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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32878</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32878</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad: factores clave para su implementaci&#x00F3;n desde experiencias educativas en Espa&#x00F1;a</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Community-Based Learning in Sustainability: Key Implementation Factors from Educational Experiences in Spain</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-9888</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Cebri&#x00E1;n</surname>
<given-names>Gisela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6635-2274</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Cantos-Egea</surname>
<given-names>Alison</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1072-5406</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Esteban</surname>
<given-names>Marta B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<institution content-type="original">Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat Rovira i Virgili</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>gisela.cebrian@urv.cat</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>alison.cantos@urv.cat</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>martabeatriz.esteban@urv.cat</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
<fpage>79</fpage>
    <lpage>105</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>26</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>19</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>En las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas han surgido diversas metodolog&#x00ED;as activas consideradas fundamentales para promover aprendizajes en sostenibilidad en el alumnado, fomentando su participaci&#x00F3;n y conexi&#x00F3;n con el entorno. Entre ellas, el aprendizaje comunitario se concibe como una estrategia pedag&#x00F3;gica destinada a fortalecer el compromiso con la sostenibilidad y la acci&#x00F3;n colectiva, impulsando la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre centros educativos y agentes comunitarios.</p>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo presenta una investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa realizada en Espa&#x00F1;a, basada en entrevistas a 16 l&#x00ED;deres de 14 proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad. El objetivo fue identificar los factores clave que influyen en la implementaci&#x00F3;n y desarrollo de estos proyectos, analizando facilitadores, obst&#x00E1;culos, retos y oportunidades desde las experiencias y perspectivas de sus impulsores/as.</p>
<p>Los resultados revelan cuatro grupos de facilitadores: institucionales y organizativos, humanos y comunitarios, pedag&#x00F3;gicos y vinculados al impacto. Destacan el apoyo pol&#x00ED;tico y t&#x00E9;cnico de las administraciones, la creaci&#x00F3;n de redes y alianzas estrat&#x00E9;gicas, la financiaci&#x00F3;n estable y la motivaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado y de la comunidad educativa. Los obst&#x00E1;culos se asocian a limitaciones organizativas y estructurales (rigidez de calendarios, burocracia, sobrecarga docente), la falta de recursos financieros y formativos y los cambios pol&#x00ED;ticos que condicionan la viabilidad de los proyectos. Los principales retos se relacionan con garantizar la continuidad e impacto y fortalecer la coordinaci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional.</p>
<p>El estudio concluye que el aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad contribuye al desarrollo profesional docente, a la agencia del alumnado y al desarrollo de competencias ciudadanas orientadas a la transformaci&#x00F3;n socioambiental. Asimismo, evidencia su potencial para empoderar al alumnado en la acci&#x00F3;n clim&#x00E1;tica. La principal limitaci&#x00F3;n radica en el car&#x00E1;cter acotado y contextual de los proyectos analizados. De cara al futuro, se apuntan l&#x00ED;neas de trabajo vinculadas al fortalecimiento de modelos de gobernanza intersectorial y enfoques integrales como el whole school approach, as&#x00ED; como a la dimensi&#x00F3;n intergeneracional y la promoci&#x00F3;n de procesos participativos inclusivos.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>In recent decades, a range of active learning methodologies have emerged as key to promoting sustainability learning among students, fostering their participation and connection with their surroundings. Among them, community-based learning is conceived as a pedagogical strategy aimed at strengthening commitment to sustainability and collective action, fostering collaboration between schools and community stakeholders.</p>
<p>This article presents a qualitative study conducted in Spain, based on interviews with 16 leaders of 14 community-based learning projects on sustainability. The aim was to identify the key factors that influence the implementation and development of these projects, analysing facilitators, obstacles, challenges and opportunities from the experiences and perspectives of their promoters.</p>
<p>The findings reveal four groups of facilitators: institutional and organisational, human and community-based, pedagogical and impact-related. Key enabling factors include political and technical support from public administrations, the creation of networks and strategic alliances, stable funding, and the motivation of teachers and the wider educational community. Obstacles are associated with organisational and structural constraints (rigid schedules, bureaucracy, teacher workload), a lack of financial and training resources, and political changes that affect project viability. The main challenges relate to ensuring continuity and impact, as well as strengthening inter-institutional coordination.</p>
<p>The study concludes that community-based learning in sustainability contributes to teachers&#x2019; professional development, to student agency, and to the development of civic competences oriented towards socio-environmental transformation. It also highlights its potential to empower students in climate action. The main limitation lies in the contextual and bounded nature of the projects analysed. Looking ahead, the study points to lines of work linked to strengthening intersectoral governance models and whole-school approaches, as well as to the intergenerational dimension and the promotion of inclusive participatory processes.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo sostenible</kwd>
<kwd>comunidad</kwd>
<kwd>participaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>community education</kwd>
<kwd>education for sustainable development</kwd>
<kwd>community</kwd>
<kwd>community participation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="award1">
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033</institution>
<institution>Uni&#x00F3;n Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>CNS2023-143709</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>Ayuda CNS2023-143709 financiada por MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y por la Uni&#x00F3;n Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32878-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
    <p>La actual crisis clim&#x00E1;tica, caracterizada por la p&#x00E9;rdida de biodiversidad, la degradaci&#x00F3;n ambiental y el aumento de las desigualdades sociales, exige respuestas estructurales y urgentes desde los diferentes sectores sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32878-ES">Parlamento Europeo, 2019</xref>). En este contexto, organismos internacionales como la Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea, la UNESCO y las Naciones Unidas reconocen la educaci&#x00F3;n como un pilar fundamental para promover comportamientos y estilos de vida m&#x00E1;s sostenibles en nuestras sociedades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32878-ES">Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-ES">UNESCO, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>La integraci&#x00F3;n de la Educaci&#x00F3;n para la Sostenibilidad (ES), entendida como un enfoque educativo integral que prepara a las personas para tomar decisiones informadas y responsables en favor de la sostenibilidad, se ha convertido en una prioridad educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32878-ES">Urrea Solano et al., 2024</xref>). Su implementaci&#x00F3;n en diferentes niveles y contextos educativos es clave para formar una ciudadan&#x00ED;a comprometida con los valores de sostenibilidad y fomentar cambios de comportamiento frente a los retos clim&#x00E1;ticos actuales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-ES">Oe et al., 2022</xref>). En esta l&#x00ED;nea, la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-ES">UNESCO (2020)</xref>, a trav&#x00E9;s del programa Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Desarrollo Sostenible (EDS) para 2030, ha establecido cinco &#x00E1;reas prioritarias de acci&#x00F3;n: pol&#x00ED;ticas p&#x00FA;blicas, transformaci&#x00F3;n de entornos de aprendizaje, formaci&#x00F3;n docente, empoderamiento juvenil y fortalecimiento de alianzas comunitarias. Por su parte, la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32878-ES">Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea (2021)</xref> destaca la necesidad de integrar la ES y las competencias en sostenibilidad en las pol&#x00ED;ticas y sistemas educativos europeos, promoviendo la participaci&#x00F3;n activa de la ciudadan&#x00ED;a en la transici&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32878-ES">D&#x00ED;az-Romanillos, 2024</xref>). El t&#x00E9;rmino EDS es el com&#x00FA;nmente utilizado por organismos internacionales como la UNESCO o las Naciones Unidas, y m&#x00E1;s recientemente la Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea ha adoptado el t&#x00E9;rmino <italic>Learning for Sustainability</italic>, poniendo &#x00E9;nfasis en el aprendizaje transformativo, a lo largo de la vida y en el desarrollo de competencias en sostenibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32878-ES">Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea, 2024</xref>). En este art&#x00ED;culo utilizamos el t&#x00E9;rmino Educaci&#x00F3;n para la Sostenibilidad (ES), que tambi&#x00E9;n enfatiza la dimensi&#x00F3;n social y ambiental de la sostenibilidad y que busca promover un aprendizaje transformativo, culturalmente apropiado y orientado a la acci&#x00F3;n para el desarrollo de competencias en sostenibilidad y para una transformaci&#x00F3;n social positiva hacia la sostenibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32878-ES">Macintyre et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32878-ES">Sterling, 2001</xref>).</p>
<p>El campo de la ES busca pasar de enfoques transmisivos a metodolog&#x00ED;as activas como el aprendizaje basado en problemas y proyectos, el aprendizaje-servicio, el aprendizaje comunitario y enfoques basados en el entorno y en la participaci&#x00F3;n del alumnado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32878-ES">Cebri&#x00E1;n et al., 2020</xref>). El aprendizaje comunitario fomenta la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre centros educativos y agentes de la comunidad, promoviendo aprendizajes significativos mediante el abordaje de problem&#x00E1;ticas reales que requieren el an&#x00E1;lisis cr&#x00ED;tico, la colaboraci&#x00F3;n y la toma de decisiones conjunta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32878-ES">Trott, 2021</xref>). Estudios previos han demostrado que el aprendizaje comunitario fomenta el desarrollo de competencias en sostenibilidad como el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico, el pensamiento de futuro, la colaboraci&#x00F3;n y la acci&#x00F3;n colectiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32878-ES">Noguchi et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-ES">Oe et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32878-ES">Torsdottir et al., 2024</xref>), adem&#x00E1;s de fortalecer el v&#x00ED;nculo escuela-comunidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32878-ES">Monroe et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32878-ES">Ngobeni, 2024</xref>) y potenciar la colaboraci&#x00F3;n intergeneracional frente a la crisis clim&#x00E1;tica y sus consecuencias sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32878-ES">Hayes et al., 2023</xref>). En Espa&#x00F1;a, diferentes experiencias y proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario han sido reconocidos como buenas pr&#x00E1;cticas en Educaci&#x00F3;n para el Desarrollo Sostenible por parte de la Subdirecci&#x00F3;n General de Cooperaci&#x00F3;n Territorial e Innovaci&#x00F3;n Educaci&#x00F3;n del Ministerio de Educaci&#x00F3;n, Formaci&#x00F3;n Profesional y Deportes. Entre ellos destacan Entre Canastas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32878-ES">Os&#x00E9;s Lana et al., 2024</xref>) y Bienvivir en un barrio m&#x00E1;s sostenible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32878-ES">&#x00C1;lvarez Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2023</xref>), los cuales ejemplifican c&#x00F3;mo las metodolog&#x00ED;as activas con enfoque comunitario pueden implementarse en contextos reales, evidenciando el fomento de la sostenibilidad, la cooperaci&#x00F3;n y la participaci&#x00F3;n de diferentes agentes de la comunidad educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32878-ES">Banegas-Pichastor &#x0026; Chalmeta, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>La mayor&#x00ED;a de los estudios realizados hasta la fecha sobre aprendizaje comunitario presentan revisiones sistem&#x00E1;ticas, as&#x00ED; como estudios de caso, proyectos concretos o buenas pr&#x00E1;cticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32878-ES">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32878-ES">Yemini et al., 2025</xref>). Este art&#x00ED;culo presenta una investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa realizada en Espa&#x00F1;a a partir de 16 entrevistas con l&#x00ED;deres e impulsores/as de 14 proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad, caracterizados por la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre centros educativos y agentes comunitarios. El an&#x00E1;lisis de sus experiencias y perspectivas permite comprender mejor los factores clave que afectan la implementaci&#x00F3;n efectiva de estos proyectos, aportando informaci&#x00F3;n relevante a educadores, investigadores y responsables educativos para el dise&#x00F1;o y desarrollo de iniciativas futuras.</p>
<p>Los objetivos espec&#x00ED;ficos de esta investigaci&#x00F3;n son:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Analizar los retos y obst&#x00E1;culos en el desarrollo y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Identificar los facilitadores y oportunidades emergidas en la implementaci&#x00F3;n de proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32878-ES">
<label>2.</label>
<title>R<sc>evisi&#x00F3;n de la literatura</sc></title>
<sec id="sec-3-32878-ES">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad</title>
<p>El aprendizaje comunitario se plantea como una estrategia pedag&#x00F3;gica clave para fortalecer el compromiso de las personas con la sostenibilidad y la acci&#x00F3;n colectiva, al fomentar un mayor sentido de pertenencia e identidad comunitaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32878-ES">UNESCO, 2017</xref>). Este enfoque educativo se caracteriza por su naturaleza participativa, basada en la cooperaci&#x00F3;n, la creaci&#x00F3;n de capacidades y la interacci&#x00F3;n fuera del aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32878-ES">Cieza Garc&#x00ED;a, 2006</xref>). Este enfoque, adem&#x00E1;s, promueve el tr&#x00E1;nsito del aprendizaje individual hacia el comunitario, favoreciendo la inclusi&#x00F3;n social mediante procesos de colaboraci&#x00F3;n, di&#x00E1;logo e intercambio, adaptados a contextos cotidianos, reforzando as&#x00ED; un aprendizaje significativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32878-ES">Aguayo &#x0026; Eames, 2017</xref>). Asimismo, el aprendizaje comunitario conecta la educaci&#x00F3;n formal, no formal e informal a trav&#x00E9;s de la participaci&#x00F3;n, la colaboraci&#x00F3;n y la creaci&#x00F3;n de alianzas entre instituciones educativas y agentes locales como administraciones p&#x00FA;blicas, entidades del tercer sector, universidades u otras organizaciones del entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-ES">2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32878-ES">Noguchi et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>El campo de la ES busca empoderar a las personas para participar activamente en sus comunidades, promoviendo los valores y pr&#x00E1;cticas de la educaci&#x00F3;n c&#x00ED;vica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32878-ES">Aguilar, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32878-ES">Hollstein &#x0026; Smith, 2020</xref>). En este contexto, el aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad se define como un enfoque pedag&#x00F3;gico centrado en la colaboraci&#x00F3;n activa entre la comunidad educativa y su entorno social y comunitario, con el prop&#x00F3;sito de fomentar comportamientos m&#x00E1;s sostenibles y una mayor conciencia ambiental m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del &#x00E1;mbito escolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32878-ES">Flowers &#x0026; Chodkiewicz, 2009</xref>). La participaci&#x00F3;n del alumnado en proyectos de aprendizaje-servicio o conjuntos con actores externos favorece el intercambio de saberes y el compromiso con la sostenibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32878-ES">UNESCO, 2017</xref>). De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32878-ES">Uzzell (1999)</xref>, la relaci&#x00F3;n escuela-comunidad y la interacci&#x00F3;n de la instituci&#x00F3;n educativa con su entorno se puede diferenciar de acuerdo con cuatro modelos: 1) <italic>la escuela como isla</italic>, donde la instituci&#x00F3;n educativa opera de forma independiente y aislada del entorno, desarrollando acciones exclusivamente dentro del aula; 2) <italic>la comunidad local como invitada en la</italic> instituci&#x00F3;n educativa, incorporando visitas o charlas puntuales de agentes externos; 3) <italic>la</italic> instituci&#x00F3;n educativa <italic>como hu&#x00E9;sped en la comunidad local</italic>, lo que implica salir al entorno bajo las condiciones establecidas por la propia escuela; y 4) <italic>la escuela como agente social</italic>, mediante una colaboraci&#x00F3;n horizontal y sostenida entre instituci&#x00F3;n educativa y comunidad para abordar problem&#x00E1;ticas reales del entorno y fomentando, a trav&#x00E9;s de la participaci&#x00F3;n activa de la comunidad educativa, un aprendizaje transformador para estudiantes y profesores impulsando a su vez soluciones ambientales a nivel local.</p>
<p>El aprendizaje comunitario parte de dos enfoques pedag&#x00F3;gicos innovadores, el <italic>community-based learning</italic> y el <italic>place-based learning</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32878-ES">S&#x00E1;nchez Contreras &#x0026; Murga Menoyo, 2019</xref>), ambos complementarios entre s&#x00ED; y relacionados con el modelo de aprendizaje experiencial de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32878-ES">John Dewey (1923)</xref>. Ambos comparten la concepci&#x00F3;n del espacio y contexto local como un recurso educativo fundamental para el desarrollo de experiencias de aprendizaje significativas y contextualizadas.</p>
<p>Por un lado, el <italic>community-based learning</italic> promueve la participaci&#x00F3;n de estudiantes y docentes en proyectos reales con actores locales, favoreciendo un aprendizaje situado y socialmente comprometido. Esta perspectiva conecta el curr&#x00ED;culum con problemas cotidianos y refuerza los v&#x00ED;nculos sociales y la corresponsabilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-ES">Oe et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-ES">Ongon et al., 2021</xref>). Por otro lado, el <italic>place-based learning</italic> destaca el valor pedag&#x00F3;gico del entorno local como fuente de conocimiento, identidad y acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32878-ES">Hamilton &#x0026; Marckini-Polk, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32878-ES">Yemini et al., 2025</xref>). Esta propuesta destaca por la conexi&#x00F3;n emocional y cognitiva de los estudiantes con su entorno local mediante el abordaje de problem&#x00E1;ticas reales, promoviendo aprendizajes significativos orientados a la sostenibilidad junto con la reflexi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica y la acci&#x00F3;n transformadora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32878-ES">Gruenewald, 2003</xref>). Ambos enfoques comparten una metodolog&#x00ED;a centrada en el alumnado, el aprendizaje significativo, la motivaci&#x00F3;n intr&#x00ED;nseca y la participaci&#x00F3;n activa vinculada al contexto, involucrando a estudiantes, l&#x00ED;deres comunitarios y responsables pol&#x00ED;ticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-ES">Oe et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32878-ES">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32878-ES">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>Factores condicionantes en la implementaci&#x00F3;n de proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad</title>
<p>La mayor&#x00ED;a de investigaciones sobre proyectos o programas de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad se sit&#x00FA;an en la educaci&#x00F3;n formal, especialmente en primaria y secundaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32878-ES">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>), aunque algunas tambi&#x00E9;n abordan la educaci&#x00F3;n no formal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32878-ES">Trott, 2021</xref>). Estudios previos enfatizan la importancia de las alianzas entre instituciones educativas, acad&#x00E9;micas, comunitarias, ONG o medios locales, para potenciar procesos de aprendizaje y acci&#x00F3;n colectiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-ES">Oe et al., 2022</xref>). Pese a su potencial, estos proyectos enfrentan retos organizativos, institucionales y pedag&#x00F3;gicos que limitan su impacto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32878-ES">Sastre Merino et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32878-ES">Torsdottir et al., 2024</xref>). Entre los principales desaf&#x00ED;os aparece el predominio de perspectivas centradas en &#x00E1;mbitos formales y enfoques cient&#x00ED;ficos definidos exclusivamente por el curr&#x00ED;culum educativo, lo que deja de lado los espacios educativos no formales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32878-ES">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32878-ES">Hargis et al., 2021</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, la rigidez de las pol&#x00ED;ticas educativas obstaculiza el tratamiento transversal de los temas socioambientales, y la escasa financiaci&#x00F3;n pone en riesgo la continuidad y evaluaci&#x00F3;n de este tipo de proyectos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-ES">UNESCO, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>A nivel pedag&#x00F3;gico, aunque se implementan metodolog&#x00ED;as activas, persiste el uso de enfoques poco participativos y sistemas de evaluaci&#x00F3;n tradicionales, limitando el desarrollo de competencias para la acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32878-ES">S&#x00E1;enz-Rico et al., 2023</xref>). Un reto adicional es la insuficiente formaci&#x00F3;n docente, tanto inicial como continua, que se refleja en bajos niveles de ecoalfabetizaci&#x00F3;n y, en algunos casos, escepticismo frente al cambio clim&#x00E1;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32878-ES">Holst et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32878-ES">Mul&#x00E0; &#x0026; Tilbury, 2023</xref>). El uso de materiales educativos tradicionales, como los libros de texto, tambi&#x00E9;n puede obstaculizar el desarrollo del pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico y de representaciones sociales complejas en el alumnado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32878-ES">Serantes-Pazos &#x0026; Meira Cartea, 2016</xref>). A estos desaf&#x00ED;os se a&#x00F1;ade la gesti&#x00F3;n emocional del alumnado, pues al profundizar en tem&#x00E1;ticas ambientales puede emerger la ecoansiedad, lo que requiere formaci&#x00F3;n docente espec&#x00ED;fica en ES y la integraci&#x00F3;n de la dimensi&#x00F3;n socioemocional en el aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32878-ES">Finnegan, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32878-ES">Mul&#x00E0; &#x0026; Tilbury, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Otras dificultades incluyen la escasa implicaci&#x00F3;n de las familias y otros agentes locales comunitarios, as&#x00ED; como din&#x00E1;micas jer&#x00E1;rquicas y burocr&#x00E1;ticas en las instituciones educativas y sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32878-ES">Monroe et al., 2019</xref>). No obstante, la evidencia revela que la participaci&#x00F3;n de familias, comunidad y actores pol&#x00ED;ticos locales es fundamental tanto para implicar a estudiantes e instituciones en procesos participativos como para aumentar el inter&#x00E9;s en las tem&#x00E1;ticas abordadas y fortalecer el v&#x00ED;nculo con el entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32878-ES">Aguayo &#x0026; Eames, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32878-ES">Duarte et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>El aprendizaje comunitario entendido como una metodolog&#x00ED;a activa emerge como una oportunidad, ya que promueve un aprendizaje significativo a trav&#x00E9;s del descubrimiento, la investigaci&#x00F3;n y la resoluci&#x00F3;n de problemas del entorno, teniendo en cuenta el contexto f&#x00ED;sico, cultural y comunitario del alumnado, promoviendo su participaci&#x00F3;n activa y un aprendizaje colaborativo entre diferentes agentes de la comunidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32878-ES">Banegas-Pichastor &#x0026; Chalmeta, 2025</xref>). En este sentido, es necesario aplicar un enfoque integral en los centros educativos, como el <italic>whole school approach</italic>, que involucra a toda la comunidad y abarca los diferentes &#x00E1;mbitos de acci&#x00F3;n del centro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32878-ES">Hargis et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32878-ES">Tilbury &#x0026; Galvin, 2022</xref>). Este enfoque favorece el desarrollo de competencias de acci&#x00F3;n y promueve el liderazgo y la agencia estudiantil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32878-ES">Chen &#x0026; Liu, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32878-ES">Kolenat&#x00FD; &#x0026; Cincera, 2025</xref>). Ejemplos de este enfoque incluyen estrategias que promueven la comunicaci&#x00F3;n y cooperaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria, como la sala de estar p&#x00FA;blica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-ES">Oe et al., 2022</xref>) o las <italic>community listening sessions</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2022b</xref>), que facilitan la cooperaci&#x00F3;n informal entre diferentes agentes de la comunidad fomentando la concienciaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. El modelo <italic>Our Voice</italic> demuestra que los j&#x00F3;venes pueden involucrarse activamente en proyectos colaborativos que recorren todo el ciclo cient&#x00ED;fico, generando transformaciones en los entornos f&#x00ED;sicos y sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32878-ES">King et al., 2021</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, el componente intergeneracional de algunos de estos proyectos enriquece la experiencia mediante el aprendizaje compartido entre alumnado, personas adultas y otros miembros de la comunidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32878-ES">Hayes et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32878-ES">Trott, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Con una financiaci&#x00F3;n adecuada y contextos institucionales favorables, estos proyectos pueden transformar la experiencia educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-ES">UNESCO, 2020</xref>). La implementaci&#x00F3;n adecuada de estos proyectos requiere compromiso docente y liderazgo institucional, as&#x00ED; como el respaldo de familias, comunidad y gobiernos locales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32878-ES">Duarte et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32878-ES">Evans et al., 2012</xref>). Es fundamental dise&#x00F1;ar estrategias educativas espec&#x00ED;ficas que aborden los desaf&#x00ED;os identificados, fomenten la participaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria y establezcan mecanismos efectivos de seguimiento y evaluaci&#x00F3;n. Estas estrategias deben permitir que los estudiantes act&#x00FA;en como agentes de cambio, desarrollando su sentido de agencia, pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico y competencias para la acci&#x00F3;n en sostenibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32878-ES">Cebri&#x00E1;n et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32878-ES">Torsdottir et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32878-ES" sec-type="methods">
<label>3.</label>
<title>M<sc>&#x00E9;todo</sc></title>
<sec id="sec-6-32878-ES">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title>Tipo de dise&#x00F1;o y caracter&#x00ED;sticas de los participantes</title>
<p>Este estudio adopta un dise&#x00F1;o cualitativo exploratorio que busca comprender en profundidad factores que condicionan la implementaci&#x00F3;n de proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario desde las perspectivas de sus l&#x00ED;deres e impulsores/as para generar conocimiento &#x00FA;til que oriente futuras pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32878-ES">Creswell, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32878-ES">Denzin &#x0026; Lincoln, 2011</xref>). Para la identificaci&#x00F3;n de proyectos relevantes de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad en Espa&#x00F1;a, as&#x00ED; como de posibles informantes clave, se realiz&#x00F3; una revisi&#x00F3;n de art&#x00ED;culos acad&#x00E9;micos y de experiencias de buenas pr&#x00E1;cticas publicadas, junto con el an&#x00E1;lisis de proyectos presentados en congresos nacionales. A partir de este proceso se identificaron 19 proyectos. Los criterios de selecci&#x00F3;n establecidos fueron que los proyectos estuvieran centrados en tem&#x00E1;ticas ambientales y que implicaran, de manera conjunta, a la comunidad educativa, la administraci&#x00F3;n p&#x00FA;blica, entidades sociales y la comunidad local. Se contact&#x00F3; con los 19 proyectos identificados para invitarles a participar en la investigaci&#x00F3;n, obteni&#x00E9;ndose respuesta favorable por parte de 14 de ellos, que finalmente aceptaron participar. Los proyectos analizados (n=14), desarrollados en Espa&#x00F1;a, comparten el objetivo de fomentar la sensibilizaci&#x00F3;n ambiental, el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico y la acci&#x00F3;n colectiva mediante la colaboraci&#x00F3;n de alumnado y comunidad para abordar problem&#x00E1;ticas socioambientales reales. Se basan en enfoques participativos de investigaci&#x00F3;n-acci&#x00F3;n que involucran a la comunidad educativa, la administraci&#x00F3;n p&#x00FA;blica, entidades sociales y la comunidad local en proyectos conjuntos. Incluyen dise&#x00F1;os colaborativos, talleres pr&#x00E1;cticos, proyectos de ciencia ciudadana, proyectos para la mejora ambiental de los centros, as&#x00ED; como el desarrollo de propuestas y/o acciones comunitarias en sostenibilidad a nivel local. La <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32878-ES">Tabla 1</xref> sintetiza las principales caracter&#x00ED;sticas de los proyectos analizados, incluyendo el tipo de instituci&#x00F3;n impulsora, el perfil del informante clave, el nivel educativo y &#x00E1;mbito donde se ha llevado a cabo, el objetivo y tem&#x00E1;tica principal, los agentes implicados y el enfoque metodol&#x00F3;gico.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32878-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>aracterizaci&#x00F3;n de los proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad analizados</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32878-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Proyecto</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Instituci&#x00F3;n impulsora</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Perfil informante</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Nivel educativo / &#x00E1;mbito</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Objetivo principal</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Agentes implicados</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Enfoque metodol&#x00F3;gico</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P1</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Universidad</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Investigador/a Principal (IP) / investigadora</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primaria&#x2013;Secundaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sensibilizaci&#x00F3;n y competencias en sostenibilidad; soluciones frente al CC</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela; universidad; administraci&#x00F3;n; familias; entidades</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sesiones participativas; acci&#x00F3;n colectiva; difusi&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P2</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Centro educativo</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Docentes impulsores</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Comunicaci&#x00F3;n y sostenibilidad; radio escolar-comunitaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela; administraci&#x00F3;n; medios; familias; bibliotecas; radio local</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>ABP; producci&#x00F3;n radiof&#x00F3;nica; v&#x00ED;nculo comunitario</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P3</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Centro investigaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>IP / directora</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Secundaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Conocimiento cient&#x00ED;fico sobre pl&#x00E1;sticos y t&#x00F3;xicos; concienciaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Universidad; escuela; administraci&#x00F3;n; ciudadan&#x00ED;a</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Investigaci&#x00F3;n escolar; gu&#x00ED;as; talleres; difusi&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P4</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Entidad social</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Coordinadora</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Secundaria / Juventud</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Conciencia y acci&#x00F3;n participativa en protecci&#x00F3;n ambiental</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>ONG; administraci&#x00F3;n; escuela; comunidad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Vivencial; acci&#x00F3;n en entorno; propuestas y seguimiento</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P5</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Universidad</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Coordinadora</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Naturalizaci&#x00F3;n de patios; evaluaci&#x00F3;n de impactos</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela; familias; administraci&#x00F3;n; organizaciones</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Investigaci&#x00F3;n aplicada; evaluaci&#x00F3;n mixta; triangulaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P6</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Entidad social</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Dise&#x00F1;o pedag&#x00F3;gico / facilitaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Educaci&#x00F3;n formal y no formal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Comunicaci&#x00F3;n transformadora para sostenibilidad y DDHH</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuelas; redes educativas; entidad tiempo libre; sociedad</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Contenidos audiovisuales; adaptaci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P7</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Centro investigaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>IP / equipo</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primaria&#x2013;Secundaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Laboratorio urbano participativo: salud y medio ambiente</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Comunidad escolar; administraci&#x00F3;n; municipio</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Laboratorio ciudadano; co-creaci&#x00F3;n; evaluaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P8</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Entidad educativa</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Educador / coordinador</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Infantil&#x2013;Primaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Conocer y conservar naturaleza local; inclusi&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Administraci&#x00F3;n; entidades; escuelas; familias</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Aprendizaje en entorno; observaci&#x00F3;n; divulgaci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P9</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Centro educativo</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Coordinadora</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Multinivel</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cambios cotidianos y cultura de sostenibilidad; red internacional</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Alumnado; docentes; familias (internacional)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Retos/acciones tem&#x00E1;ticas; colaboraci&#x00F3;n; difusi&#x00F3;n</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P10</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Administraci&#x00F3;n + Universidad</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Col&#x00ED;deres</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Infantil&#x2013;Primaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transformaci&#x00F3;n alimentaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela; Ayuntamiento; universidad; comedor</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Grupo docente; formaci&#x00F3;n; diagn&#x00F3;stico; red</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P11</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Empresa social</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Impulsor</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primaria&#x2013;Secundaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ciencia ciudadana y educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental con tecnolog&#x00ED;a</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela; administraci&#x00F3;n; universidad; empresas</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Formaci&#x00F3;n; experimentaci&#x00F3;n; an&#x00E1;lisis de datos; retorno</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P12</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Universidad + cooperativa</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>IP</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Comunitario/educativo</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Adaptaci&#x00F3;n colectiva a riesgos clim&#x00E1;ticos; acci&#x00F3;n comunitaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Administraci&#x00F3;n; universidad; cooperativa; entidades</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Identificaci&#x00F3;n de iniciativas; entrevistas; an&#x00E1;lisis documental</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P13</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Universidad</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>IP</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primaria&#x2013;Secundaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Biodiversidad local: recursos did&#x00E1;cticos y apoyo docente</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuela; universidad; administraci&#x00F3;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Formaci&#x00F3;n; bioblitz; implementaci&#x00F3;n en centros</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P14</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Centro educativo</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Adjunta direcci&#x00F3;n general</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Secundaria</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Visibilizar proyectos y participaci&#x00F3;n juvenil</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Escuelas; expertos; universidad; empresas</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Metodolog&#x00ED;as activas; presentaci&#x00F3;n p&#x00FA;blica; feedback</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32878-ES">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title>T&#x00E9;cnica de recogida de datos</title>
<p>La t&#x00E9;cnica de recogida de datos fue la entrevista semiestructurada, que se realiz&#x00F3; en l&#x00ED;nea mediante Microsoft Teams. La entrevista semi-estructurada se organiz&#x00F3; en tres bloques tem&#x00E1;ticos, utilizando preguntas abiertas que permit&#x00ED;an a los participantes reflexionar sobre sus experiencias y aquellos aspectos considerados m&#x00E1;s relevantes para ellos. El guion de la entrevista inclu&#x00ED;a los siguientes bloques: 1) Caracter&#x00ED;sticas del proyecto, metodolog&#x00ED;a y proceso seguido, 2) Evaluaci&#x00F3;n e impacto del proyecto y, 3) Elementos clave, factores, retos y oportunidades.</p>
<p>En coherencia con los objetivos del estudio y con el foco anal&#x00ED;tico de este art&#x00ED;culo centrado en los retos, obst&#x00E1;culos, facilitadores y oportunidades en el desarrollo e implementaci&#x00F3;n de proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad, se han analizado &#x00FA;nicamente las respuestas correspondientes al tercer bloque de la entrevista, mientras que la informaci&#x00F3;n procedente del primer bloque se ha utilizado para la caracterizaci&#x00F3;n de los proyectos analizados (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32878-ES">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
<p>Las preguntas de este tercer bloque se orientaron a identificar los factores que influyen en el desarrollo e implementaci&#x00F3;n de los proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad desde la perspectiva de sus impulsores y responsables. Concretamente, se formularon las siguientes preguntas:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Desde tu experiencia, &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; factores (positivos y negativos) influyen en la implementaci&#x00F3;n de este tipo de proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad?</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>&#x00BF;Con qu&#x00E9; retos o dificultades os hab&#x00E9;is encontrado a la hora de promover y liderar iniciativas o proyectos de este tipo? &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo los hab&#x00E9;is afrontado?</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; oportunidades identificas o han surgido durante el proceso que han facilitado o ayudado en su implementaci&#x00F3;n?</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; condiciones crees que son necesarias para implementar iniciativas o proyectos de este tipo? &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; procesos, recursos, herramientas o estrategias son necesarias?</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Todos los informantes clave firmaron previamente a la entrevista el consentimiento informado. Se siguieron los principios &#x00E9;ticos de la investigaci&#x00F3;n, con el fin de garantizar la confidencialidad y el anonimato de los participantes.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32878-ES">
<label>3.3.</label>
<title>An&#x00E1;lisis de datos</title>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis de los datos se llev&#x00F3; a cabo mediante el uso del software Atlas. ti (versi&#x00F3;n 25.0.1), siguiendo un an&#x00E1;lisis tem&#x00E1;tico de car&#x00E1;cter inductivo-deductivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32878-ES">Braun y Clarke, 2006</xref>). Este enfoque permiti&#x00F3; dar sentido a las experiencias relatadas por las personas participantes e identificar patrones recurrentes. Las entrevistas fueron previamente transcritas y su codificaci&#x00F3;n se realiz&#x00F3; en varias fases, generando inicialmente c&#x00F3;digos abiertos a partir del contenido de las entrevistas. Posteriormente, se agruparon los c&#x00F3;digos en subcategor&#x00ED;as m&#x00E1;s amplias, en funci&#x00F3;n de su frecuencia y relevancia. Estas subcategor&#x00ED;as se agruparon en bloques tem&#x00E1;ticos dentro de las cuatro dimensiones de an&#x00E1;lisis relacionadas con los objetivos de la investigaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32878-ES" sec-type="results|discussion">
<label>4.</label>
<title>R<sc>esultados y discusi&#x00F3;n</sc></title>
<p>A partir del an&#x00E1;lisis tem&#x00E1;tico de las transcripciones de las entrevistas realizadas a las personas o equipos impulsores de los proyectos se identificaron 38 categor&#x00ED;as que se agruparon en 14 bloques tem&#x00E1;ticos y estos en 4 dimensiones de an&#x00E1;lisis en funci&#x00F3;n de si se trataba de facilitadores, obst&#x00E1;culos, retos y oportunidades en la implementaci&#x00F3;n de proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-32878-ES">Tabla 2</xref>). Algunas categor&#x00ED;as aparecen en m&#x00E1;s de una dimensi&#x00F3;n, ya que lo que en un contexto act&#x00FA;a como facilitador en otro puede ser un obst&#x00E1;culo o reto. Esta ambivalencia refleja la complejidad e interdependencia de las pr&#x00E1;cticas de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-32878-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>ategor&#x00ED;as y bloques tem&#x00E1;ticos por dimensiones de an&#x00E1;lisis</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-32878-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="60%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Dimensi&#x00F3;n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Categor&#x00ED;as</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Bloques tem&#x00E1;ticos</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="10"><p>Facilitadores</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Institucionales y organizativos (N=16)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Apoyo operativo y compromiso pol&#x00ED;tico-t&#x00E9;cnico (N=7)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Alianzas estrat&#x00E9;gicas (N=5)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Financiaci&#x00F3;n (N=4)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Humanos y comunitarios (N=9)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Motivaci&#x00F3;n y compromiso de los equipos impulsores, la comunidad educativa y otros agentes (N=6)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Participaci&#x00F3;n de agentes comunitarios y vinculaci&#x00F3;n con el entorno (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Referentes externos (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Pedag&#x00F3;gicos (N=5)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Inter&#x00E9;s por las tem&#x00E1;ticas (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Integraci&#x00F3;n curricular (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Alcance e impacto (N=1)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Retorno de resultados (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="9"><p>Obst&#x00E1;culos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4"><p>Organizativos y estructurales (N=10)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Rigidez de los calendarios escolares (N=5)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Trabas burocr&#x00E1;ticas (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Estructuras colaborativas &#x2013; coordinaci&#x00F3;n (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Sobrecarga de los equipos educativos (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Capacidad y recursos (N=7)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Financiaci&#x00F3;n insuficiente (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>D&#x00E9;ficit de formaci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Inestabilidad de los equipos (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"><p>Pol&#x00ED;ticos e institucionales (N=4)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>D&#x00E9;bil interlocuci&#x00F3;n con las autoridades (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Inestabilidad institucional (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="9"><p>Retos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Impacto, alcance y proyecci&#x00F3;n (N=13)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Continuidad y sostenibilidad (N=6)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Temporalizaci&#x00F3;n (N=4)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Alcance, visibilidad y transferibilidad (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Gesti&#x00F3;n y organizaci&#x00F3;n (N=8)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Construcci&#x00F3;n de alianzas y coordinaci&#x00F3;n (N=5)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Inestabilidad y profesionalizaci&#x00F3;n (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Administraci&#x00F3;n y burocracia (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Sociopol&#x00ED;ticos (N=5)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Implicaci&#x00F3;n de autoridades (locales) (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Reconocimiento de la ciudadan&#x00ED;a infantil y adolescente (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Inclusi&#x00F3;n y coeducaci&#x00F3;n (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="10"><p>Oportunidades</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4"><p>Mejora e innovaci&#x00F3;n educativas (N=9)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Desarrollo profesional (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Integraci&#x00F3;n curricular (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Dotaci&#x00F3;n de recursos (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Interdisciplinariedad (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"><p>Alianza y redes (N=7)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Construcci&#x00F3;n de alianzas (N=5)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Efecto multiplicador (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Alcance e impacto (N=6)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Alcance e impacto (N=6)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Ciudadan&#x00ED;a y agencia de la infancia y la adolescencia (N=4)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Protagonismo del alumnado (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ciudadan&#x00ED;a y participaci&#x00F3;n infantil y adolescente (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Confianza y expresi&#x00F3;n emocional (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1-ES"><p>Nota. Los valores entre par&#x00E9;ntesis (N) indican el n&#x00FA;mero de referencias codificadas.</p></fn>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<sec id="sec-10-32878-ES">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Facilitadores</title>
<p>Los proyectos analizados revelan cuatro grandes temas como facilitadores que activan y sostienen las iniciativas de aprendizaje comunitario para la sostenibilidad: 1) institucionales y organizativos, 2) humanos y comunitarios, 3) pedag&#x00F3;gicos y 4) vinculados al impacto y la proyecci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<sec id="sec-11-32878-ES">
<label>4.1.1.</label>
<title>Facilitadores institucionales y organizativos</title>
<p>En primer lugar, el apoyo log&#x00ED;stico y el compromiso pol&#x00ED;tico-t&#x00E9;cnico, presente en 7 de los 14 proyectos (50 %), se identifican como facilitadores decisivos. La implicaci&#x00F3;n activa de las administraciones locales no solo aporta apoyo log&#x00ED;stico, sino que crea las condiciones para que las iniciativas prosperen: &#x00AB;hab&#x00ED;a un concejal mucho m&#x00E1;s implicado, y un t&#x00E9;cnico, y esto ha facilitado una participaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s activa&#x00BB; (P1); &#x00AB;Tener al Ayuntamiento como socio, eso siempre te ayuda&#x00BB; (P5).</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, la creaci&#x00F3;n de alianzas estrat&#x00E9;gicas entre comunidades educativas y otros actores incluyendo universidades, centros de investigaci&#x00F3;n, asociaciones o redes aparece en 5 entrevistas (36 %). Estas colaboraciones aportan recursos especializados y anclan las acciones en el territorio: &#x201C;El hecho de que haya muchas entidades implicadas facilita much&#x00ED;simo el impacto [&#x2026;] que haya centros de investigaci&#x00F3;n, centros de estudios, institutos&#x201D; (P6). En palabras de un participante, los pilares fundamentales son &#x201C;coordinaci&#x00F3;n, colaboraci&#x00F3;n y comunicaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (P2).</p>
<p>Por &#x00FA;ltimo, contar con una financiaci&#x00F3;n estable se menciona en 4 proyectos (29 %) como condici&#x00F3;n clave para la viabilidad: &#x201C;El factor m&#x00E1;s importante es la financiaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (P11).</p>
<p>Estos resultados se alinean con el enfoque del <italic>whole school approach</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32878-ES">UNESCO, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32878-ES">Tilbury &#x0026; Galvin, 2022</xref>), que subraya la necesidad de marcos institucionales colaborativos para una educaci&#x00F3;n transformadora. En este sentido, construir redes de apoyo interinstitucional resulta fundamental para sostener la acci&#x00F3;n educativa de car&#x00E1;cter comunitario y maximizar su impacto territorial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32878-ES">Flowers &#x0026; Chodkiewicz, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32878-ES">Mogren &#x0026; Gericke, 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-12-32878-ES">
<label>4.1.2.</label>
<title>Facilitadores humanos y comunitarios</title>
<p>La motivaci&#x00F3;n y el compromiso de los equipos impulsores, la comunidad educativa y otros agentes est&#x00E1;n presentes en 6 de los 14 proyectos (43 %). La continuidad de las iniciativas depende en gran medida de esta implicaci&#x00F3;n colectiva: &#x201C;Si un profesorado o una direcci&#x00F3;n de centro tienen una inquietud concreta hacia un tema, las propuestas salen adelante&#x201D; (P4).</p>
<p>La participaci&#x00F3;n de agentes comunitarios y la vinculaci&#x00F3;n con el entorno se registran en 2 proyectos (14 %). Asociaciones, colectivos, comercios y ciudadan&#x00ED;a ampl&#x00ED;an el alcance de las acciones m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del centro educativo, reforzando su impacto territorial: &#x201C;La vinculaci&#x00F3;n es un punto muy fuerte [&#x2026;] son tres escuelas que promueven mucho la sostenibilidad [&#x2026;] es el enlace con el entorno&#x201D; (P2).</p>
<p>La presencia de referentes externos, profesionales o entidades especializadas, se registra en 1 proyecto, aportando legitimidad y conocimiento: &#x201C;Cuando se plantean iniciativas de ciencia ciudadana en las escuelas es importante traer referentes de primera mano&#x201D; (P11).</p>
<p>En conjunto, estos factores humanos generan v&#x00ED;nculos de corresponsabilidad y sentido de pertenencia, potenciando competencias de acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-ES">Oe et al., 2022</xref>) y confirman que la movilizaci&#x00F3;n de comunidades educativas y locales es indispensable para que el aprendizaje comunitario sea una pr&#x00E1;ctica compartida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32878-ES">UNESCO, 2017</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-13-32878-ES">
<label>4.1.3.</label>
<title>Facilitadores pedag&#x00F3;gicos</title>
<p>Aunque menos citados, los facilitadores pedag&#x00F3;gicos dan sentido educativo a las iniciativas. El inter&#x00E9;s por las tem&#x00E1;ticas socioambientales aparece en 3 proyectos (21 %): &#x201C;Tambi&#x00E9;n era una tem&#x00E1;tica que generaba mucho inter&#x00E9;s en el alumnado [&#x2026;] los padres tambi&#x00E9;n recibieron satisfactoriamente el proyecto&#x201D; (P3).</p>
<p>La integraci&#x00F3;n curricular se observa en 1 caso (7 %) como condici&#x00F3;n para garantizar coherencia y permanencia: &#x201C;Si no, no tiene sentido&#x201D; (P14).</p>
<p>La formaci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica del profesorado se menciona en 1 entrevista (7 %) como elemento decisivo para impulsar pr&#x00E1;cticas transformadoras: &#x201C;La formaci&#x00F3;n recibida por parte del proyecto fue clave&#x201D; (P12).</p>
<p>Estos hallazgos coinciden con estudios que subrayan la necesidad de capacitar al profesorado y seleccionar tem&#x00E1;ticas significativas para sostener procesos transformadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32878-ES">Holst et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32878-ES">Mul&#x00E0; &#x0026; Tilbury, 2023</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-14-32878-ES">
<label>4.1.4.</label>
<title>Facilitadores de alcance e impacto</title>
<p>La devoluci&#x00F3;n de resultados a los diferentes agentes involucrados aparece en 1 proyecto: &#x201C;Ir haciendo devoluci&#x00F3;n cada a&#x00F1;o de los resultados [&#x2026;] ha sido muy positivo&#x201D; (P5).</p>
<p>Las pr&#x00E1;cticas sistem&#x00E1;ticas de devoluci&#x00F3;n y retorno a los participantes, presentaciones, informes o actos comunitarios, refuerzan la implicaci&#x00F3;n de la comunidad y ponen en valor las acciones. Constituyen una validaci&#x00F3;n social del aprendizaje que convierte la experiencia en referente compartido y, al legitimar los avances, fortalece la sostenibilidad interna y ampl&#x00ED;a la incidencia en pol&#x00ED;ticas locales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32878-ES">Tilbury &#x0026; Galvin, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-15-32878-ES">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Obst&#x00E1;culos</title>
<p>Los obst&#x00E1;culos identificados se agrupan en tres temas principales: 1) organizativos y estructurales, 2) de capacidad y recursos, y 3) de car&#x00E1;cter pol&#x00ED;tico e institucional. Aunque con particularidades, comparten din&#x00E1;micas que limitan la puesta en marcha y consolidaci&#x00F3;n de los proyectos, revelando tensiones a&#x00FA;n no resueltas en los marcos actuales.</p>
<sec id="sec-16-32878-ES">
<label>4.2.1.</label>
<title>Obst&#x00E1;culos organizativos y estructurales</title>
<p>Las dificultades organizativas y estructurales figuran entre los obst&#x00E1;culos m&#x00E1;s frecuentes. La rigidez de los calendarios escolares, se&#x00F1;alada en 5 proyectos (36 %), obliga a encajar los proyectos en un cronograma r&#x00ED;gido: &#x201C;Tener que concretar el proyecto en los tiempos educativos de la escuela puede limitar el desarrollo&#x201D; (P3).</p>
<p>Las trabas burocr&#x00E1;ticas, presentes en 3 proyectos (21 %), a&#x00F1;aden carga administrativa y retrasan los procesos: &#x201C;La burocracia y organizaci&#x00F3;n interna de los centros escolares ha dificultado la continuidad&#x201D; (P7).</p>
<p>En algunos casos, la falta de estructuras colaborativas consolidadas (1 entrevista, 7 %) dificulta la coordinaci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional: &#x201C;Hay centros en los que todo fluye y hay otros en los que es m&#x00E1;s dif&#x00ED;cil la coordinaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (P4). A ello se suma la sobrecarga de los equipos educativos (1 entrevista, 7 %), que reduce su capacidad de participaci&#x00F3;n: &#x201C;Las escuelas est&#x00E1;n muy saturadas [&#x2026;] ya no tenemos capacidad para participar en nada m&#x00E1;s&#x201D; P5).</p>
<p>Estas barreras reflejan la tensi&#x00F3;n entre la l&#x00F3;gica burocr&#x00E1;tica escolar y la flexibilidad que exigen los proyectos comunitarios; sin estructuras que faciliten transversalidad y coordinaci&#x00F3;n, corren el riesgo de diluirse y no facilitar las condiciones organizativas que permiten llevar a cabo este tipo de iniciativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32878-ES">Mul&#x00E0; &#x0026; Tilbury, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32878-ES">Monroe et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32878-ES">Reid, 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-17-32878-ES">
<label>4.2.2.</label>
<title>Obst&#x00E1;culos de capacidad y recursos</title>
<p>Las limitaciones de capacidad y recursos son otro obst&#x00E1;culo cr&#x00ED;tico. La financiaci&#x00F3;n insuficiente, en 3 proyectos (21 %), restringe la puesta en marcha y sostenibilidad de las acciones: &#x201C;Si no tenemos un proyecto financiado, no lo vamos a poder desarrollar&#x201D; (P13).</p>
<p>A ello se a&#x00F1;ade el d&#x00E9;ficit de formaci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica en sostenibilidad, en 2 entrevistas (14 %), que compromete la autonom&#x00ED;a docente: &#x201C;Les faltan herramientas [&#x2026;] en su formaci&#x00F3;n no los han formado para salir al patio&#x201D; (P5).</p>
<p>Finalmente, la inestabilidad de los equipos docentes, en 2 entrevistas (14 %), muestra la fragilidad derivada de la falta de personal: &#x201C;Necesitas una codocencia s&#x00ED; o s&#x00ED; [&#x2026;] cuando t&#x00FA; te vas, necesitas a otro maestro&#x201D; (P2).</p>
<p>La literatura existente corrobora que sostener experiencias transformadoras exige marcos institucionales con recursos, tiempo y formaci&#x00F3;n continuada, y subraya la urgencia de elevar la ecoalfabetizaci&#x00F3;n docente mediante estrategias de capacitaci&#x00F3;n sist&#x00E9;micas y sostenidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32878-ES">Sastre Merino et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-ES">UNESCO, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-ES">Oe et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-18-32878-ES">
<label>4.2.3.</label>
<title>Obst&#x00E1;culos pol&#x00ED;ticos e institucionales</title>
<p>Los obst&#x00E1;culos pol&#x00ED;ticos e institucionales, aunque menos frecuentes, impactan en los proyectos. La d&#x00E9;bil interlocuci&#x00F3;n con las autoridades, en 2 casos (14 %), dificulta que las propuestas del alumnado lleguen a los cargos electos: &#x201C;Es muy dif&#x00ED;cil encontrar el mecanismo para comunicar el proyecto y que llegue al representante pol&#x00ED;tico&#x201D; (P1).</p>
<p>La inestabilidad institucional, en 2 proyectos (14 %), implica cambios de gobierno, reordenaci&#x00F3;n de prioridades o convocatorias temporales que interrumpen los procesos: &#x201C;Se reducen las escuelas implicadas y se priorizan otros programas, de manera que el proyecto pierde fuerza&#x201D; (P5).</p>
<p>Sin estructuras de gobernanza intersectorial estables, los proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario quedan en la periferia de las pol&#x00ED;ticas p&#x00FA;blicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32878-ES">Duarte et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32878-ES">Evans et al., 2012</xref>). Aunque las redes colaborativas pueden mitigar esta fragilidad, su consolidaci&#x00F3;n depende de mecanismos institucionales sostenidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32878-ES">Hayes et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-19-32878-ES">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title>Retos</title>
<p>Los retos identificados se agrupan en tres grandes temas: 1) de impacto y proyecci&#x00F3;n, 2) de gesti&#x00F3;n y organizaci&#x00F3;n, y 3) sociopol&#x00ED;ticos. Estos desaf&#x00ED;os no solo dificultan el desarrollo de las iniciativas, sino que limitan su capacidad de transformaci&#x00F3;n a largo plazo.</p>
<sec id="sec-20-32878-ES">
<label>4.3.1.</label>
<title>Retos de impacto, alcance y proyecci&#x00F3;n</title>
<p>Los retos de impacto, alcance y proyecci&#x00F3;n concentran gran parte de las preocupaciones, al comprometer la trascendencia de las acciones m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del ciclo de ejecuci&#x00F3;n. La continuidad y sostenibilidad, mencionada en 6 de los 14 proyectos (43 %), se ve amenazada por la fragilidad institucional y la volatilidad de los recursos: &#x201C;&#x00BF;Hacia d&#x00F3;nde apunta? &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; se hace con todo esto, que no quede en una catarsis m&#x00E1;s? [&#x2026;] que haya perdurabilidad y sostenibilidad&#x201D; (P6).</p>
<p>La falta de tiempo para consolidar aprendizajes y completar la evaluaci&#x00F3;n aparece en 4 casos (29 %): &#x201C;Para nosotros lo importante es que se usen los resultados&#x2026; creo que ese es el mayor reto, y no tenemos tiempo porque ya se termin&#x00F3; el proyecto&#x201D; (P12).</p>
<p>El desaf&#x00ED;o de amplificar alcance, visibilidad y transferibilidad se se&#x00F1;ala en 3 proyectos (21 %), con la necesidad de dise&#x00F1;ar mecanismos multiplicadores y adaptables: &#x201C;Aqu&#x00ED; est&#x00E1; un reto que a&#x00FA;n quiero analizar; cu&#x00E1;l ser&#x00ED;a la manera m&#x00E1;s eficiente, m&#x00E1;s cuidadosa y acertada para acercar mejor y con un efecto un poco m&#x00E1;s multiplicador&#x201D; (P6).</p>
<p>Estos retos muestran que la generaci&#x00F3;n de experiencias significativas no garantiza un impacto duradero si no se articulan estrategias de transferencia, visibilizaci&#x00F3;n y reutilizaci&#x00F3;n ni se crean condiciones institucionales para dar continuidad a estos proyectos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32878-ES">Sastre Merino et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-21-32878-ES">
<label>4.3.2.</label>
<title>Retos de gesti&#x00F3;n y organizaci&#x00F3;n</title>
<p>A nivel operativo, la creaci&#x00F3;n de alianzas y la coordinaci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional se mencionan en 5 de los 14 proyectos (36 %), con el reto de conectar actores y definir roles: &#x201C;Crear una alianza [&#x2026;] que sea coordinado [&#x2026;] y se sepa qu&#x00E9; rol tendr&#x00E1; cada uno&#x201D; (P1).</p>
<p>Se suma la inestabilidad por falta de profesionalizaci&#x00F3;n, se&#x00F1;alada en 2 entrevistas (14 %): &#x201C;Da inestabilidad [&#x2026;] si no hay personas profesionalizadas&#x201D; (P12).</p>
<p>El paso de enfoques flexibles a estructuras formales exige sortear obst&#x00E1;culos administrativos y burocr&#x00E1;ticos, en 1 caso (7 %): &#x201C;Para ir a limpiar la ribera [&#x2026;] tenemos que pedir permiso a la Confederaci&#x00F3;n Hidrogr&#x00E1;fica, a la Red Natura 2000 y al Ayuntamiento&#x201D; (P4), adem&#x00E1;s del salto a constituirse como entidad jur&#x00ED;dica.</p>
<p>Estas tensiones estructurales como la rigidez administrativa, la rotaci&#x00F3;n de personal y la falta de profesionalizaci&#x00F3;n suponen un desaf&#x00ED;o para crear alianzas y redes colaborativas s&#x00F3;lidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32878-ES">Monroe et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-22-32878-ES">
<label>4.3.3.</label>
<title>Retos sociopol&#x00ED;ticos</title>
<p>En el plano sociopol&#x00ED;tico destacan tres desaf&#x00ED;os. El primero es la escasa implicaci&#x00F3;n de las autoridades locales, en 2 proyectos (14 %): &#x201C;Est&#x00E1;n al tanto de que se hace este proyecto, pero luego no se involucran activamente&#x201D; (P1).</p>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n en 2 proyectos (14 %) se plantea la necesidad de reconocer la ciudadan&#x00ED;a infantil y adolescente, con &#x201C;voz y voto&#x201D; en los procesos participativos: &#x201C;Los ni&#x00F1;os comprendan que son ciudadanos con derechos ambientales y que participen activamente en la democracia&#x201D; (P1). En este sentido, se insiste en la necesidad de gestionar expectativas para evitar frustraciones: &#x201C;Se deben cuidar estos procesos y no generar falsas expectativas&#x201D; (P5).</p>
<p>La inclusi&#x00F3;n y la coeducaci&#x00F3;n aparecen en 1 proyecto: &#x201C;Gestionar la coeducaci&#x00F3;n es a&#x00FA;n una asignatura pendiente&#x201D; (P5), junto con la integraci&#x00F3;n de colectivos diversos, la transformaci&#x00F3;n de roles de g&#x00E9;nero y el dise&#x00F1;o de espacios accesibles: &#x201C;Dise&#x00F1;ar acciones que maximicen el potencial de los espacios para todos los ni&#x00F1;os y familias&#x201D; (P5).</p>
<p>La falta de implicaci&#x00F3;n de las administraciones locales debilita el arraigo territorial y evidencia la fragilidad del enfoque <italic>whole school</italic> cuando falla la gobernanza intersectorial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32878-ES">Duarte et al., 2017</xref>). La participaci&#x00F3;n infantil sigue mediada por l&#x00F3;gicas adultoc&#x00E9;ntricas y, sin un enfoque inclusivo y sensible a la diversidad, los proyectos pueden reproducir pr&#x00E1;cticas excluyentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32878-ES">S&#x00E1;nchez Contreras &#x0026; Murga Menoyo, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32878-ES">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-23-32878-ES">
<label>4.4.</label>
<title>Oportunidades</title>
<p>Del an&#x00E1;lisis emergen cuatro temas como oportunidades: 1) mejora e innovaci&#x00F3;n educativas, 2) alianzas y redes, 3) impacto y crecimiento y 4) ciudadan&#x00ED;a y agencia infantil y adolescente. Aunque en algunos casos retoman facilitadores ya se&#x00F1;alados, aqu&#x00ED; destacan por haber surgido durante el proceso y facilitar la sostenibilidad del proyecto a largo plazo.</p>
<sec id="sec-24-32878-ES">
<label>4.4.1.</label>
<title>Mejora e innovaci&#x00F3;n educativas</title>
<p>Las iniciativas ofrecen oportunidades para la innovaci&#x00F3;n educativa. La integraci&#x00F3;n curricular aparece en 3 proyectos (21 %), donde las materias se articulan en torno al proyecto: &#x201C;Todas las asignaturas estaban conectadas con el proyecto&#x201D; (P3). Este enfoque se refuerza con la interdisciplinariedad, citada en 1 proyecto, que permite trabajar un mismo tema desde varias &#x00E1;reas: &#x201C;Es un tema que te permite mucha movilidad [&#x2026;] a nivel de ciencias ambientales puedes trabajarlo todo, a nivel de lengua, a nivel matem&#x00E1;tico&#x201D; (P2).</p>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n en 3 proyectos (21 %) se destaca el desarrollo profesional docente, especialmente mediante colaboraciones entre escuelas y universidad: &#x201C;Trabajar codo con codo con los maestros es terriblemente necesario&#x201D; (P13).</p>
<p>Disponer de nuevos recursos e infraestructuras, en 2 proyectos (14 %), diversifica metodolog&#x00ED;as y motiva al alumnado; un ejemplo es la radio escolar: &#x201C;La radio es un medio muy atractivo [&#x2026;] los alumnos que tienen dificultades para expresarse en p&#x00FA;blico est&#x00E1;n como m&#x00E1;s relajados&#x201D; (P2).</p>
<p>Estas innovaciones educativas interdisciplinarias derivadas de los proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario se vinculan con el enfoque transformador de la ES, que promueve el pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico, el an&#x00E1;lisis inter- y transdisciplinario de problem&#x00E1;ticas ambientales reales y la b&#x00FA;squeda de soluciones conjuntas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-ES">Oe et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-25-32878-ES">
<label>4.4.2.</label>
<title>Alianzas y redes</title>
<p>Las alianzas y redes se perfilan como una de las oportunidades m&#x00E1;s valoradas. La creaci&#x00F3;n y expansi&#x00F3;n de v&#x00ED;nculos gracias a la participaci&#x00F3;n en estas inicativas se menciona en 5 proyectos (36 %): &#x201C;De estas acciones nacen otros impactos, nueva gente, estamos ampliando la red&#x201D; (P9). Esta apertura permite imaginar horizontes m&#x00E1;s ambiciosos: &#x201C;Poder llevar esto a otros r&#x00ED;os de Espa&#x00F1;a&#x201D; (P4).</p>
<p>En 2 proyectos (14 %) se menciona el efecto multiplicador y la internacionalizaci&#x00F3;n: &#x201C;De ah&#x00ED; nacen otras iniciativas&#x201D; (P9). En este marco, universidades y centros de investigaci&#x00F3;n emergen como socios clave para impulsar los proyectos y transferir resultados: &#x201C;La presencia de una universidad ha sido muy importante para la investigaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (P10).</p>
<p>La literatura confirma que las redes colaborativas fortalecen la resiliencia, generan aprendizaje mutuo y posibilitan transferencias interterritoriales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32878-ES">Mogren &#x0026; Gericke, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32878-ES">Cebri&#x00E1;n et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-26-32878-ES">
<label>4.4.3.</label>
<title>Alcance e impacto</title>
<p>El alcance y el impacto se mencionan como oportunidad en 6 de los 14 proyectos (43 %). Se reflejan en la visibilidad lograda mediante redes sociales y colaboraciones externas: &#x201C;Dar altavoz en redes sociales y colaborar con empresas y otros centros va ampliando la red de personas que te conocen&#x201D; (P4), reforzada por actividades comunitarias a escala local y por una demanda creciente.</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, la implicaci&#x00F3;n directa del alumnado potencia la transferencia de sus propuestas: &#x201C;Los alumnos proponen rutas [escolares] alternativas que ya se pueden implementar&#x201D; (P7).</p>
<p>En conjunto, estas experiencias muestran que la proyecci&#x00F3;n p&#x00FA;blica y la participaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria y estudiantil amplifican el impacto de las iniciativas, en l&#x00ED;nea con estudios que subrayan la importancia de institucionalizar y transferir los aprendizajes para consolidar iniciativas transformadoras en ES (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-ES">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32878-ES">Tilbury &#x0026; Galvin, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-27-32878-ES">
<label>4.4.4.</label>
<title>Ciudadan&#x00ED;a y agencia de la infancia y la adolescencia</title>
<p>La ciudadan&#x00ED;a y la agencia de la infancia y la adolescencia tambi&#x00E9;n son una oportunidad que ofrece el aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad. El protagonismo del alumnado destacado por 2 proyectos (14 %), donde cocrean acciones y participan en decisiones: &#x201C;Los alumnos asumen un papel importante a la hora de escoger qu&#x00E9; quieren transmitir&#x201D; (P2); &#x201C;Los alumnos han propuesto rutas alternativas y en el futuro se har&#x00E1; seguimiento de si se est&#x00E1;n llevando a cabo&#x201D; (P7).</p>
<p>En otro caso (7 %), la participaci&#x00F3;n infantil en instituciones rompe barreras simb&#x00F3;licas: &#x201C;El Ayuntamiento estaba lleno de ni&#x00F1;os [&#x2026;] esto le da mucho sentido, porque hace que no vean el Ayuntamiento como una instituci&#x00F3;n aparte&#x201D; (P1).</p>
<p>La creaci&#x00F3;n de espacios de confianza y expresi&#x00F3;n emocional aparece en 1 proyecto, reforzando el v&#x00ED;nculo con el alumnado: &#x201C;Se ha generado este clima de confianza para que ellos puedan venir y cont&#x00E1;rnoslo [&#x2026;] que tengan este espacio para encontrarse&#x201D; (P4).</p>
<p>Estas experiencias muestran que la participaci&#x00F3;n infantil efectiva exige m&#x00E1;s que reconocimiento formal: requiere escucha, v&#x00ED;nculo emocional y acci&#x00F3;n situada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32878-ES">Finnegan, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32878-ES">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>). Integrar al alumnado en procesos de toma de decisiones, principio del <italic>whole school approach,</italic> fortalece la ciudadan&#x00ED;a activa y la agencia estudiantil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32878-ES">UNESCO, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32878-ES">Holst et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-28-32878-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>5.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusiones</sc></title>
<p>Con el objetivo de contribuir a una comprensi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s profunda del aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad, este estudio se han analizado las experiencias y perspectivas de l&#x00ED;deres e impulsores/as de diferentes proyectos, con el fin de identificar factores clave en su desarrollo e implementaci&#x00F3;n. Se seleccionaron intencionalmente proyectos que involucraran a centros educativos y agentes comunitarios, liderados por distintos tipos de organizaciones y abordando tem&#x00E1;ticas ambientales diversas, con el prop&#x00F3;sito de comprender de manera m&#x00E1;s integral los factores condicionantes.</p>
<p>Los principales facilitadores identificados incluyen el apoyo pol&#x00ED;tico y t&#x00E9;cnico de las administraciones, las alianzas estrat&#x00E9;gicas entre organizaciones y una financiaci&#x00F3;n estable, factores fundamentales para la viabilidad y continuidad de los proyectos. Asimismo, influyen la motivaci&#x00F3;n y el compromiso del equipo impulsor, del profesorado y de la comunidad educativa, as&#x00ED; como la participaci&#x00F3;n de agentes comunitarios y externos, el inter&#x00E9;s del alumnado, la formaci&#x00F3;n docente y la integraci&#x00F3;n curricular de los proyectos, lo que permite ampliar su alcance e impacto. La devoluci&#x00F3;n de resultados, el reconocimiento p&#x00FA;blico y la creaci&#x00F3;n de redes sostenibles refuerzan la participaci&#x00F3;n e incrementan el impacto social y territorial. En conjunto, estos proyectos promueven la innovaci&#x00F3;n en educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad, fomentan la participaci&#x00F3;n y agencia estudiantil, permiten integrar la sostenibilidad de manera interdisciplinaria en el curr&#x00ED;culo y consolidar aprendizajes transferibles que contribuyen tanto al desarrollo profesional docente como a la adquisici&#x00F3;n de competencias ciudadanas y en sostenibilidad por parte del alumnado.</p>
<p>Entre los obst&#x00E1;culos se&#x00F1;alados se encuentran factores organizativos y estructurales, como la rigidez de los calendarios escolares, la burocracia, la sobrecarga del profesorado y la ausencia de estructuras colaborativas. Asimismo, se identifican limitaciones relacionadas con la financiaci&#x00F3;n insuficiente, el d&#x00E9;ficit de formaci&#x00F3;n espec&#x00ED;fica en sostenibilidad, la alta rotaci&#x00F3;n del personal docente y las dificultades de comunicaci&#x00F3;n y coordinaci&#x00F3;n con las instituciones, as&#x00ED; como los cambios pol&#x00ED;ticos que condicionan la correcta ejecuci&#x00F3;n y alcance de los proyectos. Entre los retos m&#x00E1;s recurrentes destacan la necesidad de garantizar la continuidad de los proyectos, fortalecer la coordinaci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional, incrementar la implicaci&#x00F3;n de las autoridades locales y asegurar la participaci&#x00F3;n efectiva del alumnado.</p>
<p>Como principal limitaci&#x00F3;n de este estudio cabe destacar que se basa en el an&#x00E1;lisis de un n&#x00FA;mero acotado de proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad. Aunque los factores clave identificados son aplicables y transferibles a diferentes proyectos y contextos, su interpretaci&#x00F3;n y aplicaci&#x00F3;n requieren atender a las caracter&#x00ED;sticas de los agentes participantes y al contexto educativo, social y cultural en el que se desarrolla cada iniciativa. En este sentido, los resultados no pretenden ser generalizables, sino que ofrecen un marco de an&#x00E1;lisis y reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre los factores que condicionan, dificultan o facilitan el desarrollo y la implementaci&#x00F3;n de proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad.</p>
<p>Los resultados de este estudio pueden orientar futuras investigaciones y contribuir al dise&#x00F1;o de proyectos educativos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad, favoreciendo su implementaci&#x00F3;n efectiva. En el plano estructural, resulta necesario profundizar en modelos de gobernanza intersectorial que garanticen la continuidad de los proyectos y un acompa&#x00F1;amiento institucional adecuado, as&#x00ED; como consolidar alianzas y redes de colaboraci&#x00F3;n estables. Del mismo modo, marcos institucionales y enfoques integrales, como el <italic>whole school approach</italic>, son fundamentales para institucionalizar el aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad y promover espacios en los que el alumnado participe activamente en procesos de toma de decisiones dentro del centro y en su comunidad local, abordando retos y problem&#x00E1;ticas ambientales reales junto con otros agentes del entorno. Al mismo tiempo, resulta prioritario avanzar en la formaci&#x00F3;n docente en sostenibilidad para la integraci&#x00F3;n de la sostenibilidad y del aprendizaje comunitario como parte del curr&#x00ED;culum educativo.</p>
<p>El aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad empodera al alumnado en la acci&#x00F3;n clim&#x00E1;tica, como ciudadan&#x00ED;a activa fortaleciendo su sentido de pertenencia, agencia y culturas democr&#x00E1;ticas, lo que requiere de procesos participativos inclusivos y sostenibles que eviten l&#x00F3;gicas adultoc&#x00E9;ntricas y fomenten la agencia estudiantil. Futuras investigaciones deber&#x00ED;an profundizar en la dimensi&#x00F3;n intergeneracional, promoviendo la participaci&#x00F3;n estudiantil en todas las fases del proyecto, en los procesos de ideaci&#x00F3;n, dise&#x00F1;o y toma de decisiones.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title>A<sc>gradecimientos</sc></title>
<p>Agradecemos a todas las l&#x00ED;deres de los proyectos incluidos en este estudio su participaci&#x00F3;n, as&#x00ED; como a Cristina P&#x00E9;rez Garcia por su colaboraci&#x00F3;n en la recogida de datos.</p>
</ack>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-ES" fn-type="financial-disclosure">
<p><bold>F<sc>inanciaci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></p>
<p>Ayuda CNS2023-143709 financiada por MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y por la Uni&#x00F3;n Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.32878</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.32878</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Community-Based Learning for Sustainability: Key Implementation Factors from Educational Experiences in Spain</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad: factores clave para su implementaci&#x00F3;n desde experiencias educativas en Espa&#x00F1;a</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-9888</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Cebri&#x00E1;n</surname>
<given-names>Gisela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6635-2274</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Cantos-Egea</surname>
<given-names>Alison</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1072-5406</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Esteban</surname>
<given-names>Marta B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<institution content-type="original">Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat Rovira i Virgili</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>gisela.cebrian@urv.cat</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>alison.cantos@urv.cat</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>martabeatriz.esteban@urv.cat</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>23</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2026382</issue-id>
    <fpage>79</fpage>
    <lpage>105</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>26</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>19</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2026 Los/Las autores/autoras</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>In recent decades, a range of active learning methodologies have emerged as central to promoting sustainability learning among students, fostering their engagement and connection with their surroundings. Among these approaches, community-based learning is conceived as a pedagogical strategy aimed at strengthening commitment to sustainability and collective action, fostering collaboration between schools and community stakeholders.</p>
<p>This article presents a qualitative study conducted in Spain, based on interviews with 16 leaders of 14 community-based learning projects focused on sustainability. The research aimed to identify the key elements that influence the implementation and development of these projects, analysing the facilitating factors, obstacles, challenges and opportunities based on the experiences and perspectives of their promoters.</p>
<p>The findings reveal four groups of facilitating factors: institutional and organisational, human and community-based, pedagogical and impact-related. Key enabling factors include political and technical support from public administrations, the creation of networks and strategic alliances, stable funding, and the motivation of teachers and the wider educational community. Obstacles are associated with organisational and structural constraints (rigid schedules, bureaucracy, teacher workload), a lack of financial and training resources, and political changes that affect project viability. The main challenges relate to ensuring continuity and impact, as well as strengthening inter-institutional coordination.</p>
<p>The study concludes that community-based learning for sustainability contributes to teachers&#x2019; professional development, student agency, and the development of civic competences oriented towards socio-environmental transformation. It also highlights the approach&#x2019;s potential to empower students in climate action. The main limitation concerns the contextual and bounded nature of the projects analysed. The study identifies future research directions linked to strengthening intersectoral governance models and whole school approaches, as well as to the intergenerational dimension and the promotion of inclusive participatory processes.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>En las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas han surgido diversas metodolog&#x00ED;as activas consideradas fundamentales para promover aprendizajes en sostenibilidad en el alumnado, fomentando su participaci&#x00F3;n y conexi&#x00F3;n con el entorno. Entre ellas, el aprendizaje comunitario se concibe como una estrategia pedag&#x00F3;gica destinada a fortalecer el compromiso con la sostenibilidad y la acci&#x00F3;n colectiva, impulsando la colaboraci&#x00F3;n entre centros educativos y agentes comunitarios.</p>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo presenta una investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa realizada en Espa&#x00F1;a, basada en entrevistas a 16 l&#x00ED;deres de 14 proyectos de aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad. El objetivo fue identificar los factores clave que influyen en la implementaci&#x00F3;n y desarrollo de estos proyectos, analizando facilitadores, obst&#x00E1;culos, retos y oportunidades desde las experiencias y perspectivas de sus impulsores/as.</p>
<p>Los resultados revelan cuatro grupos de facilitadores: institucionales y organizativos, humanos y comunitarios, pedag&#x00F3;gicos y vinculados al impacto. Destacan el apoyo pol&#x00ED;tico y t&#x00E9;cnico de las administraciones, la creaci&#x00F3;n de redes y alianzas estrat&#x00E9;gicas, la financiaci&#x00F3;n estable y la motivaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado y de la comunidad educativa. Los obst&#x00E1;culos se asocian a limitaciones organizativas y estructurales (rigidez de calendarios, burocracia, sobrecarga docente), la falta de recursos financieros y formativos y los cambios pol&#x00ED;ticos que condicionan la viabilidad de los proyectos. Los principales retos se relacionan con garantizar la continuidad e impacto y fortalecer la coordinaci&#x00F3;n interinstitucional.</p>
<p>El estudio concluye que el aprendizaje comunitario en sostenibilidad contribuye al desarrollo profesional docente, a la agencia del alumnado y al desarrollo de competencias ciudadanas orientadas a la transformaci&#x00F3;n socioambiental. Asimismo, evidencia su potencial para empoderar al alumnado en la acci&#x00F3;n clim&#x00E1;tica. La principal limitaci&#x00F3;n radica en el car&#x00E1;cter acotado y contextual de los proyectos analizados. De cara al futuro, se apuntan l&#x00ED;neas de trabajo vinculadas al fortalecimiento de modelos de gobernanza intersectorial y enfoques integrales como el whole school approach, as&#x00ED; como a la dimensi&#x00F3;n intergeneracional y la promoci&#x00F3;n de procesos participativos inclusivos.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>community education</kwd>
<kwd>education for sustainability</kwd>
<kwd>community</kwd>
<kwd>community participation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n para la sostenibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>comunidad</kwd>
<kwd>participaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="award01">
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033</institution>
<institution>European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>CNS2023-143709</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>Grant CNS2023-143709 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-32878-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></title>
<p>The current climate crisis, characterised by biodiversity loss, environmental degradation and growing social inequalities, demands structural and urgent responses from different sectors of society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-32878-EN">European Parliament, 2019</xref>). In this context, international organisations such as the European Commission, UNESCO and the United Nations recognise education as a fundamental pillar for promoting more sustainable behaviours and lifestyles in our societies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32878-EN">European Commission, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32878-EN">UNESCO, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>The integration of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), understood as a comprehensive educational approach that prepares individuals to make informed and responsible decisions that contribute to sustainable development, has become an educational priority (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-32878-EN">Urrea Solano et al., 2024</xref>). Its implementation across different educational levels and contexts is key to developing a citizenry committed to sustainability values and fostering behavioural change in response to current climate challenges (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-EN">Oe et al., 2022</xref>). Along these lines, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32878-EN">UNESCO (2020)</xref>, through its Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) programme for 2030, has established five priority areas for action: public policy, transformation of learning environments, teacher training, youth empowerment and strengthening of community partnerships. For its part, the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-32878-EN">European Commission (2021)</xref> emphasises the need to integrate ESD and sustainability competences into European educational policies and systems, promoting active citizen participation in the ecological transition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-32878-EN">D&#x00ED;az-Romanillos, 2024</xref>). The term ESD is commonly used by international organisations such as UNESCO and the United Nations, and more recently the European Commission has adopted the term <italic>Learning for Sustainability</italic>, placing emphasis on transformative, lifelong learning and the development of sustainability competences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-32878-EN">European Commission, 2024</xref>). In this article we use the term Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), which emphasises the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability and seeks to promote transformative, culturally appropriate and action-oriented learning for developing sustainability competences and positive social transformation towards sustainability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-32878-EN">Macintyre et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-32878-EN">Sterling, 2001</xref>).</p>
<p>The field of ESD seeks to move away from transmissive approaches towards active methodologies such as problem-based and project-based learning, service learning, community-based learning and approaches grounded in the environment and student participation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32878-EN">Cebri&#x00E1;n et al., 2020</xref>). Community-based learning fosters collaboration between educational institutions and community stakeholders, promoting meaningful learning through addressing real-world problems that require critical analysis, collaboration and joint decision-making (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32878-EN">Trott, 2021</xref>). Previous studies have demonstrated that community-based learning promotes the development of sustainability competences such as critical thinking, futures thinking, collaboration and collective action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-EN">Noguchi et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-EN">Oe et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32878-EN">Torsdottir et al., 2024</xref>), while also strengthening school-community links (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32878-EN">Monroe et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-32878-EN">Ngobeni, 2024</xref>) and enhancing intergenerational collaboration in response to the climate crisis and its social consequences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32878-EN">Hayes et al., 2023</xref>). In Spain, the Deputy Directorate-General for Territorial Cooperation and Educational Innovation of the Ministry of Education, Vocational Training and Sport has recognised various community-based learning experiences and projects to be good practices in Education for Sustainable Development. Among these are the projects <italic>Entre Canastas</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-32878-EN">Os&#x00E9;s Lana et al., 2024</xref>) and <italic>Bienvivir en un barrio m&#x00E1;s sostenible</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-32878-EN">&#x00C1;lvarez Fern&#x00E1;ndez et al., 2023</xref>), which exemplify how active methodologies with a community-based approach can be implemented in real-world contexts. They demonstrate how sustainability, cooperation and participation can be promoted among different stakeholders within the educational community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32878-EN">Banegas-Pichastor &#x0026; Chalmeta, 2025</xref>).</p>
<p>The majority of studies conducted to date on community-based learning include systematic reviews, alongside case studies, specific projects and good practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32878-EN">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32878-EN">Yemini et al., 2025</xref>). This article presents qualitative research carried out in Spain based on 16 interviews with leaders and promoters of 14 projects of community-based learning for sustainability, characterised by collaboration between educational institutions and community stakeholders. Analysis of their experiences and perspectives enables a better understanding of the key factors affecting the effective implementation of these projects, providing relevant information for educators, researchers and educational policymakers concerning the design and development of future initiatives.</p>
<p>The specific objectives of this research are:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>To analyse the challenges and obstacles in carrying out and sustaining community-based learning projects for sustainability over the long term.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>To identify the facilitating factors and opportunities that emerge in the implementation of community-based learning projects for sustainability.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-32878-EN">
<label>2.</label>
<title>L<sc>iterature review</sc></title>
<sec id="sec-3-32878-EN">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title>Community-based learning for sustainability</title>
<p>Community-based learning is positioned as a key pedagogical strategy for strengthening individuals' commitment to sustainability and collective action by fostering a greater sense of community belonging and identity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-EN">UNESCO, 2017</xref>). This educational approach is characterised by its participatory nature, grounded in cooperation, capacity building and interaction beyond the classroom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-32878-EN">Cieza Garc&#x00ED;a, 2006</xref>). Moreover, this approach promotes the transition from individual to community-based learning, fostering social inclusion through processes of collaboration, dialogue and exchange adapted to everyday contexts, thereby reinforcing meaningful learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32878-EN">Aguayo &#x0026; Eames, 2017</xref>). Likewise, community-based learning connects formal, non-formal and informal education through participation, collaboration and the creation of partnerships between educational institutions and local stakeholders such as public administrations, third sector organisations, universities and other local entities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-EN">2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-32878-EN">Noguchi et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>The field of ESD seeks to empower individuals to participate actively in their communities, promoting the values and practices of civic education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-32878-EN">Aguilar, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-32878-EN">Hollstein &#x0026; Smith, 2020</xref>). In this context, community-based learning for sustainability is defined as a pedagogical approach centred on active collaboration between the educational community and its social and community environment, with the aim of fostering more sustainable behaviours and greater environmental awareness beyond the school setting (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32878-EN">Flowers &#x0026; Chodkiewicz, 2009</xref>). Student participation in service-learning projects or joint initiatives with external actors promotes knowledge exchange and commitment to sustainability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-EN">UNESCO, 2017</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-32878-EN">Uzzell (1999)</xref>, the school-community relationship and the educational institution's interaction with its environment can be differentiated into four models: 1) <italic>the school as an island</italic>, in which the educational institution operates independently and in isolation from its environment, confined to classroom-based activities; 2) <italic>the community as a resource</italic>, in which the school incorporates one-off visits or talks by external stakeholders; 3) <italic>the school as a resource</italic> in the local community, which involves extending activities into the local environment under the school&#x2019;s direction; and 4) <italic>the school as social agent</italic>, which promotes horizontal and sustained collaboration between the educational institution and community to address real-world problems in the local environment, fostering transformative learning for students and educators, and contributing to local environmental sustainability.</p>
<p>Community-based learning is based on two innovative pedagogical approaches, <italic>community-based learning</italic> and <italic>place-based learning</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32878-EN">S&#x00E1;nchez Contreras &#x0026; Murga Menoyo, 2019</xref>), which are complementary to one another and related to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-32878-EN">John Dewey's (1923)</xref> experiential learning model. They both share the conception of local space and context as a fundamental educational resource for developing meaningful and contextualised learning experiences.</p>
<p>On one hand, <italic>community-based learning</italic> promotes the participation of students and teachers in real-world projects with local stakeholders, fostering situated and socially engaged learning. This perspective connects the curriculum with everyday problems and strengthens social bonds and shared responsibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-EN">Oe et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-32878-EN">Ongon et al., 2021</xref>). On the other hand, <italic>place-based learning</italic> emphasises the pedagogical value of the local environment as a source of knowledge, identity and action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-32878-EN">Hamilton &#x0026; Marckini-Polk, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-32878-EN">Yemini et al., 2025</xref>). This approach is distinguished by students' emotional and cognitive connection with their local environment through addressing real-world problems, promoting meaningful learning for sustainability through critical reflection and transformative action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-32878-EN">Gruenewald, 2003</xref>). Both approaches share a methodology centred on students, meaningful learning, intrinsic motivation and active participation linked to context, involving students, community leaders and policymakers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-EN">Oe et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32878-EN">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-32878-EN">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title>Conditioning factors for implementing community-based learning projects for sustainability</title>
<p>The majority of research on community-based learning projects or programmes for sustainability is situated in formal education, particularly in primary and secondary settings (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32878-EN">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>), although some studies also address non-formal education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32878-EN">Trott, 2021</xref>). Previous studies emphasise the importance of partnerships between educational, academic, community and NGO institutions or local media in enhancing learning and collective action processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-EN">Oe et al., 2022</xref>). Despite their potential, these projects face organisational, institutional and pedagogical challenges that limit their impact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32878-EN">Sastre Merino et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32878-EN">Torsdottir et al., 2024</xref>). Amongst the main challenges is the predominance of perspectives centred on formal settings and scientific approaches defined exclusively by the educational curriculum, which marginalises non-formal educational spaces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32878-EN">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32878-EN">Hargis et al., 2021</xref>). Furthermore, the rigidity of educational policies hinders the cross-curricular treatment of socio-environmental issues, and limited funding jeopardises the continuity and evaluation of this type of project (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32878-EN">UNESCO, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>At the pedagogical level, although active methodologies are implemented, the persistence of insufficiently participatory approaches and traditional assessment systems limits the development of action competences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-32878-EN">S&#x00E1;enz-Rico et al., 2023</xref>). An additional challenge is inadequate teacher training, both initial and continuing, which is reflected in low levels of ecological literacy and, in some cases, scepticism towards climate change (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32878-EN">Holst et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32878-EN">Mul&#x00E0; &#x0026; Tilbury, 2023</xref>). The use of traditional educational materials, such as textbooks, may also hinder the development of critical thinking and complex social representations amongst students (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-32878-EN">Serantes-Pazos &#x0026; Meira Cartea, 2016</xref>). Added to these challenges is the students&#x2019; emotional wellbeing, as deeper engagement with environmental issues can give rise to eco-anxiety. This requires specific teacher training in ESD and the integration of the socio-emotional dimension into learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32878-EN">Finnegan, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32878-EN">Mul&#x00E0; &#x0026; Tilbury, 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Other difficulties include limited engagement from families and other local community stakeholders, as well as hierarchical and bureaucratic dynamics within educational and social institutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32878-EN">Monroe et al., 2019</xref>). Nevertheless, evidence reveals that the participation of families, the community and local political actors is fundamental both for engaging students and institutions in participatory processes and for increasing interest in the issues addressed and strengthening connections with the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-32878-EN">Aguayo &#x0026; Eames, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32878-EN">Duarte et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Community-based learning, understood as an active methodology, is as an opportunity, as it promotes meaningful learning through discovery, inquiry and environmental problem-solving. It takes into account students' physical, cultural and community context, promoting their active participation and collaborative learning amongst different community stakeholders (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-32878-EN">Banegas-Pichastor &#x0026; Chalmeta, 2025</xref>). In this regard, it is necessary to apply a comprehensive approach in educational institutions, such as the <italic>whole school approach</italic>, which involves the entire community and encompasses the different spheres of action within the institution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-32878-EN">Hargis et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32878-EN">Tilbury &#x0026; Galvin, 2022</xref>). This approach fosters the development of action competences and promotes student leadership and agency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-32878-EN">Chen &#x0026; Liu, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-32878-EN">Kolenat&#x00FD; &#x0026; Cincera, 2025</xref>). Examples of this approach include strategies that promote community communication and cooperation, such as the <italic>public living room</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-EN">Oe et al., 2022</xref>) and <italic>community listening sessions</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2022b</xref>), which facilitate informal cooperation among different community stakeholders while fostering environmental awareness. The <italic>Our Voice</italic> model demonstrates that young people can become actively involved in collaborative projects that span the entire scientific cycle, generating transformations in physical and social environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-32878-EN">King et al., 2021</xref>). Moreover, the intergenerational component of some of these projects enriches the experience through shared learning amongst students, adults and other community members (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32878-EN">Hayes et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-32878-EN">Trott, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>With adequate funding and favourable institutional contexts, these projects can transform the educational experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32878-EN">UNESCO, 2020</xref>). The appropriate implementation of these projects requires teacher commitment and institutional leadership, as well as support from families, the community and local governments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32878-EN">Duarte et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32878-EN">Evans et al., 2012</xref>). It is essential to design specific educational strategies that address the challenges identified, foster community participation and establish effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. These strategies should enable students to act as agents of change, developing their sense of agency, critical thinking and action competences for sustainability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32878-EN">Cebri&#x00E1;n et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-32878-EN">Torsdottir et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-32878-EN" sec-type="methods">
<label>3.</label>
<title>M<sc>ethod</sc></title>
<sec id="sec-6-32878-EN">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title>Research design and participant characteristics</title>
<p>This study adopts an exploratory qualitative design to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors conditioning the implementation of community-based learning projects from the perspectives of their leaders and promoters, in order to generate useful knowledge to guide future educational practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-32878-EN">Creswell, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-32878-EN">Denzin &#x0026; Lincoln, 2011</xref>). To identify relevant community-based learning projects for sustainability in Spain, as well as potential key informants, a review was conducted of academic articles and published good practice experiences, as well as the analysis of projects presented at national conferences. Nineteen projects were identified through this process. The selection criteria established were that projects should focus on environmental issues and involve, collectively, the educational community, public administration, social organisations and the local community. The nineteen identified projects were contacted with an invitation to participate in the research. Favourable responses were received from fourteen of these projects, who ultimately agreed to participate.The projects analysed (n=14), all carried out in Spain, share the objective of fostering environmental awareness, critical thinking and collective action through collaboration between students and the community to address real-world socio-environmental problems. They are based on participatory action research approaches that involve the educational community, public administration, social organisations and the local community in joint projects. They include collaborative designs, practical workshops, citizen science projects, projects for environmental improvement of educational institutions, as well as the development of proposals and/or community actions for sustainability at the local level. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32878-EN">Table 1</xref> synthesises the main characteristics of the projects analysed, including the type of lead institution, the profile of the key informant, the educational level and setting in which it was carried out, the objective and main theme, the stakeholders involved and the methodological approach.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-32878-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>haracterisation of the community</sc>-<sc>based sustainability learning projects analysed</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-32878-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Projects</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Lead institution</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Informant profile</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Educational level/ Context</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Main objective</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Stakeholders involved</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Methodological approach</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P1</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>University</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Principal Investigator (PI) / Researcher</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primary&#x2013;Secondary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Awareness-raising and sustainability competences; responses to climate change</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School; university; public administration; families; civil society organisations</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Participatory sessions; collective action; dissemination</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P2</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Educational centre</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Lead teachers</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Communication and sustainability; school&#x2013;community radio</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School; public administration; media; families; libraries; local radio</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Project-Based Learning (PBL); radio production; community engagement</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P3</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Research centre</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>PI / Director</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Secondary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Scientific knowledge on plastics and toxins; environmental awareness</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>University; school; public administration; citizens</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School-based research; educational guides; workshops; dissemination</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P4</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Social organisation</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Project coordinator</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Secondary / Youth</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Awareness and participatory action in environmental protection</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>NGO; public administration; school; community</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Experiential learning; place-based action; proposals and follow-up</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P5</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>University</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Project coordinator</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Schoolyard greening; impact assessment</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School; families; public administration; organisations</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Applied research; mixed-methods evaluation; triangulation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P6</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Social organisation</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Pedagogical design / facilitation</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Formal and non-formal education</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Transformative communication for sustainability and human rights</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Schools; educational networks; youth organisations; wider society</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Audiovisual content; pedagogical adaptation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P7</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Research centre</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>PI / Research team</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primary&#x2013;Secondary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Participatory urban living lab: health and environment</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School community; public administration; municipality</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Citizen laboratory; co-creation; evaluation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P8</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Educational organisation</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Educator / Coordinator</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Early Years&#x2013;Primary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Understanding and conserving local nature; inclusion</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Public administration; organisations; schools; families</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Outdoor learning; observation; knowledge dissemination</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P9</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Educational centre</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Project coordinator</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Multi-level</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Changing everyday behaviour and developing a sustainability culture; international network</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Students; teachers; families (international)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Thematic challenges/actions; collaboration; dissemination</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P10</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Public administration + University</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Co-leaders</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Early Years&#x2013;Primary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Changing food and eating behaviours</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School; local council; university; school canteen</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Teacher working group; professional development; diagnostic assessment; networking</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P11</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Social enterprise</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Project initiator</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primary&#x2013;Secondary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Citizen science and environmental education through technology</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School; public administration; university; companies</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Training; experimentation; data analysis; feedback to participants</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P12</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>University + Cooperative</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>PI</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Community / Educational</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Collective adaptation to climate risks; community action</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Public administration; university; cooperative; civil society organisations</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Identification of initiatives; interviews; document analysis</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P13</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>University</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>PI</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Primary&#x2013;Secondary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Local biodiversity: teaching resources and teacher support</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>School; university; public administration</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Training; bioblitz; implementation in schools</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>P14</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Educational centre</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Deputy Director General</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Secondary</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Showcasing projects and promoting youth participation</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Schools; experts; university; companies</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Active learning methodologies; public presentation; feedback</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Authors&#x2019; own elaboration</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-32878-EN">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title>Data collection technique</title>
<p>Semi-structured interviews, conducted online via Microsoft Teams, were used as the data collection technique. They were organised into three thematic blocks, using open-ended questions that allowed participants to reflect on their experiences and those aspects they considered most relevant. The interview script included the following blocks: 1) Project characteristics, methodology and process followed; 2) Project evaluation and impact; and 3) Key elements, factors, challenges and opportunities.</p>
<p>In keeping with the article's study objectives and analytical focus on the challenges, obstacles, facilitating factors and opportunities in developing and implementing community-based learning projects for sustainability, only the responses corresponding to the third block of the interview have been analysed. The information from the first block was used to characterise the projects analysed (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-32878-EN">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<p>The questions in this third block were oriented towards identifying the factors that influence the development and implementation of community-based learning projects for sustainability from the perspective of their promoters and leaders. Specifically, the following questions were asked:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Based on your experience, what factors (positive and negative) influence the implementation of this type of community-based learning project for sustainability?</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>What challenges or difficulties have you encountered in promoting and leading initiatives or projects of this kind? How have you addressed them?</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>What opportunities do you identify or have emerged during the process that have facilitated or aided implementation?</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>What conditions do you believe are necessary to implement initiatives or projects of this type? What processes, resources, tools or strategies are needed?</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>All key informants signed informed consent prior to the interview. The ethical principles of research were followed to guarantee participants' confidentiality and anonymity.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-32878-EN">
<label>3.3.</label>
<title>Data analysis</title>
<p>Data analysis was carried out using Atlas.ti software (version 25.0.1), following an inductive-deductive thematic analysis approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-32878-EN">Braun and Clarke, 2006</xref>). This approach enabled us to interpret the participants&#x2019; experiences and identify recurring patterns. The interviews were transcribed and then coded in several phases, beginning by generating open codes from the interview content. Codes were then grouped into broader subcategories according to their frequency and relevance. These subcategories were grouped into thematic blocks within the four analytical dimensions related to the research objectives.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-32878-EN" sec-type="results|discussion">
<label>4.</label>
<title>R<sc>esults and discussion</sc></title>
<p>From the thematic analysis of the transcripts of the interviews with the project leaders and promoters, 38 categories were identified, which were grouped into 14 thematic blocks. These were divided into four analytical dimensions according to whether they constituted facilitating factors, obstacles, challenges or opportunities in implementing community-based learning projects for sustainability (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-32878-EN">Table 2</xref>). Some categories appear in more than one dimension, because what acts as a facilitating factor in one context may be an obstacle or challenge in another. This ambivalence reflects the complexity and interdependence of community-based learning practices for sustainability.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-32878-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>ategories and thematic blocks by analytical dimensions</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-32878-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="60%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Dimension</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Categories</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Thematic blocks</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="10"><p>Facilitating factors</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Institutional and governance-related (N=16)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Operational support and political&#x2013;technical commitment (N=7)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Strategic partnerships (N=5)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Funding (N=4)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Human and community-based (N=9)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Motivation and commitment of project teams, the educational community and other stakeholders (N=6)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Participation of community actors and connection with the local context (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>External reference figures (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Pedagogical (N=5)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Interest in sustainability-related themes (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Integration in the curriculum (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Teacher training (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Reach and impact (N=1)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Feedback and return of results to stakeholders (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="9"><p>Obstacles</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4"><p>Organisational and structural (N=10)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Rigidity of school timetables (N=5)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Bureaucratic constraints (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Collaborative structures and coordination challenges (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Work overload of educational teams (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Capacity and resources (N=7)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Insufficient funding (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Lack of specialised training (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Team instability (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"><p>Political and institutional (N=4)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Weak engagement and dialogue with authorities (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Institutional instability (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="9"><p>Challenges</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Impact, reach and scalability (N=13)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Continuity and sustainability (N=6)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Timing and project duration (N=4)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Reach, visibility and transferability (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Management and organisation (N=8)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Constructing partnerships and coordination (N=5)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Instability and professionalisation of teams (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Administration and bureaucracy (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Sociopolitical (N=5)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Engagement of (local) authorities (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Recognition of child and adolescent citizenship and agency (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Inclusion and gender-sensitive education (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="10"><p>Opportunities</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4"><p>Educational improvement and innovation (N=9)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Professional development (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Integration in the curriculum (N=3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Provision of resources (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Interdisciplinarity (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2"><p>Partnerships and networks (N=7)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Constructing partnerships (N=5)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Multiplier effects (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>Reach and impact (N=6)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Reach and impact (N=6)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"><p>Child and adolescent citizenship and agency (N=4)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Student leadership and protagonism (N=2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Child and adolescent civic participation (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Trust, emotional expression and wellbeing (N=1)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1-EN"><p>Note. Values in parentheses (N) indicate the number of coded references.</p></fn>
<attrib>Source: Authors&#x2019; own elaboration</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<sec id="sec-10-32878-EN">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title>Facilitating factors</title>
<p>The projects analysed reveal four broad themes as facilitating factors that activate and sustain community-based learning initiatives for sustainability: 1) institutional and organisational, 2) human and community-based, 3) pedagogical, and 4) related to impact and reach.</p>
<sec id="sec-11-32878-EN">
<label>4.1.1.</label>
<title>Institutional and organisational facilitating factors</title>
<p>Firstly, logistical support and political-technical commitment, present in seven of the fourteen projects (50%), are identified as decisive facilitating factors. Active involvement from local authorities not only provides logistical support but also creates the conditions for initiatives to thrive: "there was a councillor who was much more involved, and a technician, and this facilitated more active participation" (P1); "Having the local council as a partner always helps" (P5).</p>
<p>Secondly, the creation of strategic partnerships between educational communities and other actors, including universities, research centres, associations and networks, appears in five interviews (36%). These collaborations provide specialist resources and anchor actions in the local area: "The fact that there are many organisations involved greatly facilitates the impact [...] that there are research centres, study centres, institutes" (P6). In the words of one participant, the fundamental pillars are "coordination, collaboration and communication" (P2).</p>
<p>Finally, having stable funding is mentioned in four projects (29%) as a key condition for viability: "The most important factor is funding" (P11).</p>
<p>These findings align with the <italic>whole school approach</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-EN">UNESCO, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32878-EN">Tilbury &#x0026; Galvin, 2022</xref>), which emphasises the need for collaborative institutional frameworks for transformative education. In this regard, building inter-institutional support networks is fundamental for sustaining community-oriented educational action and maximising its impact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-32878-EN">Flowers &#x0026; Chodkiewicz, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32878-EN">Mogren &#x0026; Gericke, 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-12-32878-EN">
<label>4.1.2.</label>
<title>Human and community-based facilitating factors</title>
<p>The motivation and commitment of the teams promoting projects, the educational community and other stakeholders are present in six of the fourteen projects (43%). The continuity of initiatives depends largely on this collective engagement: "If teaching staff or school leadership have a particular concern about an issue, proposals move forward" (P4).</p>
<p>The participation of community stakeholders and connection with the local environment are recorded in two projects (14%). Associations, collectives, businesses and citizens extend the reach of actions beyond the educational institution, reinforcing their territorial impact: "Connection is a very strong point [...] there are three schools that strongly promote sustainability [...] it's the link with the environment" (P2).</p>
<p>The presence of external role models, professionals or specialist organisations is recorded in one project, providing legitimacy and expertise: "When citizen science initiatives are proposed in schools, it's important to bring in first-hand role models" (P11).</p>
<p>Taken together, these human factors generate bonds of shared responsibility and a sense of belonging, enhancing action competences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-EN">Oe et al., 2022</xref>). They confirm that mobilising educational and local communities is indispensable for community-based learning to become a shared practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-EN">UNESCO, 2017</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-13-32878-EN">
<label>4.1.3.</label>
<title>Pedagogical facilitating factors</title>
<p>Although less frequently cited, pedagogical facilitating factors give educational meaning to the initiatives. Interest in socio-environmental issues appears in three projects (21%): "It was also a topic that generated considerable interest amongst students [...] parents also received the project positively" (P3).</p>
<p>Curricular integration is observed in one case (7%) as a condition for guaranteeing coherence and continuity: "Otherwise, it makes no sense" (P14).</p>
<p>Specific teacher training is mentioned in one interview (7%) as a decisive element for driving transformative practices: "The training received through the project was key" (P12).</p>
<p>These findings concur with studies that emphasise the need to train teachers and select meaningful topics in order to sustain transformative processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32878-EN">Holst et al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32878-EN">Mul&#x00E0; &#x0026; Tilbury, 2023</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-14-32878-EN">
<label>4.1.4.</label>
<title>Reach and impact facilitating factors</title>
<p>Feedback of results to the different stakeholders involved appears in one project: "Providing feedback each year on the results [...] has been very positive" (P5).</p>
<p>Systematic practices of feedback and reporting to participants through presentations, reports or community events reinforce community engagement and give value to the actions undertaken. They constitute a social validation of learning that transforms the experience into a shared reference point and, by legitimising progress, strengthens internal sustainability and extends influence on local policies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32878-EN">Tilbury &#x0026; Galvin, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-15-32878-EN">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title>Obstacles</title>
<p>The obstacles identified are grouped into three main themes: 1) organisational and structural, 2) capacity and resources, and 3) political and institutional. Although they have distinct characteristics, they share dynamics that limit the launch and consolidation of projects, revealing tensions that remain unresolved within current frameworks.</p>
<sec id="sec-16-32878-EN">
<label>4.2.1.</label>
<title>Organisational and structural obstacles</title>
<p>Organisational and structural difficulties are amongst the most frequent obstacles. The rigidity of school calendars, identified in five projects (36%), forces projects to fit into an inflexible timetable: "Having to fit the project into the school's educational timeframes can limit its development" (P3).</p>
<p>Bureaucratic obstacles, present in three projects (21%), add administrative burden and delay processes: "Bureaucracy and the internal organisation of schools has hampered continuity" (P7).</p>
<p>In some cases, the lack of consolidated collaborative structures (one interview, 7%) hinders inter-institutional coordination: "There are institutions where everything flows and others where coordination is more difficult" (P4). Added to this is the work overload of educational teams (one interview, 7%), which reduces their capacity for participation: "Schools are overburdened [...] they do not have the capacity to participate in anything else" (P5).</p>
<p>These barriers reflect the tension between school bureaucratic logic and the flexibility demanded by community-based projects; without structures that facilitate cross-cutting approaches and coordination, they risk becoming diluted and failing to provide the organisational conditions that enable these initiatives to be carried out (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-32878-EN">Mul&#x00E0; &#x0026; Tilbury, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32878-EN">Monroe et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-32878-EN">Reid, 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-17-32878-EN">
<label>4.2.2.</label>
<title>Capacity and resource obstacles</title>
<p>Limitations in capacity and resources are another critical obstacle. Insufficient funding, in three projects (21%), restricts the launch and sustainability of actions: "If the project is not funded, we can't do it" (P13).</p>
<p>Added to this is the deficit in specific sustainability training, in two interviews (14%), which compromises teacher autonomy: "They lack the tools [...] they haven't been trained to go out into the playground" (P5).</p>
<p>Finally, instability in teaching teams, in two interviews (14%), reveals the fragility arising from staff shortages: "You absolutely need co-teaching [...] when you leave, you need another teacher" (P2).</p>
<p>The existing literature corroborates that sustaining transformative experiences requires institutional frameworks with resources, time and continuing training, and emphasises the urgency of raising teachers' ecological literacy through systemic and sustained capacity-building strategies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32878-EN">Sastre Merino et al., 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-32878-EN">UNESCO, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-EN">Oe et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-18-32878-EN">
<label>4.2.3.</label>
<title>Political and institutional obstacles</title>
<p>Political and institutional obstacles, although less frequent, have an impact on projects. Weak dialogue with authorities, in two cases (14%), makes it difficult for students' proposals to reach elected officials: "It's very difficult to find the mechanism to communicate the project and get it to the political representative" (P1).</p>
<p>Institutional instability, in two projects (14%), involves changes of government, reordering of priorities or temporary funding calls that interrupt processes: "The number of schools involved is reduced and other programmes are prioritised, so the project loses momentum" (P5).</p>
<p>Without stable intersectoral governance structures, community-based learning projects remain on the periphery of public policies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32878-EN">Duarte et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-32878-EN">Evans et al., 2012</xref>). Although collaborative networks can mitigate this fragility, their consolidation depends on sustained institutional mechanisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-32878-EN">Hayes et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-19-32878-EN">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title>Challenges</title>
<p>The challenges identified are grouped into three broad themes: 1) impact and reach, 2) management and organisation, and 3) socio-political. These challenges not only hinder the development of initiatives but also limit their capacity for long-term transformation.</p>
<sec id="sec-20-32878-EN">
<label>4.3.1.</label>
<title>Impact, reach and projection challenges</title>
<p>Challenges of impact, reach and projection concentrate much of the concern, as they compromise the significance of actions beyond the implementation cycle. Continuity and sustainability, mentioned in six of the fourteen projects (43%), is threatened by institutional fragility and resource volatility: "Where is it heading? What happens with all this, so it doesn't become just another catharsis? [...] that there is durability and sustainability" (P6).</p>
<p>The lack of time to consolidate learning and complete evaluation appears in four cases (29%): "For us, what's important is that the results are used... I think that's the biggest challenge, and we don't have time because the project has already ended" (P12).</p>
<p>The challenge of amplifying reach, visibility and transferability is identified in three projects (21%), with the need to design multiplier and adaptable mechanisms: "Here is a challenge I still want to analyse; what would be the most efficient, most careful and accurate way to reach people better and with a somewhat more multiplying effect" (P6).</p>
<p>These challenges demonstrate that generating meaningful experiences does not guarantee a lasting impact if strategies for transfer, visibility and reuse are not developed, or institutional conditions are not created to ensure continuity for these projects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-32878-EN">Sastre Merino et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-21-32878-EN">
<label>4.3.2.</label>
<title>Management and organisational challenges</title>
<p>At the operational level, the creation of partnerships and inter-institutional coordination are mentioned in five of the fourteen projects (36%), with the challenge of connecting actors and defining roles: "Creating a partnership [...] that is coordinated [...] and where everyone knows what role they will have" (P1).</p>
<p>Added to this is instability due to lack of professionalisation, identified in two interviews (14%): "It creates instability [...] if there aren't professionalised people" (P12).</p>
<p>The shift from flexible approaches to formal structures requires navigating administrative and bureaucratic obstacles, in one case (7%): "To go and clean the riverbank [...] we have to request permission from the River Basin Authority, the Natura 2000 Network and the local council" (P4), in addition to the leap necessary to establish themselves as a legal entity.</p>
<p>These structural tensions, including administrative rigidity, staff turnover and lack of professionalisation, constitute a challenge for creating solid partnerships and collaborative networks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-32878-EN">Monroe et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-22-32878-EN">
<label>4.3.3.</label>
<title>Socio-political challenges</title>
<p>Three challenges stand out at the socio-political level. The first is limited involvement from local authorities, mentioned in two projects (14%): "They're aware that this project is taking place, but then they don't actively get involved" (P1).</p>
<p>The need to recognise child and adolescent citizenship is raised, also in two projects (14%), with "voice and vote" in participatory processes: "That children understand they are citizens with environmental rights and that they participate actively in democracy" (P1). In this regard, it is necessary to manage expectations to avoid frustration: "These processes must be handled carefully and false expectations must not be created" (P5).</p>
<p>Inclusion and co-education appear in one project ("Managing co-education is still a pending task" (P5)), alongside the integration of diverse groups, the transformation of gender roles and the design of accessible spaces: "Designing actions that maximise the potential of spaces for all children and families" (P5).</p>
<p>The lack of involvement from local administrations weakens territorial rootedness and reveals the fragility of the <italic>whole school approach</italic> when intersectoral governance fails (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-32878-EN">Duarte et al., 2017</xref>). Children's participation continues to be mediated by adult-centric logics and, without an inclusive approach sensitive to diversity, projects may reproduce exclusionary practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-32878-EN">S&#x00E1;nchez Contreras &#x0026; Murga Menoyo, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32878-EN">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-23-32878-EN">
<label>4.4.</label>
<title>Opportunities</title>
<p>From the analysis, four themes emerge as opportunities: 1) educational improvement and innovation, 2) partnerships and networks, 3) impact and growth, and 4) child and adolescent citizenship and agency. Although in some cases they revisit facilitating factors already identified, here they stand out for having emerged during the process and for facilitating the project's long-term sustainability.</p>
<sec id="sec-24-32878-EN">
<label>4.4.1.</label>
<title>Educational improvement and innovation</title>
<p>The initiatives offer opportunities for educational innovation. Curricular integration appears in three projects (21%), where school subjects are associated with the project: "All subjects were connected to the project" (P3). This approach is reinforced by interdisciplinarity, cited in one project, which allows the same topic to be addressed from several areas: "It's a topic that allows you considerable flexibility [...] at the environmental science level you can work on everything, at the language level, at the mathematics level" (P2).</p>
<p>Teachers' professional development is also highlighted in three projects (21%), particularly through collaborations between schools and universities: "It is desperately necessary to work side by side with teachers" (P13).</p>
<p>Having new resources and infrastructure, mentioned in two projects (14%), diversifies methodologies and motivates students. One example is school radio: "Radio is a very attractive medium [...] students who have difficulty expressing themselves in public are more relaxed" (P2).</p>
<p>These interdisciplinary educational innovations arising from community-based learning projects are linked to the transformative approach of ESD, which promotes critical thinking, inter- and transdisciplinary analysis of real environmental problems and the search for joint solutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-32878-EN">Oe et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-25-32878-EN">
<label>4.4.2.</label>
<title>Partnerships and networks</title>
<p>Partnerships and networks emerge as one of the most valued opportunities. The creation and expansion of connections through participation in these initiatives is mentioned in five projects (36%): "From these actions other impacts are born, new people, we're expanding the network" (P9). This openness enables more ambitious horizons to be envisaged: "To be able to take this to other rivers in Spain" (P4).</p>
<p>The multiplier effect and internationalisation are mentioned in two projects (14%): "From there other initiatives are born" (P9). Within this framework, universities and research centres emerge as key partners for driving projects forward and transferring results: "The presence of a university has been very important for the research" (P10).</p>
<p>The literature confirms that collaborative networks strengthen resilience, generate mutual learning and enable inter-territorial transfers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-32878-EN">Mogren &#x0026; Gericke, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-32878-EN">Cebri&#x00E1;n et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-26-32878-EN">
<label>4.4.3.</label>
<title>Reach and impact</title>
<p>Reach and impact are mentioned as opportunities in six of the fourteen projects (43%). They are reflected in the visibility achieved through social media and external collaborations: "Amplifying through social media and collaborating with businesses and other institutions expands the network of people who know about you" (P4). This is reinforced by community activities at the local level and by growing demand.</p>
<p>Furthermore, students' direct involvement enhances the transfer of their proposals: "Students propose alternative [school] routes that can now be implemented" (P7).</p>
<p>Taken together, these experiences demonstrate that public projection and community and student participation amplify the impact of initiatives, which is consistent with studies that emphasise the importance of institutionalising and transferring learning to consolidate transformative initiatives in ESD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-32878-EN">Ardoin et al., 2022a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-32878-EN">Tilbury &#x0026; Galvin, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-27-32878-EN">
<label>4.4.4.</label>
<title>Child and adolescent citizenship and agency</title>
<p>Child and adolescent citizenship and agency are another opportunity offered by community-based learning for sustainability. Student protagonism was highlighted by two projects (14%), in which young people co-create actions and participate in decisions: "Students take on an important role in choosing what they want to communicate" (P2); "Students have proposed alternative routes and whether they are being implemented will be monitored in the future" (P7).</p>
<p>In another case (7%), children's participation in institutions breaks down symbolic barriers: "The town hall was full of children [...] this gives it considerable meaning, because it means they don't see the town hall as a separate institution" (P1).</p>
<p>The creation of spaces for trust and emotional expression appears in one project, reinforcing the bond with students: "This climate of trust has been generated so that they can come and tell us about it [...] so they have this space to meet" (P4).</p>
<p>These experiences demonstrate that effective child participation needs more than just formal recognition: it requires listening, emotional connection and situated action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-32878-EN">Finnegan, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-32878-EN">Rousell &#x0026; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020</xref>). Integrating students into decision-making processes, a principle of the <italic>whole school approach</italic>, strengthens active citizenship and student agency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-32878-EN">UNESCO, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-32878-EN">Holst et al., 2024</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-28-32878-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label>5.</label>
<title>C<sc>onclusions</sc></title>
<p>With the aim of contributing to a deeper understanding of community-based learning for sustainability, this study has analysed the experiences and perspectives of project leaders and promoters to identify key factors in the development and implementation of the projects. We purposively selected projects that involved educational institutions and community stakeholders, led by different types of organisations and addressing diverse environmental issues, with the aim of gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the conditioning factors.</p>
<p>The main facilitating factors identified include political and technical support from public administrations, strategic partnerships between organisations and stable funding. These are all fundamental factors for the viability and continuity of projects. Likewise, the motivation and commitment of the leading team, teaching staff and the educational community influence outcomes, as do the participation of community and external stakeholders, student interest, teacher training and the curricular integration of projects, which enables their reach and impact to be expanded. Feedback of results, public recognition and the creation of sustainable networks reinforce participation and increase social and territorial impact. Taken together, these projects promote innovation in education for sustainability, foster student participation and agency, enable sustainability to be integrated in an interdisciplinary manner into the curriculum, and consolidate transferable learning that contributes both to teachers' professional development and to students' acquisition of citizenship and sustainability competences.</p>
<p>Among the obstacles identified are organisational and structural factors, such as the rigidity of school calendars, bureaucracy, teacher overload and the absence of collaborative structures. Likewise, the limitations are related to insufficient funding, deficit in specific sustainability training, high teacher turnover and difficulties in communication and coordination with institutions. Political changes also condition the proper implementation and reach of projects. Among the most recurrent challenges are the need to guarantee project continuity, strengthen inter-institutional coordination, increase the involvement of local authorities and ensure effective student participation.</p>
<p>The main limitation of this study is that it is based on the analysis of a limited number of community-based learning projects for sustainability. Although the key factors identified are applicable and transferable to different projects and contexts, their interpretation and application require attention to the characteristics of participating stakeholders and to the educational, social and cultural context in which each initiative is carried out. In this regard, the findings do not claim to be generalisable but rather offer a framework for analysis and reflection on the factors that condition, hinder and facilitate the development and implementation of community-based learning projects for sustainability.</p>
<p>The findings of this study can guide future research and contribute to the design of community-based educational projects for sustainability, supporting their effective implementation. At the structural level, it is necessary to examine in greater depth models of intersectoral governance that guarantee project continuity and adequate institutional support. It is also important to consolidate stable partnerships and collaborative networks. Similarly, institutional frameworks and comprehensive approaches, such as the <italic>whole school approach</italic>, are fundamental for institutionalising community-based learning for sustainability and promoting spaces in which students actively participate in decision-making processes within the institution and in their local community, addressing real environmental challenges and problems alongside other stakeholders in the local environment. At the same time, it is a priority to promote teacher training for sustainability in order to integrate sustainability and community-based learning into the educational curriculum.</p>
<p>Community-based learning for sustainability empowers students as active citizens in climate action, strengthening their sense of belonging, agency and democratic participation. This requires inclusive participatory processes that avoid adult-centric logics and foster student agency. Future research should examine the intergenerational dimension in greater depth, promoting student participation in all phases of the project, including ideation, design and decision-making.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title>A<sc>cknowledgements</sc></title>
<p>We thank all the project leaders included in this study for their participation, as well as Cristina P&#x00E9;rez Garcia for her collaboration in data collection.</p>
</ack>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1-EN" fn-type="financial-disclosure">
<p><bold>F<sc>unding</sc></bold></p>
<p>Grant CNS2023-143709 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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