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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32943</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32943</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Repensar la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental desde la reflexividad profesional: una metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa entre Catalu&#x00F1;a (Espa&#x00F1;a) y El Maule (Chile)</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Rethinking Environmental Education through Professional Reflexivity: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis between Catalonia (Spain) and the Maule Region (Chile)</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8998-3856</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Crespo i Torres</surname>
<given-names>Ferran</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5965-8809</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit</surname>
<given-names>Felipe Jacob</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-7733</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Novella C&#x00E1;mara</surname>
<given-names>Ana Mar&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-1627</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Kong L&#x00F3;pez</surname>
<given-names>Felipe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3-ES"><sup>***</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c4-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Barcelona. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Barcelona</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-ES">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Cat&#x00F3;lica del Maule. Chile.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Cat&#x00F3;lica del Maule</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3-ES">
<label>***</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Diego Portales. Chile.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Diego Portales</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>f.crespoitorres@ub.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>fmarin@ucm.cl</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>anovella@ub.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c4-ES"><email>felipe.kong@udp.cl</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
<fpage>147</fpage>
    <lpage>172</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>29</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>03</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo analiza la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental (EA) desde una perspectiva sociocr&#x00ED;tica, biocultural e intercultural en el contexto de la crisis ecosocial contempor&#x00E1;nea. Ante la fragmentaci&#x00F3;n del v&#x00ED;nculo humano-naturaleza, la investigaci&#x00F3;n busca comprender c&#x00F3;mo los profesionales del &#x00E1;rea conciben la EA, su pr&#x00E1;ctica y su papel en la formaci&#x00F3;n de identidades ecosociales. El estudio integra los resultados de dos investigaciones desarrolladas en la comunidad aut&#x00F3;noma de Catalu&#x00F1;a (Espa&#x00F1;a) y en la regi&#x00F3;n del Maule (Chile), mediante un dise&#x00F1;o cualitativo basado en razonamiento inductivo-deductivo y la metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa. El art&#x00ED;culo se propone analizar las representaciones de los profesionales de la EA sobre el propio campo disciplinar y su papel en la sociedad, examinar las finalidades formativas que orientan sus pr&#x00E1;cticas e identificar los elementos de la pr&#x00E1;ctica profesional que favorecen una EA cr&#x00ED;tica, participativa y transformadora. Los hallazgos muestran que la EA se concibe como un campo interdisciplinar, humanista y transformador, orientado a superar el paradigma antropoc&#x00E9;ntrico y avanzar hacia enfoques eco- y bioc&#x00E9;ntricos, sociocr&#x00ED;ticos e interculturales. Entre los elementos compartidos destacan la integraci&#x00F3;n del territorio y los saberes locales, el uso de metodolog&#x00ED;as activas, la participaci&#x00F3;n y la necesidad de construir redes comunitarias. De las concepciones sobre sus pr&#x00E1;cticas emergen la conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica, la transformaci&#x00F3;n relacional y la formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos cr&#x00ED;ticos y corresponsables con el entorno. La investigaci&#x00F3;n evidencia y reivindica que la EA articula lo cient&#x00ED;fico con lo biocultural, superando la tecnocracia educativa e incorporando m&#x00FA;ltiples saberes que fortalecen la ecociudadan&#x00ED;a y la transici&#x00F3;n ecosocial. Se reafirma, adem&#x00E1;s, la necesidad de reconocer la EA como un espacio de efervescencia disciplinar, enfocada a la transformaci&#x00F3;n a tres niveles: personal, relacional y social.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>This article analyses environmental education (EE) from a socio-critical, biocultural and intercultural perspective in the context of the contemporary eco-social crisis. In light of the fragmented relationship between humanity and nature, the study seeks to understand how professionals in the field perceive EE, its practice and their role in shaping eco-social identities. The research combines the results of two studies conducted in the autonomous region of Catalonia (Spain) and the Maule Region (Chile), by means of a qualitative design based on inductive-deductive reasoning and qualitative meta-synthesis. The article seeks to analyse the representations of EE professionals about the discipline itself and their role in society, to examine the educational purposes that guide their practice, and to identify which aspects of professional practice promote critical, participatory and transformative EE. The findings show that EE is perceived as an interdisciplinary, humanist and transformative field, focused on overcoming the anthropocentric paradigm and advancing towards ecocentric, biocentric, socio-critical and intercultural approaches. Major common elements include territorial integration and local ways of knowing, the use of active methodologies, engagement and the need to build community networks. Conceptions about their practice reveal ecological awareness, relational transformation, and the development of critical, environmentally responsible individuals. The study demonstrates and asserts that EE brings science together with bioculture, overcoming educational technocracy and integrating multiple ways of knowing that strengthen eco-citizenship and the eco-social transition. Moreover, it underlines the need to recognise EE as a space of disciplinary vibrancy, focused on transformation on three levels: personal, relational and social.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>formaci&#x00F3;n profesional</kwd>
<kwd>di&#x00E1;logo intercultural</kwd>
<kwd>&#x00E9;tica ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>ciudadan&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa</kwd>
<kwd>investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>environmental education</kwd>
<kwd>professional training</kwd>
<kwd>intercultural dialogue</kwd>
<kwd>environmental ethics</kwd>
<kwd>citizenship</kwd>
<kwd>qualitative meta-synthesis</kwd>
<kwd>qualitative research</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32943-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>La relaci&#x00F3;n entre el ser humano y la naturaleza es clave para la identidad. La educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental (EA) adquiere un papel central en la reconstrucci&#x00F3;n del sentido de pertenencia y cuidado en un contexto de crisis ecosocial y ruptura de v&#x00ED;nculos con el entorno. Desde perspectivas interculturales, eco y bioc&#x00E9;ntricas, se busca deconstruir identidades hegem&#x00F3;nicas y promover pr&#x00E1;cticas bioculturales desde marcos cr&#x00ED;ticos y decoloniales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>). Bajo estos marcos, la EA propone relaciones basadas en la interdependencia y en el reconocimiento de ra&#x00ED;ces ancestrales, cuestionando el paradigma antropoc&#x00E9;ntrico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n e Inaipil, 2017</xref>). As&#x00ED; pues, la identidad se configura desde la ecodependencia y las relaciones bioculturales. Seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32943-ES">Maturana (2017)</xref>, quien afirma que el nicho ecol&#x00F3;gico es el &#x00E1;mbito relacional en el que vive un ser vivo, reconocerse como parte de ecosistemas y culturas que nos preceden implica habitar.</p>
    <p>La crisis clim&#x00E1;tica y la ruptura de v&#x00ED;nculos con la naturaleza reflejan una p&#x00E9;rdida de valores, actitudes y modos de habitar que amenazan la sostenibilidad planetaria. Se trata de una confluencia de crisis socioambiental, epist&#x00E9;mica y &#x00E9;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32943-ES">Bonil et al., 2010</xref>). La EA debe incorporar modos de saber territoriales, relacionales, emocionales y &#x00E9;ticos, trascendiendo la mera transmisi&#x00F3;n de conocimientos objetivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n e Inaipil, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit et al., 2024</xref>). Su papel es el de establecer una relaci&#x00F3;n coherente entre sujeto y naturaleza, superando el conocimiento fragmentado y objetivado hist&#x00F3;ricamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32943-ES">Pinheiros-Barbosa, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>Educar implica reconocer las voces de quienes educan y participan, integrando la ecodependencia, la justicia ambiental y los saberes ancestrales. Formar sujetos ecosociales exige conocer las creencias docentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32943-ES">Calafell et al., 2024</xref>) y promover la reflexividad para generar conocimiento te&#x00F3;rico-pr&#x00E1;ctico que fortalezca la participaci&#x00F3;n en EA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32943-ES">Crespo i Torres, 2024</xref>). Promover la reflexividad en la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa permite hacer visibles las estructuras sociales ocultas y fortalecer la responsabilidad colectiva de la EA en el avance de la comunidad y la integraci&#x00F3;n de identidades diversas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32943-ES">Caride, 2017</xref>). En este sentido, constituye una oportunidad para aprender a convivir con la alteridad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32943-ES">Muradian y Pascual, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>En este marco de criticidad y reflexividad se sit&#x00FA;a el presente art&#x00ED;culo. Se propone una fundamentaci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica de la EA y su pr&#x00E1;ctica profesional, profundizando en ambos aspectos a partir de las voces de educadores y educadoras ambientales. Basado en dos investigaciones desarrolladas en contextos diferenciados &#x2014;Catalu&#x00F1;a y Maule&#x2014;, el estudio identifica elementos comunes en el desempe&#x00F1;o profesional que configuran la EA como una pr&#x00E1;ctica transformadora, participativa y cr&#x00ED;tica.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32943-ES">
<label>2.</label>
<title>F<sc>undamentaci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica</sc></title>
<sec id="sec-3-32943-ES">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Marcos globales de relaci&#x00F3;n entre conocimiento educativo y naturaleza</title>
<p>Toda educaci&#x00F3;n se despliega en contextos concretos, atravesados por especificidades culturales, econ&#x00F3;micas, sociales, ambientales y pol&#x00ED;ticas. En ese sentido, toda educaci&#x00F3;n es, en parte, EA, pues cuestiona las relaciones entre personas, sociedad y ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 1999</xref>). Ahora bien, la definici&#x00F3;n de EA como campo propio se basa en la Conferencia de Estocolmo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32943-ES">ONU, 1972</xref>) y la Carta de Belgrado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32943-ES">UNESCO, 1975</xref>). La &#x00FA;ltima se reconoce como documento fundador que enfatiza la comprensi&#x00F3;n, protecci&#x00F3;n y conservaci&#x00F3;n de la naturaleza, as&#x00ED; como la participaci&#x00F3;n ciudadana. Antes &#x2014;y durante&#x2014; de estos hitos, otras definiciones emergen desde paradigmas complejos para influir en la institucionalizaci&#x00F3;n de la EA en coherencia y permeabilidad con los retos contempor&#x00E1;neos. Entre dichos marcos, la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32943-ES">Carta de la Tierra (2000)</xref> es un hito de fondo y de forma al proponer un marco &#x00E9;tico integral para el desarrollo humano sostenible como resultado de un proceso participativo e intercultural sin precedentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32943-ES">Novo, 2017</xref>). Se consolida as&#x00ED;, una EA con un fuerte componente &#x00E9;tico, cimentada en la interculturalidad para el entendimiento y la acci&#x00F3;n com&#x00FA;n.</p>
<p>M&#x00E1;s recientemente, el informe <italic>Reimaginar juntos nuestro futuro</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32943-ES">UNESCO, 2021</xref>) subraya que la educaci&#x00F3;n debe fomentar la capacidad de identificar y afrontar problemas de naturaleza compleja y sist&#x00E9;mica, promoviendo entornos educativos donde el trabajo colaborativo, intercultural y participativo constituya la base del aprendizaje y del compromiso con un futuro m&#x00E1;s sostenible. Tal como explicita el informe:</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Los planes de estudio deben hacer hincapi&#x00E9; en el aprendizaje ecol&#x00F3;gico, intercultural e interdisciplinario que ayude a los estudiantes a acceder y contribuir al saber, al mismo tiempo que desarrollan su capacidad de aplicarlo y cuestionarlo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32943-ES">UNESCO, 2021</xref>; p. 4).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
<p>Con todo, el consenso sobre la complejidad de la crisis socioambiental no siempre se traduce en respuestas educativas a su altura. La literatura registra una amplia diversidad de denominaciones &#x2014;Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Medio Ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32943-ES">Huckle, 1992</xref>), EA para la Sostenibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32943-ES">Tilbury, 1995</xref>), Educaci&#x00F3;n para la Sostenibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32943-ES">Sterling y Huckle, 1996</xref>), Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Desarrollo Sostenible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32943-ES">Naciones Unidas, 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32943-ES">2023</xref>), Educaci&#x00F3;n Ecosocial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32943-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-Bastida, 2019</xref>), entre otras&#x2014;, cada una con marcos, ciudadan&#x00ED;as y connotaciones &#x00E9;ticas y metodol&#x00F3;gicas propias. Como advierte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32943-ES">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-Bastida (2019)</xref>, esta pluralidad es f&#x00E9;rtil siempre que no derive en ambig&#x00FC;edad paralizante del compromiso ecol&#x00F3;gico. De hecho, &#x201C;ser&#x00ED;a dif&#x00ED;cil englobar la extrema complejidad de este objeto en una sola propuesta pedag&#x00F3;gica&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 1999</xref>, p. 14). El riesgo surge cuando visiones estrechas e instrumentales diluyen la densidad formativa de la EA y la aproximan a campa&#x00F1;as de marketing de eslogan f&#x00E1;cil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32943-ES">Franquesa, 2018</xref>). Por ello, el reto consiste en articular la diversidad de enfoques bajo un horizonte &#x00E9;tico-pol&#x00ED;tico robusto, coherente con la formaci&#x00F3;n de identidades humanas conscientes de su ecodependencia e interdependencia con lo vivo y con el entorno que habitan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32943-ES">Mies y Shiva, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>Para referirnos a este horizonte identitario tanto individual como comunitario, en este art&#x00ED;culo usamos el concepto de ecociudadan&#x00ED;a, propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9; (2014)</xref>, por el &#x00E9;nfasis en la integraci&#x00F3;n de los elementos biof&#x00ED;sicos del ecosistema global. Y, aunque no tiene una definici&#x00F3;n firme y definitiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32943-ES">Sageidet y Heggen, 2021</xref>), Sauv&#x00E9; la define como:</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Una forma de relaci&#x00F3;n con el mundo centrada en el "vivir aqu&#x00ED; juntos", una relaci&#x00F3;n contextualizada y situada, que implica la responsabilidad colectiva respecto a los sistemas de vida &#x2014;de los cuales formamos parte&#x2014; y que requiere competencias para insertarse de manera eficaz en las din&#x00E1;micas pol&#x00ED;ticas de decisi&#x00F3;n y acci&#x00F3;n relativas a los asuntos socioecol&#x00F3;gicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2014</xref>; p. 14).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
<p>La ecociudadan&#x00ED;a es un proyecto pol&#x00ED;tico y pedag&#x00F3;gico de dimensi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica, cr&#x00ED;tica y pol&#x00ED;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2014</xref>). Partiendo de las necesidades de las personas y del entorno, la ecociudadan&#x00ED;a debe ser capaz de dinamizar una ciudad cuidada y compartida, donde la ciudadan&#x00ED;a construya su realidad desde la responsabilidad y en cooperaci&#x00F3;n con los dem&#x00E1;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32943-ES">Lim&#x00F3;n-Dom&#x00ED;nguez et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32943-ES">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>De corrientes a pr&#x00E1;cticas: articulaciones cr&#x00ED;ticas, ecosociales y bioculturales en educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental</title>
<p>La EA se ha configurado en las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas como un campo plural y din&#x00E1;mico donde convergen diversas corrientes te&#x00F3;ricas, enfoques pedag&#x00F3;gicos y pr&#x00E1;cticas orientadas a repensar la relaci&#x00F3;n entre humanidad y naturaleza. La triangulaci&#x00F3;n entre las corrientes descritas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9; (2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32943-ES">2014</xref>) y las perspectivas ecosociales, bioculturales, sociocr&#x00ED;ticas y sostenibles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32943-ES">Andrade da Silva et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32943-ES">Freire et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32943-ES">Kong, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32943-ES">Leff, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32943-ES">2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32943-ES">Novo, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32943-ES">Pinheiro Barbosa, 2025</xref>) ha contribuido a la construcci&#x00F3;n de un paradigma educativo cr&#x00ED;tico, situado y emancipador.</p>
<p>Desde esta perspectiva, las corrientes de EA devienen repertorios en di&#x00E1;logo que se hibridan para responder a contextos locales y desaf&#x00ED;os globales. Como plantea <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9; (2005)</xref>, la EA ha transitado entre orientaciones centradas en la transmisi&#x00F3;n de conocimiento cient&#x00ED;fico y la resoluci&#x00F3;n de problemas, y aquellas de car&#x00E1;cter pr&#x00E1;xico y cr&#x00ED;tico, que cuestionan el antropocentrismo y promueven relaciones de reciprocidad y cuidado con la naturaleza. Esta perspectiva comprende la educaci&#x00F3;n como proceso de reconstrucci&#x00F3;n identitaria, donde el sujeto se reconoce como parte constitutiva del ecosistema y no como observador externo.</p>
<p>En la pr&#x00E1;ctica, coexisten corrientes cl&#x00E1;sicas (resolutiva, cient&#x00ED;fica) y corrientes emergentes (bioregionalista, pr&#x00E1;xica, cr&#x00ED;tica) en los espacios educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>). Esta coexistencia revela tanto la tensi&#x00F3;n como la riqueza del campo. Las perspectivas contempor&#x00E1;neas coinciden en que la EA debe situarse en los territorios, desde una ecopedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica que conecte reflexi&#x00F3;n con acci&#x00F3;n transformadora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32943-ES">Freire, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32943-ES">Leff, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2019</xref>). La EA deja de ser mera transmisi&#x00F3;n de informaci&#x00F3;n ambiental para constituirse en un proceso pol&#x00ED;tico, &#x00E9;tico y comunitario que problematiza las relaciones sociedad-naturaleza. Estas orientaciones se concretan en metodolog&#x00ED;as participativas que promueven el empoderamiento de las infancias y comunidades como sujetos activos de cambio ecosocial y biocultural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32943-ES">Andrade da Silva et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32943-ES">Kong y Junyent, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Reconocer al otro como agente implica legitimar la diversidad de saberes y conocimientos preexistentes. De ah&#x00ED; la importancia de recuperar epistemolog&#x00ED;as plurales y fortalecer el di&#x00E1;logo de saberes, reivindicando el protagonismo de comunidades hist&#x00F3;ricamente marginadas y su derecho a una educaci&#x00F3;n contextualizada, emancipadora y respetuosa de la diversidad biocultural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n e Inaipil, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit et al., 2024</xref>). Por tanto, los nuevos horizontes para la EA demandan articular saberes diversos, modos de hacer participativos y una clara intencionalidad transformadora. Estas convergencias te&#x00F3;rico-pr&#x00E1;cticas configuran un marco s&#x00F3;lido para resignificar la EA como clave en la formaci&#x00F3;n de identidades ecociudadanas y motor de cambio social, ecol&#x00F3;gico y cultural.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32943-ES">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title>El profesional de la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental en la formaci&#x00F3;n de identidades ecosociales</title>
<p>El profesional de la EA &#x2014;educadores ambientales, profesorado, t&#x00E9;cnicos municipales, educadores de tiempo libre, entre otros&#x2014; act&#x00FA;a en un contexto din&#x00E1;mico marcado por la urgencia de dar respuesta a grandes retos ecosociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32943-ES">Crespo i Torres et al., 2025</xref>). Se trata, adem&#x00E1;s, de un perfil poco regulado, donde m&#x00FA;ltiples agentes ejercen funciones educativas desde posicionamientos diversos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32943-ES">Soto Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2007</xref>). Ante estos escenarios, el desarrollo profesional debe conjugar conocimiento te&#x00F3;rico, habilidades cr&#x00ED;ticas y capacidad de acompa&#x00F1;amiento participativo que permita movilizar saberes y aprendizajes hacia la acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32943-ES">Crespo i Torres et al., 2025</xref>). El profesional ejerce un rol de acompa&#x00F1;amiento comunitario orientado al bienestar colectivo. Seg&#x00FA;n <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32943-ES">Reis (2021)</xref>, esto supone invitar a los educandos a leer su entorno, problematizarlo, indignarse con ellos y transformar esa indignaci&#x00F3;n en acci&#x00F3;n mediante narrativas alternativas. Desde la EA, podemos &#x2014;y debemos&#x2014; ofrecer otras narrativas para la visibilizaci&#x00F3;n y reconocimiento de saberes. Y para transitar hacia ellas.</p>
<p>En consecuencia, la formaci&#x00F3;n del educador ambiental debe evolucionar de enfoques t&#x00E9;cnico-transmisivos a espacios contextualizados, dial&#x00F3;gicos y participativos, donde se cultive la reflexi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica, la inclusi&#x00F3;n, la construcci&#x00F3;n colectiva de conocimiento y el fortalecimiento de redes profesionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32943-ES">Crespo i Torres et al., 2025</xref>). Esto supone formar en participaci&#x00F3;n e interculturalidad, habilitando competencias para el di&#x00E1;logo de saberes, la comprensi&#x00F3;n sist&#x00E9;mica y la mediaci&#x00F3;n ante controversias socioecol&#x00F3;gicas.</p>
<p>En s&#x00ED;ntesis, la situaci&#x00F3;n profesional se define por la ambivalencia entre el potencial transformador de la EA y las dificultades institucionales, formativas y laborales. La profesionalizaci&#x00F3;n, revalorizaci&#x00F3;n y formaci&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica son condiciones clave para que estos actores contribuyan al di&#x00E1;logo social hacia la ecociudadan&#x00ED;a. De ah&#x00ED;, la necesidad del reconocimiento institucional de la profesi&#x00F3;n, la creaci&#x00F3;n de marcos competenciales estables y la estabilidad laboral, que aseguren proyectos de continuidad e impacto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32943-ES">Bonil et al., 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>El marco te&#x00F3;rico presentado permite comprender que la EA, entendida desde enfoques cr&#x00ED;ticos, ecosociales y bioculturales, constituye un espacio clave para redefinir la relaci&#x00F3;n entre educaci&#x00F3;n, identidad humana y naturaleza. A trav&#x00E9;s del di&#x00E1;logo entre corrientes y pr&#x00E1;cticas, se evidencia que educar ambientalmente implica reconstruir los v&#x00ED;nculos que sostienen la vida.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32943-ES">
<label>3.</label>
<title>O<sc>bjetivos de la investigaci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>El presente trabajo integra los resultados de dos investigaciones<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-ES"><sup>1</sup></xref> desarrolladas en contextos distintos, con el prop&#x00F3;sito de hacer emerger los elementos comunes que permiten comprender c&#x00F3;mo los profesionales de la EA conciben la propia disciplina y pr&#x00E1;ctica. A partir de este prop&#x00F3;sito, se plantean los siguientes objetivos espec&#x00ED;ficos:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Analizar las representaciones que los profesionales elaboran sobre la EA y su papel en la sociedad.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Examinar las finalidades formativas que orientan sus pr&#x00E1;cticas y los marcos de sentido que las sustentan.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Identificar los elementos de la pr&#x00E1;ctica profesional que favorecen una EA cr&#x00ED;tica, participativa y transformadora.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32943-ES" sec-type="methods">
<label>4.</label>
<title>M<sc>&#x00E9;todo</sc></title>
<p>El proceso metodol&#x00F3;gico responde ante un razonamiento inductivo-deductivo y una estrategia anal&#x00ED;tico-sint&#x00E9;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32943-ES">Quintas-Froufe, 2016</xref>), adoptando la l&#x00F3;gica de la metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32943-ES">Dawson, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32943-ES">Mohammed et al., 2016</xref>). A ra&#x00ED;z del racionamiento inductivo-deductivo, se integraron hallazgos previos con nuevas interpretaciones derivadas de an&#x00E1;lisis de datos. M&#x00E1;s que una simple agregaci&#x00F3;n de resultados, buscamos releer, contrastar y reconfigurar las aportaciones existentes, poniendo en di&#x00E1;logo distintas perspectivas epistemol&#x00F3;gicas y contextuales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32943-ES">Finfgeld-Connett, 2018</xref>). Al adoptar la s&#x00ED;ntesis como un proceso generativo, tratando de interactuar con la complejidad, el metaan&#x00E1;lisis cualitativo deviene una herramienta para los estudios que pretenden dar sentido a fen&#x00F3;menos complejos desde los matices, la profundidad y los propios contextos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32943-ES">Fendt, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>Quien investiga act&#x00FA;a como un mediador hermen&#x00E9;utico que reconstruye significados para avanzar hacia marcos de comprensi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s amplios y densos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32943-ES">Coletti y Landoni, 2017</xref>), contribuyendo as&#x00ED; a la consolidaci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica del campo educativo y a la profundizaci&#x00F3;n de sus fundamentos interpretativos. Para ello, y para garantizar el rigor, el equipo investigador realiz&#x00F3; (1) an&#x00E1;lisis de discrepancias y hallazgos inesperados, (2) triangulaci&#x00F3;n entre investigadores, con revisi&#x00F3;n colaborativa de c&#x00F3;digos y categor&#x00ED;as para evaluar si emerg&#x00ED;an de datos o derivaban de presupuestos te&#x00F3;ricos; (3) revisi&#x00F3;n de los momentos donde la interpretaci&#x00F3;n estuvo influida por marcos te&#x00F3;ricos previos versus donde surgieron nuevas comprensiones.</p>
<sec id="sec-8-32943-ES">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Contextos de investigaci&#x00F3;n y participantes</title>
<p>Las investigaciones que sustentan este art&#x00ED;culo se desarrollaron en la comunidad aut&#x00F3;noma de Catalu&#x00F1;a (Espa&#x00F1;a) y en la regi&#x00F3;n del Maule (Chile). Aunque situadas en contextos geogr&#x00E1;ficos y socioculturales distintos, comparten el prop&#x00F3;sito de comprender y fortalecer las pr&#x00E1;cticas profesionales en EA. La selecci&#x00F3;n de ambas investigaciones para la metas&#x00ED;ntesis anal&#x00ED;tica responde a cuatro criterios principales: (1) accesibilidad investigativa, al tratarse de estudios con equipos ya establecidos que facilitaron el contacto con participantes y redes profesionales en cada territorio; (2) diferencia contextual, permitiendo explorar si los profesionales de la EA comparten concepciones sobre su campo y pr&#x00E1;cticas pese a realidades territoriales, pol&#x00ED;ticas y culturales dispares (reconociendo las limitaciones que esto conlleva); (3) similitud tanto epistemol&#x00F3;gica como en el prop&#x00F3;sito metodol&#x00F3;gico y (4) sincronicidad de la recogida de informaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Asimismo, comparten tres principios fundamentales: la multivocalidad, que reconoce la legitimidad de voces acad&#x00E9;micas, profesionales, comunitarias e infantiles como fuentes epist&#x00E9;micas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32943-ES">Tracy, 2010</xref>); la reflexividad, entendida como un ejercicio continuo de revisi&#x00F3;n de las propias posiciones y pr&#x00E1;cticas investigativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32943-ES">Cuesta-Benjumea, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32943-ES">Finlay, 2003</xref>); y la democratizaci&#x00F3;n del conocimiento, orientada a la construcci&#x00F3;n compartida del saber con los participantes. En ambas investigaciones, el muestreo fue intencional, combinando el contacto directo con entidades y centros educativos con el muestreo de bola de nieve. Para la inclusi&#x00F3;n o exclusi&#x00F3;n de los participantes en cada investigaci&#x00F3;n se consideraron los siguientes criterios:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Profesionales en activo y vinculados de forma expl&#x00ED;cita con la EA en el momento de la recogida de informaci&#x00F3;n.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Diversidad y heterogeneidad en el escenario educativo. Eso supone incorporar agentes m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la educaci&#x00F3;n formal en el caso de la investigaci&#x00F3;n desarrollada en Catalu&#x00F1;a y, en la investigaci&#x00F3;n desarrollada en el Maule, incorporar de forma representativa a docentes de entornos urbanos y docentes de entornos rurales.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Trayectoria de m&#x00E1;s de 4 a&#x00F1;os de experiencia en EA. En el caso de los talleres participativos, este criterio se desestim&#x00F3; y se trabaj&#x00F3; intencionalmente para que la muestra incorporara informantes con diversa experiencia educativa, desde informantes en su primer a&#x00F1;o de experiencia como otros con m&#x00E1;s de 15 a&#x00F1;os de trayectoria.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Asimismo, se consider&#x00F3; el g&#x00E9;nero como una variable relevante en el origen de los datos y todos los participantes fueron informados de los objetivos y alcance de los estudios, garantizando su participaci&#x00F3;n voluntaria. Se recab&#x00F3; consentimiento informado por escrito, subrayando la confidencialidad de los datos y su uso exclusivamente acad&#x00E9;mico, en conformidad con los principios &#x00E9;ticos de transparencia, autonom&#x00ED;a y responsabilidad investigativa.</p>
<sec id="sec-9-32943-ES">
<label>4.1.1.</label>
<title>Investigaci&#x00F3;n en Catalu&#x00F1;a</title>
<p>El estudio reconoci&#x00F3; la heterogeneidad de pr&#x00E1;cticas que configuran la EA en el territorio, donde conviven instituciones escolares, entidades de tiempo libre, organizaciones no gubernamentales y movimientos sociales. Esta pluralidad se reflej&#x00F3; en el perfil de los informantes, que incluy&#x00F3; tanto docentes como otros profesionales de la EA.</p>
<p>La recolecci&#x00F3;n de datos se organiz&#x00F3; en tres fases:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Entrevistas semiestructuradas a siete profesionales (marzo&#x2013;abril 2022).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Cuestionarios aplicados a 64 educadores y 68 ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as (abril&#x2013;junio 2023).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Talleres participativos con un grupo estable de 10 participantes (septiembre&#x2013;octubre 2023), orientados a promover un proceso de reflexi&#x00F3;n sostenida.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Para este art&#x00ED;culo se consideraron los datos procedentes de las entrevistas y los talleres, debido a su potencial interpretativo y la afinidad con las dimensiones exploradas en la investigaci&#x00F3;n realizada en el Maule.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-32943-ES">
<label>4.1.2.</label>
<title>Investigaci&#x00F3;n en el Maule</title>
<p>El estudio efectuado en el Maule se orient&#x00F3; a caracterizar las concepciones de maestros y maestras de educaci&#x00F3;n primaria sobre los saberes ambientales y los conocimientos did&#x00E1;ctico-pedag&#x00F3;gicos asociados. La selecci&#x00F3;n de los informantes refleja la diversidad territorial e incluye tanto a docentes de escuelas rurales como urbanas.</p>
<p>La recolecci&#x00F3;n de datos se desarroll&#x00F3; en dos fases:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Entrevistas semiestructuradas a 23 docentes (marzo 2022 - enero 2023).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Cuatro grupos focales de entre 4 y 6 participantes. Dos con profesionales provenientes del entorno urbano y dos del entorno rural (enero&#x2013;abril 2023).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Las entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas tanto en Catalu&#x00F1;a como en el Maule han permitido explorar las concepciones, conceptos y objetivos que los profesionales vinculan a la EA, mientras que los grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n (en el Maule) y los talleres participativos (en Catalu&#x00F1;a) han revelado las narrativas y reflexiones sobre las pr&#x00E1;cticas cotidianas que se llevan a cabo en el d&#x00ED;a a d&#x00ED;a. Todos los instrumentos de recogida de datos responden a dimensiones m&#x00E1;s amplias que las seleccionadas espec&#x00ED;ficamente para este proceso de metas&#x00ED;ntesis, tal como muestra la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-32943-ES">Figura 1</xref>, que ilustra la correspondencia entre las dimensiones originales de cada investigaci&#x00F3;n y las elegidas para la s&#x00ED;ntesis. A partir del proceso de an&#x00E1;lisis de la informaci&#x00F3;n que se detallar&#x00E1; a continuaci&#x00F3;n, nos hemos centrado en estas dimensiones y en las tres preguntas de investigaci&#x00F3;n presentadas en la figura. Priorizando la generaci&#x00F3;n de s&#x00ED;ntesis interpretativa sobre la representaci&#x00F3;n disciplinar, de las finalidades y de las pr&#x00E1;cticas en EA.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-32943-ES">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>E<sc>squema del proceso de metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa en la investigaci&#x00F3;n</sc></title></caption>
<alt-text>Esquema del proceso de metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa en la investigaci&#x00F3;n</alt-text>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-32943-ES.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</fig>
<p>En esta misma <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-32943-ES">figura 1</xref>, tambi&#x00E9;n se hacen presentes las diferencias entre ambas investigaciones. Diferencias que nos instan a clarificar que el estudio que aqu&#x00ED; se presenta no busca una comparativa entre ambos datos, sino que, dadas sus similitudes y convergencias en di&#x00E1;logo con la teor&#x00ED;a, pretende reconocer las especificidades de cada territorio e identificar concepciones comunes en la forma como distintos profesionales conciben la EA y su pr&#x00E1;ctica.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-32943-ES">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Procedimiento de an&#x00E1;lisis</title>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis de la informaci&#x00F3;n se desarroll&#x00F3; desde un enfoque inductivo-deductivo y sociocr&#x00ED;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32943-ES">Cohen et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32943-ES">Kemmis, 2008</xref>), coherente con la l&#x00F3;gica de la metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa, orientado a reinterpretar los significados y representaciones sobre la EA. Se combinaron estrategias de an&#x00E1;lisis tem&#x00E1;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32943-ES">Braun y Clarke, 2006</xref>) y an&#x00E1;lisis narrativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32943-ES">Czarniawska, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32943-ES">Riessman, 2008</xref>), lo que permiti&#x00F3; identificar categor&#x00ED;as emergentes y establecer v&#x00ED;nculos interpretativos entre los estudios. Las categor&#x00ED;as de an&#x00E1;lisis usadas en la metas&#x00ED;ntesis pueden observarse en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32943-ES">Tabla 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32943-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>ategor&#x00ED;as y subcategor&#x00ED;as vinculadas a las preguntas de investigaci&#x00F3;n</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32943-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"/>
<th valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>Investigaci&#x00F3;n en Catalu&#x00F1;a</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>Investigaci&#x00F3;n en Maule</p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"/>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Categor&#x00ED;a</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Subcategor&#x00ED;a</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Categor&#x00ED;a</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Subcategor&#x00ED;a</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3"><p>&#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo es representada la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental por sus profesionales?</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Desde la &#x2026;</italic> Pr&#x00E1;ctica concreta</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Metodolog&#x00ED;as</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Entorno educativo</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Acci&#x00F3;n</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Vivencias o experiencias</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Desde la&#x2026;</italic> Transversalidad educativa</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Complejidad</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Di&#x00E1;logo de saberes</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Vinculaci&#x00F3;n territorial</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Interdisciplinariedad</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Desde la &#x2026;</italic> Finalidad de la EA</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Transformaci&#x00F3;n</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Pr&#x00E1;ctica ciudadana</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Desde la&#x2026;</italic> Cr&#x00ED;tica al antropocentrismo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Opciones bioc&#x00E9;ntricas/ecoc&#x00E9;ntricas</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Buen vivir</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Cuestionamiento del extractivismo</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Desde&#x2026;</italic> Representaci&#x00F3;n paradigm&#x00E1;tica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Paradigmas &#x00E9;ticos o pol&#x00ED;ticos (expl&#x00ED;citos)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>P. Pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Comunidad</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Interculturalidad</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Educaci&#x00F3;n a lo largo de la vida</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>P. Problematizador</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Desde la&#x2026;</italic> Dimensi&#x00F3;n pol&#x00ED;tica y cultural</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Transformaci&#x00F3;n territorial</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Participaci&#x00F3;n</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Experiencia situada</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Reconstrucci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos con la tierra</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3"><p>&#x00BF;Para qu&#x00E9; estamos formando ambientalmente?</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Para&#x2026; Conocimiento y conciencia del entorno</italic>.</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Conocer entorno pr&#x00F3;ximo</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Reconocer problem&#x00E1;ticas</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Cuestionar opciones propias</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Identificaci&#x00F3;n de impactos</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Para &#x2026;</italic> Revalorizaci&#x00F3;n identitaria con el territorio</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>V&#x00ED;nculo cultural</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Superaci&#x00F3;n del urbanocentrismo</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Sentido de pertenencia rural</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Para &#x2026;</italic> Comprensi&#x00F3;n y consciencia colectiva</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Comprensi&#x00F3;n de la complejidad</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Comprensi&#x00F3;n de la sistematicidad</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Capacitaci&#x00F3;n para la participaci&#x00F3;n/acci&#x00F3;n</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Para &#x2026;</italic> Desarrollo de conciencia cr&#x00ED;tica y ecol&#x00F3;gica</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Complejidad socioambiental</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Local/global + memoria ancestral</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Capacidades reflexivas</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Para&#x2026;</italic> Transformaci&#x00F3;n relacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Relaci&#x00F3;n sociedad-naturaleza</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Relaci&#x00F3;n persona-persona</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Urgencia</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Para &#x2026;</italic> Formaci&#x00F3;n para el buen vivir y acci&#x00F3;n colectiva</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Habitar consciente</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Comunidad resiliente</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>&#x00C9;tica biocultural</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="4"><p>&#x00BF;Existen elementos de la pr&#x00E1;ctica profesional que favorecen una EA de estas caracter&#x00ED;sticas?</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Contenido</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Contextualizado</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Interesante / motivante</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Problem&#x00E1;ticas actuales</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Metodolog&#x00ED;as activas y colaborativas</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Proyectos</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Investigaci&#x00F3;n-acci&#x00F3;n</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Casos interdisciplinarios</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Espacio</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Comodidad</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Adaptabilidad y flexibilidad</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Aire libre</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Accesibilidad comunitaria / fuera escuela</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Integraci&#x00F3;n de saberes bioculturales</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Saberes campesinos/ancestrales</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Agroecolog&#x00ED;a escolar</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Visi&#x00F3;n integral</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Acci&#x00F3;n educativa</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Utilidad m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del aula</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Experiencial</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Concreta y definida</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Apertura al cambio</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Innovaci&#x00F3;n</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Resistencia</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Red comunitaria</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Liderazgo reflexivo</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>El educador ambiental</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Comunicaci&#x00F3;n</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Motivaci&#x00F3;n y criticidad</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Arraigo territorial y comunitario</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Comodidad / experiencia educativa</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>La codificaci&#x00F3;n se inici&#x00F3; con la lectura reiterada de entrevistas, grupos focales y talleres. En este proceso, se identificaron fragmentos significativos y se asignaron etiquetas descriptivas in vivo, sin referencia a marco te&#x00F3;rico previo y generando una alta diversidad de c&#x00F3;digos. Posteriormente, se agruparon en categor&#x00ED;as tem&#x00E1;ticas emergentes y se examinaron las relaciones entre ellas. A ra&#x00ED;z de este proceso, se obtienen distintas categor&#x00ED;as para cada interrogante y es lo que nos permite, posteriormente, triangular las categor&#x00ED;as con las fuentes, contextos y t&#x00E9;cnicas, as&#x00ED; como con los marcos te&#x00F3;ricos de la EA. Esta &#x00FA;ltima etapa permiti&#x00F3; tanto validar concepciones previas como identificar matices, tensiones o reinterpretaciones que enriquecen el marco te&#x00F3;rico y que vertebran los resultados en el presente art&#x00ED;culo.</p>
<p>Por &#x00FA;ltimo, cabe destacar que la reflexividad constante del equipo investigador acompa&#x00F1;&#x00F3; todo el proceso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32943-ES">Finlay, 2003</xref>), reconociendo su posici&#x00F3;n en la construcci&#x00F3;n de sentido. En conjunto, este procedimiento permiti&#x00F3; articular los hallazgos y generar una s&#x00ED;ntesis interpretativa que trasciende los contextos locales.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-12-32943-ES" sec-type="results">
<label>5.</label>
<title>R<sc>esultados</sc></title>
<p>Desde una lectura hermen&#x00E9;utica, cada interrogante se desarrolla en categor&#x00ED;as emergentes acompa&#x00F1;adas de las voces de los participantes. Este procedimiento permite reconstruir los significados compartidos en torno a la EA e identificar puntos de convergencia y divergencia.</p>
<sec id="sec-13-32943-ES">
<label>5.1.</label>
<title>&#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo es representada la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental por sus profesionales?</title>
<p>En Catalu&#x00F1;a, la EA es representada por los participantes como un proceso de acompa&#x00F1;amiento para la acci&#x00F3;n, orientado a construir ciudadan&#x00ED;a. Como expresa una participante, &#x201C;<italic>la construcci&#x00F3;n del acompa&#x00F1;amiento para la acci&#x00F3;n de la persona y, por tanto, de la construcci&#x00F3;n de su acci&#x00F3;n social y, en consecuencia, de su ciudadan&#x00ED;a&#x201D;</italic> (E1_Catalu&#x00F1;a). A partir de esta representaci&#x00F3;n, se identifican tres niveles que configuran su sentido:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Pr&#x00E1;ctica experiencial y metodol&#x00F3;gica</italic>: vincula EA con metodolog&#x00ED;as activas, juego y aprendizaje al aire libre como espacios privilegiados para vivenciar la relaci&#x00F3;n con el entorno y promover aprendizajes significativos.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Pero de alguna manera m&#x00E1;s din&#x00E1;mica y motivante, a trav&#x00E9;s del juego y al aire libre (&#x2026;) Si t&#x00FA; quieres ense&#x00F1;ar sobre el entorno natural, por decir algo, pues la manera de aprenderlo es vivi&#x00E9;ndolo y estar all&#x00ED;, &#x00BF;sabes? (E3_1Catalu&#x00F1;a).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Finalidades formativas y transformadoras:</italic> la alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica, la transformaci&#x00F3;n del entorno y la pr&#x00E1;ctica ciudadana emergen como prop&#x00F3;sitos centrales, aunque en ocasiones sin un desarrollo pedag&#x00F3;gico expl&#x00ED;cito.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Paradigmas y fundamentos de referencia:</italic> desde una comprensi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s profunda, la EA se concibe como pr&#x00E1;ctica interdisciplinaria, humanista y cr&#x00ED;tica, donde se entrelazan dimensiones &#x00E9;ticas, sociales y pol&#x00ED;ticas. Se reconoce su car&#x00E1;cter comunitario y complejo, orientado a la construcci&#x00F3;n de ciudadan&#x00ED;a activa y comprometida.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>En el Maule, las representaciones docentes sit&#x00FA;an la EA como un proceso cr&#x00ED;tico, intercultural y territorial, para la transformaci&#x00F3;n social y ecol&#x00F3;gica. Un docente rural lo expresa as&#x00ED;:</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Para m&#x00ED;, algo a implementar es la agroecolog&#x00ED;a, es epistemol&#x00F3;gico, transversal, abarca tanto las ciencias formales como los saberes ancestrales y campesinos en el mismo nivel, con la misma importancia, y a trav&#x00E9;s de eso se dan a conocer, comprender e intentar transformar los agroecosistemas, (...) un movimiento que se preocupa de que la cultura, de la. resiliencia social, que sea justa en cuanto a lo econ&#x00F3;mico (Rural_JC19MMREG_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
<p>Desde estas miradas, se reconocen tres niveles representativos:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Transversalidad y complejidad educativa</italic>: la EA trasciende la instrucci&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica, promoviendo di&#x00E1;logo entre saberes cient&#x00ED;ficos, locales y ancestrales, y vincul&#x00E1;ndose estrechamente al territorio.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Creo que los saberes ambientales deficientes (en el curr&#x00ED;culum), tienen estrecha relaci&#x00F3;n con el modelo econ&#x00F3;mico, lo pol&#x00ED;tico y lo social, ya que, si lo trabaj&#x00E1;ramos en clases, podr&#x00ED;amos debatir en clases de manera cr&#x00ED;tica y consciente la crisis ambiental que nos afecta (Urbano_JF14FPUE_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Cr&#x00ED;tica al paradigma antropoc&#x00E9;ntrico</italic>: proponiendo opciones &#x00E9;ticas bioc&#x00E9;ntricas y ecoc&#x00E9;ntricas del &#x201C;buen vivir&#x201D;, en armon&#x00ED;a con la naturaleza y justicia social.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Dimensi&#x00F3;n pol&#x00ED;tica y cultural</italic>: concibe la EA como herramienta de transformaci&#x00F3;n y emancipaci&#x00F3;n territorial, priorizando y centrando experiencia, participaci&#x00F3;n y reconstrucci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos con la tierra frente a la crisis socioambiental contempor&#x00E1;nea.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis interpretativo evidencia que en Catalu&#x00F1;a y en el Maule, la EA se entiende como un proceso educativo transversal y transformador, orientado a la formaci&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica, cr&#x00ED;tica y de acci&#x00F3;n colectiva. Ambas investigaciones subrayan la interdisciplinariedad y su vocaci&#x00F3;n de construcci&#x00F3;n ciudadana y comunitaria. No obstante, se observan diferencias epistemol&#x00F3;gicas y culturales:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>En Catalu&#x00F1;a, la EA se vincula con valores democr&#x00E1;ticos, &#x00E9;ticos y sociales, destacando su articulaci&#x00F3;n con la ciudadan&#x00ED;a activa y con la reflexi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica desde la complejidad.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>En el Maule, se acent&#x00FA;an los saberes ancestrales, campesinos y cient&#x00ED;ficos, proponiendo una visi&#x00F3;n bioc&#x00E9;ntrica y territorializada sustentada en la &#x00E9;tica del <italic>buen vivir</italic> y en la diversidad cultural y ecol&#x00F3;gica.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Ambas miradas convergen en su potencial transformador y en la necesidad de repensar la relaci&#x00F3;n ser humano-naturaleza, pero divergen en las epistemolog&#x00ED;as que las sustentan: mientras en Catalu&#x00F1;a se ancla en una racionalidad cr&#x00ED;tico-social, en el Maule se apoya en una racionalidad eco-territorial y decolonial.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-14-32943-ES">
<label>5.2.</label>
<title>&#x00BF;Para qu&#x00E9; estamos formando ambientalmente?</title>
<p>Seg&#x00FA;n las narrativas del profesorado y educadores ambientales, la EA en Catalu&#x00F1;a busca formar sujetos conscientes y cr&#x00ED;ticos. En la mayor&#x00ED;a de los informantes, la dimensi&#x00F3;n ciudadana se hace presente y se comprende la EA como una herramienta necesaria para el pleno ejercicio de esta ciudadan&#x00ED;a.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Si entendemos la ciudadan&#x00ED;a como todas las personas que viven en una sociedad, necesitas que todo el mundo participe (...) dentro de lo que puede y quiere, pero despu&#x00E9;s, su participaci&#x00F3;n depende de la EA que haya tenido, &#x00BF;no? De la educaci&#x00F3;n que haya tenido y, por tanto, de los conocimientos y de la conciencia que tenga de su entorno (E5_Catalu&#x00F1;a).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
<p>Al profundizar en las narrativas, encontramos que este ejercicio ciudadano lo podemos estructurar en tres niveles acumulativos que van del sujeto del saber al sujeto del actuar y del &#x00E1;mbito m&#x00E1;s cercano al m&#x00E1;s global.</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Conocimiento y conciencia del entorno</italic>: busca acercar a las personas al conocimiento del medio natural y a la comprensi&#x00F3;n de los ciclos ecol&#x00F3;gicos e impactos humanos. Este saber promueve la reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre las formas de habitar el mundo, favoreciendo actitudes m&#x00E1;s respetuosas y sostenibles.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Comprensi&#x00F3;n del mundo y conciencia colectiva</italic>: destaca la necesidad de comprender la interdependencia y el car&#x00E1;cter sist&#x00E9;mico de los problemas ambientales. Desde esta mirada, la EA impulsa la conciencia colectiva y reconoce a las personas como agentes capaces de proponer alternativas y transformar estructuras sociales.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Transformaci&#x00F3;n del paradigma relacional</italic>: urge modificar los modos de vida y las relaciones entre humanidad y naturaleza. La EA se entiende como motor de cambio social y cultural, desplazando el &#x00E9;nfasis de lo t&#x00E9;cnico a lo relacional, en un marco de respeto, cuidado y democracia participativa.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Acabar con el poder y la dominaci&#x00F3;n tanto entre nosotros mismos como seres humanos, como con el resto de especies y con el planeta Tierra en general. Acabar con este tipo de manera de relacionarnos entre nosotros desde aqu&#x00ED; y empezar a relacionarnos desde otros paradigmas. Paradigmas de democracia o una democracia real basada en la participaci&#x00F3;n, en los cuidados, en la horizontalidad&#x2026; (E6_Catalu&#x00F1;a).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item></list>
<p>El profesorado del Maule orienta los fines de la EA en torno a la reconfiguraci&#x00F3;n de las relaciones entre desarrollo, naturaleza y cultura. Desde esta perspectiva, emergen tres niveles que orientan el sentido formativo de la EA. Estos transitan desde la conciencia territorial individual hasta la acci&#x00F3;n colectiva transformadora:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Revalorizaci&#x00F3;n identitaria y pertenencia territorial:</italic> formar sujetos que reconozcan su v&#x00ED;nculo con el territorio y su valor cultural, superando visiones urbanoc&#x00E9;ntricas o descontextualizadas.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Ver nuestra cultura, c&#x00F3;mo cambian las responsabilidades con nuestro entorno, por ejemplo en la agricultura, y la migraci&#x00F3;n a la ciudad. Creo que mis ni&#x00F1;os no deber&#x00ED;an pensar en migrar, y si lo hacen (Rural_CP16FMREG_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Desarrollo de conciencia cr&#x00ED;tica y ecol&#x00F3;gica:</italic> comprender la complejidad de los problemas socioambientales, integrando lo local y lo global, la memoria y los saberes ancestrales mediante las capacidades reflexivas y pr&#x00E1;cticas.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Formaci&#x00F3;n para el buen vivir y la acci&#x00F3;n colectiva:</italic> m&#x00E1;s que ciudadanos obedientes, se busca formar habitantes &#x2014;actores conscientes y participativos&#x2014; capaces de construir comunidades resilientes, solidarias y sostenibles.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Un ser humano consciente y orgulloso de donde est&#x00E1; habitando, darle sentido a ser rural y no sentirse menospreciado, formar a seres humanos reflexivos, conscientes de donde habitan, que amen el campo, que sientan ese cari&#x00F1;o y sentido de pertenencia, personas abiertas de mente y al cambio, tambi&#x00E9;n a nuevas oportunidades y cr&#x00ED;ticas: &#x00BF;me conviene o no esto? (Rural_RV14FMREG_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
</list-item></list>
<p>Esta orientaci&#x00F3;n sit&#x00FA;a la EA como un proyecto educativo &#x00E9;tico, pol&#x00ED;tico y cultural en di&#x00E1;logo con la diversidad biocultural del territorio.</p>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis muestra que, tanto en Catalu&#x00F1;a como en el Maule, la EA se proyecta hacia la formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos cr&#x00ED;ticos y comprometidos con la transformaci&#x00F3;n socioambiental. Sin embargo, en Catalu&#x00F1;a, la meta se vincula con la construcci&#x00F3;n de ciudadan&#x00ED;a democr&#x00E1;tica, la &#x00E9;tica del cuidado y la transformaci&#x00F3;n de las relaciones sociales. Y, por otro lado, en el Maule, predomina la revalorizaci&#x00F3;n de las identidades rurales y de los saberes locales, promoviendo una educaci&#x00F3;n orientada al buen vivir y a la justicia ecol&#x00F3;gica desde una perspectiva territorial y decolonial.</p>
<p>En ambos contextos, se reconoce la necesidad de articular conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica, acci&#x00F3;n colectiva y sentido de pertenencia, en respuesta a las crisis contempor&#x00E1;neas.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-15-32943-ES">
<label>5.3.</label>
<title>&#x00BF;Existen elementos de la pr&#x00E1;ctica profesional que favorecen una educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental de estas caracter&#x00ED;sticas?</title>
<p>En Catalu&#x00F1;a, emergen diversos elementos pr&#x00E1;cticos que favorecen una EA transformadora, construidos desde la acci&#x00F3;n cotidiana y no como idealizaciones te&#x00F3;ricas. Estas pr&#x00E1;cticas se articulan en torno a cuatro ejes interrelacionados:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Contenidos din&#x00E1;micos y contextualizados</italic>: la EA se concibe como un proceso vinculado a las experiencias del alumnado, adaptable a sus intereses y necesidades, y orientado a resolver problemas concretos del entorno.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Espacios educativos abiertos y apropiados</italic>: el espacio se entiende como propio, seguro y flexible, que facilita la autonom&#x00ED;a, el contacto con la naturaleza y la extensi&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del aula.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Que las tem&#x00E1;ticas les parecen interesantes de hablar, que son cosas que tienen en la cabeza porque las han o&#x00ED;do en diferentes espacios, pero no tienen esos espacios de discutir sobre estas tem&#x00E1;ticas tan a menudo y partiendo desde lo que ellos piensan (E6_Catalu&#x00F1;a).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Acci&#x00F3;n educativa transformadora</italic>: la pr&#x00E1;ctica se fundamenta en la participaci&#x00F3;n aut&#x00E9;ntica, la reflexi&#x00F3;n colectiva y el aprendizaje experiencial, impulsando el cambio personal y comunitario.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Perfil del educador ambiental</italic>: caracterizado por la actitud cr&#x00ED;tica, la sensibilidad hacia las inquietudes del alumnado y la comunicaci&#x00F3;n horizontal. Su seguridad metodol&#x00F3;gica y dominio de los contenidos facilitan la integraci&#x00F3;n de otros agentes educativos, la adaptaci&#x00F3;n al imprevisto y el fortalecimiento del trabajo en red.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Sales al municipio, sales al parque natural, sales a no s&#x00E9; d&#x00F3;nde, y descubres eso, y t&#x00FA; empiezas a formar parte de eso y eso empieza a formar parte de ti, pero porque interact&#x00FA;as y porque haces cosas (P5_Catalu&#x00F1;a).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item></list>
<p>Estas dimensiones configuran una praxis educativa centrada en el acompa&#x00F1;amiento, la apertura y la transformaci&#x00F3;n, donde el aprendizaje situado y la acci&#x00F3;n colectiva se convierten en pilares de una EA comprometida con la comunidad.</p>
<p>En el Maule, las voces docentes evidencian una orientaci&#x00F3;n sociocr&#x00ED;tica y participativa de la EA, orientada a fortalecer la formaci&#x00F3;n profesional mediante proyectos y experiencias contextualizadas en los territorios. Las pr&#x00E1;cticas m&#x00E1;s significativas se articulan en tres ejes principales:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Metodolog&#x00ED;as activas y colaborativas:</italic> se valora el aprendizaje basado en proyectos, la investigaci&#x00F3;n-acci&#x00F3;n, el estudio de casos y las experiencias interdisciplinarias. Estas estrategias generan aprendizajes significativos y contextualizados sustentados en la reflexi&#x00F3;n, el di&#x00E1;logo y el consenso, articulando conocimiento situado y para la acci&#x00F3;n comunitaria.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Luego, las metodolog&#x00ED;as deben permitir que las ni&#x00F1;as y ni&#x00F1;os trabajen juntos en las mismas tareas, como, por ejemplo, labores agr&#x00ED;colas, crianza de animales, procesamiento de alimentos, labores dom&#x00E9;sticas, entre otras (Rural_MV18FSRE_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Integraci&#x00F3;n de saberes bioculturales:</italic> la recuperaci&#x00F3;n de saberes campesinos y ancestrales, junto con la agroecolog&#x00ED;a escolar, resignifica la relaci&#x00F3;n ser humano-naturaleza y enriquece la pr&#x00E1;ctica pedag&#x00F3;gica. Estas experiencias proponen una visi&#x00F3;n integral del ambiente y una alternativa al modelo de desarrollo dominante, fortaleciendo la pertenencia rural y comunitaria y permitiendo superar enfoques normativos y curricularmente fragmentados.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Apertura al cambio y liderazgo pedag&#x00F3;gico:</italic> la innovaci&#x00F3;n, el trabajo en red y el liderazgo docente se reconocen como pilares para sostener una EA cr&#x00ED;tica y situada. En contextos rurales y periurbanos, esta apertura se vincula con la capacidad de integrar reflexi&#x00F3;n profesional, di&#x00E1;logo de saberes y participaci&#x00F3;n intergeneracional.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>La metodolog&#x00ED;a propuesta en el contexto de educaci&#x00F3;n rural es desarrollar un huerto escolar-pedag&#x00F3;gico manejado con tecnolog&#x00ED;as agroecol&#x00F3;gicas y saberes campesinos para la producci&#x00F3;n de alimentos libres de agrot&#x00F3;xicos y en base al trabajo colectivo. En este sentido, la educaci&#x00F3;n rural cobra sentido contextual (Rural_JC19MMREG_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
</list-item></list>
<p>Desde este enfoque, la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente se consolida como espacio de transformaci&#x00F3;n capaz de superar los obst&#x00E1;culos institucionales y curriculares para convertirse en herramienta de resistencia, cohesi&#x00F3;n comunitaria y construcci&#x00F3;n colectiva de nuevas formas de habitar los territorios.</p>
<p>La mirada conjunta muestra que, tanto en Catalu&#x00F1;a como en el Maule, las pr&#x00E1;cticas profesionales en EA se basan en metodolog&#x00ED;as activas, colaborativas y contextualizadas, orientadas a la transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa y social. Se defiende un aprendizaje situado, experiencial y participativo, estrechamente vinculado al entorno. Asimismo, se identifican matices que, lejos de fragmentar el campo, ampl&#x00ED;an su comprensi&#x00F3;n y evidencian la diversidad de caminos para la construcci&#x00F3;n ecociudadana:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>En Catalu&#x00F1;a se destaca la horizontalidad, el trabajo en red y la ampliaci&#x00F3;n de los espacios educativos m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la escuela, valorando el acompa&#x00F1;amiento y el buen trato en las relaciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>En el Maule, adquieren protagonismo la integraci&#x00F3;n de saberes campesinos, la agroecolog&#x00ED;a y la dimensi&#x00F3;n biocultural, que enriquecen la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa desde una mirada territorial y decolonial.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Ambas experiencias confluyen en la construcci&#x00F3;n de una EA democr&#x00E1;tica, significativa y transformadora, que favorece el aprendizaje intergeneracional y el fortalecimiento comunitario.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-16-32943-ES" sec-type="discussion">
<label>6.</label>
<title>D<sc>iscusi&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>La discusi&#x00F3;n de los resultados permite profundizar en c&#x00F3;mo la EA es representada en los discursos y narrativas de los profesionales, as&#x00ED; como las percepciones sobre sus pr&#x00E1;cticas y saberes, esta emerge como una pr&#x00E1;ctica pol&#x00ED;tica, &#x00E9;tica y transformadora que desaf&#x00ED;a el paradigma hegem&#x00F3;nico a partir de la encarnaci&#x00F3;n en metodolog&#x00ED;as concretas, tangibles y vivibles. Se analizan las dimensiones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas, comunitarias, curriculares y pol&#x00ED;ticas que atraviesan la EA, poniendo especial atenci&#x00F3;n a su potencial transformador en distintos niveles de relaci&#x00F3;n entre sujetos, colectivos y sociedad. A pesar de las tensiones derivadas de la fragmentaci&#x00F3;n institucional y curricular, se ha podido constatar, a trav&#x00E9;s de las voces de educadores y docentes en Catalu&#x00F1;a y el Maule, la existencia de experiencias profesionales y comunitarias que ya operan como semillas de cambio. La EA se reafirma en las voces de los profesionales como una pr&#x00E1;ctica situada, din&#x00E1;mica y transformadora que supera los l&#x00ED;mites disciplinares para afrontar los retos ecosociales. Esta caracterizaci&#x00F3;n no emerge &#x00FA;nicamente de concepciones te&#x00F3;ricas previas, sino que se fundamenta en la agencia propia de los docentes y educadores cuando reflexionan, reconocen y cuestionan su desempe&#x00F1;o profesional y sus saberes.</p>
<p><italic>La EA huye de la simplicidad articul&#x00E1;ndose en pr&#x00E1;cticas concretas.</italic> La EA en contextos formales se proyecta transversal, interdisciplinar y compleja, que trasciende la alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n para articular dimensiones &#x00E9;ticas, culturales y comunitarias de aprendizajes situados. Tanto en Catalu&#x00F1;a como en el Maule, los profesionales la representan como un di&#x00E1;logo de saberes donde confluyen pr&#x00E1;cticas acad&#x00E9;micas, territoriales o ancestrales, visibilizando la pluralidad epist&#x00E9;mica que habita la relaci&#x00F3;n humano-naturaleza. Esta comprensi&#x00F3;n reafirma que educar ambientalmente implica una pr&#x00E1;ctica situada, cr&#x00ED;tica y liberadora que cuestiona las caracter&#x00ED;sticas economicistas y utilitarias del paradigma antropoc&#x00E9;ntrico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>) y promueve desde la participaci&#x00F3;n nuevas identidades ecodependientes e interdependientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32943-ES">Crespo i Torres, 2024</xref>). Para articularse, la EA se concibe desde metodolog&#x00ED;as &#x2014;como el APS&#x2014; y espacios &#x2014;como el huerto escolar&#x2014; concretos que integran conocimientos cient&#x00ED;ficos y saberes bioculturales convirti&#x00E9;ndose en una praxis reflexiva que repiensa la sostenibilidad m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del discurso tecnocr&#x00E1;tico.</p>
<p><italic>La EA es un espacio de efervescencia disciplinar.</italic> El desempe&#x00F1;o profesional en EA aparece como un campo en efervescencia donde confluyen saberes pedag&#x00F3;gicos y comunitarios. Metodolog&#x00ED;as situadas, a menudo ausentes del curr&#x00ED;culum, sostienen la acci&#x00F3;n ecosocial y biocultural. Quien educa construye redes de aprendizaje colectivo, superando la formaci&#x00F3;n t&#x00E9;cnica y apoy&#x00E1;ndose en el di&#x00E1;logo con infancias y mayores, reconocidos como &#x201C;sabios de la tribu&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32943-ES">Soublette, 2020</xref>). Reconocer la voz de quienes son educados supone validar su aporte a la transformaci&#x00F3;n ecosocial, fortaleciendo su profesionalizaci&#x00F3;n y dotando de sentido a una pr&#x00E1;ctica ecopol&#x00ED;tica y comunitaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32943-ES">Leff, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2014</xref>). Todo ello promueve la centralidad de la reflexi&#x00F3;n en la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa.</p>
<p><italic>La EA ampl&#x00ED;a el significado de comunidad mediante su pr&#x00E1;ctica</italic>. Existen pr&#x00E1;cticas y profesionales que defienden una EA capaz de afrontar la crisis epistemol&#x00F3;gica contempor&#x00E1;nea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32943-ES">Bonil et al., 2010</xref>). Se han identificado concepciones sobre sus pr&#x00E1;cticas que promueven una comunidad expandida que integra biodiversidad, participaci&#x00F3;n y resiliencia ecosocial. Estas pr&#x00E1;cticas se sit&#x00FA;an en el territorio, generando procesos socioeducativos donde la comunidad es agente activo del cambio de paradigma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32943-ES">Crespo i Torres, 2024</xref>). El aprendizaje se concibe como co-construcci&#x00F3;n de sentido y responsabilidad compartida, articulando saberes cient&#x00ED;ficos, campesinos y ancestrales para afrontar la crisis ambiental desde la justicia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>). De este modo, las metodolog&#x00ED;as ambientales reconfiguran el tejido comunitario, fortaleciendo los v&#x00ED;nculos entre escuela, territorio y vida en com&#x00FA;n, reivindic&#x00E1;ndose como herramienta social para el cambio ecosocial.</p>
<p><italic>La EA aborda el curr&#x00ED;culum desde la permeabilidad.</italic> La EA constituye un espacio pedag&#x00F3;gico que trasciende los contenidos curriculares, nutri&#x00E9;ndose de la apertura hacia otros modos y campos de conocimiento y del cruce entre educaciones cr&#x00ED;ticas y movimientos sociales. Esta permeabilidad genera un entramado interdisciplinario que busca formar identidades ecociudadanas. La escuela, al abrirse a estos contextos, transforma su papel: deja de ser el &#x00FA;nico espacio leg&#x00ED;timo del saber y se convierte en un nodo dentro de una red educativa y social m&#x00E1;s amplia. Si se consolida esta permeabilidad &#x2014;donde la escuela &#x201C;sale&#x201D; a la comunidad y la comunidad &#x201C;entra&#x201D; en la escuela&#x2014; se posibilita una EA contextualizada donde la comunidad deviene agente educativo. Esta propiedad nos permite escalar los problemas ecosociales concretos trabajados en el aula hacia las grandes problem&#x00E1;ticas globales, promoviendo una ciudadan&#x00ED;a que se compromete activamente en el cuidado y transformaci&#x00F3;n de su entorno.</p>
<p><italic>La EA busca la transformaci&#x00F3;n a tres niveles: personal, relacional y social.</italic> Los resultados ilustran c&#x00F3;mo en ambos contextos se busca el desarrollo de capacidades cr&#x00ED;ticas, conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica y perspectiva territorial, promoviendo el protagonismo de quien participa y la construcci&#x00F3;n de comunidades resilientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32943-ES">Pinheiro Barbosa, 2025</xref>). Dicha transformaci&#x00F3;n opera a tres niveles: a nosotros mismos, a nosotros con el grupo y a nosotros como sociedad.</p>
<p>En este sentido, los niveles no deben entenderse como una secuencia lineal ni como &#x00E1;mbitos aislados, sino como un entramado relacional que se activa de manera situada en las pr&#x00E1;cticas de EA. La transformaci&#x00F3;n personal se configura en la toma de conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica y &#x00E9;tica; la transformaci&#x00F3;n relacional se expresa en la construcci&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos, saberes compartidos y responsabilidades colectivas; y la transformaci&#x00F3;n social se proyecta en la reconfiguraci&#x00F3;n del territorio, del curr&#x00ED;culum y de las formas de participaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria. Desde esta perspectiva, la EA se revela como una pr&#x00E1;ctica ecosocial que articula subjetividades, colectivos y estructuras, dialogando con las esferas de actuaci&#x00F3;n propuestas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9; (1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32943-ES">2019</xref>) y al mismo tiempo, se entrelaza con los planteamientos ecofeministas del reconocimiento de la ecodependencia y la interdependencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32943-ES">Lim&#x00F3;n-Dom&#x00ED;nguez et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32943-ES">Mies y Shiva, 2014</xref>) como condiciones constitutivas de la vida y la acci&#x00F3;n educativa.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-17-32943-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>7.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusiones</sc></title>
<p>La criticidad en la EA ha sido y sigue siendo un elemento definitorio ampliamente abordado en literatura previa y de referencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32943-ES">2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32943-ES">Leff 2014</xref>). Esta investigaci&#x00F3;n, refuerza dicha criticidad al reconocerla en la manera en que educadores y educadoras, desde contextos y realidades educativas diversas, conciben la disciplina, mostrando c&#x00F3;mo esta se expresa en procesos de transformaci&#x00F3;n que operan simult&#x00E1;neamente en el plano personal, relacional y social. No se trata &#x00FA;nicamente de una confirmaci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica, sino de una reivindicaci&#x00F3;n de la criticidad como una realidad emergente en la reflexi&#x00F3;n profesional, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de su formulaci&#x00F3;n como ideal acad&#x00E9;mico.</p>
<p>En este marco, la reflexividad profesional se consolida como una dimensi&#x00F3;n central de la EA. Las investigaciones desarrolladas defienden la reflexividad no solo como una cualidad deseable en educadores e investigadores, sino como un mecanismo generativo de acci&#x00F3;n y transformaci&#x00F3;n coherente con los principios de la EA. Este hallazgo abre interrogantes sobre c&#x00F3;mo cultivar y sostener espacios reflexivos en los contextos profesionales, especialmente al reconocer a docentes y educadores como mediadores territoriales que facilitan el di&#x00E1;logo entre escuela, comunidad y naturaleza.</p>
<p>Asimismo, la EA se reposiciona como un acto de rebeld&#x00ED;a creativa orientado a la comunidad y no como un mero complemento curricular. En contextos de fragmentaci&#x00F3;n institucional, social o pol&#x00ED;tica, la disciplina emerge como una herramienta de resistencia que permite sostener pr&#x00E1;cticas cr&#x00ED;ticas pese a las presiones sociales, pol&#x00ED;ticas o curriculares. En el Maule, los relatos docentes muestran el uso de la agroecolog&#x00ED;a escolar como respuesta a la segregaci&#x00F3;n rural, mientras que en Catalu&#x00F1;a se identifican voces que sit&#x00FA;an la EA como v&#x00ED;a de apertura rec&#x00ED;proca entre la comunidad y los centros educativos.</p>
<p>Desde esta perspectiva, el estudio aporta una lectura situada del concepto de ecociudadan&#x00ED;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32943-ES">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2014</xref>), entendida como s&#x00ED;ntesis de dos movimientos simult&#x00E1;neos: el enraizamiento territorial &#x2014;que implica conocer, valorar y reconocer los ecosistemas y saberes locales&#x2014; y la apertura democr&#x00E1;tica &#x2014;vinculada al di&#x00E1;logo, la participaci&#x00F3;n y la colectividad&#x2014;. La ecociudadan&#x00ED;a no se configura en uno u otro movimiento de forma aislada, sino en la interacci&#x00F3;n entre ambos, tal como evidencian las experiencias analizadas en contextos territoriales y pol&#x00ED;ticos diversos.</p>
<p>Finalmente, la metas&#x00ED;ntesis realizada ha permitido aproximarse a la EA desde las concepciones docentes para identificar marcos interpretativos comunes en realidades educativas muy distintas. Si bien este enfoque resulta pertinente para integrar ambos territorios, se reconocen limitaciones en t&#x00E9;rminos de transferencia y universalidad de los resultados. En este sentido, el estudio se plantea como precursor de futuras investigaciones que ampl&#x00ED;en el di&#x00E1;logo entre la teor&#x00ED;a de la EA, las concepciones docentes y la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa en otros contextos. Al enfatizar la agencia del docente y del educador como sujetos pol&#x00ED;ticos y reflexivos, la EA se reafirma como inseparable de una apuesta por una educaci&#x00F3;n democr&#x00E1;tica y territorialmente situada, abriendo nuevos interrogantes sobre el grado en que estas conceptualizaciones se materializan en las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas cotidianas.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-ES" fn-type="other"><label>1</label> <p>Ambas investigaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32943-ES">Crespo i Torres, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>) est&#x00E1;n publicadas en repositorios institucionales y pueden consultarse &#x00ED;ntegramente de forma gratuita.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>R<sc>eferencias bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas</sc></title>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32943</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32943</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Rethinking Environmental Education through Professional Reflexivity: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis between Catalonia (Spain) and the Maule Region (Chile)</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Repensar la educaci&#x00F3;n Ambiental desde la reflexividad profesional: una metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa entre Catalu&#x00F1;a (Espa&#x00F1;a) y El Maule (Chile)</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8998-3856</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Crespo i Torres</surname>
<given-names>Ferran</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5965-8809</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit</surname>
<given-names>Felipe Jacob</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-7733</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Novella C&#x00E1;mara</surname>
<given-names>Ana Mar&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-1627</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Kong L&#x00F3;pez</surname>
<given-names>Felipe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3-EN"><sup>***</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c4-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Barcelona. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Barcelona</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-EN">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Cat&#x00F3;lica del Maule, Chile.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Cat&#x00F3;lica del Maule</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3-EN">
<label>***</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Diego Portales, Chile.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Diego Portales</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>f.crespoitorres@ub.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>fmarin@ucm.cl</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>anovella@ub.edu</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c4-EN"><email>felipe.kong@udp.cl</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
    <fpage>147</fpage>
    <lpage>172</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>29</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>03</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>This article analyses environmental education (EE) from a socio-critical, biocultural and intercultural perspective in the context of the contemporary eco-social crisis. In light of the fragmented relationship between humanity and nature, the study seeks to understand how professionals in the field perceive EE, its practice and their role in shaping eco-social identities. The research combines the results of two studies conducted in the autonomous region of Catalonia (Spain) and the Maule Region (Chile), by means of a qualitative design based on inductive-deductive reasoning and qualitative meta-synthesis. The article seeks to analyse the representations of EE professionals about the discipline itself and their role in society, to examine the educational purposes that guide their practice, and to identify which aspects of professional practice promote critical, participatory and transformative EE. The findings show that EE is perceived as an interdisciplinary, humanist and transformative field, focused on overcoming the anthropocentric paradigm and advancing towards ecocentric, biocentric, socio-critical and intercultural approaches. Major common elements include territorial integration and local ways of knowing, the use of active methodologies, engagement and the need to build community networks. Conceptions about their practice reveal ecological awareness, relational transformation, and the development of critical, environmentally responsible individuals. The study demonstrates and asserts that EE brings science together with bioculture, overcoming educational technocracy and integrating multiple ways of knowing that strengthen eco-citizenship and the eco-social transition. Moreover, it underlines the need to recognise EE as a space of disciplinary vibrancy, focused on transformation on three levels: personal, relational and social.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo analiza la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental (EA) desde una perspectiva sociocr&#x00ED;tica, biocultural e intercultural en el contexto de la crisis ecosocial contempor&#x00E1;nea. Ante la fragmentaci&#x00F3;n del v&#x00ED;nculo humano-naturaleza, la investigaci&#x00F3;n busca comprender c&#x00F3;mo los profesionales del &#x00E1;rea conciben la EA, su pr&#x00E1;ctica y su papel en la formaci&#x00F3;n de identidades ecosociales. El estudio integra los resultados de dos investigaciones desarrolladas en la comunidad aut&#x00F3;noma de Catalu&#x00F1;a (Espa&#x00F1;a) y en la regi&#x00F3;n del Maule (Chile), mediante un dise&#x00F1;o cualitativo basado en razonamiento inductivo-deductivo y la metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa. El art&#x00ED;culo se propone analizar las representaciones de los profesionales de la EA sobre el propio campo disciplinar y su papel en la sociedad, examinar las finalidades formativas que orientan sus pr&#x00E1;cticas e identificar los elementos de la pr&#x00E1;ctica profesional que favorecen una EA cr&#x00ED;tica, participativa y transformadora. Los hallazgos muestran que la EA se concibe como un campo interdisciplinar, humanista y transformador, orientado a superar el paradigma antropoc&#x00E9;ntrico y avanzar hacia enfoques eco- y bioc&#x00E9;ntricos, sociocr&#x00ED;ticos e interculturales. Entre los elementos compartidos destacan la integraci&#x00F3;n del territorio y los saberes locales, el uso de metodolog&#x00ED;as activas, la participaci&#x00F3;n y la necesidad de construir redes comunitarias. De las concepciones sobre sus pr&#x00E1;cticas emergen la conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica, la transformaci&#x00F3;n relacional y la formaci&#x00F3;n de sujetos cr&#x00ED;ticos y corresponsables con el entorno. La investigaci&#x00F3;n evidencia y reivindica que la EA articula lo cient&#x00ED;fico con lo biocultural, superando la tecnocracia educativa e incorporando m&#x00FA;ltiples saberes que fortalecen la ecociudadan&#x00ED;a y la transici&#x00F3;n ecosocial. Se reafirma, adem&#x00E1;s, la necesidad de reconocer la EA como un espacio de efervescencia disciplinar, enfocada a la transformaci&#x00F3;n a tres niveles: personal, relacional y social.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>environmental education</kwd>
<kwd>professional training</kwd>
<kwd>intercultural dialogue</kwd>
<kwd>environmental ethics</kwd>
<kwd>citizenship</kwd>
<kwd>qualitative meta-synthesis</kwd>
<kwd>qualitative research</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>formaci&#x00F3;n profesional</kwd>
<kwd>di&#x00E1;logo intercultural</kwd>
<kwd>&#x00E9;tica ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>ciudadan&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>metas&#x00ED;ntesis cualitativa</kwd>
<kwd>investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32943-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></title>
<p>The relationship humans have with nature is key to their identity. Environmental education (EE) plays a central role in rebuilding a sense of belonging and care in a context marked by an eco-social crisis and a breakdown of relationships with the environment. From intercultural, ecocentric and biocentric perspectives, the aim is to deconstruct hegemonic identities and promote biocultural practices through critical decolonial frameworks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>). Under these frameworks, EE proposes relationships based on interdependence and the recognition of ancestral roots, thereby critiquing the anthropocentric paradigm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n and Inaipil, 2017</xref>). As such, identity is shaped through eco-dependence and biocultural relationships. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32943-EN">Maturana (2017)</xref>, who asserts that an ecological niche is the relational environment in which a living thing lives, to recognise ourselves as part of the ecosystems and cultures that came before us is to inhabit them.</p>
<p>The climate crisis and breakdown of relationships with nature reflect weakened values, attitudes and ways of life that threaten the sustainability of our planet. We are at the intersection of a socio-environmental, epistemic and ethical crisis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32943-EN">Bonil et al., 2010</xref>). EE must combine place-based, relational, emotional and ethical ways of knowing to expand beyond the mere transmission of objective knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n and Inaipil, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit et al., 2024</xref>). Its role is to establish a coherent relationship between individuals and nature, thus overcoming historically objectified, fragmented knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32943-EN">Pinheiro Barbosa, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>Educating requires recognising the voices of those who educate and engage, integrating eco-dependence, environmental justice and ancestral ways of knowing. Educating eco-social individuals requires understanding teacher beliefs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32943-EN">Calafell et al., 2024</xref>) and encouraging reflexivity in order to obtain theoretical and practical knowledge that strengthen engagement in EE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32943-EN">Crespo i Torres, 2024</xref>). Fostering reflexivity in educational practice serves to bring hidden social structures to light and reinforce the collective responsibility of EE in advancing the community and integration of different identities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32943-EN">Caride, 2017</xref>). In this sense, it provides an opportunity to learn to live with otherness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32943-EN">Muradian and Pascual, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>This critical reflexive approach forms the basis of this article. Thus, a theoretical framework of EE is proposed alongside a study of its professional practice, with both aspects explored in depth through the voices of environmental educators. Based on two studies carried out in different contexts (Catalonia and the Maule Region), this research identifies common aspects in professional practice that shape EE as a transformative, engaging and critical practice.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32943-EN">
<label>2.</label>
<title>T<sc>heoretical framework</sc></title>
<sec id="sec-3-32943-EN">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>General frameworks on the relationship between educational knowledge and nature</title>
<p>All education takes place in a specific context, pervaded by cultural, economic, social, environmental and political factors. As such, all education is in some way a form of EE, as it questions the relationships between people, society and the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 1999</xref>). That said, the definition of EE as a standalone field is rooted in the Stockholm Conference (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32943-EN">United Nations, 1972</xref>) and the Belgrade Charter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32943-EN">UNESCO, 1975</xref>). The latter is considered to be the foundational document, which places emphasis on the understanding, protection and conservation of nature, together with citizen engagement. Prior to&#x2014;and during&#x2014;these milestones, other definitions have emerged from complex paradigms, which have influenced the institutionalisation of EE in a way that is consistent with and permeable to modern challenges. Among these, the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32943-EN">Earth Charter (2000)</xref> was a landmark declaration in both form and substance, as it proposed a comprehensive ethical framework for sustainable human development following an unprecedented participatory and intercultural process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32943-EN">Novo, 2017</xref>). Thus, we have arrived at a concept of EE that has a strong ethical component, rooted in interculturality as the basis of common understanding and action.</p>
<p>More recently, the report titled <italic>Reimagining our futures together</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32943-EN">UNESCO, 2021</xref>) underlines the notion that education must foster the ability to identify and deal with complex systemic issues, promoting educational environments where collaborative, intercultural and participatory efforts form the basis of learning and the commitment to a more sustainable future. As explained in the report:</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Curricula should emphasise ecological, intercultural and interdisciplinary learning that supports students to access and produce knowledge while also developing their capacity to critique and apply it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32943-EN">UNESCO, 2021</xref>; p. 4).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
<p>However, the consensus on the complex nature of the socio-environmental crisis does not always lead to apt educational responses. The literature offers a broad range of terms, including: Educating for the Environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32943-EN">Huckle, 1992</xref>), EE for Sustainability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32943-EN">Tilbury, 1995</xref>), Educating for Sustainability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32943-EN">Sterling and Huckle, 1996</xref>), Education for Sustainable Development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32943-EN">United Nations, 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32943-EN">2023</xref>) and Eco-social Education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32943-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-Bastida, 2019</xref>). Each term has its own framework, forms of citizenship, ethical implications, and methodologies. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32943-EN">Guti&#x00E9;rrez-Bastida (2019)</xref> warns, this plurality is fruitful so long as it does not result in ambiguity that cripples ecological commitment. In fact, &#x201C;it would be difficult to encapsulate the extreme complexity of this subject in a single pedagogical proposal&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 1999</xref>, p. 14, translated from Spanish). The danger comes from narrow, instrumental visions that dilute the formative density of EE and frame it as a sort of marketing campaign with catchy slogans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32943-EN">Franquesa, 2018</xref>). The challenge, therefore, lies in bringing the diversity of approaches together under a robust ethical and political vision, consistent with shaping human identities that are aware of their eco-dependence and interdependence with the living things and environment that they inhabit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32943-EN">Mies and Shiva, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>To refer to this vision of both individual and community identity, in this article we use the concept of eco-citizenship, put forward by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9; (2014)</xref>, for its emphasis on integrating the biophysical elements of the global ecosystem. And although this concept lacks a concrete definition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32943-EN">Sageidet and Heggen, 2021</xref>), Sauv&#x00E9; defines it as:</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>A kind of relationship with the world based on &#x201C;living here together&#x201D;, a contextualised and situated relationship, which implies collective responsibility over living systems&#x2014;of which we are part&#x2014;and which require skills in order to effectively insert oneself into the political dynamics of decision-making and action regarding socio-ecological matters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2014</xref>; p. 14).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
<p>Eco-citizenship is a political and pedagogical project with an ethical, critical and political dimension (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2014</xref>). Based on the needs of people and the environment, eco-citizenship must be capable of promoting a well-maintained and shared city, where citizens build their reality based on responsibility and cooperation with others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32943-EN">Lim&#x00F3;n-Dom&#x00ED;nguez et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32943-EN">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>From currents of thought to practice: critical, eco-social and biocultural formulations in environmental education</title>
<p>In recent decades, EE has been shaped as a pluralistic, dynamic field, which combines a range of currents of thought, pedagogical approaches and practices focused on rethinking the relationship between humanity and nature. The triangulation between the currents of thought described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9; (2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32943-EN">2014</xref>) and eco-social, biocultural, socio-critical and sustainable perspectives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32943-EN">Andrade da Silva et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32943-EN">Freire et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32943-EN">Kong, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32943-EN">Leff, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32943-EN">2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32943-EN">Novo, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32943-EN">Pinheiro Barbosa, 2025</xref>) has contributed to the construction of a critical, situated and emancipatory educational paradigm.</p>
<p>From this perspective, currents of thought in EE become repertoires in dialogue that hybridise to respond to local contexts and global challenges. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9; (2005)</xref> notes, EE has moved between approaches focused on the transmission of scientific knowledge and problem-solving, and those of a praxical and critical nature, which question anthropocentrism and promote relationships of reciprocity and care with nature. This perspective views education as a process of rebuilding identity, where the individual recognises themselves as a constituent part of the ecosystem, as opposed to an external observer.</p>
<p>In practice, classic currents of thought (resolute, scientific) coexist with emerging currents of thought (bioregionalist, praxical, critical) in educational spaces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>). This coexistence reveals both the tension and the prosperity of the field. Modern perspectives agree that EE must be place-based, grounded in critical ecopedagogy that links reflection with transformative action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32943-EN">Freire, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32943-EN">Leff, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2019</xref>). EE thus ceases to be the mere transmission of environmental information and becomes a political, ethical and community process that problematises the relationships between society and nature. These approaches are founded upon participatory methodologies that foster the empowerment of children and communities as active agents of eco-social and biocultural change (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32943-EN">Andrade da Silva et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32943-EN">Kong and Junyent, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Recognising each other as agents implies legitimising the diversity of pre-existing knowledge and ways of knowing. It is therefore important to restore plural epistemologies and strengthen the dialogue between ways of knowing, thereby reasserting the leading role of traditionally marginalised communities and their right to contextualised, emancipatory education that respects biocultural diversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n and Inaipil, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit et al., 2024</xref>). Consequently, emerging visions of EE require the bringing together of diverse ways of knowing, forms of participatory action and a clear transformative intention. These intersections between theory and practice give structure to a solid framework through which to redefine EE as key to shaping eco-citizen identities and as a driver of social, ecological and cultural change.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32943-EN">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title>Environmental education professionals in the shaping of eco-social identities</title>
<p>EE professionals&#x2014;such as environmental educators, teachers, municipal staff and leisure educators&#x2014;work in dynamic settings characterised by the urgency to provide a response to major eco-social challenges (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32943-EN">Crespo i Torres et al., 2025</xref>). Moreover, their work is scarcely regulated, resulting in several different agents performing educational functions from different positions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32943-EN">Soto Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2007</xref>). Against this background, professional development must reconcile theoretical knowledge, critical skills and the ability to offer supportive engagement that effectively leverages ways of knowing and learnings with a view to action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32943-EN">Crespo i Torres et al., 2025</xref>). These professionals perform a role of community support geared towards collective well-being. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32943-EN">Reis (2021)</xref>, this implies inviting students to read their environment and problematise it; to share their outrage and turn it into action through alternative narratives. Through EE, we can&#x2014;and we should&#x2014;offer other narratives in order to give visibility and recognition to different ways of knowing. And to move towards them.</p>
<p>Consequently, the training of environmental educators must evolve from technical/transmissive approaches towards contextualised, dialogic, participatory spaces, where critical reflection, inclusion and the collective building of knowledge are cultivated, together with strengthened professional networks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32943-EN">Crespo i Torres et al., 2025</xref>). This implies teaching through engagement and interculturality, thus activating skills for dialogue between ways of knowing, systemic comprehension and mediation of socioecological conflict.</p>
<p>In summary, the professional situation is marked by ambivalence between the transformative potential of EE and institutional, educational and work-related difficulties. Professionalisation, revaluation and critical education are key conditions for these actors to effectively direct the social conversation towards eco-citizenship. Thus, there is a need for institutional recognition of the profession, the creation of stable skills frameworks and job security, which will serve to ensure projects with long-term impact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32943-EN">Bonil et al., 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>The theoretical framework established reveals EE, defined through critical, eco-social and biocultural approaches, as a key space for redefining the relationship between education, human identity and nature. Through dialogue between theory and practice, it is apparent that to educate about the environment is to rebuild the relationships that sustain life.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32943-EN">
<label>3.</label>
<title>R<sc>esearch objectives</sc></title>
<p>This research combines the results of two studies<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-EN"><sup>1</sup></xref> conducted in different contexts, in order to shed light on common aspects that allow for a better understanding of how EE professionals view the discipline itself and related practice. Based on this aim, the following specific objectives are established:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>To analyse the representations of professionals about EE and its role in society.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>To examine the educational purposes that guide their practice and the frameworks of meaning that uphold them.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>To identify which aspects of professional practice promote critical, participatory and transformative EE.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32943-EN" sec-type="methods">
<label>4.</label>
<title>M<sc>ethod</sc></title>
<p>The methodological process is based on inductive-deductive reasoning and an analytical-synthetic strategy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32943-EN">Quintas-Froufe, 2016</xref>), in accordance with the logic of qualitative meta-synthesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32943-EN">Dawson, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32943-EN">Mohammed et al., 2016</xref>). Based on inductive-deductive reasoning, previous findings were combined with new interpretations arising from data analysis. Beyond simply aggregating results, we aim to re-read, compare and reconfigure existing contributions, to create a dialogue between different epistemological and contextual perspectives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32943-EN">Finfgeld-Connett, 2018</xref>). By adopting synthesis as a generative process, in an attempt to engage with complexity, qualitative meta-analysis becomes a tool for studies that seeks to give meaning to complex phenomena by focusing on nuances, depth and the contexts themselves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32943-EN">Fendt, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>The researcher acts as a hermeneutic mediator who reconstructs meanings in order to move towards broader and more nuanced frameworks of understanding (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32943-EN">Coletti and Landoni, 2017</xref>), thereby contributing to the theoretical consolidation of the field of education and to deepening its interpretive foundations. To this end, and to ensure rigour, the research team carried out (1) an analysis of discrepancies and unexpected findings; (2) triangulation between researchers, with a collaborative review of codes and categories to assess whether they emerged from the data or resulted from theoretical assumptions; and (3) a review of instances where interpretation was influenced by prior theoretical frameworks versus those where new understandings emerged.</p>
<sec id="sec-8-32943-EN">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Research contexts and participants</title>
<p>The studies dealt with in this article were conducted in the autonomous region of Catalonia (Spain) and the Maule Region (Chile). Although situated in different geographical and sociocultural contexts, they share the purpose of understanding and enhancing professional practice in EE. Both of these studies were chosen for the meta-synthesis based on four primary criteria: (1) research accessibility, as these were studies conducted by established teams that facilitated contact with participants and professional networks in each region; (2) contextual differences, allowing us to explore whether EE professionals share similar views about their field and practices despite differing regional, political and cultural realities (whilst acknowledging the limitations this entails); (3) similarity in both epistemological approach and methodological purpose; and (4) synchronisation of data collection.</p>
<p>Moreover, they share three fundamental principles: multivocality, which recognises the legitimacy of the voices of academics, professionals, the community and children as epistemic sources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32943-EN">Tracy, 2010</xref>); reflexivity, understood as an ongoing review exercise of research positions and practices themselves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32943-EN">Cuesta-Benjumea, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32943-EN">Finlay, 2003</xref>); and the democratisation of knowledge, focused on the shared building of knowledge with the participants. Both studies employed purposive sampling, combining direct contact with educational institutions and schools through snowball sampling. The inclusion or exclusion of participants in each study was based on the following criteria:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Active professionals explicitly linked to EE at the time of data collection.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Diversity and heterogeneity in the educational setting. This involved including agents beyond formal education in the case of the Catalonia study, while in the Maule Region study, a representative sample of teachers from both urban and rural environments was included.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Over 4 years of experience working in EE. In the case of participatory workshops, this criterion was rejected, and a conscious effort was made to ensure that the sample included respondents with a range of educational experience, from those in their first year of teaching to those with over 15 years&#x2019; experience.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>In addition, gender was considered an important variable in the data collection process, and all participants were informed of the objectives and scope of the studies, ensuring their voluntary participation. Written informed consent was obtained, emphasising the confidentiality of the data and its use exclusively for academic purposes, in accordance with the ethical principles of transparency, autonomy and research accountability.</p>
<sec id="sec-9-32943-EN">
<label>4.1.1.</label>
<title>Catalonia study</title>
<p>This study acknowledged the diverse range of practices that constitute EE in the region, where schools, leisure organisations, non-governmental organisations and social movements exist alongside each other. This diversity was reflected in the profile of the respondents, which included both teachers and other EE professionals.</p>
<p>Data collection consisted of three phases:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Semi-structured interviews with seven professionals (March&#x2013;April 2022).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Questionnaires were given to 64 educators and 68 children (April&#x2013;June 2023).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Participatory workshops with a core group of 10 participants (September&#x2013;October 2023), designed to foster a process of sustained reflection.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>For this article, data from the interviews and workshops were taken into account, given their interpretive potential and relevance to the dimensions explored in the research conducted in the Maule Region.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-32943-EN">
<label>4.1.2.</label>
<title>Maule Region study</title>
<p>The study conducted in the Maule Region sought to characterise primary school teachers&#x2019; perceptions of environmental ways of knowing and associated teaching and pedagogical knowledge. The selection of respondents captured regional diversity and included teachers from both rural and urban schools.</p>
<p>Data collection consisted of two phases:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Semi-structured interviews with 23 teachers (March 2022&#x2013;January 2023).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Four focus groups with 4&#x2013;6 participants. Two with professionals working in an urban setting and two working in a rural setting (January&#x2013;April 2023).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>The semi-structured interviews conducted in both Catalonia and the Maule Region have enabled the exploration the ideas, concepts and objectives that professionals associate with EE, whilst the focus groups (in the Maule Region) and participatory workshops (in Catalonia) have revealed the narratives and reflections on day-to-day practices carried out in everyday life. All data collection instruments covered broader dimensions than those specifically selected for this meta-synthesis process, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-32943-EN">Figure 1</xref>, which illustrates the connections between the original dimensions of each study and those chosen for this synthesis. Based on the data analysis process detailed below, we have focused on these dimensions and the three research questions presented in the figure. We have prioritised the development of interpretive synthesis on the disciplinary representation, objectives and practices in EE.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-32943-EN">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>O<sc>utline of the qualitative meta</sc>-<sc>synthesis process in the research</sc></title></caption>
<alt-text>Outline of the qualitative meta-synthesis process in the research</alt-text>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-32943-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Compiled by author</attrib>
</fig>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-32943-EN">Figure 1</xref> also includes the differences between each study. These differences prompt us to clarify that the research presented here does not seek to compare the two sets of data; rather, given their similarities and points of convergence in terms of theory, it aims to recognise the specific characteristics of each region and identify common understandings regarding how different professionals view EE and its practice.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-32943-EN">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Analysis procedure</title>
<p>Data analysis was conducted using an inductive-deductive and socio-critical approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32943-EN">Cohen et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32943-EN">Kemmis, 2008</xref>), consistent with the logic of qualitative meta-synthesis, and aimed at reinterpreting the meanings and representations of EE. Strategies of thematic analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32943-EN">Braun and Clarke, 2006</xref>) were combined with those of narrative analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32943-EN">Czarniawska, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32943-EN">Riessman, 2008</xref>), allowing us to identify emerging categories and to establish interpretive links between the studies. Categories of analysis used in the meta-synthesis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32943-EN">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32943-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>ategories and subcategories linked to the research questions</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32943-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"/>
<th valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>Catalonia study</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><p>Maule Region study</p></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"/>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Category</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Subcategory</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Category</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Subcategory</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3"><p>How is environmental education represented by the professionals?</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Based on...</italic> Concrete practice</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Methodologies</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Educational setting</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Action</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Experiences</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Based on&#x2026;</italic> Educational cross-disciplinarity</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Complexity</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Dialogue between ways of knowing</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Territorial connection</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Interdisciplinarity</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Based on...</italic> Purpose of EE</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Scientific literacy</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Transformation</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Civic engagement</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Based on&#x2026;</italic> Critique of anthropocentrism</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Biocentric/ecocentric alternatives</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p><italic>Buen vivir</italic></p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Critique of extractivism</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Based on...</italic> Paradigmatic representation</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Ethical and political paradigms (explicit)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Critical pedagogy p.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Community</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Interculturality</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Lifelong education</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Problematising p.</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>Based on&#x2026;</italic> Political and cultural dimension</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Territorial transformation</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Engagement</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Situated experience</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Rebuilding relationships with the land</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3"><p>Why do we educate environmentally?</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>For...</italic> Environmental knowledge and awareness</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Understand immediate environment</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Recognise issues</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Question one&#x2019;s own choices</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Identify impacts</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>For&#x2026;</italic> Reaffirming a sense of identity with the local area</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Cultural relationship</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Overcoming urban-centrism</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Sense of rural belonging</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>For...</italic> Collective understanding and awareness</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Understanding complexity</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Understanding systematicity</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Training for engagement/action</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>For&#x2026;</italic> Development of critical and ecological awareness</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Socio-environmental complexity</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Local/global + ancestral memory</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Reflexive skills</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>For&#x2026;</italic> Relational transformation</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Society-nature relationship</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Person-person relationship</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Urgency</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p><italic>For&#x2026;</italic> Education for <italic>buen vivir</italic> (&#x201C;good living&#x201D;) and collective action</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Conscious living</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Resilient community</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Biocultural ethics</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="4"><p>Are there any aspects of professional practice that promote EE of this nature?</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Content</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Contextualised</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Interesting/motivating</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Current issues</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Active and collaborative methodologies</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Projects</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Research-action</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Interdisciplinary cases</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Space</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Convenience</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Adaptability and flexibility</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Outdoors</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Community/out-of-school accessibility</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Integration of biocultural ways of knowing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Rural/ancestral ways of knowing</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>School agroecology</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Holistic approach</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Educational action</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Utility beyond the classroom</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Experiential</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Concrete and defined</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Openness to change</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Innovation</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Resistance</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Community network</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Reflexive leadership</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="background-color:#F2F2F2"><p>Environmental educator</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Communication</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Motivation and critical thinking</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Local community ties</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x0387;</label> <p>Educational experience/convenience</p></list-item></list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Compiled by author</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The coding process began with the re-reading of the interviews, focus groups and workshops. In this process, fragments of meaning were identified, and descriptive labels were assigned in vivo, without reference to any prior theoretical framework, resulting in a wide variety of codes. These were then grouped into emerging thematic categories and the relationships between them were studied. This process led to various categories being identified for each question, allowing us to then cross-reference these categories with the sources, contexts and techniques, as well as with the theoretical frameworks of EE. This final stage allowed us to both validate existing conceptions and to identify any nuances, tensions or reinterpretations that could enrich the theoretical framework and form the backbone of the findings presented in this article.</p>
<p>Finally, it is worth noting that the research team&#x2019;s constant reflexivity was a feature throughout the entire process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32943-EN">Finlay, 2003</xref>), acknowledging their role in the construction of meaning. Overall, this approach served to bring the findings together and to develop interpretive synthesis that goes beyond local contexts.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-12-32943-EN" sec-type="results">
<label>5.</label>
<title>R<sc>esults</sc></title>
<p>From a hermeneutic perspective, each question is explored through emerging categories, informed by the participants&#x2019; voices. This approach serves to reconstruct shared meanings surrounding EE and to identify points of convergence and divergence. All quotes have been translated from Spanish.</p>
<sec id="sec-13-32943-EN">
<label>5.1.</label>
<title>How is environmental education represented by the professionals?</title>
<p>In Catalonia, EE was described by those involved as a process of support geared towards action, aimed at fostering citizenship. As one participant said, &#x201C;<italic>the construction of support for people to take action, and therefore the construction of their social action, and ultimately their citizenship</italic>&#x201D; (E1_Catalonia). Based on this representation, the meaning of the concept has three levels:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Experiential and methodological practice: EE is linked to active methodologies, play and outdoor learning as a prime space for experiencing the relationship with the environment and fostering meaningful learning.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>But in a somewhat more dynamic and motivating way, through play and the outdoors... if you want to teach about the natural environment, so to speak, then the way to learn is by experiencing and being in it, you know? (E3_1Catalonia).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Educational and transformational purposes</italic>: scientific literacy, environmental transformation and civic engagement emerge as core purposes, although sometimes without explicit pedagogical development.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Paradigms and reference frameworks</italic>: from a deeper understanding, EE is perceived as an interdisciplinary, humanist and critical practice, in which ethical, social and political dimensions intertwine. Its complex community nature is recognised, geared towards the construction of committed active citizenship.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>In the Maule Region, teacher representations position EE as a critical, intercultural and place-based process that targets social and ecological transformation. One rural teacher described it as follows:</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>For me, something that needs to be implemented is agroecology, it is epistemological, cross-disciplinary and embraces both formal sciences and ancestral/rural ways of knowing on an equal footing, with the same importance, and thus agroecosystems are explored, understood and efforts are made to transform them,... a movement concerned with culture, social resilience and economic fairness. (Rural_JC19MMREG_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
<p>From these perspectives, three descriptive levels are identified:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Educational cross-disciplinarity and complexity</italic>: EE goes beyond ecological teaching, fostering dialogue between scientific, local and ancestral ways of knowing, and is closely tied to the local area.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>I believe that the lack of environmental ways of knowing (in the curriculum) is closely linked to economic, political and social factors; if we were to address this in class, we could engage in a critical and informed discussion of the environmental crisis affecting us. (Urban_JF14FPUE_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Critique of the anthropocentric paradigm</italic>: proposing biocentric and ecocentric ethical alternatives of <italic>buen vivir</italic> (&#x201C;good living&#x201D;), in accordance with nature and social justice.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Political and cultural dimension</italic>: EE is viewed as a tool for territorial transformation and emancipation, prioritising and centring experience, engagement and rebuilding relationships with the land in the face of the contemporary socio-environmental crisis.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Interpretive analysis reveals that in both Catalonia and the Maule Region, EE is understood as a transformative cross-disciplinary educational process, focused on education based on ethics, critical thinking and collective action. Both studies underline interdisciplinarity and its commitment to building a sense of community and citizenship. Nevertheless, certain epistemological and cultural differences are evident:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>In Catalonia, EE is linked to democratic, ethical and social values, and is particularly framed within civic engagement and ethical reflection based on complexity.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>In the Maule Region, the focus is on ancestral, rural and scientific environmental ways of knowing, offering a biocentric, localised vision based on the ethics of <italic>buen vivir,</italic> as well as cultural and ecological diversity.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Both perspectives converge on their transformative potential and the need to rethink the relationship between humans and nature, but they diverge on the epistemologies that underpin them: whilst in Catalonia the approach is rooted in critical social reasoning, in the Maule Region it is based on eco-territorial and decolonial reasoning.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-14-32943-EN">
<label>5.2.</label>
<title>Why do we educate environmentally?</title>
<p>According to the narratives of environmental educators and teaching staff, EE in Catalonia seeks to educate critically aware individuals. For most respondents, the civic dimension is clear, and EE is understood as a necessary tool for the full exercise of this citizenship.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>If we understand citizenship as all the people that live in a society, you need everyone to engage... As far as they are able and willing, but then, their engagement depends on the EE they have received, right? On the education they have received, and therefore the knowledge and awareness they have about their environment. (E5_Catalonia).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
<p>Looking deeper into the narratives, we find that we can break this civic exercise down into three cumulative levels, ranging from the subject of knowledge to the subject of action, and from the more local to the more global sphere.</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Environmental knowledge and awareness</italic>: it seeks to bring people closer to knowledge of the natural environment and to understanding ecological cycles and human impacts. This knowledge encourages reflection on the ways we inhabit the world, promoting more respectful, more sustainable attitudes.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Understanding the world and collective consciousness</italic>: it highlights the need to understand the interdependence and systemic nature of environmental issues. From this perspective, EE fosters collective consciousness and recognises people as agents capable of coming up with alternatives and transforming social structures.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Transforming the relational paradigm</italic>: there is an urgent need to change our ways of life and the relationship between humanity and nature. EE is seen as a driving force for social and cultural change, shifting from a technical to a relational focus, within a framework of respect, care and participatory democracy.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Putting an end to power and domination over each other as human beings, as well as over other species and Planet Earth in general. Putting an end to this way of relating to each other from here and starting to relate through other paradigms. Paradigms of democracy or true democracy based on engagement, on citizens, on horizontality... (E6_Catalonia).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item></list>
<p>The teachers from the Maule Region focus the objectives of EE on reshaping the relationships between development, nature and culture. From this perspective, three levels emerge that guide the educational purpose of EE. These range from individual territorial awareness to transformative collective action:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Reaffirming a sense of identity and territorial belonging</italic>: educating individuals who recognise their relationship with the local area and its cultural value, thereby overcoming urban-centric or decontextualised perspectives.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Looking at our culture, how our responsibilities towards our environment are changing, for example, in farming, and migration to the city. I don&#x2019;t think my children should consider moving away, and if they do. (Rural_CP16FMREG_Maule).</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Development of critical and ecological awareness</italic>: understanding the complex nature of socio-environmental issues, integrating local and global perspectives with ancestral memory and ways of knowing through practical reflexive skills.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Education for buen vivir and collective action</italic>: rather than obedient citizens, the aim is to educate inhabitants&#x2014;conscious and engaged actors&#x2014;capable of building resilient, supportive and sustainable communities.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>A human being who is conscious and proud of where they live, finds meaning in rural life and does not feel looked down upon; to shape thoughtful individuals who are conscious of their surroundings, who love the countryside, who feel that affection and sense of belonging; people who are open-minded and receptive to change, new opportunities and constructive criticism: is this right for me or not? (Rural_RV14FMREG_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item></list>
<p>This focus positions EE as an ethical, political and cultural project in dialogue with the biocultural diversity of the local area.</p>
<p>The analysis shows that, in both Catalonia and the Maule Region, EE aims to foster the development of critical individuals who are committed to socio-environmental transformation. However, in Catalonia, this goal is tied to the development of democratic citizenship, the ethics of care, and the transformation of social relations. Meanwhile, in the Maule Region, there is a strong emphasis on reaffirming rural identities and local ways of knowing, promoting education focused on the notion of <italic>buen vivir</italic> and ecological justice from a local, decolonial perspective.</p>
<p>Both contexts recognise the need to combine ecological awareness, collective action and a sense of belonging in response to contemporary crises.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-15-32943-EN">
<label>5.3.</label>
<title>Are there any aspects of professional practice that promote environmental education of this nature?</title>
<p>In Catalonia, a range of practical initiatives are emerging that promote transformative EE, rooted in everyday practice rather than theoretical ideals. These practices are framed around four interrelated pillars:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Dynamic and context-based content</italic>: EE is seen as a process linked to students&#x2019; experiences, which can be adapted to their interests and needs, and geared towards solving specific problems in the local environment.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Open and suitable learning spaces</italic>: the space is seen as a safe and flexible place of their own, which encourages independence, contact with nature and extended learning beyond the classroom.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>They find these topics interesting to discuss; they&#x2019;re things that are on their minds because they&#x2019;ve heard about them in different places, but they don&#x2019;t often have the chance to discuss these issues based on their own perspectives (E6_Catalonia).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Transformative educational action</italic>: this approach is based on genuine engagement, collective reflection and experiential learning, thereby fostering personal and community change.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Profile of the environmental educator</italic>: characterised by a critical mindset, sensitivity to students&#x2019; concerns and horizontal communication. Their methodological confidence and command of the subject matter make it easier to involve other educational actors, adapt to unexpected circumstances and strengthen networking.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>You go out into town, out into the nature park, out to wherever, and you discover that place, and you start to become part of it and it starts to become part of you, but because you&#x2019;re interacting and doing something (P5_Catalonia).</p>
</disp-quote></p></list-item></list>
<p>These dimensions create an educational approach centred on support, openness and transformation, where situated learning and collective action become the pillars of EE committed to the community.</p>
<p>In the Maule Region, teachers&#x2019; accounts reveal a socio-critical and participatory approach to EE, aimed at strengthening professional training through projects and experiences rooted in the local context. The most meaningful practices are framed around three main pillars:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><italic>Active and collaborative methodologies</italic>: project-based learning, action research, case studies and interdisciplinary experiences are valued. These strategies foster meaningful and context-based learning underpinned by reflection, dialogue and consensus, linking situated knowledge with community action.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>Furthermore, the methodologies should enable children to work together on the same tasks, such as farm work, animal husbandry, food processing, household chores, etc. (Rural_MV18FSRE_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Integration of biocultural knowledge</italic>: the revival of rural and ancestral ways of knowing, alongside school agroecology, redefines the relationship between humans and nature and enriches pedagogical practice. These initiatives offer a holistic view of the environment and an alternative to the dominant development model, strengthening a sense of belonging to rural and community life and allowing us to move beyond prescriptive and fragmented curricular approaches.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Openness to change and pedagogical leadership</italic>: innovation, networking and teacher leadership are recognised as pillars for sustaining critical, situated EE. In rural and peri-urban contexts, this openness is linked to the ability to integrate professional reflection, dialogue between ways of knowing and intergenerational engagement.</p>
<p><disp-quote>
<p>The methodology proposed in the context of rural education involves creating an educational school garden managed using agroecological techniques and rural ways of knowing, in order to grow pesticide-free food through collective labour. In this respect, rural education takes on contextual meaning (Rural_JC19MMREG_Maule).</p>
</disp-quote></p>
</list-item></list>
<p>From this perspective, teaching practice emerges as a space for transformation capable of overcoming institutional and curricular obstacles, becoming a tool for resistance, community cohesion and the collective construction of new ways of life in the local area.</p>
<p>The joint analysis shows that, in both Catalonia and the Maule Region, professional practices in EE are based on active, collaborative and context-specific methodologies, geared towards educational and social transformation. The approach advocates for situated, experiential, and participatory learning that is closely tied to the local area. Moreover, certain nuances are identified which, far from fragmenting the field, broaden our understanding of it and highlight the diverse range of paths towards building eco-citizenship:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>In Catalonia, the emphasis is on horizontal structures, networking and the expansion of educational spaces beyond school, with a focus on support and respectful treatment in educational relationships.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>In the Maule Region, the integration of rural ways of knowing, agroecology and the biocultural dimension take centre stage, enriching educational practice from a local, decolonial perspective.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Both experiences come together to build a democratic, meaningful and transformative EE framework that promotes intergenerational learning and community building.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-16-32943-EN" sec-type="discussion">
<label>6.</label>
<title>D<sc>iscussion</sc></title>
<p>The discussion of the findings offers an opportunity to explore in greater depth how EE is represented in the discourse and narratives of the professionals, as well as perceptions of their practices and ways of knowing. It emerges as a political, ethical and transformative practice that challenges the dominant paradigm through its embodiment in concrete, tangible and experiential methodologies. The study examines the epistemological, community, curricular and political dimensions that underpin EE, paying particular attention to its transformative potential at different levels of interaction between individuals, groups and society. Despite the tensions arising from institutional and curricular fragmentation, the voices of educators and teachers in Catalonia and the Maule Region have revealed the existence of professional and community initiatives that are already sowing the seeds of change. According to the professionals, EE is increasingly recognised as a context-specific, dynamic and transformative practice that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries to address eco-social challenges. This characterisation does not stem solely from pre-existing theoretical concepts but is grounded in the agency of teachers and educators themselves as they reflect on, acknowledge and question their professional performance and ways of knowing.</p>
<p><italic>EE avoids simplicity by being structured through concrete practices.</italic> In formal settings, EE is characterised by its cross-curricular, interdisciplinary and complex nature, going beyond literacy to bring together the ethical, cultural and community dimensions of situated learning. In both Catalonia and the Maule Region, the professionals described it as a dialogue between ways of knowing where academic, local and ancestral practices converge, highlighting the epistemic plurality inherent to the relationship between humans and nature. This understanding reaffirms the notion that environmental education involves a situated, critical and liberating practice that challenges the economistic and utilitarian characteristics of the anthropocentric paradigm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>) and, through engagement, fosters new eco-dependent and interdependent identities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32943-EN">Crespo i Torres, 2024</xref>). To take shape, EE is implemented through specific methodologies (such as SL) and in certain spaces (such as the school garden) that integrate scientific knowledge and biocultural ways of knowing, becoming a reflexive practice that rethinks sustainability beyond technocratic discourse.</p>
<p><italic>EE is a space of disciplinary vibrancy.</italic> Professional practice in EE is emerging as a vibrant field in which pedagogical knowledge and community-based ways of knowing converge. Context-specific methodologies, often not included in the curriculum, underpin eco-social and biocultural action. Those who educate build networks of collective learning, going beyond technical training and drawing on dialogue with children and elders, known as &#x201C;tribal elders&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32943-EN">Soublette, 2020</xref>). Recognising the voices of those being educated means validating their contribution to eco-social transformation, strengthening their professional development and giving meaning to eco-political and community practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32943-EN">Leff, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2014</xref>). Thus, reflexivity adopts a central role in educational practice.</p>
<p><italic>EE broadens the meaning of community through its practice.</italic> Certain practices and professionals advocate for EE capable of addressing the contemporary epistemological crisis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32943-EN">Bonil et al., 2010</xref>). There are conceptions of these practices that promote a wider community where biodiversity, engagement and eco-social resilience combine. These practices are rooted in the local area, giving rise to socio-educational processes in which the community is an active agent of the paradigm shift (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32943-EN">Crespo i Torres, 2024</xref>). Learning is viewed as the co-construction of meaning and shared responsibility, bringing together scientific, rural and ancestral ways of knowing to tackle the environmental crisis through the lens of justice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>). As such, environmental methodologies redefine community ties, strengthening the links between school, the local area and community life, becoming a social tool for eco-social change.</p>
<p><italic>EE approaches the curriculum based on permeability.</italic> EE provides an educational space that goes beyond the curriculum, drawing on openness to other forms and fields of knowledge and on the intersection between critical education and social movements. This permeability creates an interdisciplinary framework that aims to shape eco-citizen identities. By opening up to these contexts, the school&#x2019;s role is shifted: it ceases to be the only legitimate space for learning and becomes a node within a wider educational and social network. If this permeability takes hold&#x2014;where the school &#x201C;goes out&#x201D; into the community and the community &#x201C;comes in&#x201D; to the school&#x2014;it paves the way for contextualised EE in which the community becomes an educational agent. This approach allows us to scale up the specific socio-environmental issues addressed in the classroom to tackle broader global challenges, fostering a sense of citizenship that actively engages in caring for and transforming the environment.</p>
<p><italic>EE seeks transformation on three levels: personal, relational and social.</italic> The results illustrate how, in both contexts, the focus is on developing critical thinking skills, environmental awareness, and a local perspective, while promoting a leading role for those involved and the building of resilient communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32943-EN">Pinheiro Barbosa, 2025</xref>). This transformation takes place on three levels: within ourselves, within the group, and within society as a whole.</p>
<p>As such, these levels should not be understood as a linear sequence or as isolated spheres, but rather as a relational framework activated in a situated manner within EE practices. Personal transformation takes shape through ecological and ethical awareness; relational transformation is expressed in the building of relationships, shared ways of knowing, and collective responsibilities; and social transformation is reflected in the reshaping of the local area, the curriculum, and forms of community engagement. From this perspective, EE emerges as an eco-social practice that defines subjectivities, collectives and structures, engaging in dialogue with the spheres of action proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9; (1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32943-EN">2019</xref>). At the same time, it intertwines with ecofeminist approaches to the recognition of eco-dependence and interdependence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32943-EN">Lim&#x00F3;n-Dom&#x00ED;nguez et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32943-EN">Mies and Shiva, 2014</xref>) as constitutive conditions of life and educational action.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-17-32943-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>7.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusions</sc></title>
<p>Criticality in EE has been and remains a defining element that has been extensively addressed in previous foundational literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9; 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32943-EN">2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32943-EN">Leff, 2014</xref>). This research upholds this criticality by recognising it in the way educators, from diverse educational contexts and realities, perceive the discipline, showing how it is expressed in processes of transformation that operate simultaneously on a personal, relational, and social level. Rather than merely a theoretical confirmation, this is an assertion of critical thinking as an emerging reality in professional reflection, going beyond its construction as an academic ideal.</p>
<p>In this context, professional reflexivity is firmly recognised as a core dimension of EE. The research conducted advocates for reflexivity not only as a desirable quality in educators and researchers, but also as a mechanism for action and transformation consistent with the principles of EE. This finding raises questions about how to cultivate and sustain spaces for reflection in professional contexts, particularly when recognising teachers and educators as local mediators who enable dialogue between schools, communities, and nature.</p>
<p>Furthermore, EE is repositioning itself as an act of creative rebellion rooted in the community, rather than merely an add-on to the curriculum. In contexts of institutional, social or political fragmentation, the discipline emerges as a tool of resistance that allows critical practices to be upheld in the face of social, political, or curricular pressure. In the Maule Region, teachers&#x2019; accounts highlight the use of school agroecology as a response to rural segregation, while in Catalonia, teachers&#x2019; voices reveal an understanding of EE as a means of fostering mutual openness between the community and educational institutions.</p>
<p>From this perspective, the study offers a situated interpretation of the concept of eco-citizenship (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32943-EN">Sauv&#x00E9;, 2014</xref>), understood as a synthesis of two parallel movements: territorial rootedness, which involves knowing, appreciating and recognising local ecosystems and ways of knowing; and democratic openness, linked to dialogue, engagement, and collectivity. Eco-citizenship does not emerge from either movement in isolation, but rather from the interaction between the two, as evidenced by the experiences studied in diverse regional and political contexts.</p>
<p>Finally, the meta-synthesis conducted has made it possible to approach EE based on teacher perceptions in order to identify common interpretive frameworks across very different educational contexts. While this approach serves to integrate both contexts, there are certain limitations in terms of the transferability and generalisability of the findings. In this regard, the study is intended to serve as a precursor to future research that broadens the dialogue between EE theory, teacher perceptions, and educational practice in other contexts. By emphasising the agency of teachers and educators as political and reflexive agents, EE reaffirms itself as inseparable from a commitment to democratic, place-based education, raising new questions about the extent to which these concepts materialise in everyday educational practices.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-EN" fn-type="other"><label>1</label> <p>Both studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32943-EN">Crespo i Torres, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32943-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n Isamit, 2024</xref>) are published in institutional repositories and can be read in their entirety free of charge.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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