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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32933</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32933</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>El papel de los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos en la formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado ante el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y la educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">The Role of Botanical Gardens in Teacher Training within the Context of Climate Change and Education for Sustainability</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8936-0146</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>De Rivas</surname>
<given-names>Raquel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-2714</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Vilches</surname>
<given-names>Amparo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2340-4676</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Mayoral</surname>
<given-names>Olga</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia. Jard&#x00ED; Bot&#x00E0;nic UV. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Jard&#x00ED; Bot&#x00E0;nic UV</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-ES">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>raquel.rivas@uv.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>amparo.vilches@uv.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>olga.mayoral@uv.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
<fpage>107</fpage>
    <lpage>126</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>27</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>22</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>La actual crisis socioambiental, caracterizada entre otras cosas por el colapso de la biodiversidad, el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y la desconexi&#x00F3;n simb&#x00F3;lica y educativa con el mundo natural, requiere una transformaci&#x00F3;n profunda en todos los &#x00E1;mbitos, especialmente en el educativo. En este contexto, los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos universitarios se revelan como infraestructuras clave para promover una educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad significativa, contextualizada e interdisciplinar. Este estudio analiza el potencial del Jard&#x00ED; Bot&#x00E0;nic de la Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia como recurso did&#x00E1;ctico en la formaci&#x00F3;n continua del profesorado de secundaria.</p>
<p>La investigaci&#x00F3;n se articula a trav&#x00E9;s del dise&#x00F1;o, implementaci&#x00F3;n y evaluaci&#x00F3;n de un curso intensivo sobre sostenibilidad y cambio clim&#x00E1;tico, desarrollado en 2022 y 2023. Participaron docentes de distintas especialidades, que trabajaron de forma colaborativa para generar propuestas did&#x00E1;cticas aplicables a sus respectivas materias, vinculadas al curr&#x00ED;culo y a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. A lo largo de las sesiones, se combinaron reflexiones te&#x00F3;ricas con experiencias pr&#x00E1;cticas al aire libre, promoviendo el aprendizaje activo, la conexi&#x00F3;n emocional con la naturaleza y la aplicaci&#x00F3;n concreta en el aula.</p>
<p>Los resultados muestran una alta valoraci&#x00F3;n del curso y del jard&#x00ED;n como espacio formativo. Las actividades desarrolladas evidenciaron el potencial del enfoque interdisciplinar para abordar problem&#x00E1;ticas ambientales desde diversas &#x00E1;reas. Las propuestas incluyeron desde estimaciones de captura de CO&#x2082; hasta la recuperaci&#x00F3;n del patrimonio cultural vegetal. El profesorado manifest&#x00F3; su intenci&#x00F3;n de implementar estas ideas, reforzando el compromiso con la transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa.</p>
<p>Este trabajo concluye que integrar espacios verdes como los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos en la formaci&#x00F3;n docente fomenta una reconexi&#x00F3;n con los sistemas naturales y contribuye a desarrollar competencias clave para enfrentar los desaf&#x00ED;os socioambientales del siglo XXI.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The current socio-environmental crisis, characterised, among other things, by the collapse of biodiversity, climate change, and an increasing symbolic and educational disconnection from the natural world, requires profound transformation across all areas, especially education. In this context, university botanical gardens emerge as key infrastructures for promoting meaningful, contextualised, and interdisciplinary education for sustainability. This study analyses the potential of the Botanical Garden of the University of Valencia as a teaching resource for the professional development of secondary school teachers.</p>
<p>The research is structured around the design, implementation, and evaluation of an intensive course on sustainability and climate change, carried out in 2022 and 2023. Teachers from different subject areas participated, working collaboratively to create teaching proposals applicable to their respective subjects, aligned with the curriculum and the Sustainable Development Goals. Throughout the sessions, theoretical reflections were combined with practical outdoor experiences, thus fostering active learning, an emotional connection to nature, and practical classroom application.</p>
<p>The results show a high appreciation of the course and the garden as an educational space. The activities carried out demonstrated the potential of an interdisciplinary approach to address environmental issues from different perspectives. The proposals ranged from estimating CO&#x2082; sequestration to the recovery of plant cultural heritage. The teachers expressed their intention to implement these ideas, thereby reinforcing their commitment to educational transformation.</p>
<p>This study concludes that integrating green spaces, such as botanical gardens, into teacher training fosters a reconnection with natural systems and contributes to the development of key competencies for addressing the socio-environmental challenges of the 21st century.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos</kwd>
<kwd>formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>cambio clim&#x00E1;tico</kwd>
<kwd>ODS</kwd>
<kwd>crisis global</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>botanical gardens</kwd>
<kwd>teacher training</kwd>
<kwd>education for sustainability</kwd>
<kwd>climate change</kwd>
<kwd>SDGs</kwd>
<kwd>global crisis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="award1">
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ERDF</institution>
<institution>Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#x00F3;n y Universidades</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>PID2020-114358RB-I00</award-id>
<award-id>RED2024-153630-T</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>Agradecemos la colaboraci&#x00F3;n del proyecto &#x201C;Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Cambio Clim&#x00E1;tico y la Sostenibilidad, un estudio longitudinal de aprendizaje intergeneracional&#x201D; PID2020-114358RB-I00 financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ERDF y del proyecto &#x201C;Educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental, cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y sostenibilidad&#x201D; RED2024-153630-T financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#x00F3;n y Universidades.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32933-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>La situaci&#x00F3;n socioambiental que enfrenta la humanidad en la actualidad constituye una crisis sin precedentes en la que m&#x00FA;ltiples y graves problemas interrelacionados convergen para conformar un escenario de alta complejidad. Descrito y fundamentado por expertos e instituciones cient&#x00ED;ficas desde hace varias d&#x00E9;cadas, con un amplio consenso, este escenario exige una transformaci&#x00F3;n profunda de todos los sectores sociales y en los diferentes &#x00E1;mbitos. Uno de los marcos m&#x00E1;s relevantes que puede contribuir a guiar esta transformaci&#x00F3;n es la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).</p>
<p>La crisis global no puede comprenderse desde una &#x00FA;nica causa ni enfrentarse con soluciones fragmentadas. Est&#x00E1; conformada por un entramado de problemas que se refuerzan mutuamente: la p&#x00E9;rdida de biodiversidad, el agotamiento de recursos, el colapso de ecosistemas, la escasez de agua dulce, la contaminaci&#x00F3;n generalizada, el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico, la inseguridad alimentaria, las desigualdades sociales, los conflictos geopol&#x00ED;ticos y la erosi&#x00F3;n de la diversidad cultural, entre otros. Estos elementos &#x00ED;ntimamente vinculados tienen su ra&#x00ED;z com&#x00FA;n en un modelo de relaci&#x00F3;n profundamente disfuncional entre la humanidad y la naturaleza. En las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas se ha intensificado la preocupaci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica por la desconexi&#x00F3;n creciente con los sistemas naturales que nos sostienen. Una desconexi&#x00F3;n no solo f&#x00ED;sica, sino tambi&#x00E9;n simb&#x00F3;lica, cultural y educativa. Como advierten <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32933-ES">&#x00C7;akar et al. (2021)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32933-ES">Chu (2022)</xref>, esta p&#x00E9;rdida de v&#x00ED;nculo con el mundo natural ha sido determinante hasta el punto de poner en riesgo las bases biof&#x00ED;sicas de la vida. En clave educativa, esta fractura reclama una mirada &#x201C;glocal&#x201D; y la formaci&#x00F3;n de una ciudadan&#x00ED;a planetaria capaz de articular escalas y responsabilidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32933-ES">Murga-Menoyo y Novo, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Como se&#x00F1;alan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32933-ES">Rockstr&#x00F6;m et al. (2024)</xref> se trata de problemas que nos est&#x00E1;n acercando peligrosamente a los denominados l&#x00ED;mites planetarios, incluso superando algunos de ellos, como la concentraci&#x00F3;n atmosf&#x00E9;rica de di&#x00F3;xido de carbono o el ritmo de extinci&#x00F3;n de especies y la p&#x00E9;rdida de biodiversidad. Un conjunto de umbrales que delimitan un marco donde la humanidad puede desenvolverse con seguridad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32933-ES">Folke, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Ante esta compleja situaci&#x00F3;n, la educaci&#x00F3;n emerge como una herramienta esencial, con el profesorado en un lugar clave de toda estrategia que se perfile, puesto que tiene el potencial de generar un cambio cultural profundo. La transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa debe orientarse a recuperar la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la interdependencia entre las personas y los ecosistemas, integrando e impulsando este conocimiento cient&#x00ED;fico en el curr&#x00ED;culo b&#x00E1;sico en todas las etapas educativas. Se trata de cultivar no solo capacidades cognitivas, sino tambi&#x00E9;n &#x00E9;ticas y afectivas, que permitan a las generaciones m&#x00E1;s j&#x00F3;venes corregir las disfunciones descritas y ejercer una ciudadan&#x00ED;a consciente de nuestra dependencia con el mundo natural.</p>
<p>A la luz de lo anterior, recursos como los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos son esenciales complementos en intervenciones educativas que pretenden amplificar y mejorar el impacto y eficacia de la educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad (ES). Si bien los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos no pueden ser considerados espacios naturales, s&#x00ED; que son espacios verdes que ofrecen multitud de oportunidades de investigaci&#x00F3;n, conservaci&#x00F3;n y educaci&#x00F3;n en lugares de superficie limitada, pero con una biodiversidad desbordante. Resulta llamativo que, a pesar de los numerosos avances en cuanto a las potencialidades de las plantas en general y de los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos en particular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32933-ES">De Rivas et al.<italic>,</italic> 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32933-ES">Mayoral, 2019</xref>), sigan infrautilizados como recurso did&#x00E1;ctico en un escenario como el descrito. El agravamiento de los problemas planetarios, entre los que tiene un peso espec&#x00ED;fico revelador la p&#x00E9;rdida de biodiversidad, ha hecho emerger nuevos retos de conservaci&#x00F3;n y de educaci&#x00F3;n que estos espacios est&#x00E1;n en una posici&#x00F3;n &#x00FA;nica para abordar. Conviene subrayar, adem&#x00E1;s, una dimensi&#x00F3;n hist&#x00F3;rica y estructural: buena parte de los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos pertenecen a instituciones de ense&#x00F1;anza superior y se originaron con una misi&#x00F3;n eminentemente docente en el marco de la educaci&#x00F3;n formal (bot&#x00E1;nica, medicina, farmacia). Este arraigo universitario los sit&#x00FA;a de manera natural como infraestructuras acad&#x00E9;micas id&#x00F3;neas para la formaci&#x00F3;n y para la investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa, a la vez que como una herramienta imprescindible para la ES del alumnado de los diferentes niveles educativos.</p>
<p>En un territorio como el mediterr&#x00E1;neo, reconocido como uno de los principales <italic>hotspots</italic> de biodiversidad a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32933-ES">Hewitt, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32933-ES">Myers et al.<italic>,</italic> 2000</xref>) y, a la vez, como una de las regiones m&#x00E1;s vulnerables frente al cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y otras presiones del cambio global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32933-ES">Cramer et al., 2020</xref>), los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos representan una herramienta educativa de especial relevancia. Estos espacios no solo albergan una representaci&#x00F3;n valiosa de la flora local y regional, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n permiten a alumnado y profesorado experimentar una conexi&#x00F3;n directa con su entorno m&#x00E1;s pr&#x00F3;ximo, facilitando as&#x00ED; las llamadas soluciones educativas basadas en el lugar (<italic>place-based solutions</italic>) que promueven aprendizajes significativos y contextualizados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32933-ES">UNESCO, 2017</xref>). Esta vinculaci&#x00F3;n con el territorio potencia la sensibilizaci&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica y favorece una comprensi&#x00F3;n profunda de los impactos que ya se manifiestan localmente, como la p&#x00E9;rdida de especies end&#x00E9;micas, la aridificaci&#x00F3;n progresiva, los problemas del mundo rural o los cambios en los ciclos h&#x00ED;dricos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32933-ES">D&#x00ED;az et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Con este planteamiento, se presenta una investigaci&#x00F3;n llevada a cabo en el Jard&#x00ED; Bot&#x00E0;nic de la Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia (JBUV), en el contexto de una intervenci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s amplia con profesorado de secundaria y su alumnado, pertenecientes a distintos centros educativos de la provincia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32933-ES">De Rivas et al.<italic>,</italic> 2025</xref>). Un jard&#x00ED;n bot&#x00E1;nico universitario que nace como espacio docente e investigador para el estudio de la bot&#x00E1;nica y que ha ampliado sus usos y objetivos a otras disciplinas. El prop&#x00F3;sito del trabajo es doble y se formula en t&#x00E9;rminos evaluables. En primer lugar, se caracteriza el jard&#x00ED;n bot&#x00E1;nico como herramienta educativa con un amplio potencial en distintas &#x00E1;reas de conocimiento y, especialmente, en la formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado. En segundo lugar y de forma prioritaria se persigue la implicaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado de secundaria en activo, mejorando su capacitaci&#x00F3;n e inter&#x00E9;s en una ES utilizando para ello tem&#x00E1;ticas y contextos altamente motivadores.</p>
<p>Para ello se propone primero una revisi&#x00F3;n y reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre el binomio cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y biodiversidad, as&#x00ED; como su tratamiento educativo, para aterrizar y profundizar espec&#x00ED;ficamente en la formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado que ha de dar respuesta a los numerosos llamamientos que requieren su participaci&#x00F3;n, en el marco del JBUV. A continuaci&#x00F3;n, se describe la metodolog&#x00ED;a utilizada, incluyendo los dise&#x00F1;os experimentales concebidos para este fin (curso <italic>ad-hoc</italic> y su evaluaci&#x00F3;n) y se analizan y presentan algunos de los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento. Finalmente, se formulan conclusiones y proyecciones, se&#x00F1;alando l&#x00ED;neas futuras de investigaci&#x00F3;n e innovaci&#x00F3;n educativas, con especial atenci&#x00F3;n a la necesaria implicaci&#x00F3;n de docentes en un marco de ES.</p>
<p>La magnitud del desaf&#x00ED;o socioambiental descrito exige superar visiones fragmentadas en torno a la problem&#x00E1;tica que nos ocupa y avanzar hacia un nuevo paradigma basado en el respeto de los l&#x00ED;mites del planeta y la equidad social. La sostenibilidad, como recuerda <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32933-ES">Bybee (1991)</xref>, sigue siendo &#x201C;la idea unificadora m&#x00E1;s necesaria&#x201D; de nuestro tiempo. Hoy m&#x00E1;s que nunca, esta palabra encierra la posibilidad de reparar nuestra relaci&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza y de construir, desde el presente, un futuro com&#x00FA;n habitable.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32933-ES">
<label>2.</label>
<title>B<sc>iodiversidad y educaci&#x00F3;n en cambio clim&#x00E1;tico en el marco de un jard&#x00ED;n bot&#x00E1;nico</sc></title>
<p>El cambio clim&#x00E1;tico est&#x00E1; transformando profundamente los ecosistemas del planeta, afectando tanto a los medios terrestres como a los acu&#x00E1;ticos. Estos cambios ya han causado la desaparici&#x00F3;n masiva de especies, impulsando una p&#x00E9;rdida global de salud planetaria. Uno de los problemas m&#x00E1;s cr&#x00ED;ticos es la disminuci&#x00F3;n de los servicios ecosist&#x00E9;micos esenciales, como la captura de carbono, el control de inundaciones, la purificaci&#x00F3;n del aire y el agua, la fertilidad del suelo o la polinizaci&#x00F3;n. Cuando los sistemas naturales se desestabilizan, dejan de prestar estos servicios, lo que conlleva impactos ecol&#x00F3;gicos, sociales y culturales graves, incluyendo una creciente vulnerabilidad de los medios de vida humanos. El colapso de la biodiversidad se considera uno de los l&#x00ED;mites planetarios que ya ha sido ampliamente superado siendo el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico el principal factor de declive, como confirma, entre otras, una amplia investigaci&#x00F3;n internacional publicada recientemente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32933-ES">IUCN, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>La relaci&#x00F3;n entre la biodiversidad y el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico, como sucede con el conjunto de problemas socioambientales, es profundamente interdependiente y bidireccional: mientras el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico constituye una de las principales amenazas para la biodiversidad, su p&#x00E9;rdida, a su vez, intensifica el calentamiento global. El aumento de las temperaturas, la alteraci&#x00F3;n de los patrones de precipitaci&#x00F3;n, la acidificaci&#x00F3;n de los oc&#x00E9;anos y los eventos clim&#x00E1;ticos extremos est&#x00E1;n provocando la degradaci&#x00F3;n de h&#x00E1;bitats, desplazamientos de especies y extinciones locales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32933-ES">Beery et al.<italic>,</italic> 2020</xref>), contribuyendo al abandono del medio rural y al incremento de desigualdades entre otros numerosos problemas sociales. Al mismo tiempo, la destrucci&#x00F3;n de ecosistemas naturales como bosques, humedales, praderas o sistemas marinos interrumpe procesos fundamentales como la captura y el almacenamiento de carbono, reduciendo la capacidad del planeta para regular el clima. En este contexto, la conservaci&#x00F3;n y restauraci&#x00F3;n de la biodiversidad constituyen estrategias clave para mitigar, pero tambi&#x00E9;n para adaptarse al cambio clim&#x00E1;tico. Ecosistemas sanos y diversos act&#x00FA;an como barreras naturales frente a desastres clim&#x00E1;ticos -protegiendo zonas costeras, refrescando el ambiente, regulando flujos de agua y manteniendo suelos f&#x00E9;rtiles- al tiempo que capturan carbono de forma eficaz y duradera. Adem&#x00E1;s, la biodiversidad proporciona resiliencia: cuantas m&#x00E1;s especies y funciones ecol&#x00F3;gicas coexistan, mayor ser&#x00E1; la capacidad de los ecosistemas para adaptarse a condiciones cambiantes sin colapsar. Invertir en biodiversidad no es solo una acci&#x00F3;n ambiental, sino una respuesta estrat&#x00E9;gica de alto impacto social frente a la crisis clim&#x00E1;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32933-ES">Seddon et al., 2020</xref>). Una inversi&#x00F3;n imprescindible para la supervivencia de todos los seres vivos, superando la ruptura de equilibrios de los que depende tambi&#x00E9;n nuestra especie, con consecuencias tan graves como las pandemias y reconociendo nuestra dependencia de los servicios sist&#x00E9;micos proporcionados por la biodiversidad de la que formamos parte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32933-ES">Gil P&#x00E9;rez y Vilches, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>A partir de este diagn&#x00F3;stico, la investigaci&#x00F3;n integra de forma deliberada el JBUV como pilar de las propuestas de acci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad y el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico que se llevan a cabo, potenciando e impulsando su uso en el marco de una ES.</p>
<p>A trav&#x00E9;s de estas experiencias se promueve, adem&#x00E1;s, una educaci&#x00F3;n en valores centrada en la justicia social, los derechos humanos, el conocimiento de otras culturas y el respeto hacia la diversidad de opiniones y formas de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32933-ES">Gil P&#x00E9;rez y Vilches, 2017</xref>). En concreto, la educaci&#x00F3;n fuera del aula en espacios verdes proporciona abundantes e interesantes oportunidades para explorar y desarrollar enfoques interdisciplinares, hol&#x00ED;sticos, experienciales y orientados a la acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32933-ES">Am&#x00F3;rtegui et al.<italic>,</italic> 2017</xref>). Trabajar con impactos ambientales concretos constituye, adem&#x00E1;s, una v&#x00ED;a potente de alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n y &#x201C;despertar&#x201D; &#x00E9;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32933-ES">Puig i Baguer y Casas-Jeric&#x00F3;, 2017</xref>) que los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos permiten abordar de forma situada.</p>
<p>Los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos invitan a los participantes al aprendizaje abierto y activo, influyen positivamente en los conocimientos y las actitudes socioambientales del alumnado y facilitan la comprensi&#x00F3;n de temas relacionados espec&#x00ED;ficamente con la naturaleza y el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32933-ES">Eberbach y Crowley, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32933-ES">Sellmann, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32933-ES">Sellmann y Bogner, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32933-ES">Williams et al.<italic>,</italic> 2015</xref>). Por esta raz&#x00F3;n, hay una tendencia a redoblar esfuerzos para ampliar y mejorar programas educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32933-ES">Dodd y Jones, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32933-ES">Su&#x00E1;rez-L&#x00F3;pez y Eugenio, 2018</xref>) en estos espacios, en los que se pueden incluir tem&#x00E1;ticas variadas y vinculadas entre s&#x00ED; como la emergencia clim&#x00E1;tica, la conservaci&#x00F3;n de la biodiversidad, la jardiner&#x00ED;a sostenible, la mejora de la seguridad alimentaria, el intercambio de historias personales sobre el valor de la biodiversidad para las comunidades locales, entre otras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32933-ES">Vergou y Willison, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Para que estas intervenciones prosperen, se requiere la formaci&#x00F3;n e implicaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado, responsables e instituciones educativas capaces de impulsar el cambio de paradigma cultural y educativo que se necesita (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32933-ES">Lugg, 2007</xref>). De hecho, por ejemplo, la LOMLOE incluye una menci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica a la necesidad de una educaci&#x00F3;n enfocada hacia la sostenibilidad y los retos del cambio clim&#x00E1;tico, destacando expl&#x00ED;citamente que el sistema educativo debe fomentar &#x201C;el contacto del alumnado con los espacios verdes&#x201D;.</p>
<p>A la luz de los desaf&#x00ED;os complejos y sist&#x00E9;micos que plantea el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico -como la p&#x00E9;rdida acelerada de biodiversidad y la degradaci&#x00F3;n de los servicios ecosist&#x00E9;micos esenciales mencionados-, no cabe duda de la necesidad de integrar perspectivas relacionales, emocionales y &#x00E9;ticas en la educaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>La incorporaci&#x00F3;n del JBUV en propuestas de ES constituye un ejemplo ilustrativo de c&#x00F3;mo estos espacios educativos pueden facilitar aprendizajes integrales. En ellos se fomenta, adem&#x00E1;s del saber acad&#x00E9;mico, la vivencia emocional, la reflexi&#x00F3;n &#x00E9;tica y la conexi&#x00F3;n con los valores que sustentan el cuidado del planeta. As&#x00ED;, se refuerza la idea de que una educaci&#x00F3;n transformadora debe articular conocimientos cient&#x00ED;ficos con habilidades cr&#x00ED;ticas, sensibilidad social y compromiso, contribuyendo a formar una ciudadan&#x00ED;a capaz de comprender y afrontar los retos del presente y del futuro desde una mirada hol&#x00ED;stica y comprometida.</p>
<p>Los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos poseen cualidades &#x00FA;nicas que los convierten en espacios privilegiados para el desarrollo de propuestas educativas dif&#x00ED;ciles de replicar en otros entornos, entre ellas, su presencia global y la diversidad de colecciones de plantas vivas que albergan. Esta particularidad ofrece oportunidades de ense&#x00F1;anza-aprendizaje muy valiosas para abordar, de forma tangible, cuestiones complejas como los efectos del cambio clim&#x00E1;tico. Adem&#x00E1;s, muchos de estos jardines conservan archivos hist&#x00F3;ricos excepcionales -herbarios y bancos de germoplasma- que constituyen recursos cient&#x00ED;ficos y did&#x00E1;cticos de gran valor, poco comunes en otros contextos educativos. En los &#x00FA;ltimos a&#x00F1;os, este potencial se ha visto reforzado por una creciente implicaci&#x00F3;n de los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos en iniciativas de ciencia ciudadana y proyectos colaborativos relacionados con la actual crisis planetaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32933-ES">Miller y Derewnicka, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>A ello se suma un argumento estrat&#x00E9;gico a la hora de incluir sesiones de trabajo en espacios verdes en un marco de ES: la conservaci&#x00F3;n del mundo vegetal se convierte en un requisito innegociable para avanzar hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32933-ES">Amprazis y Papadopoulou, 2020</xref>). Esta problem&#x00E1;tica refleja una paradoja central que pone el acento en la esencia misma del concepto de sostenibilidad: sin las plantas, la vida en la Tierra no ser&#x00ED;a posible.</p>
<p>En 2018 se firm&#x00F3; en Melbourne la Alianza de Jardines Bot&#x00E1;nicos por el Cambio Clim&#x00E1;tico, un compromiso internacional que reconoce la urgencia y magnitud sin precedentes de la crisis clim&#x00E1;tica. El manifiesto fundacional destaca el papel esencial de los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos como custodios de conocimiento cient&#x00ED;fico y hort&#x00ED;cola, as&#x00ED; como espacios educativos e inspiradores para impulsar el cambio social. La Alianza subraya la necesidad de actuar colectivamente para proteger las colecciones bot&#x00E1;nicas vivas, los paisajes y la vida en el planeta, promoviendo la creaci&#x00F3;n de entornos resilientes. Con una declaraci&#x00F3;n conjunta, los jardineros del mundo afirman que es tiempo de actuar.</p>
<p>En definitiva, los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos son representaciones de la naturaleza en miniatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32933-ES">Heyd, 2006</xref>), un recurso que al servicio de la educaci&#x00F3;n puede influir en la experiencia de los visitantes, su conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza, su comprensi&#x00F3;n de la biodiversidad y su vinculaci&#x00F3;n con otras cuestiones como las amenazas de la crisis clim&#x00E1;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32933-ES">Zelenika et al.<italic>,</italic> 2018</xref>) y los problemas socioambientales que se est&#x00E1;n generando. Por ello se se&#x00F1;ala que los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos tienen una oportunidad inmensa: volver a conectar a las comunidades con el mundo natural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32933-ES">De Rivas, 2024</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32933-ES">
<label>3.</label>
<title>F<sc>ormaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado sobre cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y sostenibilidad</sc></title>
<p>Dada la creciente relevancia y urgencia de los problemas socioambientales resulta imprescindible el compromiso amplio y mayoritario del profesorado para contribuir a la implicaci&#x00F3;n de su alumnado en las medidas que se requiere adoptar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32933-ES">Buchanan, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32933-ES">Geli y Terradellas, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32933-ES">Medir et al.<italic>,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32933-ES">Summers et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32933-ES">Vilches y Gil P&#x00E9;rez, 2012</xref>). A pesar de ello, diversos estudios coinciden en se&#x00F1;alar que una gran parte de docentes no se sienten preparados para abordar estos contenidos, lo que se traduce en una ense&#x00F1;anza insuficiente o fragmentaria en torno a la sostenibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32933-ES">Evans, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32933-ES">Timm y Barth, 2021</xref>). Las carencias que se detectan no solo se relacionan con un conocimiento limitado de los contenidos vinculados en este contexto, tambi&#x00E9;n con la falta de herramientas espec&#x00ED;ficas para integrarlos eficazmente en su labor diaria. Las dudas respecto a c&#x00F3;mo ense&#x00F1;ar estos temas, junto con la percepci&#x00F3;n de no lograr los objetivos de aprendizaje deseados, generan inseguridad entre el profesorado y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad urgente de mayor formaci&#x00F3;n y respaldo institucional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32933-ES">Geli et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32933-ES">Vilches y Gil P&#x00E9;rez, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32933-ES">Waltner et al., 2020</xref>). Esta laguna formativa puede traducirse incluso en una visi&#x00F3;n desajustada de la magnitud y la urgencia de la crisis socioambiental global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32933-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a-Gonz&#x00E1;lez et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32933-ES">L&#x00F3;pez-Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>Una situaci&#x00F3;n como la descrita requiere trabajar desde distintas perspectivas. Una de las m&#x00E1;s relevantes consiste en reforzar la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del profesorado, para que se incorpore a sus centros educativos habiendo adquirido una formaci&#x00F3;n en ES que le permita ejercer en un contexto social tan espec&#x00ED;fico. Adicionalmente a esta formaci&#x00F3;n, que concierne de manera directa especialmente a las instituciones universitarias responsables de la educaci&#x00F3;n de futuros docentes, es necesario incluir tambi&#x00E9;n en este objetivo a quienes ya se encuentran en la necesidad de atender estas demandas de la ES y que probablemente no recibieron en su momento la formaci&#x00F3;n adecuada para hacerlo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32933-ES">Corney y Reid, 2007</xref>). Cabe se&#x00F1;alar que son pocos los estudios e investigaciones que incorporan al profesorado con la intenci&#x00F3;n de evaluar determinadas experiencias llevadas a cabo; pero es obvio que no incluir su propia visi&#x00F3;n limita el alcance de dichos estudios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32933-ES">Chalkley y Sterling, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32933-ES">Holm et al.<italic>,</italic> 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32933-ES">Soli&#x0301;s y Valderrama, 2015</xref>). Sin embargo, trabajos en el campo de la formaci&#x00F3;n docente en sostenibilidad han se&#x00F1;alado la necesidad de que el profesorado participe activamente en los procesos de investigaci&#x00F3;n/innovaci&#x00F3;n poniendo de manifiesto que de esta forma se contribuye a su implicaci&#x00F3;n activa en la formaci&#x00F3;n de una ciudadan&#x00ED;a responsable frente a la problem&#x00E1;tica global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32933-ES">Cebrian y Junyent, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32933-ES">Collazo y Geli, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32933-ES">Vilches y Gil P&#x00E9;rez, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>Uno de los aspectos que favorece una integraci&#x00F3;n efectiva de la sostenibilidad en la formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado es su enfoque interdisciplinar. El reto no es solo consolidar competencias en sostenibilidad, sino tambi&#x00E9;n explicitar c&#x00F3;mo ense&#x00F1;arla en contextos reales. Existe por tanto la necesidad de desarrollar su competencia, conocimientos y habilidades, as&#x00ED; como la experiencia did&#x00E1;ctica, adem&#x00E1;s de las actitudes adecuadas ante este abordaje.</p>
<p>El curr&#x00ED;culo basado en competencias, mayoritario en nuestro sistema educativo, otorga un papel central al establecimiento de marcos de referencia coherentes que orientan propuestas y acciones educativas y permiten a definir con claridad las necesidades espec&#x00ED;ficas de formaci&#x00F3;n del personal docente responsable de implementar los programas. En el contexto actual, la sostenibilidad emerge como un eje vertebrador especialmente pertinente para guiar cualquier intervenci&#x00F3;n dentro y fuera del aula. La fuerza normativa de este enfoque ha sido reconocida desde hace tiempo, consolid&#x00E1;ndose como un modelo dominante en el &#x00E1;mbito educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32933-ES">Werler y Tahirsylaj, 2022</xref>). La crisis global ha contribuido a redefinir qu&#x00E9; tipo de saberes se consideran verdaderamente significativos y necesarios, orientando las necesarias reflexiones alrededor de &#x201C;para qu&#x00E9; ense&#x00F1;ar&#x201D; y qu&#x00E9; conocimiento merece ser priorizado. El aprendizaje y la ense&#x00F1;anza con una emergencia planetaria como tel&#x00F3;n de fondo no constituyen actividades sencillas. Este escenario demanda investigaciones rigurosas y sistem&#x00E1;ticas que aborden desaf&#x00ED;os espec&#x00ED;ficos que surgen en este &#x00E1;mbito. Para que los cambios en la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente sean significativos y duraderos, es imprescindible disponer de un cuerpo s&#x00F3;lido y coherente de conocimientos que los respalde, evitando as&#x00ED; caer en propuestas innovadoras aisladas o puntuales. Resulta imprescindible que estas investigaciones no solo se intensifiquen, sino que incorporen activamente al profesorado, con el objetivo de ofrecer respuestas concretas a las dificultades que enfrentan en su pr&#x00E1;ctica cotidiana.</p>
<p>La configuraci&#x00F3;n de un cuerpo docente cr&#x00ED;tico, con capacidad para interpretar distintas situaciones acad&#x00E9;micas e integrar conclusiones derivadas de un proceso de reflexi&#x00F3;n colectiva, se perfila como una pr&#x00E1;ctica altamente beneficiosa de mejora continua para todas las personas implicadas en la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32933-ES">Tilbury, 2007</xref>).</p>
<p>Despu&#x00E9;s de todo lo mencionado, incluir los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos en la formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado -independientemente de la etapa educativa o del &#x00E1;rea disciplinar- puede constituir una estrategia especialmente pertinente. Estos espacios no solo ofrecen una experiencia directa y multisensorial con los sistemas naturales, sino que permiten trabajar contenidos curriculares desde enfoques interdisciplinares, favoreciendo el trabajo colaborativo. Su potencial did&#x00E1;ctico es especialmente valioso para el desarrollo profesional docente, ya que propicia una reflexi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica sobre las metodolog&#x00ED;as empleadas y estimula la innovaci&#x00F3;n educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32933-ES">Collazo y Geli, 2017</xref>). Tal y como promueve la Agenda 2030, el profesorado ha de liderar procesos educativos coherentes con la realidad que nos interpela.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32933-ES" sec-type="methods">
<label>4.</label>
<title>M<sc>etodolog&#x00ED;a</sc></title>
<p>Teniendo en cuenta lo que se ha venido justificando, esta investigaci&#x00F3;n se centra en el dise&#x00F1;o, la implementaci&#x00F3;n y la valoraci&#x00F3;n de cursos formativos sobre ES en el marco del JBUV, dirigidos al profesorado de diferentes centros de la provincia de Valencia y articulados como parte de una intervenci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s amplia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32933-ES">De Rivas et al.<italic>,</italic> 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>En las distintas sesiones de los cursos se adopta una metodolog&#x00ED;a activa, en la que los docentes se distribuyen en equipos colaborativos para la construcci&#x00F3;n de conocimientos en torno al cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y la sostenibilidad, as&#x00ED; como para la consolidaci&#x00F3;n de actitudes positivas hacia su ense&#x00F1;anza. Esto supone la discusi&#x00F3;n del posible inter&#x00E9;s y relevancia de los problemas que se van a estudiar, planteamiento de preguntas, la emisi&#x00F3;n de conjeturas fundamentadas, la elaboraci&#x00F3;n y puesta en pr&#x00E1;ctica de instrumentos y estrategias de resoluci&#x00F3;n, la formulaci&#x00F3;n de propuestas, etc. Se trata de una metodolog&#x00ED;a convergente con la que ha trabajado el profesorado con su alumnado a lo largo del curso y con acompa&#x00F1;amiento del equipo de investigaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>El trabajo cooperativo en el aula se concibe como un instrumento imprescindible para lograr aprendizajes significativos y un creciente inter&#x00E9;s hacia el contenido de lo que se pretende abordar, contribuyendo a crear un buen clima de trabajo con la integraci&#x00F3;n de los participantes en una tarea com&#x00FA;n y a mejorar el aprendizaje en todo tipo de actividad o contenido de ense&#x00F1;anza, en cualquier nivel educativo y especialmente en la formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32933-ES">Vilches y Gil P&#x00E9;rez, 2012</xref>) para su implicaci&#x00F3;n en este caso en la ES.</p>
<p>En este estudio, como ya se ha se&#x00F1;alado, se analiza y pone en valor el importante papel que la educaci&#x00F3;n fuera del aula en espacios verdes como los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos puede y debe jugar en la educaci&#x00F3;n formal y en la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial y continua del profesorado, empleando el JBUV como recurso educativo de primer orden, mostrando adem&#x00E1;s el inter&#x00E9;s de este enfoque para diferentes asignaturas, acorde con la interdisciplinariedad que supone la ES.</p>
<sec id="sec-5-32933-ES">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Dise&#x00F1;o de los cursos</title>
<p>Conviene se&#x00F1;alar que estos cursos formativos constituyen una oportunidad para consolidar y profundizar una propuesta que se viene realizando a lo largo de los cursos escolares en que se pusieron en marcha, como apoyo e impulso de una l&#x00ED;nea de trabajo en los centros educativos que se implicaron y su profesorado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32933-ES">De Rivas et al.<italic>,</italic> 2025</xref>). La intenci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica trata de generar propuestas concretas de aprendizaje en las que el profesorado pueda incluir la utilizaci&#x00F3;n del JBUV.</p>
<p>Las dos ediciones del curso, que lleva por t&#x00ED;tulo: &#x201C;El papel de los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos en la formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado ante el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y la educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad&#x201D;, se realizaron en el JBUV, a finales del mes de junio de 2022 y a principios de julio de 2023 respectivamente, con una duraci&#x00F3;n aproximada de cinco horas.</p>
<p>En s&#x00ED;ntesis, el curso se dise&#x00F1;&#x00F3; con los objetivos de (i) profundizar en la comprensi&#x00F3;n docente de la interrelaci&#x00F3;n entre biodiversidad, cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y sostenibilidad; (ii) capacitar al profesorado para integrar estos contenidos en sus programaciones a trav&#x00E9;s de propuestas interdisciplinares; y (iii) fomentar el uso del JBUV como recurso did&#x00E1;ctico para desarrollar competencias vinculadas a una educaci&#x00F3;n contextualizada y experiencial. Los contenidos abordaron, de manera progresiva, la crisis socioambiental actual, los fundamentos cient&#x00ED;ficos del cambio clim&#x00E1;tico, la relevancia de la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosist&#x00E9;micos, y las posibilidades did&#x00E1;cticas de los espacios verdes en la educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria. La metodolog&#x00ED;a, coherente con estos prop&#x00F3;sitos, combin&#x00F3; sesiones de reflexi&#x00F3;n, din&#x00E1;micas colaborativas y un itinerario formativo en el jard&#x00ED;n, donde se desarrollaron actividades aplicadas -como la estimaci&#x00F3;n de biomasa de un &#x00E1;rbol, el an&#x00E1;lisis de especies o la interpretaci&#x00F3;n de elementos patrimoniales- orientadas a promover aprendizajes significativos y transferibles al aula. La evaluaci&#x00F3;n del curso se llev&#x00F3; a cabo mediante un cuestionario que inclu&#x00ED;a &#x00ED;tems cuantitativos y cualitativos para valorar la utilidad percibida, la comprensi&#x00F3;n de los contenidos, la pertinencia de las actividades y el potencial del jard&#x00ED;n como recurso educativo. Este dise&#x00F1;o articul&#x00F3; de forma expl&#x00ED;cita la relaci&#x00F3;n entre metodolog&#x00ED;a, actividades y resultados de aprendizaje esperados, de modo que cada fase del curso contribuyera al desarrollo de capacidades docentes para contextualizar la ense&#x00F1;anza, dise&#x00F1;ar propuestas interdisciplinares y potenciar la alfabetizaci&#x00F3;n del alumnado.</p>
<p>Se comienza con una reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre los objetivos y contenidos del curso (punto 2). Tras ella, se plantea un intercambio con el fin de revisar los temas abordados en las actividades llevadas a cabo a lo largo del curso acad&#x00E9;mico correspondiente, en torno a la sostenibilidad y el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico (punto 3), adem&#x00E1;s dar a conocer el JBUV como recurso educativo en ES. Es de esperar que el profesorado detecte aqu&#x00ED; las numerosas oportunidades que existen en el curr&#x00ED;culo de secundaria de las diferentes materias, para concretar un trabajo fuera del aula en el contexto propuesto. La visita (punto 5) se realiza siguiendo un itinerario en el que se abordan algunas de las ideas consideradas m&#x00E1;s importantes para entender la crisis clim&#x00E1;tica, sus causas y consecuencias. Con el trabajo posterior de los equipos se busca favorecer que se vayan se&#x00F1;alando y comentando los contenidos que se pueden abordar en las materias que imparten, vinculados a ubicaciones espec&#x00ED;ficas e integrados en una actividad completa. Por &#x00FA;ltimo (punto 6) ya en aula se realiza la puesta en com&#x00FA;n y valoraci&#x00F3;n del trabajo realizado.</p>
<p>En el trabajo por grupos los asistentes se organizan en equipos colaborativos integrados por docentes que comparten &#x00E1;reas disciplinares en general.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32933-ES">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Muestra</title>
<p>En las dos ediciones del curso, participan un total de 57 docentes en activo (36 mujeres y 21 hombres) con una experiencia laboral media de 15 a&#x00F1;os. El profesorado asistente ha sido seleccionado por conveniencia al formar parte del grupo de docentes que ha participado a lo largo de los cursos en un proyecto de investigaci&#x00F3;n en torno al cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y la ES, en el que estaban implicados 14 centros educativos de secundaria interesados por la problem&#x00E1;tica socioambiental.</p>
<p>Las materias que imparten son: Biolog&#x00ED;a y Geolog&#x00ED;a, F&#x00ED;sica y Qu&#x00ED;mica, Matem&#x00E1;ticas, Lat&#x00ED;n, Geograf&#x00ED;a e Historia, M&#x00FA;sica, Educaci&#x00F3;n F&#x00ED;sica, Tecnolog&#x00ED;a, Dibujo, Filosof&#x00ED;a, Ingl&#x00E9;s, Lengua y Literatura, Franc&#x00E9;s, Cultura Cl&#x00E1;sica, Valenciano, Econom&#x00ED;a, Cultura Cient&#x00ED;fica y Griego.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32933-ES">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title>Instrumento y recogida de informaci&#x00F3;n</title>
<p>Para la evaluaci&#x00F3;n del curso se utiliz&#x00F3; un cuestionario validado por expertos, compuesto por tres &#x00ED;tems de respuesta cerrada en escala Likert (1-10) destinados a valorar la utilidad percibida, la pertinencia de las actividades y la adecuaci&#x00F3;n de la metodolog&#x00ED;a, junto con una pregunta abierta orientada a recoger comentarios cualitativos sobre la experiencia. Se realiz&#x00F3; de forma an&#x00F3;nima al finalizar cada edici&#x00F3;n del curso mediante un formulario digital, lo que garantiz&#x00F3; una elevada tasa de respuesta. Para el an&#x00E1;lisis de los datos, las valoraciones cuantitativas se procesaron mediante estad&#x00ED;sticos descriptivos simples (frecuencias y porcentajes), mientras que las respuestas abiertas fueron objeto de una categorizaci&#x00F3;n tem&#x00E1;tica en torno a la aplicabilidad de las propuestas, el valor del JBUV como recurso educativo, la relevancia de los contenidos y las sugerencias de mejora. Este procedimiento permiti&#x00F3; complementar la informaci&#x00F3;n num&#x00E9;rica con una comprensi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s rica y matizada de las percepciones del profesorado.</p>
<boxed-text>
<caption><title>Cuestionario</title></caption>
<p>El siguiente cuestionario aborda diferentes aspectos del curso en el que has participado. Agradecemos tu colaboraci&#x00F3;n, tu opini&#x00F3;n resultar&#x00E1; de gran ayuda para enriquecer y reorientar en su caso aquellas actuaciones que lo precisen. Justifica la respuesta en todos los casos.</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Valora de 1 a 10 de forma global el curso (siendo 1: No me ha gustado nada y 10: Me ha gustado mucho)</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Valora la metodolog&#x00ED;a utilizada</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Valora la utilidad del curso para comprender el papel del Jard&#x00ED;n Bot&#x00E1;nico y de los espacios naturales en general para el estudio del cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y la educaci&#x00F3;n ciudadana para la sostenibilidad</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Comentarios que justifican tu valoraci&#x00F3;n y sugerencias</p></list-item>
</list>
</boxed-text>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32933-ES" sec-type="results">
<label>5.</label>
<title>R<sc>esultados</sc></title>
<p>La discusi&#x00F3;n de los objetivos del curso al inicio de la jornada (punto 2) se&#x00F1;ala que es una herramienta &#x00FA;til por su contribuci&#x00F3;n a profundizar en el trabajo previo que el profesorado hab&#x00ED;a realizado en sus centros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32933-ES">De Rivas et al.<italic>,</italic> 2025</xref>), compartiendo experiencias y opiniones sobre la propuesta. Esta contextualizaci&#x00F3;n pone de manifiesto la importancia de vincularse a proyectos en los que se cuenta con la orientaci&#x00F3;n y gu&#x00ED;a de un equipo investigador, a la vez que se garantiza que el punto de vista y los intereses del profesorado participante queda integrado desde el principio por su papel activo y protagonista.</p>
<p>La siguiente sesi&#x00F3;n (punto 3) ha permitido al profesorado detectar que son numerosas las oportunidades que existen para concretar un trabajo fuera del aula en el contexto propuesto, siendo consciente de que ello requiere sesiones de preparaci&#x00F3;n previas y de continuaci&#x00F3;n posteriores. Entre los ejemplos compartidos, se propuso utilizar trigonometr&#x00ED;a para calcular la altura de los &#x00E1;rboles, as&#x00ED; como la masa y la cantidad de carbono que contienen; se destac&#x00F3; la importancia del uso de textos que aborden cuestiones relacionadas con los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos, su importancia en la educaci&#x00F3;n ciudadana y su evoluci&#x00F3;n a lo largo de la historia, entre otras.</p>
<p>En la siguiente sesi&#x00F3;n (punto 5), el trabajo en grupos en el jard&#x00ED;n exterior se propone a trav&#x00E9;s de un itinerario consensuado entre los asistentes y el equipo investigador que se concibe para tratar aspectos esenciales sobre el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico a la vez que reflexionar sobre la necesidad de conservar y proteger la biodiversidad vegetal, profundizando en la absoluta dependencia que el ser humano tiene de ecosistemas sanos y equilibrados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32933-ES">De Rivas, 2024</xref>). En cada parada se comentan los contenidos que se pueden tratar y las materias con las que se podr&#x00ED;an vincular. Se pone de manifiesto que dichos contenidos son amplios y tienen un car&#x00E1;cter interdisciplinar, por lo que cada docente en funci&#x00F3;n del departamento did&#x00E1;ctico y la materia que trabaja puede adaptarlos y abordarlos desde el punto de vista que interese y mejor se alinee con el curr&#x00ED;culo. Este marco facilita la posterior concreci&#x00F3;n y profundizaci&#x00F3;n en los equipos.</p>
<p>El trabajo en los grupos culmina con la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de una propuesta para trabajar la ES y el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico aprovechando la visita al jard&#x00ED;n u otros espacios verdes accesibles para los centros educativos. Tras un tiempo de reflexi&#x00F3;n, cada equipo presenta su propuesta al resto de asistentes en un debate enriquecedor que evidencia la posibilidad y oportunidad de utilizar estos espacios para el tratamiento de la crisis global. Por ejemplo, un grupo del &#x00E1;mbito cient&#x00ED;fico propuso una actividad para F&#x00ED;sica y Qu&#x00ED;mica de 3&#x00BA; de la Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) con el objetivo de estimar cu&#x00E1;ntos jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos se necesitar&#x00ED;an para absorber todo el CO<sub>2</sub> que genera la ciudad de Valencia. Otro de los grupos del &#x00E1;mbito ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;stico propuso una actividad dirigida a 1&#x00BA; de la ESO para vincular la conservaci&#x00F3;n de la biodiversidad vegetal con la recuperaci&#x00F3;n del patrimonio cultural de pueblos y comunidades. Al cierre de la sesi&#x00F3;n, varios asistentes manifestaron su compromiso de implementar sus propuestas durante el curso 2023-2024.</p>
<p>La &#x00FA;ltima parte del curso se dedic&#x00F3; a sistematizar las ideas principales y conclusiones a las que se hab&#x00ED;a ido llegando a lo largo de la jornada; en conjunto, se confirma la pertinencia y necesidad de incluir en la educaci&#x00F3;n formal propuestas de intervenci&#x00F3;n como las mencionadas, preferentemente fuera del aula y en espacios verdes, como son tambi&#x00E9;n los huertos escolares, recursos did&#x00E1;cticos motivadores que contribuyen a generar entornos de aprendizaje &#x00FA;tiles en la puesta en marcha de metodolog&#x00ED;as activas para la adquisici&#x00F3;n de competencias en materia de sostenibilidad. Estas propuestas deber&#x00E1;n evaluarse tras su implementaci&#x00F3;n en el marco de un proceso de reflexi&#x00F3;n, investigaci&#x00F3;n e innovaci&#x00F3;n orientado a responder de forma adecuada a las necesidades formativas del personal docente y al proceso de ense&#x00F1;anza-aprendizaje al que pretenden aportar valor.</p>
<p>Al finalizar se administra el cuestionario ya mencionado con el objetivo de evaluar la utilidad de la actividad de formaci&#x00F3;n planteada, a la vez que recoger posibles sugerencias de mejora o reorientaci&#x00F3;n. La <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32933-ES">Tabla 1</xref> recoge las valoraciones de los tres primeros &#x00ED;tems (escala 1-10).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32933-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>R<sc>esultados para los &#x00ED;tems</sc> 1, 2 <sc>y</sc> 3 <sc>del cuestionario de evaluaci&#x00F3;n</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32933-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="60%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>N = 57</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>7</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>8</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>9</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>10</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>1. Valora de 1 a 10 de forma global el curso</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>30 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>60 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2. Valora la metodolog&#x00ED;a utilizada</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>70 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>3. Valora la utilidad del curso para comprender el papel del Jard&#x00ED;n Bot&#x00E1;nico</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>5 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>15 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>80 %</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>El &#x00ED;tem 4 destinado a recoger de forma abierta comentarios y sugerencias de los participantes, confirma las valoraciones num&#x00E9;ricas tan positivas. A modo de ejemplo ilustrativo, se incluyen a continuaci&#x00F3;n algunas observaciones:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x201C;Dar recursos al profesorado para poder trabajar en las aulas el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico desde las diferentes &#x00E1;reas/materias es imprescindible para generar un cambio en nuestra sociedad a trav&#x00E9;s del alumnado. Me ha parecido un curso formativo muy interesante que deber&#x00ED;a repetirse a&#x00F1;o a a&#x00F1;o ampliando sus contenidos y profundizando en cuestiones clave para mitigar la emergencia clim&#x00E1;tica&#x201D;.</p>
<p>&#x201C;Creo que el jard&#x00ED;n es un recurso inmejorable para trabajar cualquier disciplina. En &#x00E9;l se pueden desarrollar infinidad de proyectos&#x201D;.</p>
<p>&#x201C;Creo que la informaci&#x00F3;n ha sido precisa y &#x00FA;til. Los especialistas han conseguido captar plenamente la atenci&#x00F3;n y el trabajo en grupo muy acertado&#x201D;.</p>
<p>&#x201C;El trabajo en grupos me ha parecido interesante para darle forma a las ideas que nos han surgido a lo largo de la ma&#x00F1;ana y para fomentar el uso del Jard&#x00ED;n y del contenido sobre el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico en las diferentes asignaturas. Adem&#x00E1;s, me ha parecido muy gratificante escuchar las respuestas del resto de grupos, especialmente al haber asignaturas tan dispares&#x201D;.</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32933-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>6.</label>
<title>A<sc>lgunas conclusiones y perspectivas</sc></title>
<p>Los resultados de esta investigaci&#x00F3;n evidencian la oportunidad y el potencial del JBUV como recurso educativo clave en el marco de una ES con profesorado de secundaria. La integraci&#x00F3;n de espacios verdes como este en procesos formativos no solo promueve el abordaje interdisciplinar de problem&#x00E1;ticas urgentes, sino que adem&#x00E1;s contribuye a una experiencia educativa significativa y transformadora. La participaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado en la construcci&#x00F3;n de propuestas did&#x00E1;cticas concretas -vinculadas a sus respectivas materias- se constata que favorece el desarrollo de nuevas miradas y enfoques did&#x00E1;cticos centrados en la conexi&#x00F3;n con el entorno y el mundo natural.</p>
<p>La elevada valoraci&#x00F3;n del curso por parte del profesorado participante, as&#x00ED; como la variedad y riqueza de las propuestas elaboradas, permiten inferir que este tipo de intervenciones formativas puede contribuir significativamente al fortalecimiento de las competencias profesionales del profesorado en materia de sostenibilidad. Adem&#x00E1;s, seg&#x00FA;n indican los asistentes, la metodolog&#x00ED;a activa, colaborativa y contextualizada ha mostrado que puede contribuir a generar implicaci&#x00F3;n, motivaci&#x00F3;n y compromiso con la transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa que exige la actual crisis global. Conviene se&#x00F1;alar que el profesorado participante ten&#x00ED;a, como es l&#x00F3;gico, motivaciones e intereses de distinta naturaleza, lo que ha supuesto en ocasiones una dificultad y un reto en el trabajo que se estaba llevando a cabo en los cursos<italic>.</italic> Ahora bien, la falta de experiencias formativas previas en este &#x00E1;mbito sigue siendo un obst&#x00E1;culo, por lo que se refuerza la necesidad de ampliar y dar continuidad a este tipo de iniciativas tanto en la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial como continua del profesorado.</p>
<p>Una de las aportaciones m&#x00E1;s relevantes de esta propuesta reside precisamente en su capacidad para facilitar una reconexi&#x00F3;n profunda con el mundo natural. La experiencia directa en un espacio como un jard&#x00ED;n bot&#x00E1;nico trasciende la comprensi&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica de los contenidos abordados, promoviendo a la vez un v&#x00ED;nculo emocional y afectivo con los ecosistemas de los que dependemos y formamos parte.</p>
<p>En conjunto, esta articulaci&#x00F3;n entre teor&#x00ED;a y pr&#x00E1;ctica refuerza la coherencia del estudio y evidencia c&#x00F3;mo la fundamentaci&#x00F3;n conceptual orienta y sostiene cada componente de la experiencia formativa.</p>
<p>Desde una perspectiva de futuro, este trabajo abre diversas l&#x00ED;neas de actuaci&#x00F3;n e investigaci&#x00F3;n. En primer lugar, se plantea la conveniencia de sistematizar y hacer seguimiento de las propuestas desarrolladas por los equipos docentes tras el curso, con el fin de evaluar su implementaci&#x00F3;n en los centros educativos y el impacto en el alumnado. En segundo lugar, resulta imprescindible generar redes de colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos, universidades, administraciones educativas y centros escolares para consolidar una cultura favorable al uso de estos espacios como entornos de aprendizaje. Asimismo, ser&#x00ED;a de gran inter&#x00E9;s incorporar la perspectiva del alumnado en futuras investigaciones, para valorar su percepci&#x00F3;n y experiencia en relaci&#x00F3;n con este tipo de enfoques.</p>
<p>En definitiva, esta investigaci&#x00F3;n refuerza la idea de que los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos no son &#x00FA;nicamente reservorios de biodiversidad o espacios de contemplaci&#x00F3;n, sino que pueden y deben convertirse en aliados estrat&#x00E9;gicos para la educaci&#x00F3;n del siglo XXI. Su inclusi&#x00F3;n en programas de formaci&#x00F3;n docente representa una oportunidad ineludible para avanzar hacia una escuela comprometida con los desaf&#x00ED;os contempor&#x00E1;neos, integrando los ODS y los contenidos curriculares desde una perspectiva transformadora y situada.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-ES" fn-type="financial-disclosure">
<p><bold>F<sc>inanciaci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></p>
<p>Agradecemos la colaboraci&#x00F3;n del proyecto &#x201C;Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Cambio Clim&#x00E1;tico y la Sostenibilidad, un estudio longitudinal de aprendizaje intergeneracional&#x201D; PID2020-114358RB-I00 financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ERDF y del proyecto &#x201C;Educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental, cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y sostenibilidad&#x201D; RED2024-153630-T financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#x00F3;n y Universidades.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>R<sc>eferencias bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas</sc></title>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32933</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32933</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>The Role of Botanical Gardens in Teacher Training within the Context of Climate Change and Education for Sustainability</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">El papel de los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos en la formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado ante el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y la educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8936-0146</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>De Rivas</surname>
<given-names>Raquel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-2714</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Vilches</surname>
<given-names>Amparo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2340-4676</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Mayoral</surname>
<given-names>Olga</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia. Jard&#x00ED; Bot&#x00E0;nic UV. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Jard&#x00ED; Bot&#x00E0;nic UV</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-EN">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>raquel.rivas@uv.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>amparo.vilches@uv.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>olga.mayoral@uv.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
    <fpage>107</fpage>
    <lpage>126</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>27</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>22</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The current socio-environmental crisis, characterised, among other things, by the collapse of biodiversity, climate change, and an increasing symbolic and educational disconnection from the natural world, requires profound transformation across all areas, especially education. In this context, university botanical gardens emerge as key infrastructures for promoting meaningful, contextualised, and interdisciplinary education for sustainability. This study analyses the potential of the Botanical Garden of the University of Valencia as a teaching resource for the professional development of secondary school teachers.</p>
<p>The research is structured around the design, implementation, and evaluation of an intensive course on sustainability and climate change, carried out in 2022 and 2023. Teachers from different subject areas participated, working collaboratively to create teaching proposals applicable to their respective subjects, aligned with the curriculum and the Sustainable Development Goals. Throughout the sessions, theoretical reflections were combined with practical outdoor experiences, thus fostering active learning, an emotional connection to nature, and practical classroom application.</p>
<p>The results show a high appreciation of the course and the garden as an educational space. The activities carried out demonstrated the potential of an interdisciplinary approach to address environmental issues from different perspectives. The proposals ranged from estimating CO&#x2082; sequestration to the recovery of plant cultural heritage. The teachers expressed their intention to implement these ideas, thereby reinforcing their commitment to educational transformation.</p>
<p>This study concludes that integrating green spaces, such as botanical gardens, into teacher training fosters a reconnection with natural systems and contributes to the development of key competencies for addressing the socio-environmental challenges of the 21st century.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>La actual crisis socioambiental, caracterizada entre otras cosas por el colapso de la biodiversidad, el cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y la desconexi&#x00F3;n simb&#x00F3;lica y educativa con el mundo natural, requiere una transformaci&#x00F3;n profunda en todos los &#x00E1;mbitos, especialmente en el educativo. En este contexto, los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos universitarios se revelan como infraestructuras clave para promover una educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad significativa, contextualizada e interdisciplinar. Este estudio analiza el potencial del Jard&#x00ED; Bot&#x00E0;nic de la Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia como recurso did&#x00E1;ctico en la formaci&#x00F3;n continua del profesorado de secundaria.</p>
<p>La investigaci&#x00F3;n se articula a trav&#x00E9;s del dise&#x00F1;o, implementaci&#x00F3;n y evaluaci&#x00F3;n de un curso intensivo sobre sostenibilidad y cambio clim&#x00E1;tico, desarrollado en 2022 y 2023. Participaron docentes de distintas especialidades, que trabajaron de forma colaborativa para generar propuestas did&#x00E1;cticas aplicables a sus respectivas materias, vinculadas al curr&#x00ED;culo y a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. A lo largo de las sesiones, se combinaron reflexiones te&#x00F3;ricas con experiencias pr&#x00E1;cticas al aire libre, promoviendo el aprendizaje activo, la conexi&#x00F3;n emocional con la naturaleza y la aplicaci&#x00F3;n concreta en el aula.</p>
<p>Los resultados muestran una alta valoraci&#x00F3;n del curso y del jard&#x00ED;n como espacio formativo. Las actividades desarrolladas evidenciaron el potencial del enfoque interdisciplinar para abordar problem&#x00E1;ticas ambientales desde diversas &#x00E1;reas. Las propuestas incluyeron desde estimaciones de captura de CO&#x2082; hasta la recuperaci&#x00F3;n del patrimonio cultural vegetal. El profesorado manifest&#x00F3; su intenci&#x00F3;n de implementar estas ideas, reforzando el compromiso con la transformaci&#x00F3;n educativa.</p>
<p>Este trabajo concluye que integrar espacios verdes como los jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos en la formaci&#x00F3;n docente fomenta una reconexi&#x00F3;n con los sistemas naturales y contribuye a desarrollar competencias clave para enfrentar los desaf&#x00ED;os socioambientales del siglo XXI.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>botanical gardens</kwd>
<kwd>teacher training</kwd>
<kwd>education for sustainability</kwd>
<kwd>climate change</kwd>
<kwd>SDGs</kwd>
<kwd>global crisis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>jardines bot&#x00E1;nicos</kwd>
<kwd>formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>cambio clim&#x00E1;tico</kwd>
<kwd>ODS</kwd>
<kwd>crisis global</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="award01">
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ERDF</institution>
<institution>Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#x00F3;n y Universidades</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>PID2020-114358RB-I00</award-id>
<award-id>RED2024-153630-T</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>Grant &#x201C;Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Cambio Clim&#x00E1;tico y la Sostenibilidad, un estudio longitudinal de aprendizaje intergeneracional&#x201D; PID2020-114358RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ERDF and &#x201C;Educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental, cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y sostenibilidad&#x201D; RED2024-153630-T funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#x00F3;n y Universidades.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32933-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></title>
<p>The socio-environmental situation currently faced by humanity poses an unprecedented crisis in which numerous serious intertwining problems converge to create a highly complex scenario. Described and substantiated for several decades now, with broad consensus amongst experts and scientific institutions, a profound transformation is required in response to this scenario across every layer of society and in diverse fields. One of the most relevant frameworks that can help guide this transformation is the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).</p>
<p>The global crisis cannot be understood in terms of a single cause nor can it be addressed with fragmented solutions. It is shaped by a web of mutually exacerbating issues: biodiversity loss, resource depletion, collapsing ecosystems, fresh water shortages, widespread pollution, climate change, food insecurity, social inequality, geopolitical tensions and the erosion of cultural diversity, among other factors. These closely related elements are all rooted in a deeply dysfunctional model of the relationship between humanity and nature. Scientific concern about the increasing disconnection from the nature systems that sustain us has grown in recent years. This disconnection is not just physical, but also symbolic, cultural and educational. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32933-EN">&#x00C7;akar et al. (2021)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32933-EN">Chu (2022)</xref> note that this missing link to the natural world has been so decisive that the biophysical foundations of life are at risk. From an educational perspective, this break calls for a &#x2018;glocal&#x2019; approach and training in planetary citizenship capable of constructing scales and responsibilities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32933-EN">Murga-Menoyo and Novo, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>As indicated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32933-EN">Rockstr&#x00F6;m et al. (2024)</xref>, these issues are pushing us dangerously close to the so-called planetary boundaries, and even beyond them in some cases, such as concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, species extinction rates and loss of biodiversity. This set of thresholds defines a framework in which humanity can safely survive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32933-EN">Folke, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>In light of this complex situation, education emerges as an essential tool, with teachers playing a key role in any strategy drawn up, given their potential for generating a profound cultural change. Educational transformation must focus on regaining an understanding of the inter-dependence between humans and ecosystems, integrating and fostering this scientific knowledge in basic curricula at every educational level. The aim is to cultivate not only cognitive, but also ethical and emotional, skills that will enable younger generations to correct the aforementioned dysfunctions and exercise citizenship with an awareness of our dependence on the natural world.</p>
<p>Therefore, resources such as botanical gardens are essential additions to educational interventions designed to amplify and improve the impact and efficacy of education for sustainability (ES). While botanical gardens cannot be considered natural spaces, they are green spaces that offer a wide range of opportunities for research, conservation and education in locations with limited space but featuring lush biodiversity. It is striking that, despite the extensive progress seen in terms of the potential of plants in general and of botanical gardens in particular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32933-EN">De Rivas et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32933-EN">Mayoral, 2019</xref>), they remain underused as a didactic resource in settings like that described above. The aggravation of the planet&#x2019;s problems, in which the loss of biodiversity has a particularly revealing weight, has led to the emergence of new challenges for conservation and education which these spaces are uniquely positioned to address. There is also a historical and structural dimension worth highlighting: a good number of botanical gardens belong to higher education institutions and were created primarily for teaching purposes within formal education settings (botany, medicine, pharmacology). These university roots naturally position them as ideal academic infrastructures for teaching and for scholarly research, in addition to making them essential tools for ES among students at diverse educational levels.</p>
<p>In a region such as the Mediterranean, long recognised as one of the main hotspots for biodiversity worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32933-EN">Hewitt, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32933-EN">Myers et al., 2000</xref>) and, at the same time, one of the regions most prone to climate change and other pressures of global change (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32933-EN">Cramer et al., 2020</xref>), botanical gardens represent an especially relevant educational tool. These spaces are not only home to a valuable sampling of local and regional flora, but they also enable students and teachers to experience a direct connection with the environment closest to them, thus facilitating so-called <italic>place-based solutions</italic> that promote meaningful, contextualised learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32933-EN">UNESCO, 2017</xref>). This connection to the region raises ecological awareness, fostering a deep understanding of impacts already seen at a local level, such as the loss of endemic species, gradual aridification, the problems of the rural world and changes in water cycles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32933-EN">D&#x00ED;az et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Based on this approach, research was conducted at the Jard&#x00ED; Bot&#x00E0;nic de la Universitat de Val&#x00E8;ncia (JBUV) as part of a broader intervention involving secondary school teachers and their students at diverse schools across the province (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32933-EN">De Rivas et al., 2025</xref>). The university botanical garden was created as a space for teaching and research in botanical studies and has since extended its aims and usage to other fields. The aim of the study is two-fold, and it is designed in assessable terms. Firstly, the botanical garden is defined as an educational tool with wide-ranging potential in diverse areas of knowledge, particularly in teacher training. Secondly, and most importantly, the active engagement of secondary school teachers is sought, thus building their skills and interest in ES through the use of highly motivating contexts and themes.</p>
<p>To this end, the climate change-biodiversity dichotomy, and the educational approach to it, is reviewed and discussed, later focusing on and specifically addressing the teacher training required in response to the numerous calls for their participation, within the framework of the JBUV. There follows a description of the methodology used, including the experimental designs created for this purpose (an <italic>ad-hoc</italic> course and an evaluation thereof), and some of the findings gathered to date are presented and analysed. Finally, conclusions are formulated and estimates made, indicating future lines of research and innovation in education, focusing on the necessary involvement of teachers in ES settings.</p>
<p>The magnitude of the socio-environmental challenge described above forces us to move beyond fragmented visions of the issue in order to progress toward a new paradigm based on respect for the planet&#x2019;s boundaries and social equity. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32933-EN">Bybee (1991)</xref> remarked, sustainability continues to be &#x201C;the most necessary unifying concept&#x201D; of our time. Now more than ever, this word embodies the possibility of repairing our relationship with nature and constructing, in the present, a hospitable future together.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32933-EN">
<label>2.</label>
<title>B<sc>iodiversity and climate change education in the context of a botanical garden</sc></title>
<p>Climate change is dramatically transforming the planet&#x2019;s ecosystems, impacting both land and water resources. These changes have already prompted a massive loss of species, leading to an overall decline in planetary health. One of the most critical issues is the reduction in essential ecosystem services such as carbon capture, flood control, water and air purification, soil fertility and pollination. When natural systems are destabilised, they cease to provide these services, resulting in severe ecological, social and cultural impacts, leaving human livelihoods increasingly vulnerable. The collapse of biodiversity is recognised as one of the planetary boundaries that has already been significantly breached, and climate change is deemed the main factor in this decline, as confirmed by a large-scale international study published recently (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32933-EN">IUCN, 2023</xref>), among other sources.</p>
<p>As is the case with socio-environmental issues as a whole, the relationship between biodiversity and climate change is profoundly interdependent and reciprocal: while climate change represents one of the primary threats to biodiversity, the loss of biodiversity, in turn, fuels global warming. Increasing temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, the acidification of the oceans and extreme weather events are driving habitat deterioration, displacement of species and local extinctions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32933-EN">Beery et al., 2020</xref>), contributing to the withdrawal from rural settings and growing inequality, among numerous other social problems. At the same time, the destruction of natural ecosystems like forests, wetlands, prairies and marine systems disrupts key processes such as carbon capture and storage, reducing the planet&#x2019;s capacity to regulate climate. In this context, biodiversity conservation and restoration represent key strategies for mitigating &#x2014;but also for adapting to&#x2014; climate change. Diverse, healthy ecosystems act as natural barriers against climate disasters: protecting coastal regions, cooling the environment, regulating water flows and keeping soil fertile, while at the same time effectively capturing carbon in a lasting way. Furthermore, biodiversity affords resilience; the greater the variety of species and ecological functions within an ecosystem, the better equipped it will be to adapt to changing conditions without reaching a breaking point. Investing in biodiversity is not merely an environmental action, but a strategic response to climate change with a powerful social impact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32933-EN">Seddon et al., 2020</xref>). Such an investment is crucial for the survival of all living beings in order to restore the balances upon which our own species depends, thus avoiding serious consequences like pandemics, and to acknowledge our reliance on the system services provided by the biodiversity to which we belong (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32933-EN">Gil P&#x00E9;rez and Vilches, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Based on this assessment, the research deliberately incorporates the JBUV as a cornerstone of the proposed actions to be implemented for sustainability and climate change, strengthening and encouraging its use as an element of ES.</p>
<p>These experiences also promote education in values such as social justice, human rights, knowledge about other cultures and respect for diverse opinions and ways of life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32933-EN">Gil P&#x00E9;rez and Vilches, 2017</xref>). Specifically, education outside the classroom in green spaces offers numerous interesting opportunities to explore and develop holistic, cross-disciplinary, experiential and action-oriented approaches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32933-EN">Am&#x00F3;rtegui et al., 2017</xref>). Furthermore, working with specific environmental impacts provides a powerful means of literacy-building and ethical &#x2018;awakening&#x2019; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32933-EN">Puig i Baguer and Casas-Jeric&#x00F3;, 2017</xref>), which botanical gardens can facilitate through a situated approach.</p>
<p>Botanical gardens encourage open, active learning by participants, positively influence students&#x2019; socio-environmental knowledge and attitudes, and facilitate comprehension of subjects specifically related to nature and climate change (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32933-EN">Eberbach and Crowley, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32933-EN">Sellmann, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32933-EN">Sellmann and Bogner, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32933-EN">Williams et al., 2015</xref>). For this reason, efforts are being stepped up to expand and enhance educational programmes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32933-EN">Dodd and Jones, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32933-EN">Su&#x00E1;rez-L&#x00F3;pez and Eugenio, 2018</xref>) in these spaces, which can include wide-ranging, interrelated themes such as the climate emergency, biodiversity conservation, sustainable gardening, improving food security, and exchanges of personal experiences about the value of biodiversity for local communities, to name a few (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32933-EN">Vergou and Willison, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>For these undertakings to be successful, teachers, leaders and educational institutions require training and engagement capable of driving the change of cultural and educational paradigm that needs to be seen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32933-EN">Lugg, 2007</xref>). In fact, the LOMLOE [the Spanish law regulating the educational system], for example, specifically mentions the need for education focused on sustainability and the threats of climate change, explicitly noting that the educational system must foster &#x2018;students&#x2019; contact with green spaces.</p>
<p>In light of the complex systemic challenges posed by climate change, such as the accelerated loss of biodiversity and the aforementioned deterioration of essential ecosystem services, there is an unquestionable need to incorporate relational, emotional and ethical perspectives in education.</p>
<p>The inclusion of the JBUV in ES proposals is an illustrative example of how these educational spaces can facilitate comprehensive learning. In addition to academic knowledge, these spaces promote emotional experience, ethical reflection and a connection to values that nurture care for the planet. This reinforces the idea that transformative education must combine scientific knowledge with critical skills, social sensitivity and engagement, thus contributing to the formation of citizens capable of understanding and coping with the threats of today and tomorrow from a holistic, committed viewpoint.</p>
<p>Botanical gardens have unique features that make them privileged spaces for the development of educational proposals not easily replicated in other settings, including their global presence and the diversity of the living plant collections they are home to. This idiosyncrasy offers highly valuable teaching-learning opportunities for addressing complex issues like the effects of climate change in a tangible way. Moreover, many of these gardens are host to exceptional historical archives &#x2014;herbaria and gene banks&#x2014; that comprise valuable scientific and teaching resources rarely found in other educational settings. In recent years, this potential has increased thanks to the growing involvement of botanical gardens in citizen science initiatives and collaborative projects linked to the current planetary crisis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32933-EN">Miller and Derewnicka, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>This is compounded by a strategic argument about including work sessions in green spaces in ES programmes: conservation of the plant world is an undeniable requirement on the path to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32933-EN">Amprazis and Papadopoulou, 2020</xref>). The issue reflects a key paradox that emphasises the very essence of the concept of sustainability: without plants, life on Earth would not be possible.</p>
<p>In 2018, the Climate Change Alliance of Botanic Gardens signed an international agreement acknowledging the urgency and unprecedented magnitude of the climate crisis. The founding statement highlights the key role of botanical gardens as custodians of scientific and horticultural knowledge and as inspirational, educational spaces for driving social change. The Alliance underscores the need to act collectively to protect living botanical collections, landscapes and life on the planet, promoting the creation of resilient environments. In a joint statement, gardeners from around the world declared that the time to act is now.</p>
<p>In sum, botanical gardens are miniature depictions of nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32933-EN">Heyd, 2006</xref>), a resource that can be used for educational purposes to influence visitors&#x2019; experience, their connection to nature, their understanding of biodiversity and its connection to other issues such as the threats of the climate crisis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32933-EN">Zelenika et al., 2018</xref>) and the socio-environmental problems that are emerging. Therefore, it must be noted that botanical gardens afford a tremendous opportunity: to reconnect communities and the natural world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32933-EN">De Rivas, 2024</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-32933-EN">
<label>3.</label>
<title>T<sc>eacher training about climate change and sustainability</sc></title>
<p>Given the growing relevance and urgency of socio-environmental issues, a broad, widespread commitment by teachers is a crucial step toward student involvement in the measures that must be taken (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32933-EN">Buchanan, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32933-EN">Geli and Terradellas, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32933-EN">Medir et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32933-EN">Summers et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32933-EN">Vilches and Gil P&#x00E9;rez, 2012</xref>). However, numerous studies coincide in pointing out that most teachers do not feel prepared to discuss these contents, leading to insufficient or fragmented teaching about sustainability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32933-EN">Evans, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32933-EN">Timm and Barth, 2021</xref>). The shortcomings found are related not only to a limited understanding of the contents linked to this matter, but also to a lack of specific tools for effectively integrating them into their daily work. Questions about how to teach these subjects, in addition to a perceived failure to achieve the desired learning objectives, generate insecurity among teachers and highlight the urgent need for better training and institutional support (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32933-EN">Geli et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32933-EN">Vilches and Gil P&#x00E9;rez, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32933-EN">Waltner et al., 2020</xref>). This lack of training can even lead to an imbalanced view of the magnitude and urgency of the global socio-environmental crisis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32933-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a-Gonz&#x00E1;lez et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32933-EN">L&#x00F3;pez-Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
<p>Work must be done from diverse perspectives to address such a situation. One key way of doing this consists in bolstering initial training for teachers, so that they receive training in ES that prepares them to act in such a specific social context before joining the workforce. In addition to this training, which directly concerns university institutions responsible for educating future teachers, it is also necessary to include in this goal those who currently need to meet these ES demands but likely did not receive adequate training to do so during their educational years (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32933-EN">Corney and Reid, 2007</xref>). It should be noted that little research has been done in which teachers are included for the purpose of assessing specific activities performed; however, excluding their vision obviously limits the scope of these studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32933-EN">Chalkley and Sterling, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32933-EN">Holm et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32933-EN">Soli&#x0301;s and Valderrama, 2015</xref>). On the other hand, field work in teacher training on sustainability has shown that there is a need for active teacher participation in research/innovation processes, indicating that this contributes to their active involvement in educating responsible citizens in relation to this global issue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32933-EN">Cebri&#x00E1;n and Junyent, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32933-EN">Collazo and Geli, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32933-EN">Vilches and Gil P&#x00E9;rez, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>One aspect that fosters effective integration of sustainability in teacher training is its cross-disciplinary focus. The challenge is not merely to strengthen competence in sustainability, but to specify how to teach it in real settings. Therefore, there is a need to develop competence, knowledge and skills, in addition to didactic experience and appropriate attitudes towards this approach.</p>
<p>The competency-based curriculum prevalent in the Spanish educational system assigns a key role to establishing coherent frameworks of reference that guide educational actions and proposals and help clearly define the specific training needs of the teaching staff responsible for implementing programmes. In today&#x2019;s context, sustainability emerges as an especially relevant cornerstone for guiding any intervention taking place inside or out of the classroom. The regulatory strength of this approach has long been recognised, consolidating it as the predominant model in the field of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32933-EN">Werler and Tahirsylaj, 2022</xref>). The global crisis has aided in redefining the types of knowledge considered truly meaningful and necessary, guiding the necessary reflections on &#x2018;why we teach&#x2019; and what types of knowledge are worth prioritising. Teaching and learning against the backdrop of a planetary emergency are no simple endeavours. Within this scenario, rigorous, systematic research must be done to address the specific challenges that are emerging. In order to bring about meaningful, lasting changes in teaching practice, it is crucial to have a sound, coherent body of knowledge to back those changes, thus avoiding the danger of innovative but isolated or one-off proposals. It is essential not only to boost this kind of research, but also to actively engage teachers, with a view to offering specific responses to the difficulties they face in their everyday work.</p>
<p>The creation of a critical body of teachers equipped to interpret diverse academic situations and integrate conclusions stemming from a collective reflection process has emerged as a highly beneficial practice for the ongoing improvement of everyone involved in education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32933-EN">Tilbury, 2007</xref>).</p>
<p>In light of the above, including botanical gardens in teacher training at every stage of education and across all fields of study could represent an especially relevant strategy. These spaces not only offer a direct, multisensory experience with natural systems, but they also afford an opportunity to develop curricular contents through a cross-disciplinary approach, encouraging collaboration. Their didactic potential is particularly valuable for teacher career development, encouraging critical reflection on the methodologies used and stimulating educational innovation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32933-EN">Collazo and Geli, 2017</xref>). As advocated in the 2030 Agenda, teachers are called upon to lead educational processes that are aligned with the realities of the world today.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32933-EN" sec-type="methods">
<label>4.</label>
<title>M<sc>ethodology</sc></title>
<p>Based on the arguments described, this research focuses on the design, implementation and assessment of ES training courses at the JBUV geared towards teachers from diverse schools in the province of Valencia and created as part of a broader intervention (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32933-EN">De Rivas et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>An active methodology was adopted in the course sessions, in which the teachers were divided into collaborative teams for the construction of knowledge about climate change and sustainability, as well as strengthening positive attitudes towards teaching these concepts. This entailed a discussion about the potential interest and relevance of the issues to be studied, raising questions, making educated guesses, preparing and implementing problem-solving strategies and instruments, formulating proposals, etc. The methodology coincided with that applied by the teachers and their students throughout the school year, with guidance from the research team.</p>
<p>Cooperation in the classroom is viewed as a crucial instrument for achieving meaningful learning outcomes and a growing interest in the content to be discussed, thus helping create a suitable working environment by involving participants in a shared task and to enhance the learning outcomes for all types of teaching activities and contents at any educational level, particularly in teacher training (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32933-EN">Vilches and Gil P&#x00E9;rez, 2012</xref>) for engagement in ES, in this case.</p>
<p>As noted above, in this study the important role that education outside the classroom in green spaces such as botanical gardens can and should play in formal education and in initial and ongoing teacher training is analysed and showcased, using the JBUV as a superb educational resource and also showing how this approach can be useful for a number of subjects, in line with the cross-disciplinary nature of ES.</p>
<sec id="sec-5-32933-EN">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Course design</title>
<p>It is worth noting that these training courses offered an opportunity to expand and strengthen a proposal implemented in several school years now, in which they served as a support mechanism and driving force of a line of work taking place at the schools involved and their teachers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32933-EN">De Rivas et al., 2025</xref>). The specific intention is to generate concrete learning proposals in which teachers can make use of the JBUV.</p>
<p>Both editions of the course, bearing the title: &#x201C;The Role of Botanical Gardens in Teacher Training within the Context of Climate Change and Education for Sustainability&#x201D;, were carried out at the JBUV, one in late June 2022 and the other in early July 2023, lasting approximately five hours.</p>
<p>To sum up, the course was designed with the following aims: (i) to increase teachers&#x2019; understanding of the relationships between biodiversity, climate change and sustainability; (ii) to prepare teachers to include these contents in their programmes through cross-disciplinary proposals; and (iii) to foster the use of the JBUV as a didactic resource for developing competencies linked to contextualised, experiential education. The courses gradually introduced contents on the current socio-environmental crisis, the scientific foundations of climate change, the relevance of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and the didactic potential of green spaces in secondary education. In line with these aims, the methodology combined sessions for reflection, group dynamics and a path for learning in the garden, where applied activities took place, such as estimating the biomass of a tree, analysing species or interpreting heritage features, geared towards the promotion of meaningful learning that can be transferred to the classroom. The course was assessed by means of a survey containing quantitative and qualitative items to evaluate the perceived usefulness, comprehension of the contents, the pertinence of the activities and the garden&#x2019;s potential as an educational resource. The relationship between methodology, activities and expected learning outcomes was explicitly defined in the design, so that each phase of the course would contribute to the development of teaching skills for the contextualisation of teaching, designing cross-disciplinary proposals and boosting the students&#x2019; literacy.</p>
<p>First, a reflection on the aims and contents of the course is given (point 2). Next, a discussion is held for the purpose of reviewing the topics dealt with in the activities carried out during each school year in relation to sustainability and climate change (point 3), in addition to introducing the JBUV as an educational resource in ES. The teacher is expected to discern the numerous opportunities offered in the different subjects of the secondary school curriculum, to focus on a specific project outside the classroom in the proposed setting. The visit (point 5) is conducted on a path that focuses on some of the ideas considered most important for understanding the climate crisis, its causes and consequences. The subsequent teamwork aims to encourage the participants to gradually note and remark on the contents that can be applied in the subjects they teach, linked to specific locations and integrated into a complete activity. Finally (point 6), the work done is shared and assessed in the classroom.</p>
<p>During the group work, the participants break up into collaborative teams of teachers working in the same general disciplines.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-32933-EN">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Sample</title>
<p>Over the two editions of the course, a total of 57 working teachers (36 women and 21 men) with 15 years of professional experience on average participated. The participating teachers were selected out of convenience, as members of a group of teachers taking part in a research project on climate change and ES those years, involving 14 secondary schools with an interest in socio-environmental issues.</p>
<p>The subjects they teach are: Biology and Geology, Physics and Chemistry, Mathematics, Latin, Geography and History, Music, Physical Education, Technology, Art, Philosophy, English, Spanish Language and Literature, Classical Culture, Valencian Language, Scientific Literacy and Greek.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32933-EN">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title>Instrument and data collection</title>
<p>To assess the course, a survey validated by experts was used, consisting of three closed response items on a Likert scale (1-10) aimed at evaluating the perceived usefulness, the pertinence of the activities and the suitability of the methodology, in addition to an open-ended question for the purpose of gathering qualitative remarks about the experience. The survey was taken anonymously at the end of each edition of the course by means of an online form, thus ensuring a high response rate. To analyse the data, the quantitative assessments were processed by means of simple descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages), while the open-ended responses were classified by topic according to the applicability of the proposals, the value of the JBUV as an educational resource, the relevance of the contents and suggested improvements. This procedure served to supplement the numerical data, giving a richer, more nuanced view of the teachers&#x2019; perceptions.</p>
<boxed-text>
<caption><title>Survey</title></caption>
<p>The survey below addresses diverse aspects of the course in which you have participated. We appreciate your collaboration, as your opinion will be very helpful for enhancing and redirecting the activities, where necessary. Give reasons for all of your responses.</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Rate the course overall from 1 to 10 (where 1: I did not like it at all, and 10: I liked it very much)</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Rate the methodology used</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Rate the usefulness of the course for understanding the role of the Botanical Garden and nature spaces in general in the study of climate change and citizen education for sustainability</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Remarks justifying your responses and suggestions</p></list-item>
</list>
</boxed-text>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32933-EN" sec-type="results">
<label>5.</label>
<title>R<sc>esults</sc></title>
<p>The discussion of the course aims at the start of the session (point 2) showed that it is a useful tool because it expands on the preliminary work done by the teachers previously in their schools (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32933-EN">De Rivas et al., 2025</xref>), with shared experiences and opinions about the proposal. This contextualisation highlights the importance of being linked to projects featuring a research team available for orientation and guidance while at the same time ensuring that the participating teachers&#x2019; perspectives and interests are integrated from the start through their active central role.</p>
<p>The following session (point 3) allowed the teachers to discover the wealth of opportunities that exist for defining a specific project outside the classroom in the proposed setting, aware of the fact that preliminary preparation and subsequent follow-up sessions would be required. Examples shared include using trigonometry to calculate the height of the trees and the mass and quantity of carbon they contain; the importance of using texts that discuss matters related to botanical gardens was also noted, in addition to their importance in citizen education and their evolution throughout history, to name a few.</p>
<p>In the next session (point 5), group work was done in the outdoor garden in which the participants and the research team agreed on a route designed to address important aspects of climate change while also reflecting on the need to conserve and protect plant biodiversity, exploring the topic of humans&#x2019; utter dependence on healthy, balanced ecosystems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32933-EN">De Rivas, 2024</xref>). At each stop along the way, the contents that could be discussed and the subjects they could be linked to were outlined. It became clear that the range of contents was broad and cross-disciplinary in nature, and each teacher, depending on the department they worked in and the subjects taught, could adapt and discuss them from the perspective best suited to and aligned with the curriculum. This framework facilitated the more in-depth, precise work done by the teams afterwards.</p>
<p>The group work culminated in the preparation of an ES and climate change project proposal revolving around a visit to the garden or other green spaces available to the schools. Following a reflection period, each team presented their proposal to the other participants in an enriching debate that revealed the possibilities and opportunities of using these spaces to discuss the global crisis. For example, one group of science teachers proposed an activity for the subject of Physics and Chemistry in 3rd-year Compulsory Secondary Education aimed at estimating how many botanical gardens would be needed to absorb all the CO<sub>2</sub> generated by the city of Valencia. Another group, involving language teachers, proposed an activity geared towards 1st-year Compulsory Secondary Education students for connecting plant biodiversity conservation to the restoration of cultural heritage in villages and communities. At the end of the session, several participants expressed a commitment to implement their proposals during the 2023-2024 school year.</p>
<p>The last part of the course was devoted to systematising the main ideas and conclusions reached throughout the session; overall, the pertinence and need to include intervention proposals such as those mentioned here in formal education was confirmed, preferably outside the classroom and also in other green spaces, such as school gardens, as motivational didactic resources that help generate useful learning environments for the implementation of active methodologies for building competency in sustainability. These proposals must be assessed after implementation, as part of a process of reflection, research and innovation aimed at providing an appropriate response to the training needs of teachers and the teaching-learning process in which they intend to add value.</p>
<p>The aforementioned survey was conducted at the end of the course in order to assess the usefulness of the proposed training activity and to gather possible suggestions for improvement or redirection. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32933-EN">Table 1</xref> shows the scores of the first three items (scale of 1-10).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32933-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>R<sc>esults for items</sc> 1, 2 <sc>and</sc> 3 <sc>of the assessment survey</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32933-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="60%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>N = 57</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>7</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>8</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>9</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>10</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>1. Rate the course overall from 1 to 10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>30 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>60 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2. Rate the methodology used</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>70 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>3. Rate the usefulness of the course for understanding the role of the Botanical Garden</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>5 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>15 %</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>80 %</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Item 4, for collecting the participants&#x2019; open responses and suggestions, confirms these positive numerical scores. As an illustrative example, some of the remarks are shown below:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x2018;Providing teachers with resources for classroom work on climate change in different departments/subjects is essential if we want to generate a change in our society through our students. I found the training course to be very interesting and it should take place each year, expanding the contents and further exploring key matters for mitigating the climate emergency&#x2019;.</p>
<p>&#x2018;I think the garden is an unbeatable resource for working in any subject area. Infinite projects could be done there&#x2019;.</p>
<p>&#x2018;I found the information to be precise and useful. The experts managed to catch our attention completely and the group work was spot on&#x2019;.</p>
<p>&#x2018;I found the group work to be interesting for developing the ideas we came up with earlier and to foster the use of the Garden and the contents on climate change in different subjects. It was also highly gratifying to listen to the responses of the other groups, especially with such wide-ranging subjects&#x2019;.</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32933-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>6.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusions and outlook</sc></title>
<p>The findings of this research show the opportunities and potential of the JBUV as a key educational resource in ES with secondary school teachers. The integration of green spaces like this in training processes not only promotes a cross-disciplinary approach to urgent issues but also contributes to a meaningful, transformative educational experience. Teachers&#x2019; participation in the construction of specific didactic proposals linked to their respective subjects has been shown to foster the development of new perspectives and didactic approaches focused on the connection to the environment and the natural world.</p>
<p>The fact that the participating teachers rated the course highly, in addition to the wealth and variety of proposals created, leads to the conclusion that this type of training interventions can contribute significantly to the strengthening of teachers&#x2019; professional competence in sustainability. Furthermore, as indicated by the participants, the active, collaborative and contextualised methodology has shown to help generate engagement, motivation and commitment to the educational transformation needed in response to today&#x2019;s global crisis. It should be noted that the participating teachers logically had vastly different motivation and interests, which occasionally led to difficulties and posed a challenge for the work being done in the courses. However, the lack of previous training experiences in this field remains an obstacle, thus reinforcing the need to expand and follow up on this type of initiatives in both initial and ongoing teacher training.</p>
<p>One of the most relevant contributions of this proposal lies precisely in its capacity to facilitate a deep reconnection with the natural world. Direct experience in a space like a botanical garden transcends theoretical comprehension of the contents discussed and at the same time nurtures emotional ties to the ecosystems that we live in and depend on.</p>
<p>As a whole, this combination of theory and practice strengthens the coherence of the study, evidencing the way in which the conceptual basis guides and sustains each component of the training experience.</p>
<p>Looking towards the future, this study opens up several avenues of action and research. The first is the advisability of systematising and following up on the proposals developed by the teams of teachers after the course in order to assess the implementation at schools and the impact on students. Secondly, it is crucial to generate networks of collaboration between botanical gardens, universities, education authorities and schools in order to build a culture conducive to using these spaces as learning environments. It would also be highly beneficial to incorporate the students&#x2019; perspective in future research in order to assess their perception and experience in relation to this type of approach.</p>
<p>In sum, this research bolsters the idea that botanical gardens are not just reservoirs of biodiversity or spaces for contemplation, but that they can and must become strategic allies in education in the 21st century. Their inclusion in teacher training programmes poses an undeniable opportunity to progress towards a concept of schools committed to the challenges of today, integrating SDGs and curricular contents from a transformative, situated perspective.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-EN" fn-type="financial-disclosure">
<p><bold>F<sc>unding</sc></bold></p>
<p>Grant &#x201C;Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Cambio Clim&#x00E1;tico y la Sostenibilidad, un estudio longitudinal de aprendizaje intergeneracional&#x201D; PID2020-114358RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ERDF and &#x201C;Educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental, cambio clim&#x00E1;tico y sostenibilidad&#x201D; RED2024-153630-T funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#x00F3;n y Universidades.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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