, p. 202).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>El documento preparatorio de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, celebrada en 1992 en R&#x00ED;o de Janeiro &#x2013;conocido como Informe Brundtland&#x2013; define el desarrollo sostenible como aquel &#x201C;desarrollo que satisface las necesidades de la generaci&#x00F3;n presente, sin comprometer la capacidad de las generaciones futuras de satisfacer sus propias necesidades&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32952-ES">Naciones Unidas, 1987</xref>). El Decenio de las Naciones Unidas de la Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Desarrollo Sostenible que tuvo lugar entre 2005 y 2014 (D&#x00E9;cada EDS) pretend&#x00ED;a crear un marco global que propiciara una respuesta generalizada y facilitara acciones educativas para la sostenibilidad en todos los niveles, tanto en la educaci&#x00F3;n formal como en la no-reglada. De acuerdo con la Hoja de Ruta para la ejecuci&#x00F3;n del Programa de Acci&#x00F3;n Mundial de Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la UNESCO, la D&#x00E9;cada EDS era un esfuerzo de las Naciones Unidas de revalorizar los trabajos que se hab&#x00ED;an ido realizando en torno a y desde la Cumbre de R&#x00ED;o (Cumbre de la Tierra) de 1992 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2014b</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-3-32952-ES">
<label>2.1</label>
<title>El concepto de sostenibilidad desde una perspectiva hol&#x00ED;stica</title>
<p>En la literatura de especialidad se distinguen dos enfoques principales del concepto de sostenibilidad: un enfoque reactivo, asociado al discurso dominante y a las pr&#x00E1;cticas convencionales de desarrollo sostenible, y uno regenerativo. El primero se centra en la eficiencia y la reducci&#x00F3;n de da&#x00F1;os, mientras que el enfoque regenerativo va m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1;, fomentando la vitalidad sist&#x00E9;mica y la coevoluci&#x00F3;n de ecosistemas y comunidades se realiza a trav&#x00E9;s de la adecuaci&#x00F3;n de las actividades humanas. Todo ello desde una comprensi&#x00F3;n profunda de la Naturaleza y de la relaci&#x00F3;n entre los sistemas humanos y terrestres a fin de configurar relaciones generadoras de salud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-ES">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>El proyecto pol&#x00ED;tico internacional del desarrollo sostenible ha recibido cr&#x00ED;ticas por instrumentalizar el t&#x00E9;rmino desarrollo desde una l&#x00F3;gica econ&#x00F3;mica euro-c&#x00E9;ntrica que vincula la pobreza a la incapacidad de consumir los productos del proceso industrial y tecnol&#x00F3;gico. Una interpretaci&#x00F3;n del crecimiento y del desarrollo basada en el consumo que ignora sistemas sociales y culturales de relaci&#x00F3;n y conocimiento existentes, y expande la idea de necesidades m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de las necesidades b&#x00E1;sicas, a una serie de derechos y aspiraciones que derivan del anhelo de un nivel cada vez m&#x00E1;s elevado del estilo de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-ES">du Plessis, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32952-ES">Leff, 2013</xref>). Asimismo, a pesar de que la Cumbre Mundial de Johanesburgo identificara el desarrollo econ&#x00F3;mico, el desarrollo social y la protecci&#x00F3;n ambiental como &#x201C;pilares interdependientes y sin&#x00E9;rgicos del desarrollo sostenible&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32952-ES">Naciones Unidas, 2002</xref>, p. 1), el discurso dominante de la sostenibilidad se circunscribe a un enfoque mecanicista desde el cual los problemas se solucionan por fragmentos y, por tanto, es incapaz de afrontar la complejidad e impredictibilidad caracter&#x00ED;sticas del entramado de sistemas naturales y sus subsistemas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-ES">du Plessis, 2012</xref>). De hecho, las m&#x00FA;ltiples crisis interconectadas (guerras y conflictos geopol&#x00ED;ticos, olas de calor r&#x00E9;cord, inundaciones devastadoras y conflictos sociales derivados de la migraci&#x00F3;n humana impulsada por crisis), se entrecruzan con un impacto complejo y acumulativo, y son el reflejo de una crisis sist&#x00E9;mica m&#x00E1;s profunda (<italic>metacrisis</italic>) que se&#x00F1;ala la necesidad de un cambio fundamental en nuestros sistemas y paradigmas humanos subyacentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-ES">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>Frente a esta realidad, se hace a&#x00FA;n m&#x00E1;s necesario insistir en la dimensi&#x00F3;n cultural del desarrollo sostenible, como base y fundamento de la interconexi&#x00F3;n entre las dimensiones econ&#x00F3;mica, social y ambiental. <italic>Cultura</italic> se define como formas de ser, relacionarse, comportarse, creer y actuar que difieren seg&#x00FA;n el contexto, la historia y la tradici&#x00F3;n, y dentro de las cuales los seres humanos viven sus vidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2006</xref>). Esta perspectiva integrada de la sostenibilidad permite ver el potencial que tiene la educaci&#x00F3;n de cultivar ciudadanas y ciudadanos globales responsables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32952-ES">McGregor, 2009</xref>). El enfoque regenerativo de la sostenibilidad ofrece un marco m&#x00E1;s adecuado para el desarrollo de una pedagog&#x00ED;a transformadora.</p>
<p>En la sostenibilidad regenerativa, la clave para encontrar el equilibrio entre las necesidades humanas y las necesidades de la naturaleza no humana est&#x00E1; en la sostenibilidad end&#x00F3;gena, aquella que permite la mejora por las fuerzas propias. La sostenibilidad end&#x00F3;gena est&#x00E1; ligada al concepto de autopoiesis de Maturana y Varela que describe c&#x00F3;mo los sistemas vivos se sustentan a s&#x00ED; mismos mediante la autogeneraci&#x00F3;n continua, participando cada componente en la producci&#x00F3;n y el mantenimiento del todo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-ES">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32952-ES">Haraway (2016)</xref> problematiza esta cuesti&#x00F3;n advirtiendo que la vida no se sostiene de manera aislada e introduce el concepto de <italic>simpoiesis</italic> (hacer con) en referencia a la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre especies. Por tanto, este enfoque est&#x00E1; alineado con la visi&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica profunda de Aarne Ness que reconoce el valor intr&#x00ED;nseco de todos los seres vivos enfatizando su interconexi&#x00F3;n y la necesidad de reorientar los valores humanos hacia la armon&#x00ED;a ecol&#x00F3;gica.</p>
<p>Este enfoque regenerativo est&#x00E1; alineado tambi&#x00E9;n con el pensamiento multidisciplinario que nutre el concepto de desarrollo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32952-ES">Saura &#x0026; Hern&#x00E1;ndez Prados, 2008</xref>) y trasciende el monetarismo econ&#x00F3;mico, el antropocentrismo y el eurocentrismo, as&#x00ED; como la visi&#x00F3;n fragmentada sobre desarrollo y sostenibilidad. Como resultado, la componente econ&#x00F3;mica se interpreta en interrelaci&#x00F3;n con el pilar humano y social. Ambas dimensiones se han de armonizar con las particularidades culturales y naturales de cada contexto desde una visi&#x00F3;n hol&#x00ED;stica de la comunidad de la vida. Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32952-ES">Sen (2000)</xref>, las libertades sustantivas como la participaci&#x00F3;n pol&#x00ED;tica y la libertad de disidencia, las oportunidades de recibir educaci&#x00F3;n b&#x00E1;sica o servicios de salud, as&#x00ED; como de tener lazos comunitarios, entran entre los componentes constitutivos del desarrollo. Sen subraya la interdependencia entre libertad econ&#x00F3;mica, libertad pol&#x00ED;tica y libertad de participaci&#x00F3;n, y las consecuencias dram&#x00E1;ticas que la ausencia de estas libertades puede provocar.</p>
<p>La interdependencia entre las diferentes dimensiones de la sostenibilidad est&#x00E1; reafirmada en el informe de seguimiento y evaluaci&#x00F3;n de la D&#x00E9;cada EDS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2012</xref>). La educaci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo sostenible se concibe aqu&#x00ED; desde una perspectiva hol&#x00ED;stica &#x201C;que permite la integraci&#x00F3;n de m&#x00FA;ltiples aspectos de la sostenibilidad (por ejemplo, los aspectos ecol&#x00F3;gicos, ambientales, econ&#x00F3;micos y socioculturales; locales, regionales y mundiales; pasados, presentes y futuros)&#x201D; (p. 13).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32952-ES">
<label>2.2</label>
<title>El modelo educativo dominante y su alternativa desde el pensamiento de sistemas completos</title>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32952-ES">Stephen Sterling (2021</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32952-ES">2025</xref>), referente fundamental en el campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental y sostenibilidad, analiza los esfuerzos impulsados por la UNESCO en las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-ES">2</xref></sup> para repensar la educaci&#x00F3;n tradicionalmente nutrida por la cosmovisi&#x00F3;n modernista mecanicista del desarrollo y transformarla de modo que genere una comprensi&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica. A partir de los niveles l&#x00F3;gicos de aprendizaje de Gregory Bateson, Sterling reconoce un avance respecto al modelo tradicional y sit&#x00FA;a estos esfuerzos en una fase incipiente del aprendizaje de segundo nivel en la escala de Bateson.</p>
<p>El modelo educativo dominante corresponde en gran medida al primer nivel u orden, donde la mayor parte del aprendizaje es visto como un proceso predominantemente cognitivo <italic>sobre</italic> la sostenibilidad que orienta los comportamientos a trav&#x00E9;s de soluciones que no cuestionan el paradigma existente del desarrollo extractivista e hiperconsumo, como por ejemplo el reciclaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-ES">Sterling, 2003</xref>). Este autor describe las principales caracter&#x00ED;sticas del modelo dominante de educaci&#x00F3;n (2003):</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Pone acento en la educaci&#x00F3;n formal, se basa en la idea de aprendizaje efectivo y en el valor instrumental del conocimiento y de las personas.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Prepara a las personas para la vida econ&#x00F3;mica.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Entre sus valores nucleares est&#x00E1;n la selecci&#x00F3;n (o exclusi&#x00F3;n), la competici&#x00F3;n, la especializaci&#x00F3;n, estandarizaci&#x00F3;n y la fe en el sistema.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>La responsabilidad se entiende desde la obligaci&#x00F3;n, y la socializaci&#x00F3;n es concebida como integraci&#x00F3;n para encajar en el <italic>ethos</italic>, las suposiciones y formas de trabajar de la organizaci&#x00F3;n o instituci&#x00F3;n.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>La sostenibilidad se entiende como modernidad. Prevalece el racionalismo instrumental, el reduccionismo, el determinismo y la predictibilidad, la relaci&#x00F3;n unidireccional entre causa y efecto, la linealidad del proceso, una orientaci&#x00F3;n a la resoluci&#x00F3;n de problemas, y cambios que no alteran el paradigma.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>En t&#x00E9;rminos organizativos, hay control desde la jerarqu&#x00ED;a vertical.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>A nivel curricular el paradigma educativo dominante es preceptivo, detallado y en gran parte cerrado, centrado en el conocimiento discursivo que suele ser descontextualizado y abstracto.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>La evaluaci&#x00F3;n se basa en criterios externos y cuantitativos. El desempe&#x00F1;o de las personas est&#x00E1; regulado mediante sistemas de recompensa, competici&#x00F3;n y rendici&#x00F3;n de cuentas a trav&#x00E9;s de objetivos y sanciones.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Las estructuras f&#x00ED;sicas y su gesti&#x00F3;n no se consideran parte de la experiencia de aprendizaje, las relaciones con la comunidad local son escasas y no se consideran las sinergias entre contenido, proceso y contexto en la generaci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>El aprendizaje es visto como transmisi&#x00F3;n orientada al producto, se enfatiza el rol t&#x00E9;cnico del profesorado y se valoran las competencias funcionales.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>El estudiante es un ser cognitivo individual carente de conocimientos y valores. Se priorizan el intelecto y las inteligencias l&#x00F3;gica y ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;stica.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>La experiencia de aprendizaje/ense&#x00F1;anza es cognitiva y se realiza a trav&#x00E9;s de una instrucci&#x00F3;n pasiva, de la consulta acr&#x00ED;tica, de la investigaci&#x00F3;n anal&#x00ED;tica individual y con un rango de m&#x00E9;todos restringido.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>El aprendizaje es b&#x00E1;sico, sencillo, no reflexivo, causal. El conocimiento es fijo y tiene car&#x00E1;cter de verdad.</p></list-item></list>
<sec id="sec-5-32952-ES">
<label>2.2.1.</label>
<title>El modelo ecol&#x00F3;gico de la educaci&#x00F3;n: del mecanicismo/reduccionismo al sistemismo/holismo</title>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad ha sido un movimiento de importancia cr&#x00ED;tica para el cambio en el pensamiento y la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa, con un florecimiento de la innovaci&#x00F3;n en los niveles de filosof&#x00ED;a educativa, curr&#x00ED;culum y pedagog&#x00ED;a a partir de tendencias ind&#x00ED;genas y contraculturales, aunque estos cambios se han dado principalmente fuera de los sistemas educativos formalmente acreditados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32952-ES">Sterling et al., 2018</xref>). De este movimiento emergi&#x00F3; una teor&#x00ED;a integrativa que enlaza a los seres humanos y los sistemas naturales en relaci&#x00F3;n con la sostenibilidad y ve al sujeto de aprendizaje como un ser completo: f&#x00ED;sico, intelectual, intuitivo, &#x00E9;tico y espiritual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-ES">Sterling, 2003</xref>). Esta teor&#x00ED;a es la base para un nuevo modelo de educaci&#x00F3;n que se circunscribe al paradigma ecol&#x00F3;gico del pensamiento de sistemas completos o integrales. Este modelo recupera aspectos del pensamiento educativo como el humanismo liberal de Piaget, Dewey y Stenhouse entre otros; trasciende las tensiones entre conductismo y constructivismo, entre universalismo y relativismo a trav&#x00E9;s de la percepci&#x00F3;n del <italic>relacionismo</italic> y <italic>participativismo,</italic> que puede integrar idealismo y realismo (materialismo), naturalismo y positivismo, y reconoce la conexi&#x00F3;n entre percepci&#x00F3;n y conciencia. Adem&#x00E1;s, este modelo conlleva el concepto de <italic>mente ecol&#x00F3;gica</italic> de Gregory Bateson donde la cognici&#x00F3;n humana no se limita al cerebro, sino que se extiende al entorno a trav&#x00E9;s de procesos relacionales y bucles de retroalimentaci&#x00F3;n que conectan los sistemas mentales, sociales y ecol&#x00F3;gicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-ES">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>). A continuaci&#x00F3;n, se examinan los rasgos principales del modelo ecol&#x00F3;gico o sist&#x00E9;mico integral de la educaci&#x00F3;n a partir del an&#x00E1;lisis de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-ES">Stephen Sterling (2003)</xref>:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>La creaci&#x00F3;n del conocimiento emerge de la sinergia entre contenido y proceso. Lo <italic>que</italic> conocemos y <italic>c&#x00F3;mo</italic> conocemos se influyen mutuamente.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Se da preferencia al aprendizaje en contextos reales y localizados, as&#x00ED; como a la indagaci&#x00F3;n participativa y a la coherencia sist&#x00E9;mica en la situaci&#x00F3;n de aprendizaje.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>La metodolog&#x00ED;a participativa es considerada como un enfoque integral. Los sujetos de aprendizaje contribuir&#x00E1;n inevitablemente al significado de la sostenibilidad desde sus propias perspectivas.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Es necesario encontrar un equilibrio din&#x00E1;mico entre la interpretaci&#x00F3;n correctiva del aprendizaje (conductismo) y la interpretaci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje como construcci&#x00F3;n de significado (constructivismo).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Los aspectos cognitivos tienen el mismo papel que los aspectos existenciales, &#x00E9;ticos, afectivos y pr&#x00E1;cticos. El principio b&#x00E1;sico es que todo est&#x00E1; relacionado con todo (<italic>sistemismo</italic>).</p></list-item></list>
<p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="fig-1-32952-ES">Tabla 1</xref> sintetiza las diferencias entre el modelo educativo dominante y el modelo ecol&#x00F3;gico.</p>
    <table-wrap id="fig-1-32952-ES">
        <label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
        <caption><title>M<sc>odelo dominante y el modelo ecol&#x00F3;gico de la educaci&#x00F3;n</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32952-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="34%"/>
<col width="33%"/>
<col width="33%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Significados</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><bold>Modelo dominante (mecanicista)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><bold>Modelo ecol&#x00F3;gico</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Finalidad de la educaci&#x00F3;n</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Preparaci&#x00F3;n para la vida <italic>econ&#x00F3;mica</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p>Participaci&#x00F3;n en todas las dimensiones de la transici&#x00F3;n hacia la sostenibilidad: <italic>social, econ&#x00F3;mica, ambiental</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Pedagog&#x00ED;a</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Pedagog&#x00ED;a orientada al <italic>producto</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p>Pedagog&#x00ED;a orientada al <italic>proceso</italic>, desarrollo y acci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Aprendizaje</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Transmisi&#x00F3;n</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>&#x00C9;nfasis en ense&#x00F1;ar</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Docentes como personal t&#x00E9;cnico</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Entrega de significados</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Transformaci&#x00F3;n</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Visi&#x00F3;n integrativa: los maestros/as son tambi&#x00E9;n aprendices, los aprendices son tambi&#x00E9;n maestros/as</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Docentes como personal facultativo reflexivo y agentes de cambio</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>El significado es construido y negociado</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Persona</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Ser cognitivo</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>El aprendizaje y la ense&#x00F1;anza son experiencias cognitivas</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Aprendizaje no reflexivo, causal</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Ser integral</italic> con una gama completa de necesidades y capacidades</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Experiencias cognitivas, afectivas, espirituales, manuales y f&#x00ED;sicas</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Reflexivo, iterativo</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Conocimiento</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Valor instrumental</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Conocimiento descontextualizado, abstracto</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Herm&#x00E9;tico, desconectado del entorno</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p>Ser/devenir (valor <italic>intr&#x00ED;nseco e instrumental</italic>)</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>M&#x00E1;s &#x00E9;nfasis en el conocimiento local, personal, aplicado y de primera mano</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Fronteras diluidas, la comunidad local es cada vez m&#x00E1;s parte de la comunidad de aprendizaje</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Curr&#x00ED;culo</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Verticalidad</italic>, preceptividad <italic>(normatividad)</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Negociaci&#x00F3;n y consenso</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Proceso</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Control</italic> de arriba hacia abajo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Democr&#x00E1;tico y participativo</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Socializaci&#x00F3;n</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Integraci&#x00F3;n para <italic>encajar</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Autonom&#x00ED;a-en-relaci&#x00F3;n</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Sostenibilidad</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Sostenibilidad como <italic>modernidad</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p>Sostenibilidad ecol&#x00F3;gica <italic>(sistemas integrales)</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Educaci&#x00F3;n en sostenibilidad</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Aprender <italic>sobre</italic> la sostenibilidad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p>Aprender <italic>de manera</italic> sostenible</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia a partir de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-ES">Sterling (2003)</xref></attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>

<p>El modelo ecol&#x00F3;gico genera aprendizaje de segundo y tercer orden en la escala de Bateson y corresponde a una educaci&#x00F3;n sostenible porque va m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del contenido curricular, aborda aspectos relativos a la forma de educar, a los procesos educativos y a los contextos en los que se da (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2012</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32952-ES">Cabezudo &#x0026; Haavelsrud (2007)</xref> resaltan que el contenido se convierte en forma, en cierto modo, la forma es el contenido. Y ambas &#x2013;como agentes del cambio&#x2013; tienen la gran oportunidad &#x2013;el reto&#x2013; de transformar las condiciones contextuales.</p>
<p>Mientras que la educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad se centra en las pol&#x00ED;ticas y las pr&#x00E1;cticas, la educaci&#x00F3;n sostenible se centra en el prop&#x00F3;sito, la finalidad misma de la educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad, su <italic>ethos</italic>, filosof&#x00ED;a, suposiciones y cultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32952-ES">Sterling, s/f</xref>). Si el prop&#x00F3;sito de la educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad es cultivar experiencias de aprendizaje transformadoras que puedan sanar, empoderar, energizar y liberar el potencial para el bien com&#x00FA;n, para que los sistemas educativos lo sostengan deben experimentar cambios coherentes con este <italic>ethos</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32952-ES">Sterling et al., 2018</xref>). Dentro del contexto m&#x00E1;s amplio de la educaci&#x00F3;n, la educaci&#x00F3;n en sostenibilidad no representa un complemento sobre temas de sostenibilidad o sobre el desarrollo sostenible. Porque, tal como se afirma desde el modelo educativo ecol&#x00F3;gico, la creaci&#x00F3;n del conocimiento emerge de la sinergia entre contenido y proceso. Centrarse s&#x00F3;lo en los contenidos tiene el d&#x00E9;ficit de no respetar las necesidades, la unicidad y el papel participativo del sujeto de aprendizaje, mientras que centrarse &#x00FA;nicamente en el proceso es insuficiente porque no permite el acceso a nuevas ideas, refinar conceptos y actualizarse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-ES">Sterling, 2003</xref>). Debemos ser m&#x00E1;s conscientes de c&#x00F3;mo y por qu&#x00E9; podemos valorar unos conocimientos por encima de otros, de la importancia del contexto a la hora de determinar qu&#x00E9; merece la pena saber o aprender, y de nuestro papel constructivo en la construcci&#x00F3;n de significado. Adem&#x00E1;s, al contrario que el modelo dominante de educaci&#x00F3;n (fundamentalmente transmisivo o instructivo y no participativo), una educaci&#x00F3;n sostenible es esencialmente transformativa, constructiva y participativa/democr&#x00E1;tica.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32952-ES">
<label>2.2.2.</label>
<title>La clave para la transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa: la transformaci&#x00F3;n del paradigma fundacional de los sistemas educativos</title>
<p>Aunque la comunidad educativa internacional y las iniciativas de la UNESCO reconocen que el modelo tradicionalmente dominante no es viable para generar futuros sostenibles y que se requieren cambios radicales, los esfuerzos actuales se centran en las pol&#x00ED;ticas y las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas. Al mismo tiempo, no se cuestiona adecuadamente el paradigma educativo occidental que genera conjuntos dominantes de supuestos, valores y creencias que moldean estas pol&#x00ED;ticas y pr&#x00E1;cticas, y especialmente el prop&#x00F3;sito de la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32952-ES">Sterling, 2021</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32952-ES">2025</xref>). Por tanto, los esfuerzos actuales son insuficientes para generar una transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa sustancial. Lograr el potencial verdaderamente transformativo de la educaci&#x00F3;n para asegurar futuros sostenibles exige transformar la cultura educacional desde una percepci&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica profunda del mundo basada en el sistemismo. El &#x00E9;xito de este proceso reside en redefinir el modelo educativo integrando el modelo ecol&#x00F3;gico de Stephen Sterling con los cuatro prismas de la EDS que examinamos a continuaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>El informe de la D&#x00E9;cada EDS identifica cuatro perspectivas o prismas que &#x201C;conforman los ejes axiales del marco en el cual se sit&#x00FA;an las versiones concretas que del modelo de la educaci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo sostenible se hacen realidad en las aulas&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32952-ES">Murga-Menoyo, 2015</xref>, p. 65): una <italic>perspectiva hol&#x00ED;stica</italic> que prioriza la formaci&#x00F3;n para un pensamiento relacional y, a la vez, integrador de la sostenibilidad; una perspectiva que subraya el <italic>car&#x00E1;cter end&#x00F3;geno</italic> del desarrollo sostenible: las comunidades se organizan para analizar y solucionar sus propios problemas; un <italic>enfoque cr&#x00ED;tico</italic> que cuestiona el paradigma dominante, y finalmente un <italic>prisma transformativo</italic> que persigue trascender la realidad &#x201C;hacia modos de vida sostenibles desde el punto de vista social, econ&#x00F3;mico y ecol&#x00F3;gico&#x201D; (p. 64).</p>
<p>Realizar el prop&#x00F3;sito transformativo de la EDS requiere de la participaci&#x00F3;n activa de la ciudadan&#x00ED;a orientada desde una &#x00E9;tica del cuidado que complemente la &#x00E9;tica de la justicia:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>una &#x00E9;tica cuya base m&#x00E1;s radical se encuentra no tanto en la raz&#x00F3;n ilustrada cuanto en la raz&#x00F3;n humanitaria y la inteligencia emocional. Ambas se expresan en la responsabilidad social y ecol&#x00F3;gica, la solidaridad intra e intergeneracional, y la compasi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32952-ES">Murga-Menoyo, 2015</xref>, p. 65).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>El car&#x00E1;cter contextual de la EDS significa que los valores, las actitudes, las habilidades y las competencias necesarias para la sostenibilidad se cultivan teniendo en cuenta las especificidades del contexto educativo y las influencias que recibe desde el entorno &#x2013;local, nacional, regional y mundial&#x2013; al cual pertenece (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2014a</xref>). Consecuentemente, las interacciones entre los cuatro prismas refinan el car&#x00E1;cter end&#x00F3;geno de la EDS armonizando el aprendizaje basado en la problem&#x00E1;tica local con el aprendizaje abierto a la diversidad de saberes sobre la sostenibilidad. Asimismo, reconocer e integrar la diversidad de cosmovisiones en un mundo plural es esencial para una educaci&#x00F3;n transformativa porque, tal como reflexionaron Rabindranath Tagore y otros pensadores,</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>cuando se privilegia una forma de conocimiento, se privilegia de hecho un sistema de poder. El futuro de la educaci&#x00F3;n y el desarrollo en el mundo de hoy necesita que prospere el di&#x00E1;logo entre cosmovisiones distintas con el objetivo de integrar sistemas de conocimiento originados en realidades diferentes y crear nuestro patrimonio com&#x00FA;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2015</xref>, p. 31).</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32952-ES">
<label>3.</label>
<title>E<sc>ducaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo sostenible</sc></title>
<p>La idea de educaci&#x00F3;n sostenible se traduce en la incorporaci&#x00F3;n del tema de la <italic>educaci&#x00F3;n de calidad</italic> como parte principal de la discusi&#x00F3;n en la EDS y la pregunta b&#x00E1;sica que le subyace: &#x00BF;cu&#x00E1;l es la finalidad de la educaci&#x00F3;n: la reproducci&#x00F3;n o la transformaci&#x00F3;n social? (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2012</xref>). Asimismo, aparece el concepto de <italic>sostenibilidad educativa,</italic> que se expresa a trav&#x00E9;s de la <italic>sostenibilidad curricular</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2014b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32952-ES">Murga-Menoyo, 2015</xref>), la <italic>sostenibilidad de los entornos</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2014b</xref>) y la <italic>sostenibilidad de los procesos de aprendizaje</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32952-ES">Thorensen, 2005</xref>). Para que los procesos educativos sean sostenibles, deben infundir a trav&#x00E9;s de la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente principios y valores del desarrollo sostenible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32952-ES">Murga-Menoyo, 2015</xref>); se han de desplegar en entornos educativos previstos con instalaciones y equipamientos adecuados; y han de estar moldeados por una cultura de consumo sostenible de la instituci&#x00F3;n educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2014b</xref>).</p>
<p>Como advierte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32952-ES">Thorensen (2005)</xref>, el aprendizaje requiere una metodolog&#x00ED;a participativa y experiencial, situada (sobre casos concretos y significativos), din&#x00E1;mica (centrada en las tensiones y dilemas y en c&#x00F3;mo abordarlas) y orientada a la praxis (acci&#x00F3;n-reflexi&#x00F3;n). De este modo, la educaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo sostenible (ECS) adopta la perspectiva te&#x00F3;rica del aprendizaje situado que desarrollan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32952-ES">Lave &#x0026; Wenger (1991)</xref>. Esta perspectiva se basa en la idea de cognici&#x00F3;n situada que procede del pensamiento de John Dewey sobre el papel de la dimensi&#x00F3;n experiencial en la creaci&#x00F3;n del significado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32952-ES">D&#x00ED;az Barriga, 2003</xref>). A trav&#x00E9;s de interacciones en un entorno determinado se negocian significados, se construyen saberes, se desarrollan capacidades, se producen y transforman identidades personales y colectivas, y se llenan de contenido los proyectos de los que nacen las comunidades de pr&#x00E1;ctica. Asimismo, de acuerdo con la propuesta del <italic>Index for inclusi&#x00F3;n</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32952-ES">Ainskow, 2015</xref>), la educaci&#x00F3;n es sostenible cuando es inclusiva. El significado de la inclusi&#x00F3;n supera aqu&#x00ED; el concepto tradicional de integraci&#x00F3;n de personas con diversidad funcional y &#x201C;tiene que ver con el proceso de incrementar y mantener la participaci&#x00F3;n de todas las personas en la sociedad, escuela o comunidad de forma simult&#x00E1;nea, procurando disminuir y eliminar todo tipo de procesos que lleven a la exclusi&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32952-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez et al., 2014</xref>, p. 187).</p>
<p>Consecuentemente, un proceso de aprendizaje es sostenible siempre y cuando genera procesos crecientes de participaci&#x00F3;n, interacci&#x00F3;n, reflexi&#x00F3;n, autorreflexi&#x00F3;n y acci&#x00F3;n; se centra en las tensiones y contradicciones generadas en el proceso desde la pedagog&#x00ED;a del di&#x00E1;logo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32952-ES">Freire &#x0026; Fa&#x00FA;ndez, 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32952-ES">Thorensen, 2005</xref>), y permite aplicar conceptos e instrumentos para transformar estas tensiones creativa y constructivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32952-ES">Galtung, 2003</xref>).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32952-ES">Bonil et al. (2012)</xref> emplean el t&#x00E9;rmino <italic>ambientalizaci&#x00F3;n</italic> para designar diferentes procesos cuya finalidad es la sostenibilidad educativa:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>la ambientalizaci&#x00F3;n de los centros escolares responde a la integraci&#x00F3;n de procesos de (i) ambientalizaci&#x00F3;n estructural, en cuanto se requiere incidir en la gesti&#x00F3;n y funcionamiento sostenible del centro; (ii) ambientalizaci&#x00F3;n ciudadana, que pondr&#x00E1; &#x00E9;nfasis en establecer los mecanismos de participaci&#x00F3;n en y desde el centro; (iii) ambientalizaci&#x00F3;n curricular, que apuesta por repensar el proceso de ense&#x00F1;anza-aprendizaje para encontrar nuevas maneras de interpretaci&#x00F3;n y acci&#x00F3;n del individuo y de la colectividad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32952-ES">Bonil et al., 2012</xref>, p. 146).</p>
</disp-quote>
<sec id="sec-8-32952-ES">
<label>3.1</label>
<title>El papel de la educaci&#x00F3;n para la paz: el consumo entre el cuidado y la justicia social</title>
<p>La Educaci&#x00F3;n para la paz es una educaci&#x00F3;n en valores de paz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32952-ES">Cerdas, 2013</xref>) cuyos fines son la transformaci&#x00F3;n social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32952-ES">Cabezudo &#x0026; Haavelsrud, 2007</xref>) y la construcci&#x00F3;n de una cultura de la paz y de la sostenibilidad (<italic>Asia-Pacific Network for International Education and Values Education</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2002</xref>). Esta definici&#x00F3;n se ha vinculado con la &#x00E9;tica del cuidado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32952-ES">Gilligan, 1982</xref>) puesto que sus principios siempre han sido elementos imprescindibles para mantener un cierto equilibrio ecol&#x00F3;gico, hist&#x00F3;rico y social. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32952-ES">Noddings (2013)</xref> defiende que la educaci&#x00F3;n debe centrarse en la relaci&#x00F3;n y la atenci&#x00F3;n a las necesidades de cada persona, y la pedagog&#x00ED;a del cuidado, sostenida sobre una conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n hol&#x00ED;stica de la paz, aglutina el desarrollo humano armonioso de toda la humanidad presente y futura en interdependencia org&#x00E1;nica con la Naturaleza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32952-ES">Fern&#x00E1;ndez Herrer&#x00ED;a, 2015</xref>). De esta forma, la pedagog&#x00ED;a del cuidado sit&#x00FA;a la educaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo sostenible en el nexo entre educaci&#x00F3;n para la paz y educaci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo sostenible. Dos de los principios de la <italic>Carta de la Tierra</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2000</xref>) ilustran este nexo y el papel central de esta pedagog&#x00ED;a en la ECS:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>a)</label> <p>el principio de la interdependencia que subraya la dignidad inherente a todos los seres humanos y el potencial sin&#x00E9;rgico que esta interdependencia genera, as&#x00ED; como el valor intr&#x00ED;nseco de toda forma de vida &#x201C;independientemente de su utilidad para los seres humanos&#x201D; (p. 2).</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>b)</label> <p>el valor de la no-violencia y de la paz: la paz es una relaci&#x00F3;n integrada de armon&#x00ED;a consigo mismo, con otros seres y culturas, y con el todo m&#x00E1;s grande del que somos parte.</p></list-item></list>
<p>La EDS comparte con la educaci&#x00F3;n para la paz fundamentos axiol&#x00F3;gicos (valores de paz y sostenibilidad) y un prop&#x00F3;sito transformativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32952-ES">Cabezudo &#x0026; Haavelsrud, 2007</xref>) guiado por estos valores. Esta unidad hunde ra&#x00ED;ces en la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n positiva de la paz en los a&#x00F1;os 60, cuando se dieron los primeros pasos para orientar la investigaci&#x00F3;n para la paz hacia una agenda m&#x00E1;s amplia que el estudio de la guerra. A partir de los a&#x00F1;os 70, los esfuerzos de la investigaci&#x00F3;n para la paz se empiezan a concentrar en el v&#x00ED;nculo que hay entre paz y desarrollo. Para muchos investigadores, entre ellos Johan Galtung, Adam Curle y Betty Reardon, la paz positiva est&#x00E1; relacionada con el desarrollo humano y la justicia social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32952-ES">Lederach, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32952-ES">Jares, 2005</xref>). La interdependencia entre paz y desarrollo se consolida a partir de los 90 cuando se identifica la transformaci&#x00F3;n creativa y no-violenta de los conflictos como clave tanto de la paz como del desarrollo.</p>
<p>Dentro del nexo entre paz y desarrollo sostenible se sit&#x00FA;a la adecuaci&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n del consumo a los esfuerzos concertados para transformar nuestro mundo. La educaci&#x00F3;n tradicional del consumidor se centra en preparar a las personas para su papel de consumidores acr&#x00ED;ticos: obtener el mejor valor por su dinero tomando decisiones de compra razonadas, reclamar cuando ven sus intereses econ&#x00F3;micos afectados, tomar medidas en nombre de otros consumidores y apreciar c&#x00F3;mo funciona la econom&#x00ED;a para desenvolverse eficientemente como agentes de consumo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32952-ES">McGregor, 2015</xref>). Esta perspectiva se modific&#x00F3; al introducir los valores de la educaci&#x00F3;n para la paz. Para McGregor, el objetivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo es la dignidad humana, un sentido de responsabilidad para cada persona en la sociedad, la unidad mundial y el compartir. De esta forma, los principios de la educaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo deben preparar a las personas para adherirse a los valores sociales, incluidos la justicia, la tolerancia, el respeto, la solidaridad, la no violencia, la seguridad, la igualdad y la paz.</p>
<p>Este cambio en la finalidad de la educaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo hizo que, en la Introducci&#x00F3;n al <italic>YouthxChange. Manual de educaci&#x00F3;n para un consumo sostenible</italic> que elaboran conjuntamente la UNESCO y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas del Medio Ambiente, se hiciera hincapi&#x00E9; en que <italic>el consumo sostenible es parte integral del desarrollo sostenible</italic> y un tema de importancia vital para las <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32952-ES">Naciones Unidas (UNESCO-UNEP, 2002</xref>). Efectivamente, la Agenda 2030 incluye la producci&#x00F3;n y el consumo sostenible como &#x00E1;rea prioritaria entre los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32952-ES">Naciones Unidas, 2015</xref>), aunque la implementaci&#x00F3;n de esta agenda se encuentra actualmente estancada y es necesario complementar el marco convencional del desarrollo sostenible con un enfoque regenerativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-ES">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>En su faceta depredadora, la producci&#x00F3;n y el consumo manifiestan formas de <italic>violencia directa</italic>, como ocurre por ejemplo en el caso de agresiones y muertes relacionadas con la explotaci&#x00F3;n de minerales conflictivos o de tierras raras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32952-ES">&#x00C1;lvarez &#x0026; Trujillo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32952-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a de Madariaga et al., 2019</xref>), y tiene diferentes expresiones de <italic>violencia estructural</italic> (fragmentaci&#x00F3;n social, exclusi&#x00F3;n, marginaci&#x00F3;n, explotaci&#x00F3;n) que derivan de relaciones asim&#x00E9;tricas entre el poder adquisitivo de las personas y grupos sociales. La violencia directa y la estructural que caracterizan el consumismo son posibles a causa de la violencia simb&#x00F3;lica engranada en aspectos de la cultura que normalizan los efectos da&#x00F1;inos del modelo dominante de producci&#x00F3;n, distribuci&#x00F3;n y consumo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32952-ES">Galtung, 2003</xref>).</p>
<p>La ECS se propone transformar modelos de producci&#x00F3;n y consumo, es decir los estilos de vida y patrones culturales, para afrontar los retos actuales y futuros de las comunidades locales y de la ciudadan&#x00ED;a mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2014a</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32952-ES">Micheletti &#x0026; Stolle (2012)</xref> hablan incluso de una <italic>ciudadan&#x00ED;a sostenible</italic>. Uno de los aspectos m&#x00E1;s significativos que la distinguen de la noci&#x00F3;n convencional de ciudadan&#x00ED;a es precisamente la definici&#x00F3;n de una dimensi&#x00F3;n material vinculada a la producci&#x00F3;n y el consumo que subraya la importancia de las relaciones y transacciones econ&#x00F3;micas para el desarrollo de un mundo m&#x00E1;s sostenible. Las autoras interconectan esta dimensi&#x00F3;n material de la ciudadan&#x00ED;a sostenible con una dimensi&#x00F3;n reflexiva, para tomar conciencia de c&#x00F3;mo el pasado y las acciones presentes pueden afectar el futuro, y con una dimensi&#x00F3;n espacial que implica extender la responsabilidad m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del entorno pr&#x00F3;ximo, hacia las personas y la biodiversidad en todo el mundo.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32952-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusiones</sc></title>
<p>La evoluci&#x00F3;n de la perspectiva hol&#x00ED;stica en la EDS obliga a reformular continuamente los l&#x00ED;mites del concepto desarrollo elaborado en los marcos ontol&#x00F3;gicos de la modernidad, se&#x00F1;alar sus sesgos androc&#x00E9;ntricos y euroc&#x00E9;ntricos y abordar en sentido amplio el car&#x00E1;cter de la interdependencia humana y planetaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32952-ES">Escobar, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>Los retos del desarrollo humano sostenible interpelan tanto a la ciudadan&#x00ED;a como a las actividades humanas de producci&#x00F3;n y consumo, y est&#x00E1;n vinculados fundamentalmente a la consecuci&#x00F3;n de una calidad de vida aceptable para todas y todos. En coherencia con los prismas de la EDS, hay que pensar la ECS en clave emancipatoria para que las personas realicen sus necesidades fundamentales de manera apropiada, es decir, sobre la articulaci&#x00F3;n org&#x00E1;nica entre el ser humano, su cultura y producciones, y la Naturaleza. Corroborada con el car&#x00E1;cter end&#x00F3;geno, hol&#x00ED;stico y la perspectiva cr&#x00ED;tica, esto significa que la finalidad de la ECS es cultivar de manera situada la capacidad de desarrollar las necesidades aut&#x00E9;nticas de las personas desde la integraci&#x00F3;n de las diferentes dimensiones de la sostenibilidad y en armon&#x00ED;a con el sistema socio-ecol&#x00F3;gico del cual forman parte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-ES">Capra, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32952-ES">Gallop&#x00ED;n, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-ES">du Plessis, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>Para que alcance su finalidad transformadora, la ECS debe cultivar mentes ecol&#x00F3;gicas capaces de una cultura regenerativa, es decir, una forma de ser, pensar y actuar que respalda el desarrollo regenerativo al fomentar la coevoluci&#x00F3;n de los sistemas humanos y naturales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-ES">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>). Una mentalidad regenerativa se caracteriza por el <italic>mutualismo</italic> que fomenta relaciones mutuamente beneficiosas, la <italic>diversidad</italic> que se refiere a valorar las diferentes perspectivas y enfoques, la <italic>reflexividad</italic> que implica autoconciencia y adaptabilidad continuas, y la <italic>capacidad de agencia</italic> que se refiere a empoderar a las personas (y organizaciones) para que act&#x00FA;en con prop&#x00F3;sito e intenci&#x00F3;n para apoyar sus objetivos de cambio significativo. Finalmente, esta mentalidad regenerativa es capaz de <italic>holismo</italic> que promueve una visi&#x00F3;n de los sistemas como totalidades ecol&#x00F3;gicas interconectadas, donde las acciones tienen efectos de gran alcance.</p>
<p>Los retos de la educaci&#x00F3;n actual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32952-ES">UNESCO, 2022</xref>) exigen crear condiciones que favorezcan una democracia sustantiva, no mercantilizada y orientada por una &#x00E9;tica del reconocimiento, la acci&#x00F3;n c&#x00ED;vica y la responsabilidad planetaria. En este sentido, la ECS &#x2013;tanto en su dimensi&#x00F3;n de consumo como en el &#x00E1;mbito de la producci&#x00F3;n de bienes y servicios, as&#x00ED; como la mediaci&#x00F3;n entre estas dos esferas&#x2013; debe configurarse como un espacio potencial de transformaci&#x00F3;n efectiva, creaci&#x00F3;n y resistencia.</p>
<p>Como iniciativa educativa, &#x00E9;tica y pol&#x00ED;tica orientada al desarrollo de aprendizajes genuinamente inclusivos, la ECS puede asumir un papel central al abordar de forma transversal conceptos y pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas. Para ello, resulta fundamental permear las estructuras, din&#x00E1;micas y agentes educativos en todos los niveles, especialmente aquellos vinculados a la socializaci&#x00F3;n en torno a la paz, la justicia social, la sostenibilidad ecol&#x00F3;gica y los derechos humanos. Para avanzar en esta direcci&#x00F3;n, resulta imprescindible profundizar en las relaciones entre la &#x00E9;tica de la justicia y la &#x00E9;tica del cuidado, con el prop&#x00F3;sito de articular un sistema capaz de traducir valores como la compasi&#x00F3;n, la interdependencia y la responsabilidad en principios normativos y pol&#x00ED;ticas orientadas a la justicia social y la ecolog&#x00ED;a. En esta l&#x00ED;nea se propone como v&#x00ED;a a futuro una profundizaci&#x00F3;n de la perspectiva post-desarrollo y una reconceptualizaci&#x00F3;n de la ECS que permita difuminar las fronteras entre las esferas p&#x00FA;blica y privada, la justicia y el cuidado, la cultura y la naturaleza, as&#x00ED; como entre racionalidad y afectividad para contribuir a una educaci&#x00F3;n verdaderamente inclusiva y emancipadora.</p>
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<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-ES" fn-type="other"><label>1</label> <p>Empleamos este t&#x00E9;rmino con may&#x00FA;scula, para referirnos al &#x201C;Conjunto de todo lo que existe y que est&#x00E1; determinado y armonizado en sus propias leyes&#x201D; (Real Academia Espa&#x00F1;ola [RAE], s/f-d, def. 2).</p></fn>
<fn id="fn2-ES" fn-type="other"><label>2</label> <p>El an&#x00E1;lisis de Sterling se centra en dos iniciativas destacadas de la UNESCO: la Hoja de ruta EDS para 2030 y el establecimiento de la Comisi&#x00F3;n Internacional sobre los Futuros de la Educaci&#x00F3;n (horizonte 2050).</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32952</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32952</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Between Sustainability and Care: Education for Sustainable Consumption</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Entre la sostenibilidad y el cuidado: la educaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo sostenible</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-496X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Trifu</surname>
<given-names>Aura</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5806-737X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Lozano Estivalis</surname>
<given-names>Mar&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Andorra Recerca i Innovaci&#x00F3;. Principat d&#x2019;Andorra.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Andorra Recerca i Innovaci&#x00F3;</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Principat d&#x2019;Andorra</institution>
<country country="AD">Andorra</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-EN">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Jaume I. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Jaume I</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>auratrifu@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>estivali@uji.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
    <fpage>173</fpage>
    <lpage>192</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>30</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>22</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The enormous challenges posed by democratic regression, social polarisation and climate change in our educational environments make it necessary to collectively transform pedagogical practices based on parameters of justice, equity and sustainability. We propose an ethical, philosophical and pedagogical reflection on the evolution of this latter concept, from expansionist and reductive mechanistic models to holistic and integrative perspectives. Drawing on Aarne Ness's deep ecology and Stephen Sterling's thinking on complete systems, we focus on the regenerative approach to sustainability and criticisms of the reactive approach that predominates in public discourse. Education for sustainable consumption, situated at the nexus between education for peace and education for sustainable development, is presented as a fundamental axis for discussion on these issues. The challenge of sustainable consumption is to reduce direct, structural and cultural violence related to consumption, and to foster peaceful relationships that respect the authentic needs and fundamental rights of human beings and Nature. The imperative of inclusive and equitable education for social justice requires incorporating critical training for a global citizenship that is aware of the impact of consumption on the present and future of humanity and the planet. This involves creating democratic spaces for situated learning, linked to their environment and aligned with an ecological educational model that focuses on care, shared responsibility and awareness of interdependence.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Los enormes retos que plantean el retroceso democr&#x00E1;tico, la polarizaci&#x00F3;n social y el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico en nuestros entornos educativos hacen necesario transformar colectivamente las pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas desde par&#x00E1;metros de justicia, equidad y sostenibilidad. Proponemos una reflexi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica, filos&#x00F3;fica y pedag&#x00F3;gica sobre la evoluci&#x00F3;n de este &#x00FA;ltimo concepto desde los modelos mecanicistas expansionistas y reductores hasta las perspectivas hol&#x00ED;sticas e integradoras. Desde la ecolog&#x00ED;a profunda de Aarne Ness y el pensamiento en sistemas completos de Stephen Sterling nos centramos en el enfoque regenerativo de la sostenibilidad y las cr&#x00ED;ticas al enfoque reactivo que predomina en el discurso p&#x00FA;blico. La educaci&#x00F3;n para el consumo sostenible, situada en el nexo entre la educaci&#x00F3;n para la paz y la educaci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo sostenible, se presenta como un eje fundamental para la discusi&#x00F3;n sobre estos aspectos. El reto del consumo sostenible es el de reducir la violencia directa, la estructural y la cultural relacionadas con el consumo, y fomentar relaciones pac&#x00ED;ficas en la medida en la que se respeten las necesidades aut&#x00E9;nticas y los derechos fundamentales de los seres humanos y de la Naturaleza. El imperativo de la educaci&#x00F3;n inclusiva y equitativa para la justicia social requiere incorporar una formaci&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica para una ciudadan&#x00ED;a global consciente de la repercusi&#x00F3;n del consumo en el presente y futuro de la humanidad y del planeta. Esto implica la creaci&#x00F3;n de espacios democr&#x00E1;ticos de aprendizaje situado, vinculados con su entorno y alineados con un modelo educativo ecol&#x00F3;gico que se centre en el cuidado, la corresponsabilidad y la conciencia de interdependencia.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>environmental education</kwd>
<kwd>education for sustainable development</kwd>
<kwd>ecology</kwd>
<kwd>inclusive education</kwd>
<kwd>active learning</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo sostenible</kwd>
<kwd>ecolog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n inclusiva</kwd>
<kwd>aprendizaje activo</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32952-EN">
<label>1.</label>
<title>W<sc>orldviews regarding sustainability</sc></title>
<p>With roots in the Kantian <italic>Weltanschauung</italic>, the word <italic>worldview</italic> means an all-encompassing <italic>vision of the world</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32952-EN">Alessiato, 2022</xref>), reflects the whole of beliefs that nurture our views of the reality, of the human nature, of the purpose of life and human relations, &#x201C;shaped by our individual life stories in the context of our collective cultural histories&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32952-EN">Danesh, 2006</xref>, p. 66). A society&#x2019;s worldviews quietly intervene to &#x201C;channel attention, filter information, categorise experience and anchor interpretation, orient learning, establish moods, secrete norms, and legitimate narratives, ideologies and power structures&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32952-EN">Gladwin et al., 1997</xref>, p. 245). Generally speaking, worldviews fall into three different frameworks: mechanistic, organicist and contextualist (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32952-EN">Danesh, 2008</xref>, p. 149):</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>The mechanistic worldview sees both the individual and the world, as well as the dynamics of their respective development and change, within a mechanical and machine-like framework;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>The organismic worldview sees the world as a living organism in a constant state of change, adaptation, and modification;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>The contextualistic worldview considers all human behaviour to have meaning and to be open to comprehension within a specific social&#x2013;historical context.</p></list-item></list>
<p>These frameworks relate, communicate, and even compete, and this interrelationship allows us to understand the limitations of a worldview and evolve (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32952-EN">Alessiato, 2022</xref>). The primary vehicle, in all societies, for both the transfer and formation of the worldview, is education because it has a profound impact on how we respond to our life experiences and how we shape them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32952-EN">Danesh, 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32952-EN">2008</xref>).</p>
<p>Western societies remain trapped in an expansionist, mechanistic worldview that places human enterprise above, and essentially independent of Nature<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-EN">1</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32952-EN">Cole, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-EN">du Plessis, 2012</xref>). This worldview perceives the natural world as something different, separated from the human being, and gives it a merely instrumental function. However, the world that environ us is also within us, we are made of it, it nourishes us and we breathe it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32952-EN">Reed, 2007</xref>), therefore, it is not something that surrounds us but something with which we organically penetrate. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-EN">Sterling (2003)</xref> identifies in the work of environmental educators such as David Orr, among others, the emergence of an ecological worldview that is appropriate for generating profound changes through education. This is not a new worldview, but a rediscovery, a spiritual awakening that integrates reasoning with a deep ecological perception. The perception from deep ecology recognises the fundamental interdependence between all phenomena and the fact that, as individuals and as societies, we are all immersed in (and ultimately dependent on) nature&#x2019;s cyclical processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-EN">Capra, 1998</xref>).</p>
<p>Deep ecology's perception influenced the philosophical school founded by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess in the early 1960s by distinguishing between <italic>shallow</italic> and <italic>deep</italic> ecology. Contrary to the anthropocentric mechanistic worldview, the deep ecological vision is holistic, understanding reality from the comprehension of the whole and the interdependent relationships that compose it. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-EN">Capra (1998)</xref>, deep ecology does not separate humans &#x2013; or anything else &#x2013; from the natural environment; it sees the world, not as a collection of isolated objects, but as a network of fundamentally interconnected and interdependent phenomena; deep ecology recognises the intrinsic value of all living things and sees humans as a mere strand of the web of life.</p>
<p>This view of the world and of reality is consistent with indigenous knowledge systems of all inhabited continents, as well as with philosophical and religious traditions of the East. It is also reflected in the spirituality of Christian mystics, in the ideas of Western thinkers such as Baruch Spinoza, Alfred North Whitehead, Jan Smuts, and Carl Jung, and is reinforced by scientific discoveries in fields ranging from quantum physics to ecology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-EN">Capra, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-EN">du Plessis, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>The holistic understanding of reality transcends the domain of ecology and nurtures systems thinking with two key concepts: the concept of <italic>community</italic> and the concept of <italic>network.</italic> By understanding the ecological community as a set of organisms connected together into a functional whole by their mutual relationships, ecologists eased the shift of attention from organisms to communities and, in general, by applying similar concepts at different levels of systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-EN">Capra, 1998</xref>).</p>
<p>From a systemic perspective (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32952-EN">Gallop&#x00ED;n, 2003</xref>), sustainability is an attribute of systems open to interactions with their external world. It is not a fixed state but the dynamic preservation of the essential identity of the system in the midst of permanent changes. This is an emerging property and can be seen as the ability of a system to sustain itself in relation to its internal and external environments, since all systems are made by subsystems and are parts of large meta-systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-EN">Sterling, 2003</xref>). When we apply this thinking to the human system and its sub- and meta-systems, we speak of living systems, that is, systems in which all things are alive and in the process of <italic>becoming</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32952-EN">Reed, 2007</xref>). These systems exist in interdependence because human beings, while we are physical and biological beings, we are also social and cultural beings, our history is continuously written and we have a mental and an emotional body that make us interdependent. Human multidimensionality and interdependence require education for human understanding, that is, a relationship of empathy that tries to see in the subjectivity of the other (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32952-EN">Morin, 1999</xref>). Empathy is linked to the value of non-violence and peace as an integrated relationship of harmony with oneself, with other beings and cultures, and with the larger whole of which we are a part (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2000</xref>). Consequently, research in education itself is a search for meaning in which people discover and string together the most significant issues in a continuous process of interaction of problems. This way, the research will become more pedagogical the more critical, and more critical in so far as it stops getting lost in the narrow frameworks of partial views of reality, of <italic>focalist</italic> views of reality, and focuses instead on understanding the whole (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32952-EN">Freire, 2007</xref>).</p>
<p>This teleology based on interdependence affects the very nature of inclusive, equitable and quality education. School is viewed by UNESCO as a key space to promote epistemic practices and form broader constructive alliances between different epistemologies and ecologies of knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2022</xref>). Educational inclusion requires, therefore, to assume through formal education a dynamising role for the transformation towards more just, responsible and egalitarian societies based on principles of democratisation, interculturalism, ecology and territorialisation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32952-EN">Moliner, 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32952-EN">
<label>2.</label>
<title>F<sc>rom sustainability education to sustainable education</sc></title>
<p>The idea of sustainability education is attributed to the Environmental Education movement of civil society in the 70s, which opens spaces to integrate the notion of sustainability into the educational field. Mar&#x00ED;a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32952-EN">Novo (2009)</xref> explains that, with this movement, took place an unprecedented historical event: for the first time, together with the classical, anthropocentric objective of education to improve the individual, another goal of the same range appeared that we could call <italic>biocentric</italic> or <italic>ecocentric.</italic> This new goal aims to improve the life of ecosystems by respecting the conditioning factors and limits of nature.</p>
<p>The preparatory document for the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro &#x2013; known as the Brundtland Report &#x2013; defines sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32952-EN">Naciones Unidas, 1987</xref>). The 2005-2014 United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD Decade) aimed to create a global framework that would lead to a broad response and facilitate educational actions for sustainability at all levels, both in formal and non-formal education. According to the UNESCO Road Map for the Implementation of the Global Action Programme on Education for Sustainable Development, the ESD Decade was an effort by the United Nations to revalue the work that had been carried out around and since the Rio Summit (Earth Summit) 1992 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2014b</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-3-32952-EN">
<label>2.1</label>
<title>The concept of sustainability from a holistic perspective</title>
<p>Two main approaches to the concept of sustainability stand out in the scientific literature: a reactive approach, associated with mainstream discourse and conventional sustainable development practices, and a regenerative one. The former focuses on efficiency and harm reduction, while the regenerative approach goes further, fostering systemic vitality and the co-evolution of ecosystems and communities, which is achieved through the adequacy of human activities. All this through a deep understanding of Nature and the relationship between human and terrestrial systems in order to configure health-generating relationships (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-EN">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>The international political project of sustainable development has been criticised for instrumentalising the term development from a Eurocentric economic logic that links poverty to the inability to consume the products of the industrial and technological processes. A consumption-based interpretation of growth and development that ignores existing social and cultural systems of relationship and knowledge, and expands the idea of needs beyond basic needs, to a set of rights and aspirations that stem from the longing for an ever-higher standard of living (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-EN">du Plessis, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32952-EN">Leff, 2013</xref>). Additionally, although the Johannesburg World Summit identified economic development, social development and environmental protection as interdependent and synergistic pillars of sustainable development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32952-EN">Naciones Unidas, 2002</xref>), the dominant discourse of sustainability is limited to a mechanistic approach from which problems are solved in fragments and, therefore, is unable to deal with the complexity and unpredictability that characterise the web of natural systems and their subsystems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-EN">du Plessis, 2012</xref>). In fact, multiple interconnected crises (wars and geopolitical conflicts, record heatwaves, devastating floods, and social conflicts stemming from crisis-driven human migration), intersect with complex and cumulative impact, and are the reflection of a deeper systemic crisis (<italic>metacrisis</italic>) that signals &#x201C;the need for a fundamental shift in our underlying human systems and paradigms&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-EN">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>, p. 2).</p>
<p>Faced with this reality, it is even more necessary to insist on the cultural dimension of sustainable development, as the basis and foundation of the interconnection between the economic, social and environmental dimensions. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32952-EN">UNESCO (2006)</xref>, <italic>culture</italic> is defined as the ways of being, relating to one another, behaving, believing, and acting that vary according to the context, history, and tradition in which humans live their lives. This integrated perspective of sustainability allows us to see the potential of education to cultivate responsible global citizens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32952-EN">McGregor, 2009</xref>). The regenerative approach to sustainability offers a more appropriate framework for the development of a transformative pedagogy.</p>
<p>Within regenerative sustainability, the key to finding the balance between human needs and non-human nature's needs lies in endogenous sustainability, which enables self-improvement. Endogenous sustainability is linked to the concept of autopoiesis by Maturana and Varela which &#x201C;describes how living systems sustain themselves through continuous self-generation, with each component participating in production and maintenance of the whole&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-EN">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>, p. 9). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32952-EN">Haraway (2016)</xref> problematises this issue by warning that life is not sustained in isolation and introduces the concept of <italic>sympoiesis</italic> (doing with) in reference to collaboration between species. Therefore, this approach is aligned with Aarne Ness's deep ecological vision that recognises the intrinsic value of all living beings by emphasising their interconnectedness and the need to reorient human values towards ecological harmony.</p>
<p>This regenerative approach is also aligned with the multidisciplinary thinking that nurtures the concept of development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32952-EN">Saura &#x0026; Hern&#x00E1;ndez Prados, 2008</xref>) and transcends economic monetarism, anthropocentrism and Eurocentrism, as well as the fragmented vision of development and sustainability. As a result, the economic component is interpreted in interrelation with the human and social pillar. Both dimensions have to be harmonised with the cultural and natural particularities of each context from a holistic vision of the community of life. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32952-EN">Sen (2000)</xref>, substantive freedoms such as political participation and freedom of dissent, opportunities to receive basic education or health services, as well as to have community ties, are among the constituent components of development. Sen emphasises the interdependence of economic freedom, political freedom, and freedom of participation, and the dramatic consequences that the absence of these freedoms can provoke.</p>
<p>The interdependence between different dimensions of sustainability is reaffirmed in the ESD Decade Monitoring and Evaluation Report (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2012</xref>), wherein Education for Sustainable Development is conceived from a holistic perspective, which enables the integration of multiple aspects of sustainability (e. g. ecological, environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects; local, regional and global; past, present and future).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32952-EN">
<label>2.2</label>
<title>The dominant educational model and its alternative from the perspective of complete systems thinking</title>
<p>A key figure in the field of environmental education and sustainability, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32952-EN">Stephen Sterling (2021</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32952-EN">2025</xref>), reviews UNESCO&#x2019;s efforts made over the last few decades<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-EN">2</xref></sup> to rethink education traditionally nurtured by the modernist mechanistic worldview of development and transform it in ways that generate ecological understanding. Based on Gregory Bateson's logical levels of learning, Sterling recognises a step up from the traditional model and places these efforts in an incipient phase of second-level learning on the Bateson scale.</p>
<p>The dominant educational model corresponds to a large extent to the first level or order, where most learning is seen as a predominantly cognitive process on sustainability that guides behaviours through solutions that do not question the existing paradigm of extractivist development and hyper-consumption, such as recycling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-EN">Sterling, 2003</xref>). This author describes the main features of the dominant model of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-EN">2003</xref>):</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Emphasises formal education; is based on the idea of effective learning and the instrumental value of knowledge and people.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Prepares people for economic life.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Among its core values are selection (or exclusion), competition, specialisation, standardisation and faith in the system.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Responsibility is understood as obligation, and socialisation is conceived as integration to fit into the <italic>ethos</italic>, assumptions and ways of working of the organisation or institution.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Sustainability is understood as modernity. Instrumental rationalism, reductionism, determinism and predictability prevail, the one-way relationship between cause and effect, process linearity, a problem-solving orientation, and changes that do not alter the paradigm.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>In organisational terms, there is control from the vertical hierarchy.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>At the curricular level, the dominant educational paradigm is prescriptive, detailed and largely closed, centred on discursive knowledge that is often decontextualised and abstract.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>The evaluation is based on external and quantitative criteria. People&#x2019;s performance is regulated by reward, competition and accountability systems through targets and penalties.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Physical structures and their management are not considered part of the learning experience, relationships with the local community are scarce and the synergies between content, process and context in generating learning are not considered.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Learning is seen as product-oriented transmission, the technical role of teachers is emphasised and functional competencies are valued.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>The student is an individual cognitive being lacking knowledge and values. Intellect and logical and linguistic intelligences are prioritised.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>The learning/teaching experience is cognitive and is carried out through passive instruction, uncritical consultation, individual analytical research and a restricted range of methods.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Learning is basic, simple, non-reflexive, causal. Knowledge is fixed and has a character of truth.</p></list-item></list>
<sec id="sec-5-32952-EN">
<label>2.2.1.</label>
<title>The ecological model of education: from mechanism/reductionism to <italic>systemism</italic>/holism</title>
<p>Education for sustainability &#x201C;has been a critically important movement for change in educational thinking and practice [with] a flourishing of innovation at the levels of educational philosophy, curriculum, and pedagogy, drawing upon various indigenous and countercultural trends&#x201D;, although these changes have mainly occurred outside of formally accredited education systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32952-EN">Sterling et al., 2018</xref>, p. 324). From this movement, emerged an integrative theory that links humans and natural systems in relation to sustainability and sees the learner as a complete being: physical, intellectual, intuitive, ethical and spiritual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-EN">Sterling, 2003</xref>). This theory is the basis for a new model of education that relies on the ecological paradigm of whole-system or integral systems thinking. This model recovers aspects of educational thought such as the liberal humanism of Piaget, Dewey and Stenhouse among others; it transcends the tensions between behaviourism and constructivism, between universalism and relativism through the perception of <italic>relationism</italic> and <italic>participativism</italic> which can integrate idealism and realism (materialism), naturalism and positivism, and recognises the connection between perception and consciousness. In addition, this model carries Gregory Bateson&#x2019;s concept of &#x201C;<italic>ecological mind,</italic> wherein human cognition is not confined to the brain but extends into the environment through relational processes [and] feedback loops [that] connect mental, social, and ecological systems&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-EN">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>, p. 9). The main features of the comprehensive ecological or systemic model of education are examined below, based on the analysis by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-EN">Stephen Sterling (2003)</xref>:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Knowledge creation emerges from the synergy between content and process. &#x201C;<italic>What</italic> we know, and <italic>how</italic> we know are mutually influencing&#x201D; (p. 328).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Preference is given to learning in real and localised contexts, as well as participatory inquiry and systemic coherence in the learning situation.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>The participatory methodology is considered as an integral approach. Learners will inevitably contribute to the meaning of sustainability from their own perspectives.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>There is a need to find a dynamic balance between the corrective interpretation of learning (behaviourism) and the interpretation of learning as construction of meaning (constructivism).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Cognitive aspects have the same role as existential, ethical, affective and practical aspects. The basic principle is that everything is related to everything (<italic>systemism</italic>).</p></list-item></list>
<p>The <xref ref-type="table" rid="fig-1-32952-EN">Table 1</xref> summarises the differences between the dominant educational model and the ecological one.</p>
    <table-wrap id="fig-1-32952-EN">
        <label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
        <caption><title>D<sc>ominant model and the ecological model of education</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32952-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="34%"/>
<col width="33%"/>
<col width="33%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Meanings</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><bold>Dominant model (mechanistic)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><bold>Ecological model</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Purpose of education</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Preparation for <italic>economic life</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p>Participation in all dimensions of the transition to sustainability: <italic>social, economic, environmental</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Pedagogy</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Product-oriented pedagogy</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Process, development and action-oriented pedagogy</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Learning</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Transmission</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Emphasis on teaching</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Teachers as technical staff</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Conveying meaning</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Transformation</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Integrative vision: teachers are also learners, learners are also teachers</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Teachers as reflective staff and agents of change</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Meaning is constructed and negotiated</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Person</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Cognitive being</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Learning and teaching are cognitive experiences</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Non-reflexive, causal learning</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Whole being with a full range of needs and capabilities</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Cognitive, affective, spiritual, manual and physical experiences</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Reflective, iterative</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Knowledge</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Instrumental value</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Decontextualised, abstract knowledge</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Hermetic, disconnected from the surrounding environment</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p>To be/to become</p>
<p><italic>(intrinsic and instrumental value)</italic></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Greater emphasis on local, personal, practical and first-hand knowledge</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Borders diluted, the local community is increasingly part of the learning community</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Curriculum</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p><italic>Verticality, prescriptiveness (normativity)</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Negotiation and consensus</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Process</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Top-down <italic>control</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Democratic and participatory</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Socialisation</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Integration to <italic>fit in</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p><italic>Autonomy-in-relation</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Sustainability</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Sustainability as <italic>modernity</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p>Environmental sustainability <italic>(complete systems)</italic></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Sustainability education</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#E7E7E8"><p>Learning <italic>about</italic> sustainability</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#EEF7F0"><p>Learning <italic>in</italic> a sustainable way</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Authors own creation based on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-EN">Sterling (2003)</xref></attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>

<p>The ecological model generates second and third order learning on the Bateson scale and corresponds to a sustainable education because it goes beyond curricular content, addressing aspects related to the way of educating, educational processes and contexts in which it occurs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2012</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32952-EN">Cabezudo &#x0026; Haavelsrud (2007</xref>, p. 288) highlight that &#x201C;content becomes form, in a way form is the content. And both &#x2013; acting as agents for change &#x2013; have the powerful chance &#x2013; the challenge &#x2013; to transform contextual conditions&#x201D;.</p>
    <p>Whereas education for sustainability focuses on policies and practices, sustainable education focuses on the purpose, the very aim of the education for sustainability, its <italic>ethos</italic>, philosophy, assumptions, and culture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32952-EN">Sterling, s/f</xref>). If the purpose of education for sustainability is to cultivate transformative learning experiences that can heal, empower, energise, and unlock potential for the common good, then educational systems must undergo changes consistent with this <italic>ethos</italic> in order to sustain it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32952-EN">Sterling et al., 2018</xref>). Within the broader context of education, sustainability education is not a complement to sustainability or sustainable development. Because, as stated by the ecological educational model, the creation of knowledge emerges from the synergy between content and process. Focusing only on the content has the deficit of not respecting the needs, uniqueness and participatory role of the learner, while focusing only on the process is insufficient because it does not allow access to new ideas, to refine concepts and update (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32952-EN">Sterling, 2003</xref>). &#x201C;We need to be more aware of how and why we may value some knowledge above others, the importance of context to determining what is worth knowing or learning, and our constructive role in meaning-making&#x201D; (p. 328). Moreover, unlike the dominant model of education (primarily transmissive or instructional and non-participatory), sustainable education is essentially transformative, constructive, and participative/democratic.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32952-EN">
<label>2.2.2.</label>
<title>The key to educational transformation: transforming the foundational paradigm of education systems</title>
<p>Although the international education community and UNESCO initiatives recognise that the traditionally dominant model is not viable to generate sustainable futures, and that radical changes are needed, current efforts focus on educational policies and practices. At the same time, the Western education paradigm that generates dominant sets of assumptions, values, and beliefs that shape these policies and practices &#x2013; and especially the purpose of education &#x2013; is not adequately questioned (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32952-EN">Sterling, 2021</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32952-EN">2025</xref>). Current efforts are therefore insufficient to bring about a substantial educational transformation. Realising the truly transformative potential of education to ensure sustainable futures requires transforming educational culture from a deep, systemism based ecological worldview. The success of this process lies in redefining the education model by integrating Stephen Sterling&#x2019;s ecological model with the four ESD lenses discussed below.</p>
<p>The ESD Decade report identifies four perspectives or prisms that form the axial axes of the framework within which concrete versions of the model of education for sustainable development are carried out in classrooms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32952-EN">Murga-Menoyo, 2015</xref>): a <italic>holistic perspective</italic> that prioritises training for relational thinking and, at the same time, integrating sustainability; a perspective that emphasises the <italic>endogenous nature</italic> of sustainable development: communities organise themselves to analyse and solve their own problems; a <italic>critical approach</italic> that challenges the dominant paradigm, and finally a <italic>transformative prism</italic> that seeks to transcend reality toward socially, economically, and ecologically sustainable ways of life.</p>
<p>Achieving the transformative purpose of ESD requires active citizen participation guided by a care ethics that complements the ethics of justice. An ethics whose most radical basis is found not so much in enlightened reason as in humanitarian reason and emotional intelligence, both expressed in social and ecological responsibility, intra- and intergenerational solidarity, and critical compassion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32952-EN">Murga-Menoyo, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>The contextual nature of ESD means that the values, attitudes, skills and competences needed for sustainability are cultivated taking into account the specificities of the educational context and the influences it receives from the local, national, regional and global environment to which it belongs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2014a</xref>). Consequently, the interactions between the four lenses refine the endogenous nature of ESD by harmonising problem-based learning with learning that is open to the diversity of knowledge about sustainability. Likewise, recognising and integrating the diversity of worldviews in a plural world is essential to a transformative education because, as Rabindranath Tagore and other thinkers reflected, when one form of knowledge is privileged, in fact a system of power is privileged. The future of education and development in today&#x2019;s world requires that dialogue between different worldviews to flourish with the aim of integrating knowledge systems originating from different realities and creating our common heritage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2015</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32952-EN">
<label>3.</label>
<title>E<sc>ducation for sustainable consumption</sc></title>
<p>The idea of sustainable education translates into incorporating the issue of <italic>quality education</italic> as a main part of the discussion in ESD and the basic question that underlies it: what is the purpose of education: social reproduction or social transformation? (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2012</xref>). Likewise, the concept of <italic>educational sustainability</italic> appears, which is expressed through <italic>curricular sustainability</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2014b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32952-EN">Murga-Menoyo, 2015</xref>), the <italic>sustainability of environments</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2014b</xref>) and the <italic>sustainability of learning processes</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32952-EN">Thorensen, 2005</xref>). For educational processes to be sustainable, they must instil principles and values of sustainable development through teaching practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32952-EN">Murga-Menoyo, 2015</xref>); they have to be deployed in educational environments that are provided with appropriate facilities and equipment; and they need to be shaped by a culture of sustainable consumption of the educational institution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2014b</xref>).</p>
<p>As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32952-EN">Thorensen (2005)</xref> warns, learning requires a participatory and experiential methodology; situated (on concrete and significant cases); dynamic (focused on tensions and dilemmas and how to address them), and oriented towards practice (action-reflection). Thus, education for sustainable consumption (ESC) adopts the theoretical perspective of situated learning developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32952-EN">Lave &#x0026; Wenger (1991)</xref>. This perspective is based on the idea of situated cognition that stems from John Dewey&#x2019;s thinking about the role of the experiential dimension in creating meaning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32952-EN">D&#x00ED;az Barriga, 2003</xref>). Through interactions in a given environment, meanings are negotiated, knowledge is constructed, capacities are developed, personal and collective identities are produced and transformed, and the projects from which communities of practice are born are filled with content. Additionally, according to the <italic>Index for Inclusion</italic> proposal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32952-EN">Ainskow, 2015</xref>), education is sustainable when it is inclusive. The meaning of inclusion here goes beyond the traditional concept of integration of people with functional diversity and it has to do with the process of increasing and maintaining the participation of all people in society, school or community simultaneously, seeking to reduce and eliminate all kinds of processes that lead to exclusion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32952-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>Consequently, a learning process is sustainable as long as it generates growing processes of participation, interaction, reflection, self-reflection and action; it focuses on the tensions and contradictions generated in the process through the pedagogy of dialogue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32952-EN">Freire &#x0026; Fa&#x00FA;ndez, 1986; Thorensen, 2005</xref>), and allows the application of concepts and instruments to transform these tensions creatively and constructively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32952-EN">Galtung, 2003</xref>).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32952-EN">Bonil et al. (2012)</xref> use the term <italic>environmentalisation</italic> to designate different processes whose purpose is educational sustainability. They argue that the environmentalisation of schools responds to the integration of processes of:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>(i)</label> <p>structural environmentalisation, insofar as it is necessary to influence the sustainable management and operation of the school;</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(ii)</label> <p>citizen environmentalisation, which will emphasise establishing mechanisms for participation in and from the center, and</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>(iii)</label> <p>curricular environmentalisation, which is committed to rethinking the teaching-learning process to find new ways of interpretation and action of the individual and the community.</p></list-item></list>
<sec id="sec-8-32952-EN">
<label>3.1</label>
<title>The role of peace education: consumption between care and social justice</title>
<p>Education for peace is an education in values of peace (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32952-EN">Cerdas, 2013</xref>) whose aims are social transformation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32952-EN">Cabezudo &#x0026; Haavelsrud, 2007</xref>) and the construction of a culture of peace and sustainability (<italic>Asia-Pacific Network for International Education and Values Education</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2002</xref>). This definition has been linked to the ethics of care (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32952-EN">Gilligan, 1982</xref>) since its principles have always been essential elements to maintain a certain ecological, historical and social balance. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32952-EN">Noddings (2013)</xref> defends that education should focus on the relationship and attention to the needs of each person; and the pedagogy of care, based on a holistic conceptualisation of peace, brings together the harmonious human development of all present and future humanity in organic interdependence with Nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32952-EN">Fern&#x00E1;ndez Herrer&#x00ED;a, 2015</xref>). As a result, care pedagogy places education for sustainable consumption at the nexus between education for peace and education for sustainable development. Two of the principles of the <italic>Earth Charter</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2000</xref>) illustrate this nexus and the central role of this pedagogy in ESC:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>a)</label> <p>the principle of interdependence which emphasises the inherent dignity of all human beings and the synergistic potential that this interdependence generates, as well as the intrinsic value of every form of life regardless of its usefulness to humans, and</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>b)</label> <p>the value of non-violence and peace: peace is an integrated relationship of harmony with oneself, with other beings and cultures, and with the greater whole of which we are part.</p></list-item></list>
<p>ESD shares with peace education axiological foundations (values of peace and sustainability) and a transformative purpose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32952-EN">Cabezudo &#x0026; Haavelsrud, 2007</xref>) guided by these values. This unity is rooted in the positive conceptualisation of peace in the 1960s, when the first steps were taken to guide peace research toward a broader agenda than the study of war. From the 1970s onwards, peace research efforts began to focus on the link between peace and development. For many researchers, including Johan Galtung, Adam Curle, and Betty Reardon, positive peace is related to human development and social justice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32952-EN">Lederach, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32952-EN">Jares, 2005</xref>). The interdependence between peace and development was consolidated from the 1990s onwards, when the creative and non-violent transformation of conflicts was identified as the key to both peace and development.</p>
<p>At the nexus between peace and sustainable development is the alignment of consumer education with concerted efforts to transform our world. Traditional consumer education focuses on preparing people for their role as uncritical consumers: getting the best value for their money by making reasoned purchasing decisions, complaining when they see their economic interests affected, &#x201C;taking action on behalf of other consumers, and appreciating how the economy works so they can function efficiently as a consumer agent&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32952-EN">McGregor, 2015</xref>, p. 7). This perspective was modified by the introduction of the values of peace education. For McGregor, the goal of consumer education is &#x201C;human dignity, a sense of responsibility for each person in society, global unity and sharing&#x201D;. Thus, the principles of consumer education should &#x201C;prepare people to adhere to social values, including justice, tolerance, respect, solidarity, nonviolence, security, equality, and peace&#x201D;.</p>
<p>This change in the purpose of consumer education has led UNESCO and the United Nations Environment Programme to emphasise in the Introduction to the jointly developed <italic>YouthxChange. Handbook on Sustainable Consumption Education</italic>, that sustainable consumption is an integral part of sustainable development and a topic of vital importance to the United Nations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-32952-EN">UNESCO-UNEP, 2002</xref>). Indeed, the 2030 Agenda includes sustainable production and consumption as a priority area among the Sustainable Development Goals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32952-EN">Naciones Unidas, 2015</xref>), although implementation of this agenda is currently stalled and it is necessary to complement the conventional framework of sustainable development with a regenerative approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-EN">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>In its predatory facet, production and consumption manifest forms of <italic>direct violence</italic>, as is the case, for example, of aggressions and deaths related to the exploitation of conflictive minerals or rare earths (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32952-EN">&#x00C1;lvarez &#x0026; Trujillo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32952-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a de Madariaga et al., 2019</xref>), and has different expressions of <italic>structural violence</italic> (social fragmentation, exclusion, marginalisation, exploitation) that derive from asymmetric relationships between the purchasing power of individuals and social groups. The direct and structural violence that characterises consumerism is possible because of the symbolic violence rampant in aspects of culture that normalise the harmful effects of the dominant model of production, distribution, and consumption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32952-EN">Galtung, 2003</xref>).</p>
<p>The ESC aims to transform production and consumption patterns, that is, lifestyles and cultural patterns, to address current and future challenges of local communities and global citizens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2014a</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32952-EN">Micheletti &#x0026; Stolle (2012)</xref> even discuss <italic>sustainable citizenship</italic>. One of the most significant aspects that sets this concept apart from the conventional notion of citizenship, is precisely the definition of a material dimension linked to production and consumption, which highlights the importance of economic relations and transactions for the development of a more sustainable world. The authors link this material dimension of sustainable citizenship with a reflective dimension &#x2013;to raise awareness of how the past and present actions can affect the future&#x2013; and with a spatial dimension that involves extending responsibility beyond the immediate environment to people and biodiversity across the globe.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32952-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>4.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusions</sc></title>
<p>The evolution of the holistic perspective in ESD compels us to continually redefine the boundaries of the concept of development as formulated within the ontological frameworks of modernity, highlighting its androcentric and Eurocentric biases, and addressing the nature of human and planetary interdependence in a broad sense (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32952-EN">Escobar, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>The challenges of sustainable human development interpellate both Citizenship and human activities relating to production and consumption, and are fundamentally linked to the achievement of an acceptable quality of life for everyone. In line with the prisms of ESD, we must think about ESC in an emancipatory key so that people can meet their basic needs in an appropriate manner, that is, through the organic interconnection between human beings, their culture and creations, and Nature. Corroborated with its endogenous, holistic nature and critical perspective, this means that the purpose of ESC is to cultivate, in a situated manner, the capacity to address people&#x2019;s genuine needs by integrating the various dimensions of sustainability and in harmony with the socio-ecological system of which they are part (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32952-EN">Capra, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32952-EN">Gallop&#x00ED;n, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32952-EN">du Plessis, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>To achieve its transformative purpose, the ESC must cultivate ecological minds capable of a regenerative culture, that is, &#x201C;a way of being, thinking, and acting that supports regenerative development by fostering the co-evolution of human and natural systems&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-32952-EN">Yunibandhu &#x0026; Hallinger, 2025</xref>, p. 2). A regenerative mindset is characterised by <italic>mutualism</italic> that fosters mutually beneficial relationships, <italic>diversity</italic> that means valuing different perspectives and approaches, <italic>reflexivity</italic> that implies &#x201C;continuous self-awareness and adaptability&#x201D;, and <italic>agency capacity</italic> that concerns &#x201C;empowering individuals (and organizations) to act purposefully and intentionally to support their goals for meaningful change&#x201D;. Finally, this regenerative mindset is capable of <italic>holism</italic> that promotes &#x201C;a vision of systems as interconnected ecological wholes, where actions have far-reaching effects&#x201D;.</p>
<p>The challenges facing education today (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32952-EN">UNESCO, 2022</xref>) demand creating conditions that favour a substantive democracy, non-commodified, and guided by an ethic of recognition, civic action, and planetary responsibility. In this sense, the ESC &#x2013;both in its consumption dimension and in the sphere of production of goods and services, as well as the mediation between these two spheres&#x2013; must be configured as a potential space for effective transformation, creation and resistance.</p>
<p>As an educational, ethical and political initiative aimed at the development of genuinely inclusive learning, ESC can assume a central role by addressing concepts and pedagogical practices in a transversal way. To this end, it is essential to embed educational structures, processes and stakeholders at all levels, particularly those involved in fostering an understanding of peace, social justice, environmental sustainability and human rights. To move in this direction, it is essential to deepen the relationships between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care, with the purpose of articulating a system capable of translating values such as compassion, interdependence, and responsibility into normative and policy principles oriented toward social justice and ecology. Along these lines, we propose as a path to the future, a deepening of the post-development perspective and a reconceptualisation of ESC that allows us to blur the boundaries between public and private spheres, justice and care, culture and nature, as well as between rationality and affectivity, in order to contribute to a truly inclusive and emancipatory education.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-EN" fn-type="other"><label>1</label> <p>We use this term with a capital letter, to refer to the set of everything that exists and that is determined and harmonised in its own laws (Real Academia Espa&#x00F1;ola [RAE], s/f-d, def. 2).</p></fn>
<fn id="fn2-EN" fn-type="other"><label>2</label> <p>Sterling&#x2019;s analysis focuses on two key UNESCO initiatives: the 2030 ESD Roadmap and the establishment of the International Commission on the Future of Education (Horizon 2050).</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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