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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31752</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31752</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>La pedagogía ante el desafío digital: nuevas materialidades</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Pedagogy Facing the Digital Challenge: New Materialities</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2532-5867</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>S&#x00C1;NCHEZ-ROJO</surname>
<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2069-9432</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>ALONSO-SAINZ</surname>
<given-names>Tania</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1655-0280</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MART&#x00CD;N-LUCAS</surname>
<given-names>Judith</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<label><sup>*</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-ES">
<label><sup>**</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Salamanca. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Salamanca</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>asanchezrojo@ucm.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>taniaalo@ucm.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>judithmartin@usal.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>04</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024362</issue-id>
<fpage>25</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>31</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>26</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Hasta ahora, la materialidad de las cosas ha sido entendida de dos maneras que ven&#x00ED;an dadas por su tangibilidad. Por un lado, como meros medios, a nuestro servicio, y, por otro, como objetos con capacidad de influir en nosotros, llegando incluso a educarnos. La realidad <italic>onlife</italic> en la que vivimos actualmente nos est&#x00E1; obligando a pensar en esta materialidad de una forma no supeditada a su car&#x00E1;cter tangible. Esta forma renovada de ver, pensar y entender el mundo reclama de la pedagog&#x00ED;a que, desde sus propios principios, conozca las gram&#x00E1;ticas que la constituyen con el fin de poder definir las orientaciones educativas m&#x00E1;s adecuadas. Ese es el objetivo principal de este trabajo. Para ello, utilizaremos una metodolog&#x00ED;a interpretativa y cr&#x00ED;tica de an&#x00E1;lisis documental, desde una perspectiva normativo-pedag&#x00F3;gica. En primer lugar, nos centramos en los objetos de Inteligencia Artificial, susceptibles de convertirse en un futuro pr&#x00F3;ximo en las principales herramientas a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales educar. En segundo lugar, nos ocupamos de los espacios educativos, con especial atenci&#x00F3;n a las aulas del futuro y a su car&#x00E1;cter o no de lugares. En tercer lugar, atendemos a los cuerpos en el contexto educativo a trav&#x00E9;s del papel de los <italic>edu-influencers.</italic> Concluimos nuestro trabajo se&#x00F1;alando que nos encontramos ante una nueva materialidad, intangible, pero de igual modo material, que est&#x00E1; empuj&#x00E1;ndonos a educar(nos) en y para un contexto cada vez menos abierto a la novedad y a la pluralidad, y, por lo tanto, menos humano. Rehumanizar el mundo <italic>onlife</italic> deber&#x00E1; pasar forzosamente por una educaci&#x00F3;n que potencie la construcci&#x00F3;n de una singularidad propia en cada individuo, al mismo tiempo abierta a acoger la de los dem&#x00E1;s.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The materiality of things has up to now been understood in two ways that derive from their tangibility. On the one hand, as mere means at our service, and on the other, as objects with the capacity to affect us and even educate us. The <italic>onlife</italic> reality we now inhabit obliges us to think about this materiality in a way that is not subordinated to its tangible nature. This new way of seeing, thinking and understanding the world requires pedagogy, from its own principles, to understand the grammars that comprise it to be able to define the most appropriate educational approaches. This is the main aim of this work. To do so, we will use a methodology of interpretative and critical documentary analysis, from a normative-pedagogical perspective. First, we focus on artificial intelligence objects, which are likely to become the foremost educational tools in the near future. We then address educational spaces, paying special attention to the classrooms of the future and their status as places or non-places. Thirdly, we consider bodies in the educational setting through the role of <italic>edu-influencers</italic>. We conclude that we confront a new materiality, one that is intangible but also material, which drives us to educate (ourselves) in and for a context that is ever less open to innovation and plurality and so is less human. Rehumanising the <italic>onlife</italic> world must necessarily involve an education that fosters the construction of each individual&#x2019;s own uniqueness, and at the same time is open to welcoming others.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>sociedad del conocimiento</kwd>
<kwd>teor&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>digitalizaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>TIC</kwd>
<kwd>inteligencia artificial</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>knowledge society</kwd>
<kwd>educational theory</kwd>
<kwd>digital technology</kwd>
<kwd>ICT</kwd>
<kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#x00F3;n</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>PID2021-122993NB-I00</award-id>
<award-id>PID2022-138878NA-I00</award-id>
<award-id>TED2021-130300A-C22</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>Este trabajo se ha realizado dentro del marco de los siguientes proyectos I+D+i: 1) NATEC-ID. &#x00AB;An&#x00E1;lisis de los procesos de (des-re) conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza y con la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad infantil&#x00BB;. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#x00F3;n. Referencia: PID2021-122993NB-I00; 2) IMP-NOVA. &#x00AB;El imperativo de la innovaci&#x00F3;n educativa: an&#x00E1;lisis de su recepci&#x00F3;n y articulaci&#x00F3;n en el sistema educativo espa&#x00F1;ol&#x00BB;. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#x00F3;n. Referencia: PID2022-138878NA-I00; 3) &#x00AB;Tecnolog&#x00ED;a disruptiva como catalizadora de la transici&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica desde la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. Estudio y dise&#x00F1;o de soluciones tecnoeducativas desde NaturTEC Kids Living Lab&#x00BB;. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#x00F3;n. Referencia: TED2021-130300A-C22.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31752-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>En el breve relato de ficci&#x00F3;n titulado <italic>Coisas</italic>, el escritor portugu&#x00E9;s Jos&#x00E9; Saramago cuenta la historia de un mundo en el que empiezan a desaparecer los objetos materiales, aparentando tener vida propia. Poco a poco va desapareciendo un mayor n&#x00FA;mero hasta no quedar ninguno, llev&#x00E1;ndose consigo en el proceso a aquellas personas que se aferraban a ellos. Finalmente, solo quedan algunos supervivientes, que desnudos se hab&#x00ED;an escondido en un bosque situado a las afueras de la urbe. El relato termina con uno de los supervivientes se&#x00F1;alando que, a partir de ese momento, habr&#x00ED;a que reconstruirlo todo, a lo que otra superviviente a&#x00F1;ade: &#x201C;no ten&#x00ED;amos otro remedio, ya que las cosas &#x00E9;ramos nosotros. No volver&#x00E1;n a ser los hombres puestos en el lugar de las cosas&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31752-ES">Saramago, 2015</xref>, p. 107). Este texto presenta las cosas como un peligro, como una amenaza a la especie humana, pretendiendo se&#x00F1;alar la importancia de no aferrarnos y, llegado el momento, de desprendernos de ellas y de una l&#x00F3;gica centrada en la posesi&#x00F3;n de lo material, que nos impide ir m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1;.</p>
<p>Ahora bien, esta no es la &#x00FA;nica forma de observar lo material. El poeta y escritor espa&#x00F1;ol Luis Garc&#x00ED;a Montero public&#x00F3; hace unos a&#x00F1;os otro relato, de car&#x00E1;cter m&#x00E1;s personal, en el que precisamente defiende la importancia de aferrarse a las cosas como una forma de resistencia frente a un mundo tendiente al cambio incesante y a la no permanencia. De esta forma, se dedica a ir repasando ciertos objetos que han ido marcando su vida tras sostener la idea de que las cosas son &#x201C;objetos con los que convivimos, nos conocen y nos sirven para conocernos, forman un curr&#x00ED;culum &#x00ED;ntimo, una visi&#x00F3;n humana de los antecedentes penales. Las penas y las dichas van por dentro de las cosas&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31752-ES">Garc&#x00ED;a Montero, 2012</xref>, p. 10), se&#x00F1;ala este autor, quien aqu&#x00ED; sostendr&#x00E1; que las cosas nos forman y nos conforman, siendo por eso conveniente llevar un registro y an&#x00E1;lisis de ellas, pues este nos ayudar&#x00E1; no solo a saber qui&#x00E9;nes somos, sino tambi&#x00E9;n a averiguar por qu&#x00E9; somos como somos.</p>
<p>Estos dos textos de ficci&#x00F3;n nos muestran que en el imaginario popular existen dos maneras muy distintas de concebir las cosas. Una de ellas, de car&#x00E1;cter m&#x00E1;s superficial, entiende las cosas como meros medios que sirven para satisfacer necesidades y deseos, y que, dependiendo de la relaci&#x00F3;n entre la oferta y la demanda, adquieren un determinado precio. En otras palabras, podr&#x00ED;amos decir que esta ser&#x00ED;a la forma de comprender el objeto como mercanc&#x00ED;a. La otra, de car&#x00E1;cter m&#x00E1;s profundo, sin negar su condici&#x00F3;n de medios, otorga a las cosas tambi&#x00E9;n la capacidad de encerrar un fin, influyendo en mayor o menor medida en las personas, dependiendo del nivel de intimidad que establezcan en su relaci&#x00F3;n con cada una de ellas. Atendiendo a esta segunda manera de entenderlas, m&#x00E1;s centrada en el valor de uso, que en el valor cambio, siguiendo la terminolog&#x00ED;a marxista, Alba Rico afirmaba ya hace unos a&#x00F1;os que en nuestro mundo &#x201C;las cosas han desaparecido. [&#x2026;] El mercado capitalista constituye un &#x00AB;hombre nuevo&#x00BB; porque establece un lugar antropol&#x00F3;gico sin precedentes en el que todo lo existente &#x2013; todas las criaturas, naturales y artefactos &#x2013; se pueden reemplazar&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31752-ES">Alba Rico, 2010</xref>, p. 61). Lo que hace de cada uno de nosotros un ser &#x00FA;nico es determinada singularidad que nos hace irremplazables. Lo mismo es aplicable a las cosas cuando las entendemos como singularidades materiales que nos forman y nos conforman. Exigen dedicaci&#x00F3;n y cuidado, pues, como todo lo finito, son fr&#x00E1;giles, vulnerables, se pueden romper y, una vez que son irreparables, ya nada ni nadie puede ocupar su lugar. De esta forma, lo que viene a se&#x00F1;alar este autor es que la primera concepci&#x00F3;n de las cosas que hemos expuesto, la de los objetos como meros medios, mercanc&#x00ED;a sin valor ni fin en s&#x00ED; misma, ha pasado, gracias al capitalismo, a ser en nuestro mundo la &#x00FA;nica posible, invisibilizando la segunda que, bajo la condici&#x00F3;n de irremplazables, otorga a las cosas un car&#x00E1;cter m&#x00E1;s humano y humanizador, al mismo tiempo que rebaja el papel dominante y aparentemente omnipotente del ser humano que, frente al universo de la materia, pareciera que todo lo pudiese.</p>
<p>Una recuperaci&#x00F3;n de esta manera de entender las cosas se torna esencial en un contexto como el que tenemos desde aproximadamente el &#x00FA;ltimo tercio del siglo XX, que trajo consigo avances tecnol&#x00F3;gicos sin precedentes que han ido dificultando cada vez m&#x00E1;s la clara distinci&#x00F3;n entre personas y cosas. A finales de los a&#x00F1;os 90, Donna Haraway teoriz&#x00F3; en torno a esto sosteniendo que, llegando el siglo XX a su fin, &#x201C;todos somos quimeras, h&#x00ED;bridos te&#x00F3;ricos y fabricados de m&#x00E1;quina y organismo; en resumen, somos c&#x00ED;borg. El c&#x00ED;borg es nuestra ontolog&#x00ED;a, nos da herramientas y nos orienta en nuestra forma de actuar&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31752-ES">Haraway, 2020</xref>, pp. 19-20). Ella propon&#x00ED;a ya entonces una forma de acercarse a lo material amable, cuidadosa y, sobre todo, horizontal y no vertical, ya que &#x201C;la m&#x00E1;quina no es una cosa que deba ser animada, trabajada y dominada, pues la m&#x00E1;quina somos nosotros&#x201D; (p. 119), y de c&#x00F3;mo nos tratemos depender&#x00E1; el futuro de la especie humana. A&#x00F1;os despu&#x00E9;s, con la gran evoluci&#x00F3;n del mundo digital, hay autores que afirman que, de ser m&#x00E1;quinas, hemos pasado a convertirnos en informaci&#x00F3;n, datos que fluyen incesante e imparablemente por el hiperespacio, <italic>inforgs</italic>, que viven en una realidad en la que ya no es posible distinguir lo que est&#x00E1; dentro y lo que est&#x00E1; fuera de la red, una realidad <italic>onlife</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31752-ES">Floridi, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31752-ES">2015</xref>) que nos obliga a pensarnos de una forma completamente renovada.</p>
<p>Esto supone un gran desaf&#x00ED;o para todos los &#x00E1;mbitos de la vida humana, tambi&#x00E9;n para el campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n y, sobre todo, para la Pedagog&#x00ED;a en tanto que ciencia que tiene como fundamento no solo el estudio sino tambi&#x00E9;n la orientaci&#x00F3;n del fen&#x00F3;meno educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31752-ES">Touri&#x00F1;&#x00E1;n, 2019</xref>). Entre otras razones, porque, si somos esencialmente informaci&#x00F3;n, esto, en principio, conllevar&#x00ED;a una desmaterializaci&#x00F3;n o, m&#x00E1;s bien, como defenderemos aqu&#x00ED;, la creaci&#x00F3;n de una nueva materialidad que ya no podr&#x00E1; venir definida por la tangibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31752-ES">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022a</xref>) y que reclama de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a que, desde sus propios principios, conozca las gram&#x00E1;ticas que la constituyen a fin de poder definir las orientaciones educativas m&#x00E1;s adecuadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31752-ES">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo <italic>et al</italic>., 2022b</xref>). Es el desentra&#x00F1;amiento de estas gram&#x00E1;ticas de lo que pretende ocuparse este art&#x00ED;culo, se&#x00F1;alando, por lo tanto, no solamente en qu&#x00E9; consisten, sino de manera principal, qu&#x00E9; desaf&#x00ED;os para la educaci&#x00F3;n presentan. Se utiliza una metodolog&#x00ED;a interpretativa y cr&#x00ED;tica de an&#x00E1;lisis documental, desde una perspectiva normativo-pedag&#x00F3;gica; esto es, centrando la atenci&#x00F3;n en la profundizaci&#x00F3;n de los fines de la educaci&#x00F3;n como condiciones de posibilidad de las acciones constitutivamente m&#x00E1;s humanizadoras. Con el objetivo de que el an&#x00E1;lisis sea exhaustivo, ordenado y, sobre todo, comparable con el contexto previo al mundo <italic>onlife</italic> que hoy habitamos, tomaremos como gu&#x00ED;a un reciente trabajo enfocado en analizar los modos tradicionales de materialidad educativa que establece que &#x201C;cualquier materialidad presente en los procesos educativos, en principio, la podr&#x00ED;amos distribuir en alguna de estas tres categor&#x00ED;as: objetos, espacios y cuerpos&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31752-ES">Trilla, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>, p. 47). De esta forma abordaremos, en primer lugar, los objetos de inteligencia artificial (IA), en tanto que propios de nuestro contexto <italic>onlife</italic> y susceptibles de convertirse pr&#x00F3;ximamente en las principales herramientas a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales educar. En segundo lugar, nos ocuparemos de espacios educativos emergentes y de su car&#x00E1;cter o no de lugares, poniendo el foco en las aulas del futuro. Y, por &#x00FA;ltimo, en tercer lugar, atenderemos a c&#x00F3;mo queda reflejado el cuerpo en contextos educativos, fundamentalmente a trav&#x00E9;s del an&#x00E1;lisis del papel de los denominados <italic>edu-influencers</italic>. En todo momento tendremos presentes las dos maneras de entender las cosas que conviven en nuestro imaginario arriba se&#x00F1;aladas y trataremos de hacer expl&#x00ED;cito si este nuevo tipo de cosas nos sit&#x00FA;a m&#x00E1;s cerca de la mercantilizaci&#x00F3;n o de la singularizaci&#x00F3;n. Concluiremos el trabajo con una serie de recomendaciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas sustentadas en estos tres an&#x00E1;lisis previos.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31752-ES">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>mplicaciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas de la materialidad de los objetos de inteligencia artificial</sc></bold></title>
<p>Desde hace d&#x00E9;cadas, aunque con una reverberaci&#x00F3;n muy reciente, un tipo especial de objetos tecnol&#x00F3;gicos, los de IA, han irrumpido en todos los &#x00E1;mbitos de la vida, tambi&#x00E9;n en el educativo. Este tipo de objetos dan un paso m&#x00E1;s en la transici&#x00F3;n a la materialidad propia del mundo <italic>onlife</italic>, que no se definir&#x00ED;a tanto por la tangibilidad, que no la tiene, sino por su capacidad de afectar nuestra realidad y nuestros comportamientos. Algunos autores hablan de este momento hist&#x00F3;rico como un punto bisagra de la historia, donde las &#x2018;cosas&#x2019; se aceleran m&#x00E1;s que nunca pasando de un progreso lineal a uno exponencial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31752-ES">MacAskill, 2022</xref>), y en el que podemos encontrar m&#x00E1;s signos de ruptura que d&#x00E9; continuidad con tecnolog&#x00ED;as anteriores, pudiendo hablar m&#x00E1;s de revoluci&#x00F3;n que de evoluci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31752-ES">Roll y Wylie, 2016</xref>). La llegada del denominado internet de las cosas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31752-ES">Alvear-Puertas, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); esto es, robots y sistemas de control, como drones o veh&#x00ED;culos aut&#x00F3;nomos, que perciben, emulan, toman decisiones e interact&#x00FA;an con el mundo, as&#x00ED; como la democratizaci&#x00F3;n de modelos de aprendizaje aut&#x00F3;nomo o <italic>chatbots</italic> capaces de mantener conversaciones con el mundo tangible, han supuesto algo m&#x00E1;s que un salto cuantitativo de agilizaci&#x00F3;n o automatizaci&#x00F3;n de tareas y acciones que ya hac&#x00ED;amos, provocando un cambio cualitativo en el modo de concebir nuestro ser y estar en el mundo al convivir diariamente con objetos creados por nosotros que nos superan en muchos &#x00E1;mbitos. Hace m&#x00E1;s de dos d&#x00E9;cadas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31752-ES">Hoc (2000)</xref> argumentaba que desde los a&#x00F1;os 60 se hab&#x00ED;a mantenido la idea err&#x00F3;nea de que el ser humano dominaba a la m&#x00E1;quina en una relaci&#x00F3;n controlada, y que cuarenta a&#x00F1;os despu&#x00E9;s no estaba claro qui&#x00E9;n controlaba a qui&#x00E9;n, proponiendo el paso de la interacci&#x00F3;n a la cooperaci&#x00F3;n entre ambos para garantizar una sana convivencia. En estos &#x00FA;ltimos veinte a&#x00F1;os, hemos pasado de cuestionarnos qui&#x00E9;n controla a qui&#x00E9;n, a preguntarnos qui&#x00E9;n es qui&#x00E9;n en las fronteras porosas de la <italic>infosfera</italic>.</p>
<p>Los objetos de IA (sistemas de reconocimiento de voz, redes neuronales recurrentes, sistemas de recomendaci&#x00F3;n, hologramas interactivos, asistentes virtuales, <italic>chatbots</italic>, robots, sistemas de control aut&#x00F3;nomo, sensores, dispositivos de captura de datos, algoritmos de procesamiento de lenguaje natural y modelos de aprendizaje autom&#x00E1;tico) escriben, hablan, pintan, conducen, interact&#x00FA;an, consuelan, traducen, analizan, reconocen rostros, componen m&#x00FA;sica, ense&#x00F1;an matem&#x00E1;ticas, ganan al ajedrez e incluso hacen terapia a pacientes tambi&#x00E9;n. Teniendo esto en cuenta, nos preguntamos aqu&#x00ED; c&#x00F3;mo nos cambia educativamente a los humanos la materialidad de la IA, qu&#x00E9; tipo de relaciones generamos con estos objetos, con nosotros y con el mundo; y si estos objetos nos empujan tendencialmente a un tratamiento de las cosas por su valor de cambio o por su valor de uso. Para responder, desarrollaremos tres maneras de pensarnos en este mundo <italic>onlife</italic>, a partir de los objetos de IA, marcado por tres transformaciones que van: 1) del capitalismo cognitivo al capitalismo inform&#x00E1;tico; 2) de la posesi&#x00F3;n de cosas al acceso eterno incluso a personas y 3) de la alteridad <italic>hardware</italic> a la autorreferencialidad <italic>software</italic>. Respectivamente, estas transformaciones, como argumentaremos, tienden a generar un sujeto datificado, heredero digital y <italic>forever young</italic>, afectado por los objetos digitales de IA de tal modo que abrir&#x00ED;a una tercera manera de concebir las cosas, no solo por su valor de cambio o su valor de uso, sino por su aparente car&#x00E1;cter liberador.</p>
<p>En el capitalismo cognitivo, t&#x00E9;rmino acu&#x00F1;ado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31752-ES">Moulier-Boutang (2008)</xref>, el conocimiento es el punto de partida para las nuevas relaciones del capital, mientras que en el capitalismo inform&#x00E1;tico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31752-ES">Bryan y Rafferty, 2006</xref>) el dato es el punto de partida. El protagonismo de la informaci&#x00F3;n frente al conocimiento tiene evidentes consecuencias pedag&#x00F3;gicas relacionadas con el tipo de empoderamiento que genera en las personas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31752-ES">Luri, 2020</xref>), pero tambi&#x00E9;n tiene unas primeras implicaciones antropol&#x00F3;gicas que merece la pena analizar. Si con la revoluci&#x00F3;n industrial nos preocupaba la fragmentaci&#x00F3;n y separaci&#x00F3;n del ser humano de la naturaleza, con el capitalismo inform&#x00E1;tico ocurre una fragmentaci&#x00F3;n en la propia relaci&#x00F3;n con las cosas, al ser estos objetos de IA fragmentos abstractos e insignificantes. Respecto a la datificaci&#x00F3;n que provoca el capitalismo inform&#x00E1;tico, Deseriis (a partir de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31752-ES">L&#x00F3;pez Gabrielidis, 2020</xref>) afirma que este &#x201C;interpela al sujeto como entidad significante (&#x2026;) para luego extraer valor de la recombinaci&#x00F3;n de sus transacciones dividuales en una variedad potencialmente infinita de conjunto de datos&#x201D; (p. 124). Dos ejemplos claros de objetos de IA que generan una datificaci&#x00F3;n de los sujetos son los relojes inteligentes que llevamos en nuestras mu&#x00F1;ecas y los <italic>chatbots</italic> con los que interactuamos desde cualquier dispositivo en cualquier momento. Los primeros, nos informan de nuestras pulsaciones, nos cuentan los pasos e incluso pueden detectar un principio de Parkinson. Todo lo datifican, monitorizando la realidad. No tenemos gran consciencia de c&#x00F3;mo lo hacen ni de lo que hacen exactamente con nosotros, pero mediante algoritmos inteligentes generan recomendaciones basadas en c&#x00E1;lculos. De este modo, un paseo se convierte en un n&#x00FA;mero determinado de pasos, y una conversaci&#x00F3;n con ChatGPT se datifica en t&#x00ED;tulos que resumen cada una de nuestras interacciones a modo de historial. En definitiva, son objetos que datifican la vida como &#x201C;unidades discontinuas de breve actualidad que no se combinan para constituir una historia&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31752-ES">Han, 2018</xref>, p. 6) o una narrativa. La continuidad narrativa de la vida (un paseo o una conversaci&#x00F3;n que generan historia y memoria) pasa a ser hetero-interpretada por una acumulaci&#x00F3;n de datos que otro monitoriza, ofreci&#x00E9;ndonos una propuesta datificada para auto-interpretar nuestra vida<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-ES"><sup>1</sup></xref>. En este sentido, las cosas pueden ser tratadas m&#x00E1;s o menos con un valor de uso o de cambio, pero, sobre todo, como propuesta emancipadora que nos libera del peso de auto-interpretar nuestra vida en narrativas coherentes con alg&#x00FA;n sentido unitario, tarea a menudo fatigosa que, por otro lado, nos humaniza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31752-ES">Taylor, 2006</xref>).</p>
<p>La transformaci&#x00F3;n de la posesi&#x00F3;n de cosas al acceso eterno de personas puede comprenderse mejor desde los hologramas y la realidad aumentada como objetos de IA que han supuesto una manera de legar cierta &#x2018;vida&#x2019; estando muertos. Hace algo menos de un a&#x00F1;o, sab&#x00ED;amos<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-ES"><sup>2</sup></xref> que una famosa modelo y empresaria estadounidense hab&#x00ED;a recibido como regalo de cumplea&#x00F1;os el holograma de su fallecido padre con el que podr&#x00ED;a hablar y relacionarse. M&#x00E1;s escalofriante es el caso de una madre que reviv&#x00ED;a a su hija muerta con siete a&#x00F1;os a la que podr&#x00ED;a sentir que abrazaba mediante realidad virtual<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3-ES"><sup>3</sup></xref>. Este acceso a personas muertas se ha entendido como la posibilidad que la IA nos ofrece de liberarnos de legados m&#x00E1;s banales de cosas materiales, muchas de las cuales adem&#x00E1;s pueden guardarse en la nube, y dejar-nos como herencia a nosotros mismos. Por ello, hablamos del paso de la posesi&#x00F3;n de cosas al acceso eterno a personas. Cabe la pregunta de qu&#x00E9; tipo de posesi&#x00F3;n tenemos cuando poseemos un holograma, y qu&#x00E9; tipo de legado se deja, porque, como expon&#x00ED;a recientemente <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31752-ES">Thoilliez (2022)</xref>, solo se puede legar lo que se posee. Dec&#x00ED;amos al inicio, al hilo de la obra de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31752-ES">Saramago (2015)</xref> que, en una comprensi&#x00F3;n negativa de la posesi&#x00F3;n, hay una pulsi&#x00F3;n humana que nos empuja a menudo a aferrarnos a las cosas. Pues bien, resulta a priori m&#x00E1;s c&#x00F3;modo y menos costoso desprenderse (sobre todo en vida) de tu holograma que de una propiedad a orillas del Lago de Como. Los objetos de IA ofrecen objetos que <italic>son</italic> las personas mismas, y as&#x00ED;, el ser datificado se lega a s&#x00ED; mismo aparentando m&#x00E1;s permanencia, m&#x00E1;s desapego a los objetos y mayor cuidado por el legado personal. No sabemos qu&#x00E9; posee exactamente el nuevo heredero digital con el acceso a hologramas de sus otros significativos, pero s&#x00ED; que sabemos que esos hologramas, creados por empresas, cumplen las veces de las vinculantes y olvidadas &#x201C;cosas queridas&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31752-ES">Han, 2018</xref>, p. 14).</p>
    <p>Si algo nos han demostrado las pr&#x00E1;cticas con procesadores de informaci&#x00F3;n y <italic>chatbots</italic> en los &#x00FA;ltimos tiempos es que quieren facilitarnos la vida, estar a nuestra disposici&#x00F3;n y llevarnos poco la contraria. Estos objetos han sido entrenados para evitar sesgos discriminatorios y posturas controvertidas a nivel social. Pero es que, adem&#x00E1;s, el nivel de respuesta se adapta al nivel de la pregunta. No hay malas preguntas para la IA. Esto es lo que hemos querido denominar la transformaci&#x00F3;n de la alteridad <italic>hardware</italic> a la autorreferencialidad <italic>software</italic>. Las cosas de la <italic>infosfera</italic>, dec&#x00ED;amos m&#x00E1;s arriba, tienen materialidad a pesar de su intangibilidad porque nos demandan acciones y comportamientos concretos y, en ese sentido, nos imponen l&#x00ED;mites. Ahora bien, los l&#x00ED;mites que nos imponen son los nuestros propios. A este respecto, Luri explica que las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales, en contra de la democratizaci&#x00F3;n que aparentan, funcionan como pr&#x00F3;tesis antropol&#x00F3;gicas que amplifican lo que ya somos, no teniendo capacidad para sublimarnos. En particular, los <italic>chatbots</italic> imponen una nueva alteridad <italic>friendly</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31752-ES">Han, 2018</xref>) que de alg&#x00FA;n modo comparte la categor&#x00ED;a de alteridad de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31752-ES">L&#x00E9;vinas (2005)</xref> como otro inabarcable e inagotable que no se deja poseer, pero que a la vez es <italic>friendly</italic> porque no trata de combatir nuestros deseos ni de elevarlos. Por ello, como dec&#x00ED;amos, producen una autorreferencialidad <italic>soft</italic>, nos llevan una y otra vez a nosotros mismos desde nosotros mismos. Si compartimos la idea de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31752-ES">Biesta (2022)</xref> de que estar en el mundo de una manera adulta tiene que ver con que las cosas y el mundo no sean como deseamos, los objetos de IA pueden estar apuntado a un sujeto que permanezca como dice la canci&#x00F3;n de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31752-ES">Alphaville &#x2018;<italic>forever young&#x2019;</italic></xref>, con una aparente liberaci&#x00F3;n de las imposiciones duras de la alteridad tozuda que no parte ni tiene en cuenta nuestros deseos y preferencias.</p>
<p>Los objetos de IA, que reducen toda la realidad a datos, que se almacenan y a los que se accede, pero que, en el fondo, son homog&#x00E9;neos y estandarizados, reducidos a c&#x00F3;digos y algoritmos, no nos pertenecen. No pueden hacerlo porque no son singulares, aunque puedan tener apariencia de serlo. Son simulacros, reflejos, pero no son aut&#x00E9;nticos, siendo por este motivo por el que es m&#x00E1;s f&#x00E1;cil comerciar con ellos. Asimismo, como siempre parten de nosotros mismos, no nos enfrentan al mundo, no nos fuerzan a oponer resistencias, sino que nos condenan a un c&#x00ED;rculo constante de autorreferencia. Es por este motivo por el que la herencia del patrimonio com&#x00FA;n, pedag&#x00F3;gicamente fundamental desde un punto de vista humano, se ve cada vez m&#x00E1;s dificultada, volvi&#x00E9;ndose imperativo establecer las v&#x00ED;as necesarias para recuperarla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31752-ES">Bellamy, 2018</xref>). Esto no quiere decir que tengamos que huir de los objetos de IA, algo que en la configuraci&#x00F3;n actual de las cosas parecer&#x00ED;a imposible. M&#x00E1;s bien apuntamos la pertinencia de enfrentar los obst&#x00E1;culos que los objetos de IA pueden presentar para el desarrollo de una educaci&#x00F3;n integral plena, estableciendo v&#x00ED;as que permitan a los sujetos salir de s&#x00ED; mismos, conocer otras realidades y abrazar acciones, como cuidar o compartir, que aportaban las cosas materiales queridas que educaban en valores a trav&#x00E9;s de las ideas de finitud y de pertenencia.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31752-ES">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>mplicaciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas de la materialidad de los espacios del mundo onlife</sc></bold></title>
<p>De la misma forma que hemos se&#x00F1;alado c&#x00F3;mo este af&#x00E1;n por desprendernos de las cosas del mundo f&#x00ED;sico parece haber despojado de singularidad a los objetos que nos forman y nos conforman, parece haber sucedido lo mismo con los lugares que tratamos de habitar en el mundo <italic>onlife.</italic> Las TIC y el ciberespacio han habilitado un espacio intangible, aparentemente inmaterial, y, por ende, sumamente flexible. Un espacio que se presenta ante nosotros sin restricciones y con m&#x00FA;ltiples opciones a la carta. Podemos elegir entre una infinidad de aplicaciones y plataformas para comunicarnos, formarnos o inf&#x00F3;rmanos, incluso en diferentes formatos, en cualquier lugar y cualquier momento.</p>
<p>Tal y como demostr&#x00F3; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31752-ES">Lefebvre (2013)</xref> en su trabajo en torno a la producci&#x00F3;n del espacio social, los espacios son sustento, pero tambi&#x00E9;n campo de acci&#x00F3;n. Esta es la raz&#x00F3;n por la cual los espacios deben ser considerados sustrato b&#x00E1;sico de la estructura de la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31752-ES">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31752-ES">Ford, 2017</xref>). Los espacios demandan cosas, todo lo que pensamos, sentimos, realizamos o ideamos queda anclado a un espacio y un tiempo concretos, incluso en la virtualidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31752-ES">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez y Olmos Miguela&#x00F1;ez, 2015</xref>). En este sentido, el espacio, desde una mirada pedag&#x00F3;gica, siempre ha planteado interrogantes sobre las formas de hacer y pensar la educaci&#x00F3;n, y no deja de hacerlo, a pesar de los cambios que pueda haber tra&#x00ED;do consigo la digitalizaci&#x00F3;n de nuestro mundo, que no solo nos ha permitido trasladar el espacio f&#x00ED;sico a un entorno distinto, sino que nos ha permitido crear nuevos espacios, o incluso realidades mixtas, en las que confluyen materialidades digitales y f&#x00ED;sicas. Cierto es que estos nuevos espacios parecen haberse despojado de las cosas, al menos, tal como las entend&#x00ED;amos hasta ahora. Es por ello por lo que cada vez resulta m&#x00E1;s complicada su singularizaci&#x00F3;n. Existe un alto nivel de conexi&#x00F3;n y, en este sentido, aterrizando este hecho en el campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n, merece la pena que nos preguntemos sobre qu&#x00E9; puede entonces ofrecer la pedagog&#x00ED;a en un entorno donde no hay paredes, puertas y ventanas delimitadas, donde no encontramos cosas concretas, sino informaci&#x00F3;n cuya forma de aparici&#x00F3;n parece ilimitada y en un contexto siempre abierto. Trataremos a continuaci&#x00F3;n de dar respuesta a esta cuesti&#x00F3;n mostrando hasta qu&#x00E9; punto algunos espacios educativos del mundo <italic>onlife</italic> pudieran estar perdiendo su condici&#x00F3;n de lugar; esto es, de espacios con determinada singularidad concreta que los hace &#x00FA;nicos, irremplazables y al mismo tiempo con capacidad de construir una relaci&#x00F3;n de intimidad profunda con quienes los ocupan, impactando e influyendo, de esta forma, en el desarrollo de su identidad personal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31752-ES">Tuan, 2001</xref>).</p>
<p>A este respecto, por contraposici&#x00F3;n, resulta relevante rescatar aqu&#x00ED; el concepto de <italic>no-lugar</italic>, acu&#x00F1;ado hace a&#x00F1;os por el antrop&#x00F3;logo franc&#x00E9;s Marc Aug&#x00E9;. Para este autor, pudiendo definirse un lugar como un sitio &#x201C;de identidad, relacional e hist&#x00F3;rico, un espacio que no puede definirse ni como espacio de identidad ni como relacional ni como hist&#x00F3;rico, definir&#x00E1; un no-lugar&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31752-ES">Aug&#x00E9;, 1993</xref>, p. 83). Ejemplos de no-lugar ser&#x00ED;an para &#x00E9;l los sistemas de transporte como las v&#x00ED;as a&#x00E9;reas, ferroviarias o las autopistas, y todos aquellos otros espacios m&#x00F3;viles destinados al transporte como aviones o trenes, as&#x00ED; como aquellos sitios de paso, como hoteles, parques de entretenimiento o supermercados. Estos espacios son ocupados, pero no habitados, nadie puede echar ra&#x00ED;ces en ellos. Nada en esencia distingue un supermercado de Madrid de uno de Par&#x00ED;s o Singapur. Se trata de espacios sobre los que no existe la posibilidad de intimar, no dejamos huella en ellos, ni ellos tampoco ellos la dejan en nosotros.</p>
<p>Hoy en d&#x00ED;a, bajo la creciente influencia del entorno digital, tendemos a ubicar lo que valoramos, lo que nos caracteriza y define, en la red y no fuera de esta, y eso parece estar afectando a los lugares que hasta ahora habit&#x00E1;bamos. Las cosas que m&#x00E1;s valoramos solemos subirlas a la nube o directamente las compartimos a golpe de clic con otras personas. Por lo tanto, se evidencia una clara tendencia de despojar los lugares como oficinas, habitaciones o despachos de aquellos elementos materiales de car&#x00E1;cter personal que los singularizaban y hac&#x00ED;an especiales. As&#x00ED; pues, paulatinamente vamos restando singularidad a los espacios que, al mismo tiempo, cada vez se encuentran m&#x00E1;s hiperconectados. Transitamos por hiperlugares que perfectamente podr&#x00ED;an ser percibidos como no-lugares. Estamos condenando a los espacios que ocupamos, incluso a los m&#x00E1;s privados, a ser meros sitios de paso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31752-ES">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Esta tendencia en aumento de los no-lugares parece haberse extendido tambi&#x00E9;n en el &#x00E1;mbito educativo con la invenci&#x00F3;n y paulatina popularizaci&#x00F3;n de un tipo de aulas tecnologizadas, denominadas generalmente como hiperaulas o aulas del futuro. Este tipo de aulas se muestran al mundo como hiperespacios amplios, abiertos, flexibles y reconfigurables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31752-ES">Fern&#x00E1;ndez Enguita, 2018</xref>), del mismo modo que lo es &#x2013; y nos demanda que lo seamos &#x2013; la sociedad actual. En estos espacios, colonizados por la presencia de aparatos y dispositivos digitales permanentemente conectados, el mobiliario es enteramente m&#x00F3;vil. A diferencia del espacio tradicional, ahora mesas y sillas pueden moverse y reconfigurarse seg&#x00FA;n lo requiera el momento. En el aula del futuro hay cabida para todo: la lecci&#x00F3;n magistral, el trabajo en equipo, el movimiento libre, la actividad individual, etc. A diferencia del aula tradicional, localizada en un espacio f&#x00ED;sico y temporal, nos encontramos ante un contexto donde el espacio ya no dicta el tiempo de aprendizaje, pues la acci&#x00F3;n educativa queda deslocalizada. Todo lo que tiene lugar en espacio f&#x00ED;sico del aula, contin&#x00FA;a despu&#x00E9;s en el entorno virtual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31752-ES">Alonso, 2022</xref>). En consecuencia, se produce una flexibilizaci&#x00F3;n del espacio que lleva aparejada una aceleraci&#x00F3;n generalizada de los tiempos, pues dicha flexibilidad espacial permite jugar con los tiempos sin hallar ning&#x00FA;n obst&#x00E1;culo o resistencia f&#x00ED;sica. Esto convierte al espacio en un elemento maleable ante cualquier imprevisto o necesidad; valores estos que, precisamente, definen nuestro contexto socioecon&#x00F3;mico actual.</p>
<p>La naturaleza hipermedia e hiperconectada de las aulas del futuro permite que deje tener importancia en qu&#x00E9; parte del mundo nos encontremos, ya sea en Madrid, Johannesburgo o Pek&#x00ED;n; todas las aulas son pr&#x00E1;cticamente id&#x00E9;nticas, sin elementos que les permitan diferenciarse o adquirir una identidad propia. Son, por lo tanto, claramente no-lugares, sitios de paso, sin singularidad propia. Ahora bien, esto es un hecho que no deber&#x00ED;a sorprendernos, pues muchas de ellas han sido dise&#x00F1;adas por grandes gigantes tecnol&#x00F3;gicos<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4-ES"><sup>4</sup></xref> cuyos intereses se basan en la eficiencia y rentabilidad del producto, y no en la educaci&#x00F3;n de las personas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31752-ES">Ford, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Las del futuro est&#x00E1;n pensadas desde par&#x00E1;metros de optimizaci&#x00F3;n del rendimiento acad&#x00E9;mico, acorde a lo que demanda la sociedad y el mercado laboral actual y no desde el punto de vista de una educaci&#x00F3;n integral. Ante este escenario, lo que, desde un punto de vista pedag&#x00F3;gico, cabr&#x00ED;a reclamar, no es que no haya tecnolog&#x00ED;a en las aulas, sino, m&#x00E1;s bien, que los educadores y las educadoras traten de evitar que se produzca una p&#x00E9;rdida de habitabilidad de los espacios educativos. Abrazar y cuidar estos espacios, dot&#x00E1;ndoles de singularidad propia que los convierta en lugares, con su historia, din&#x00E1;micas y temporalidad propias, donde quienes los ocupan puedan pasar a habitarlos a fin de construir su identidad en t&#x00E9;rminos valor singular m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de cualquier resultado de eficiencia en el rendimiento.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31752-ES">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>mplicaciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas de la materialidad de los cuerpos datificados</sc></bold></title>
<p>Recientemente los medios de comunicaci&#x00F3;n espa&#x00F1;oles se hac&#x00ED;an eco de un proyecto de realidad aumentada que hab&#x00ED;a sido implementado en distintos puntos del pa&#x00ED;s, aparentemente con buenos resultados, que consist&#x00ED;a en ponerse en la piel de tres personas pertenecientes al colectivo LGBTIQ+. A trav&#x00E9;s de unas gafas, cualquiera pod&#x00ED;a entrar en el cuerpo de estas personas y vivir ciertas experiencias de odio y violencia como si habitasen el cuerpo de otro, como si las viviesen en primera persona. Con esto se pretend&#x00ED;a lograr un mayor grado de empat&#x00ED;a con el colectivo, que ayudase a prevenir y a luchar contra la LGBTIfobia<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5-ES"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Sin embargo, de la misma manera que este artefacto nos puede poner en la piel de la v&#x00ED;ctima, a fin de que desarrollemos una mayor empat&#x00ED;a con esta, tambi&#x00E9;n podr&#x00ED;a ponernos en la posici&#x00F3;n del verdugo haci&#x00E9;ndonos sentir una sensaci&#x00F3;n de dominio y superioridad que pudiese incitarnos a la violencia. De hecho, esta ha sido una cr&#x00ED;tica cl&#x00E1;sica al acceso por parte de ni&#x00F1;os y adolescentes a determinados videojuegos de car&#x00E1;cter violento, aunque haya sido demostrado que es m&#x00E1;s el contexto personal y social que el contenido de los videojuegos lo que puede conducir a la violencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31752-ES">Jim&#x00E9;nez Toribio, 2019</xref>). Y es que, tanto en un caso como en otro, la idea base que sustenta la creencia en esta influencia es que realmente podemos escapar de nuestro cuerpo, distanciarnos de &#x00E9;l para experimentar otro, porque tenemos un cuerpo, pero qui&#x00E9;nes somos va mucho m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de este, de manera que podemos ponerlo en suspensi&#x00F3;n, configurarlo o manipularlo a nuestro antojo porque, si dice algo de qui&#x00E9;nes somos, es porque nosotros as&#x00ED; lo hayamos querido.</p>
<p>De la misma forma que sucede con los objetos y los espacios, la visi&#x00F3;n del mundo occidental moderna ha hecho tambi&#x00E9;n que concibamos el cuerpo humano como un simple medio disponible a los mandatos de la mente, que es aparentemente la &#x00FA;nica responsable de perseguir determinados fines. El cuerpo moderno implica &#x201C;la ruptura del sujeto con los otros (una estructura social de tipo individualista), con el cosmos (las materias primas que componen el cuerpo no tienen ninguna conexi&#x00F3;n con el afuera), con &#x00E9;l mismo (tener un cuerpo en lugar de ser un cuerpo)&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31752-ES">Le Breton, 2021</xref>, p. 17) y esto hace de &#x00E9;l un objeto m&#x00E1;s, una mercanc&#x00ED;a con la que poder comerciar. No obstante, en el caso de que lo pensemos como objeto, no podemos por menos que reconocer que nuestro cuerpo &#x201C;es un objeto m&#x00E1;gico que no est&#x00E1; jam&#x00E1;s situado de una forma est&#x00E1;tica, como una piedra en la base de un muro&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31752-ES">Henry, 2007</xref>, p. 265), sino que est&#x00E1; en constante movimiento, ya se actualice este o no, manifestando de manera incesante determinadas reacciones previas a cualquier reflexi&#x00F3;n. Y es que, tal y como se&#x00F1;al&#x00F3; hace d&#x00E9;cadas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31752-ES">Merleau-Ponty (1975)</xref>, el cuerpo tiene su propia intencionalidad independiente de la mente, derivada de una relaci&#x00F3;n singular con el mundo y con todo lo que le rodea. De esta forma, no debe ser en ning&#x00FA;n caso considerado, como muchas veces pareciera serlo, como un elemento inerte que se puede manipular libremente a trav&#x00E9;s de cierta disciplina mental, sino m&#x00E1;s bien como algo que, ante determinados est&#x00ED;mulos, presenta su propia intencionalidad, siendo, por tanto, las relaciones que teje con el mundo lo que merece la pena analizar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31752-ES">Willatt y Flores, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Si bien existen los bajos fondos, a los que solo tienen acceso quienes poseen un amplio conocimiento inform&#x00E1;tico, el ciberespacio al que cualquiera puede acceder de manera simple y sencilla destaca por ser abierto, p&#x00FA;blico y demandar presencia y transparencia. Ahora bien, no de cualquier manera, sino atendiendo a unos est&#x00E1;ndares sociales bien definidos y marcados. De este modo, hemos de &#x201C;aprender a vivir en un estado de exposici&#x00F3;n medi&#x00E1;tica, produciendo personas artificiales, dobles o avatares con un doble prop&#x00F3;sito: por un lado, situarnos en los medios visuales, y, por otro, proteger nuestros cuerpos biol&#x00F3;gicos de la mirada medi&#x00E1;tica&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31752-ES">Grois, 2014</xref>, pp. 14-15). Y es que, nuestros cuerpos biol&#x00F3;gicos no son nunca perfectos, enferman, envejecen, se duelen y sufren, pero no es as&#x00ED; como los quiere la red. Los est&#x00E1;ndares sociales de presentaci&#x00F3;n p&#x00FA;blica que exist&#x00ED;an antes de internet fueron trasladados a este nuevo espacio a pesar de que su configuraci&#x00F3;n poco tiene que ver con la de un mundo anal&#x00F3;gico en el que exist&#x00ED;a un gran n&#x00FA;mero de posibilidades de poder disfrutar, fuera de la mirada p&#x00FA;blica, de tiempos y espacios privados. Aqu&#x00ED; todo es p&#x00FA;blico y, llegados al punto en el que la red nos acompa&#x00F1;a en todo momento gracias al <italic>smartphone</italic> y otros artefactos parecidos, el yo que presentamos y el que somos debe ser el mismo, pero nunca lo es, produci&#x00E9;ndose l&#x00F3;gicamente crisis de identidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31752-ES">Elias y Gill, 2018</xref>) e incluso dificultades para poder relacionarnos de manera profunda con los dem&#x00E1;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31752-ES">Forbes, 2017</xref>). Debido a esto, a pesar de estar aparentemente m&#x00E1;s acompa&#x00F1;adas que nunca, es bastante com&#x00FA;n que las personas experimenten un sentimiento profundo de soledad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31752-ES">Turkle, 2011</xref>). Sus cuerpos, los cuerpos que son, terminan manifest&#x00E1;ndose y reclamando que no pueden estar tan distanciados del cuerpo que tienen. El cuerpo no puede poseerse. El ciberespacio y las amplias posibilidades de presentaci&#x00F3;n de nuestro yo a trav&#x00E9;s de avatares que pueden mejorar y optimizar nuestros cuerpos nos pueden hacer llegar a pensar que podemos poseerlos, pero finalmente, de una forma u otra, terminamos por fracasar en el intento, porque no tenemos un cuerpo, sino que somos cuerpo y la red, tal y como est&#x00E1; configurada, no nos facilita serlo.</p>
<p>Dentro del campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n, esto es f&#x00E1;cilmente observable si analizamos los casos de aquellos profesores que han llegado a ser reconocidos como <italic>influencers</italic>; esto es, como individuos &#x201C;que han creado una amplia red de seguidores y son considerados l&#x00ED;deres de opini&#x00F3;n con gran influencia social dentro de dicha red&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31752-ES">Leung <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>, p. 228); en este caso, el &#x00E1;mbito de la ense&#x00F1;anza. Se trata de profesores que comparten materiales, metodolog&#x00ED;as, actividades y consejos relacionados con su labor docente, as&#x00ED; como tambi&#x00E9;n pueden grabar v&#x00ED;deos y clases que cuelgan en sus redes para poder ser visionados en cualquier momento posteriormente. Si bien hay algunos de ellos que reciben dinero a cambio de esto, la gran mayor&#x00ED;a lo hace gratuitamente, raz&#x00F3;n por la que no se sienten c&#x00F3;modos bajo el t&#x00E9;rmino <italic>influencer</italic>, que procede del &#x00E1;mbito del marketing y tiene un matiz claramente comercial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31752-ES">Marcelo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). Sin embargo, cuando ahondamos en cu&#x00E1;l es su presencia en la red y c&#x00F3;mo han logrado tal &#x00E9;xito e influencia, nos damos cuenta de que no es de ning&#x00FA;n modo azaroso.</p>
<p>Para tener &#x00E9;xito en la red y alcanzar tantos seguidores, hay que cumplir una serie de requisitos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31752-ES">Pattier (2021)</xref> recoge cu&#x00E1;les son los factores de &#x00E9;xito de los denominados <italic>edutubers</italic>, que graban v&#x00ED;deos educativos y los cuelgan en la plataforma YouTube, atendiendo a la duraci&#x00F3;n, el tipo de plano elegido, de contenido y las estrategias de difusi&#x00F3;n. Asimismo, la personalidad, la apariencia f&#x00ED;sica de acuerdo con determinados est&#x00E1;ndares y la inclusi&#x00F3;n de experiencias privadas y personales que presenten a estos profesores como sujetos de &#x00E9;xito, pero al mismo como personas cualesquiera, son elementos que tambi&#x00E9;n influyen en el logro de seguidores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31752-ES">Azzari y Mayer, 2022</xref>). De esta forma, al depender su &#x00E9;xito en redes de toda una serie de condicionantes que no son tanto pedag&#x00F3;gicos, sino fundamentalmente de car&#x00E1;cter medi&#x00E1;tico, muchos de ellos terminan preocup&#x00E1;ndose m&#x00E1;s por su ego, su apariencia personal y por cumplir los deseos de quienes son susceptibles de darles un <italic>like</italic> y aumentar su fama y reconocimiento, que realmente por el car&#x00E1;cter educativo de los contenidos que suben a sus redes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31752-ES">Shelton <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). As&#x00ED; pues, el cuerpo del profesor termina por ser mercanc&#x00ED;a, objeto de mercado, a causa de las demandas de una red que supedita su &#x00E9;xito y relevancia a una manera de ser y aparecer concreta y a su vez estandarizada que poco o nada tiene que ver con su singularidad aut&#x00E9;ntica y su labor docente.</p>
<p>Al igual que suced&#x00ED;a con la figura del hechicero en algunas tribus ind&#x00ED;genas analizadas hace a&#x00F1;os por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31752-ES">L&#x00E9;vi-Strauss (1995)</xref>, donde un gran hechicero no lo era porque curase muchos enfermos, sino que curaba a muchos enfermos porque la fe del grupo le hab&#x00ED;a convertido en gran hechicero, los m&#x00E1;s reconocidos <italic>edu-influencers</italic> no obtienen reconocimiento tanto por los resultados de su labor docente como por el n&#x00FA;mero de seguidores y de <italic>likes</italic> que cosechen. La figura del docente queda, por lo tanto, cosificada en el sentido de mercantilizada, y su papel como individuo con determinada singularidad corporal y mental, que trata de introducir a las nuevas generaciones en el mundo, al mismo tiempo que intenta que hallen su propia identidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31752-ES">B&#x00E1;rcena, 2020</xref>), queda inevitablemente obstaculizada.</p>
<p>Esto, sin embargo, no es culpa de estos docentes, sino que el contexto en el que se mueven reclama de ellos cierto comportamiento, al que se ven impelidos, al mismo tiempo que ellos se quejan de este hecho porque por mucho que traten de adaptar sus cuerpos, no pueden escapar de la singularidad propia de estos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31752-ES">Shelton <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Y es que, las plataformas de la realidad <italic>onlife</italic> no son un reflejo de lo social, sino que lo producen de acuerdo con determinados par&#x00E1;metros definidos principalmente por las empresas que se encuentran detr&#x00E1;s de ellas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31752-ES">Van Dijck <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Dado que la red es un espacio empresarializado, se demanda un determinado cuerpo datificado, que no tiene nada que ver con la relaci&#x00F3;n del individuo con su cuerpo que, desde un punto de vista educativo, podr&#x00ED;a ser considerada adecuada. Es por esta raz&#x00F3;n por la que es importante que en el campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n fomentemos la aceptaci&#x00F3;n, el ejercicio y el cuidado del cuerpo que somos, la necesidad de escucharlo, de cuidarlo y, sobre todo, de no tratar a toda costa de dominarlo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31752-ES">Almeida <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). El ciberespacio, que hoy lo abarca todo, potencia precisamente lo contrario, y esto, como hemos visto, nos afecta por igual a todos, ni&#x00F1;os, familias y profesorado. Queramos o no, somos cuerpo, nuestro cuerpo, no aquel ideal definido por patrones estandarizados. Hoy, por lo tanto, m&#x00E1;s que nunca, es esencial que incidamos y elaboremos estrategias educativas que ayuden a que aprendamos realmente a serlo y a reconocerlo.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31752-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>oncluyendo</sc>: <sc>el desaf&#x00ED;o pedag&#x00F3;gico de la materialidad digital</sc></bold></title>
<p>Comenz&#x00E1;bamos este trabajo defendiendo que en funci&#x00F3;n del nivel de intimidad que establezcamos con las cosas, estas dejar&#x00E1;n o no huella en nosotros. Las cosas que nos rodean tienen la potencialidad de formarnos, si las dejamos. Ahora bien, hace ya unos a&#x00F1;os que las cosas parecen haberse diluido en una sociedad <italic>onlife</italic> que se mueve de manera acelerada y al mismo tiempo estandarizada. No obstante, las cosas no han desaparecido, sino que su materialidad, tal como la entend&#x00ED;amos hasta ahora, se ha transformado. Nos encontramos ante una nueva materialidad, intangible, pero de igual modo material, que ofrece una forma renovada de entender los objetos, los espacios y los cuerpos, basada no tanto en el car&#x00E1;cter tangible de estos, sino en su capacidad de influir en nuestra manera de ser y en nuestro comportamiento.</p>
<p>Las cosas del mundo <italic>onlife</italic> nos influyen, demandan de nosotros determinadas actitudes, comportamientos y maneras de relacionarnos con nosotros mismos y con los otros, desde el punto de vista de la mente, pero tambi&#x00E9;n del cuerpo. Como carece de car&#x00E1;cter tangible y es maleable, podr&#x00ED;a darnos la impresi&#x00F3;n de que esta materialidad est&#x00E1; a nuestra disposici&#x00F3;n y que su buen o mal uso depender&#x00ED;a &#x00FA;nicamente de lo que nuestras voluntades, deseos y pensamientos, decidan hacer con ella. No obstante, esto est&#x00E1; muy lejos de ser cierto, pues, aunque las cosas del ciberespacio no se pueden tocar, contienen materia, y esta demanda de nosotros el desarrollo de identidades con maneras de ser y de estar en el mundo muy concretas. Estas, como hemos podido observar tanto en el an&#x00E1;lisis de los objetos de IA, como de las aulas del futuro y en los cuerpos datificados, pueden englobarse bajo el paraguas de una importante falta de singularidad y una estandarizaci&#x00F3;n radical de todo lo humano.</p>
<p>Dec&#x00ED;a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31752-ES">Hannah Arendt (1993)</xref> que</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>si la acci&#x00F3;n como comienzo corresponde al hecho de nacer, si es la realizaci&#x00F3;n de la condici&#x00F3;n humana de la natalidad, entonces el discurso corresponde al hecho de la distinci&#x00F3;n y es la realizaci&#x00F3;n de la condici&#x00F3;n humana de la pluralidad, es decir, de vivir como ser distinto y &#x00FA;nico entre iguales (p. 207).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>La posibilidad de traer algo nuevo al mundo, as&#x00ED; como de diferenciarse de los dem&#x00E1;s de su misma especie a trav&#x00E9;s de la palabra son para ella las dos caracter&#x00ED;sticas fundamentales del ser humano que lo distinguen del resto de animales. Teniendo esto en cuenta, perder en singularidad y ganar en estandarizaci&#x00F3;n es perder en humanidad. Es por esta raz&#x00F3;n por la que, desde un punto de vista pedag&#x00F3;gico, potenciar la construcci&#x00F3;n de la propia identidad, as&#x00ED; como la capacidad de crear y aportar de manera original, se torna un imperativo que debe orientar toda pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa. No obstante, para ello, no basta con trabajar con y sobre las personas, sino que hay que tratar con las cosas, a fin de que ellas permitan la configuraci&#x00F3;n de dicha singularidad. Las cosas del ciberespacio han sido creadas y configuradas atendiendo a los intereses de empresas tecnol&#x00F3;gicas ajenas al mundo educativo y cuyo &#x00FA;nico prop&#x00F3;sito es el beneficio econ&#x00F3;mico. Son los y las profesionales de la educaci&#x00F3;n quienes deben tener por objetivo fundamental ofrecer a las generaciones presentes y futuras una experiencia educativa integral que les haga desarrollarse no solo como clientes, espectadores, trabajadores o usuarios, sino principalmente como seres humanos. Para ello, es importante crear en ellos una noci&#x00F3;n de objeto, de espacio y de cuerpo al que aferrarse, pero no en el sentido de compraventa referido en el relato de Saramago con el que inici&#x00E1;bamos, sino en el sentido de sost&#x00E9;n, de hogar, de refugio, al que se refer&#x00ED;a Garc&#x00ED;a Montero; es decir, de elementos materiales que nos ayuden a dirimir qu&#x00E9; y qui&#x00E9;nes somos, a fin de ganar seguridad a la hora de decidir qu&#x00E9; y qui&#x00E9;nes queremos llegar a ser. Hay ya algunos ejemplos de trabajo educativo en esta l&#x00ED;nea de humanizar el mundo digitalizado a trav&#x00E9;s de la pedagog&#x00ED;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31752-ES">Vansieleghem <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), no obstante, a&#x00FA;n son insuficientes. Para que haya m&#x00E1;s es imprescindible que todo el mundo en el campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n sea consciente de que intangibilidad no significa falta de materialidad y absoluta neutralidad, sino una materialidad distinta cuyas gram&#x00E1;ticas hay que (re)conocer para poder actuar pedag&#x00F3;gicamente y orientar en consecuencia.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
<p><bold>F<sc>inanciaci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></p>
<p>Este trabajo se ha realizado dentro del marco de los siguientes proyectos I+D+i: 1) NATEC-ID. &#x00AB;An&#x00E1;lisis de los procesos de (des-re) conexi&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza y con la tecnolog&#x00ED;a en la construcci&#x00F3;n de la identidad infantil&#x00BB;. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#x00F3;n. Referencia: PID2021-122993NB-I00; 2) IMP-NOVA. &#x00AB;El imperativo de la innovaci&#x00F3;n educativa: an&#x00E1;lisis de su recepci&#x00F3;n y articulaci&#x00F3;n en el sistema educativo espa&#x00F1;ol&#x00BB;. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#x00F3;n. Referencia: PID2022-138878NA-I00; 3) &#x00AB;Tecnolog&#x00ED;a disruptiva como catalizadora de la transici&#x00F3;n ecol&#x00F3;gica desde la educaci&#x00F3;n ambiental. Estudio y dise&#x00F1;o de soluciones tecnoeducativas desde NaturTEC Kids Living Lab&#x00BB;. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#x00F3;n. Referencia: TED2021-130300A-C22.</p></fn>
<fn id="fn1-ES" fn-type="other"><label><sup>1</sup></label> <p>Encontramos ya un indicio de este tipo en el mundo de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Sirva de ejemplo c&#x00F3;mo China est&#x00E1; utilizando la IA para medir la capacidad de atenci&#x00F3;n de ni&#x00F1;os y ni&#x00F1;as en el aula, con las implicaciones que ello conlleva: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMLsHI8aV0g">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMLsHI8aV0g</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn2-ES" fn-type="other"><label><sup>2</sup></label> <p>La noticia puede consultarse en: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://elpais.com/ideas/2022-07-08/maneras-de-vivir-despues-de-muerto.html">https://elpais.com/ideas/2022-07-08/maneras-de-vivir-despues-de-muerto.html</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn3-ES" fn-type="other"><label><sup>3</sup></label> <p>La noticia puede consultarse en: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.xataka.com/realidad-virtual-aumentada/recrean-a-nina-siete-anos-fallecida-su-madre-pueda-reunirse-ella-usando-realidad-virtual">https://www.xataka.com/realidad-virtual-aumentada/recrean-a-nina-siete-anos-fallecida-su-madre-pueda-reunirse-ella-usando-realidad-virtual</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn4-ES" fn-type="other"><label><sup>4</sup></label> <p>Sirvan de ejemplo los proyectos &#x201C;Smart Classroom&#x201D; de diferentes compa&#x00F1;&#x00ED;as tecnol&#x00F3;gicas: HP Smart Clasroom <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://grupo-ae.com/rtci/">https://grupo-ae.com/rtci/</ext-link> o el proyecto Technology in Education de Samsung: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.samsung.com/us/business/solutions/industries/education/">https://www.samsung.com/us/business/solutions/industries/education/</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn5-ES" fn-type="other"><label><sup>5</sup></label> <p>La noticia puede consultarse en: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/experiencia-lgtbfobia-traves-realidad-virtual_2023070264a1d3bf41e0620001bef9cd.html">https://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/experiencia-lgtbfobia-traves-realidad-virtual_2023070264a1d3bf41e0620001bef9cd.html</ext-link></p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31752</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31752</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monographic</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Pedagogy in the Face of the Digital Challenge: New Materialities</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>La pedagog&#x00ED;a ante el desaf&#x00ED;o digital: nuevas materialidades</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2532-5867</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>S&#x00C1;NCHEZ-ROJO</surname>
<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2069-9432</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>ALONSO-SAINZ</surname>
<given-names>Tania</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1655-0280</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MART&#x00CD;N-LUCAS</surname>
<given-names>Judith</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label><sup>*</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-EN">
<label><sup>**</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Salamanca. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Salamanca</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>asanchezrojo@ucm.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>taniaalo@ucm.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>judithmartin@usal.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
    <day>04</day>
    <month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024362</issue-id>
<fpage>25</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>31</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>26</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The materiality of things has up to now been understood in two ways that derive from their tangibility. On the one hand, as mere means at our service, and on the other, as objects with the capacity to affect us and even educate us. The <italic>onlife</italic> reality we now inhabit obliges us to think about this materiality in a way that is not subordinated to its tangible nature. This new way of seeing, thinking and understanding the world requires pedagogy, from its own principles, to understand the grammars that comprise it to be able to define the most appropriate educational approaches. This is the main aim of this work. To do so, we will use a methodology of interpretative and critical documentary analysis, from a normative-pedagogical perspective. First, we focus on artificial intelligence objects, which are likely to become the foremost educational tools in the near future. We then address educational spaces, paying special attention to the classrooms of the future and their status as places or non-places. Thirdly, we consider bodies in the educational setting through the role of <italic>edu-influencers</italic>. We conclude that we confront a new materiality, one that is intangible but also material, which drives us to educate (ourselves) in and for a context that is ever less open to innovation and plurality and so is less human. Rehumanising the <italic>onlife</italic> world must necessarily involve an education that fosters the construction of each individual&#x2019;s own uniqueness, and at the same time is open to welcoming others.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Hasta ahora, la materialidad de las cosas ha sido entendida de dos maneras que ven&#x00ED;an dadas por su tangibilidad. Por un lado, como meros medios, a nuestro servicio, y, por otro, como objetos con capacidad de influir en nosotros, llegando incluso a educarnos. La realidad <italic>onlife</italic> en la que vivimos actualmente nos est&#x00E1; obligando a pensar en esta materialidad de una forma no supeditada a su car&#x00E1;cter tangible. Esta forma renovada de ver, pensar y entender el mundo reclama de la pedagog&#x00ED;a que, desde sus propios principios, conozca las gram&#x00E1;ticas que la constituyen con el fin de poder definir las orientaciones educativas m&#x00E1;s adecuadas. Ese es el objetivo principal de este trabajo. Para ello, utilizaremos una metodolog&#x00ED;a interpretativa y cr&#x00ED;tica de an&#x00E1;lisis documental, desde una perspectiva normativo-pedag&#x00F3;gica. En primer lugar, nos centramos en los objetos de Inteligencia Artificial, susceptibles de convertirse en un futuro pr&#x00F3;ximo en las principales herramientas a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales educar. En segundo lugar, nos ocupamos de los espacios educativos, con especial atenci&#x00F3;n a las aulas del futuro y a su car&#x00E1;cter o no de lugares. En tercer lugar, atendemos a los cuerpos en el contexto educativo a trav&#x00E9;s del papel de los <italic>edu-influencers.</italic> Concluimos nuestro trabajo se&#x00F1;alando que nos encontramos ante una nueva materialidad, intangible, pero de igual modo material, que est&#x00E1; empuj&#x00E1;ndonos a educar(nos) en y para un contexto cada vez menos abierto a la novedad y a la pluralidad, y, por lo tanto, menos humano. Rehumanizar el mundo <italic>onlife</italic> deber&#x00E1; pasar forzosamente por una educaci&#x00F3;n que potencie la construcci&#x00F3;n de una singularidad propia en cada individuo, al mismo tiempo abierta a acoger la de los dem&#x00E1;s.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>knowledge society</kwd>
<kwd>educational theory</kwd>
<kwd>digital technology</kwd>
<kwd>ICT</kwd>
<kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>sociedad del conocimiento</kwd>
<kwd>teor&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>digitalizaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>TIC</kwd>
<kwd>inteligencia artificial</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain)</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>PID2021-122993NB-I00</award-id>
<award-id>PID2022-138878NA-I00</award-id>
<award-id>TED2021-130300A-C22</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>This work has been carried out within the framework of the following R&#x0026;D projects: 1) NATEC-ID. &#x201C;Analysis of the processes of (dis)connection with nature and technology in the construction of children&#x2019;s identity.&#x201D; Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). Reference: PID2021-122993NB-I00; 2) IMP-NOVA. &#x201C;The imperative of educational innovation: analysis of its reception and articulation in the Spanish educational system.&#x201D; Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). Reference: PID2022-138878NA-I00; 3) &#x201C;Disruptive technology as a catalyst for ecological transition through environmental education. Study and design of techno-educational solutions from NaturTEC Kids Living Lab.&#x201D; Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). Reference: TED2021-130300A-C22.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31752-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>In the short story <italic>Coisas</italic>, the Portuguese writer Jos&#x00E9; Saramago describes a world where material objects start to disappear, seemingly having a life of their own. More and more of them disappear until none are left, taking with them in the process those people who hold onto them. Finally, there are only a few remaining naked survivors who had hidden in woodland on the outskirts of the city. The story ends with one of the survivors saying that from that moment they would have to rebuild everything, to which another survivor adds: &#x201C;we had no other choice; the things were us. People will not be put in the place of things again&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31752-EN">Saramago, 2015</xref>, p. 107). This text presents things as a danger, a threat to humankind, seeking to underline the importance of not clinging onto them and, when the time comes, of letting them go, as well as highlighting a logic centred on possession of material things that prevents us from going further.</p>
<p>However, this is not the only way to consider the material. The Spanish poet and writer Luis Garc&#x00ED;a Montero published another more personal story some years ago, in which he asserts the importance of holding onto things as a form of resistance in the face of a world that tends towards constant change and non-permanence. Accordingly, he recaps certain objects that have marked his life, after arguing that things are &#x201C;objects with which we coexist, they know us and they enable us to know ourselves, they form an intimate curriculum, a human vision of the background. Joy and sorrow are within things&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31752-EN">Garc&#x00ED;a Montero, 2012</xref>, p. 10). This author, here argues that things form us and shape us, and so it is appropriate to keep a record of them and analyse them, as this will not only help us to know who we are, but also to determine why we are the way we are.</p>
<p>These two works of fiction show us that the popular imaginary contains two very different ways of conceiving of things. One of them, more superficial in nature, sees things merely as means that serve to satisfy needs and desires, and, depending on the relationship between supply and demand, would acquire a particular price. In other words, this could be classed as a way that understands the object as merchandise. The other, of a more profound nature, while not denying that things are means, also recognises their capacity to include an aim, influencing people to a greater or lesser extent depending on the level of intimacy in the relationship with each of them. Considering this second way of understanding them, which focusses more on use value than exchange value, in Marxist terms, Alba Rico affirmed several years ago that in our world &#x201C;things have disappeared. [&#x2026;] The capitalist market creates a &#x2018;new man&#x2019; because it establishes an unprecedented anthropological place where everything that exists &#x2013; all creatures, natural and artefacts &#x2013; can be replaced&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31752-EN">Alba Rico, 2010</xref>, p. 61). What makes each of us a singular being is particular uniqueness that makes us irreplaceable. This also applies to things when we understand them as unique material realities that form and shape us. They demand care and dedication because, like everything finite, they are fragile, vulnerable, breakable, and once they become irreparable, nothing and no one can take their place. This author then observes that, thanks to capitalism, the first conception of things that we set out above &#x2013; objects as mere means, merchandise without inherent value or purpose &#x2013; has become the only one possible in our world, and it makes invisible the second one, in which, as things are irreplaceable, they become more human and humanising in character, reducing at the same time the dominant and apparently omnipotent role of human beings who, faced with the universe of the material, could seemingly do everything.</p>
<p>A return to this way of understanding things is essential in a context such as the one we have lived in since roughly the last third of the 20th century, which has brought with it unprecedented technological advances that have increasingly complicated the clear distinction between people and things. In the late 1990s, Donna Haraway discussed this, arguing that as the 20th century approached its end, &#x201C;we are all chimeras, theorized and fabricated hybrids of machine and organism&#x2014;in short, cyborgs. The cyborg is our ontology; it gives us our politics&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31752-EN">Haraway, 2020</xref>, pp. 19-20). Even then, she proposed a welcoming, caring and, above all, horizontal rather than vertical way of approaching the material, as &#x201C;the machine is not an <italic>it</italic> to be animated, worshipped, and dominated. The machine is us&#x201D; (p. 119), and the future of the human species will depend on how we treat each other. Some years later, with the great development of the digital world, some authors argue that we have gone from being machines to become information, data that flow incessantly and unstoppably through hyperspace, <italic>inforgs</italic> who inhabit a reality where what is online can no longer be distinguished from what is not, an <italic>onlife</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31752-EN">Floridi, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31752-EN">2015</xref>) reality that obliges us to think of ourselves in a completely new way.</p>
<p>This poses a major challenge for all areas of human life, as well as for the field of education and, above all, pedagogy, as this is a science based not only on study of education as a phenomenon but also on guiding it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31752-EN">Touri&#x00F1;&#x00E1;n, 2019</xref>). Among other reasons, because if we are essentially information, this would, in principle, involve a dematerialisation or rather, as we argue here, the creation of a new materiality that can no longer be defined by tangibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31752-EN">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022a</xref>) and that demands that pedagogy, from its very principles, understands the grammars that comprise it to be able to define the most appropriate educational approaches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31752-EN">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022b</xref>). This article intends to concern itself with the disentangling of these grammars, thus identifying not only what they comprise, but principally what challenges they present for education. This article uses an interpretative and critical documentary analysis methodology from a normative-pedagogical perspective; that is to say, it focusses on considering in depth the aims of education as conditions of possibility for the actions that are by nature most humanising. To make the analysis exhaustive, organised and, above all, comparable with the context prior to the <italic>onlife</italic> world that we now inhabit, we will use as a guide, a work that focusses on analysing the traditional modes of educational materiality which establishes that &#x201C;any materiality present in educational processes could, in principle, be distributed into one of these three categories: objects, spaces and bodies&#x201D; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31752-EN">Trilla, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>, p. 47). In this way we will first consider artificial intelligence (AI) objects, insofar as they relate to our <italic>onlife</italic> context and are soon likely to become the principal tools through which we educate. Secondly, we will address emerging educational spaces and their character as places or non-places, focussing on the classrooms of the future. Finally, we will consider how the body is reflected in educational contexts, fundamentally through analysis of the role of what are known as <italic>edu-influencers</italic>. At all times we will take account of the two ways of understanding things that coexist in our imaginary that are described above and we will try to make explicit whether this type of things situates us closer to commodification or uniqueness. We conclude with a series of pedagogical recommendations based on these three analyses.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31752-EN">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>P<sc>edagogical implications of the material nature of artificial intelligence objects</sc></bold></title>
<p>For decades, albeit with very recent repercussion, a special type of technological object, AI, has entered all areas of life, including education. This type of object takes another step in the transition to the materiality that is typical of the <italic>onlife</italic> world, which would not be defined by tangibility, as it does not have it, but by its capacity to affect our reality and how we behave. Some authors speak of this historical moment as a turning point in history, where &#x201C;things&#x201D; accelerate more than ever, moving from linear progress to an exponential one (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31752-EN">MacAskill, 2022</xref>), and where there are more signs of a break than of continuity with earlier technologies and we can speak more of revolution than of evolution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31752-EN">Roll &#x0026; Wylie, 2016</xref>). The arrival of the so-called internet of things (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31752-EN">Alvear-Puertas, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>) &#x2013; that is to say, robots, control systems, drones and autonomous vehicles that perceive, emulate, make decisions and interact with the world, as well as the democratisation of autonomous learning models or <italic>chatbots</italic> that can hold conversations with the tangible world &#x2013; has resulted in something more than a quantitative leap in the acceleration or automation of tasks and actions that we already did: it has led to a qualitative change in the way we are and the way we act in the world since, on a daily basis, we coexist with objects that we have created which surpass us in many areas. More than two decades ago, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31752-EN">Hoc (2000)</xref> argued that the mistaken idea that humans dominate machines in a controlled relationship had survived since the 1960s, and that forty years on it was unclear who controlled whom. He proposed a move from interaction to cooperation between the two to guarantee healthy coexistence. In the last twenty years, we have gone from asking ourselves who controls whom to asking ourselves who is who on the porous frontier of the <italic>infosphere</italic>.</p>
<p>AI objects (voice recognition systems, recurrent neural networks, recommendation systems, interactive holograms, virtual assistants, <italic>chatbots</italic>, robots, autonomous control systems, sensors, data collection devices, natural language processing algorithms and automatic learning models) write, speak, paint, drive, interact, console, translate, analyse, recognise faces, compose music, teach maths, win at chess and even provide therapy for patients. In view of this, we ask here how the materiality of AI changes us educationally as humans, what type of relationship we create with these objects, with ourselves and with the world, and whether these objects push us towards treating things for their exchange value or for their use value. In response, we develop three ways of thinking in this <italic>onlife</italic> world, based on AI objects, marked by three transformations that involve a shift: 1) from cognitive capitalism to computing capitalism; 2) from possession of things to eternal access even to people and 3) from <italic>hardware</italic> alterity to <italic>software</italic> self-referentiality. Respectively, these transformations, as we will argue, tend to generate a datafied subject, digital heir and forever young, affected by AI digital objects in a way that would open a third way of conceiving things, not only for their exchange value or their use value, but also for their apparent liberating character.</p>
    <p>In cognitive capitalism, a term coined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31752-EN">Moulier-Boutang (2008)</xref>, knowledge is the starting point for new capital relations, while in computing capitalism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31752-EN">Bryan &#x0026; Rafferty, 2006</xref>), data is the starting point. The prominence of information in opposition to knowledge has obvious pedagogical consequences relating to the type of empowerment that it generates in people (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31752-EN">Luri, 2020</xref>), but it also has some initial anthropological implications that are worth analysing. If in the industrial revolution, we were concerned with the fragmentation and separation of the human being from nature, in computing capitalism there is a fragmentation in the very relationship with things, as these AI objects are abstract and insignificant fragments. Regarding the datafication that computing capitalism causes, Deseriis (as cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31752-EN">L&#x00F3;pez Gabrielidis, 2020</xref>) affirms that this &#x201C;addresses the subject as a signifying entity (&#x2026;) to then extract value from the recombination of its dividual transactions in a potentially infinite variety of data sets&#x201D; (p. 124). Two clear examples of AI objects that create datafication of subjects are the smart watches we wear on our wrists and the <italic>chatbots</italic> we interact with from any device at any time. The former tell us our heart rate, count our steps and can even detect the early signs of Parkinson&#x2019;s. They datafy everything, monitoring reality. We are not really aware of how they do it or what exactly they do to us, but they use intelligent algorithms to generate calculation-based recommendations. Consequently, a walk becomes a number of steps, and a conversation with ChatGPT is datafied in titles that summarise each of our interactions as a record. Ultimately, they are objects that datafy life as &#x201C;discontinuous units of brief actuality that are not combined to constitute a history&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31752-EN">Han, 2018</xref>, p. 6) or a narrative. The narrative continuity of life (a walk or a conversation that generate history and memory) becomes hetero-interpreted by an accumulation of data monitored by another, offering us a datafied proposal for self-interpretation of our life<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-EN"><sup>1</sup></xref>. In this way, things can be treated with a use value or exchange value to a greater or lesser extent, but, above all, as a liberating proposal that frees us from the weight of self-interpreting our life in coherent narratives with a single meaning, a task that is often difficult but which humanises us (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31752-EN">Taylor, 2006</xref>).</p>
<p>The transformation from possession of things to eternal access to people may be better understood from the perspective of holograms and augmented reality as AI objects that have brought about a way for the dead to leave behind some &#x201C;life&#x201D;. A little under a year ago, we heard<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2-EN"><sup>2</sup></xref> of a famous American model and businesswoman who was given a hologram of her late father as a birthday present, with which she could talk and interact. Even more chilling is the case of a mother who brought her late seven-year-old daughter back to life, whom she could feel she was hugging thanks to virtual reality<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3-EN"><sup>3</sup></xref>. This access to dead people has been understood as a chance that AI offers us to free us from more banal legacies of material things, many of which can also be stored in the cloud, and leave us as legacy ourselves. Therefore, we speak of the step from possession of things to eternal access to people. We could ask what kind of possession we have when we possess a hologram, and what kind of legacy is left because, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31752-EN">Thoilliez (2022)</xref> recently argued, we can only leave behind what we possess. We said at the start, with regards to the work by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31752-EN">Saramago (2015)</xref> that in a negative understanding of possession, there is a human drive that often pushes us to cling onto things. However, it is a priori easier and less costly (especially in life) to dispose of your hologram than of a property on the shores of Lake Como. AI objects offer objects that <italic>are</italic> people themselves and so a datafied being leaves itself, appearing to be more permanent, to be more indifferent towards objects and have greater care for the personal legacy. We do not know exactly what these new digital heirs possess with access to holograms of their significant others, but we do know that these holograms, created by companies, serve as the binding and forgotten &#x201C;loved things&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31752-EN">Han, 2018</xref>, p. 14).</p>
    <p>If our recent experience with information processors and <italic>chatbots</italic> has shown us anything, it is that they aim to make our lives easier, be at our disposal and contradict us little. These objects have been trained to avoid discriminatory biases and controversial positions at a societal level. But the fact is that the level of response adapts to the level of the question. There are no bad questions for AI. This is what we wanted to call the transformation from <italic>hardware</italic> alterity to <italic>software</italic> self-referentiality. Things from the <italic>infosphere</italic>, as we said above, have a material nature despite their intangibility because they demand specific actions and behaviours from us and, in this respect, they set limits for us. Having said that, the limits that they set for us are our own. In this regard, Luri explains that digital technologies, contrary to their apparent democratisation, work like anthropological prostheses that amplify what we already are, and they do not have the capacity to sublimate us. <italic>Chatbots</italic> in particular impose a new <italic>friendly</italic> alterity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31752-EN">Han, 2018</xref>), which in some way shares <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31752-EN">L&#x00E9;vinas&#x2019;s (2005)</xref> category of alterity as another which is unfathomable and inexhaustible and does not allow itself to be possessed, but which is also <italic>friendly</italic> as it does not intend to fight or enhance our desires. Thus, as we said, they produce a <italic>soft</italic> self-referentiality, as time and time again they take us to ourselves from ourselves. If we share <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31752-EN">Biesta&#x2019;s (2022)</xref> idea that being in the world in a grown-up way is related to the fact that things and the world are not how we wish them to be, AI objects can be directed at a subject that remains &#x201C;<italic>forever young</italic>&#x201D; in the words of the song by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31752-EN">Alphaville</xref>, with an apparent release from the harsh impositions of the obstinate alterity which is not based on and does not consider our desires and preferences.</p>
<p>AI objects, which reduce all of reality to data that are stored and accessed but are ultimately homogeneous and standardised, reduced to codes and algorithms, do not belong to us. They cannot do so, because they are not unique, even though they may appear to be so. They are simulacra, reflections, but they are not authentic, and it is for this reason that it is easier to trade in them. Similarly, as they are always based on ourselves, they do not make us confront the world, they do not force us to put up resistance, but rather they condemn us to a constant circle of self-reference. This is why the legacy of the common heritage, which is pedagogically fundamental from a human perspective, is ever more inhibited, and so it becomes vital to establish the necessary ways to recover it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31752-EN">Bellamy, 2018</xref>). This does not mean that we must eschew AI objects, something that would seem to be impossible with the way things are currently configured. Instead, we note that it is important to face the obstacles that AI objects might present for the development of a full integral education, establishing pathways that allow individuals to come out of themselves, to know other realities and to embrace actions such as caring or sharing that were provided by the loved material things that educated in values through the ideas of finitude and belonging.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31752-EN">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>P<sc>edagogical implications of the materiality of spaces in the <italic>onlife</italic> world</sc></bold></title>
<p>Just as we have identified how this striving to detach ourselves from the things of the physical world appears to have stripped of uniqueness the objects that form and shape us, the same process seems to have happened with the places we try to inhabit in the <italic>onlife</italic> world. ICT and cyberspace have created a space that is intangible, seemingly immaterial, and, consequently, exceedingly flexible. A space that appears before us without restrictions and with many options on the menu. We can choose from countless applications and platforms to communicate, educate or inform ourselves, in different formats, in any place and at any moment.</p>
<p>As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31752-EN">Lefebvre (2013)</xref> showed in his work on the production of social space, spaces are a foundation, but also a field of action. This is why spaces must be regarded as the basic substrate of the structure of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31752-EN">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31752-EN">Ford, 2017</xref>). Spaces demand things, everything we think, feel, do or imagine is anchored in a concrete space and time, including in virtuality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31752-EN">Mu&#x00F1;oz-Rodr&#x00ED;guez &#x0026; Olmos Miguela&#x00F1;ez, 2015</xref>). Accordingly, from a pedagogical outlook, space has always raised questions about ways of doing and thinking education, and it still does, despite the changes that the digitalisation of our world might have brought with it, which has not only allowed us to relocate physical space to a different setting but has allowed us to create new spaces, or even mixed realities, in which digital and physical materialities come together. It is true that these new spaces seem to have relinquished things, at least as we understood them before now. This is why making them unique is ever more complicated. There is a high level of connection and so, bringing this fact into the field of education, it is worth asking ourselves about what pedagogy can offer us in a setting with no delineated walls, doors or windows, where we do not find concrete things, but information whose form of appearance seems to be unlimited and in an always open context. We will now try to answer this question by showing the extent to which some educational spaces of the <italic>onlife</italic> world could be losing their condition of place; that is to say, of spaces with a certain concrete uniqueness that makes them singular, irreplaceable and at the same time capable of constructing a relationship of deep closeness with those who occupy them, thus impacting and influencing the development of their personal identity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31752-EN">Tuan, 2001</xref>).</p>
<p>In this regard, as a counterpoint, it is relevant to recover here the concept of <italic>non-place</italic>, coined years ago by the French anthropologist Marc Aug&#x00E9;. For this author, &#x201C;if a place can be defined as relational, historical and concerned with identity, then a space which cannot be defined as relational, or historical, or concerned with identity will be a non-place&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31752-EN">Aug&#x00E9;, 1993</xref>, p. 83). Examples of non-place would, for him, be transport systems such as airlines, railways and motorways, and all of those other mobile spaces intended for transport, such as planes and trains, as well as those transitional sites, such as hotels, amusement parks and supermarkets. These spaces are occupied but not inhabited, nobody can set down roots in them. There is essentially nothing that distinguishes a supermarket in Madrid from one in Paris or Singapore. They are spaces with which there is no possibility of intimacy, we do not leave a mark on them, and they do not leave one on us.</p>
<p>Nowadays, under the growing influence of the digital environment, we tend to locate what we value, what characterises and what defines us online rather than offline, and this seems to be affecting the places we inhabited up to now. The things we most value we usually upload to the cloud or share with other people directly with a click. Consequently, there is evidence of a clear trend to deprive places such as offices or rooms of the material elements of a personal nature that made them unique and made them special. So, we are gradually removing uniqueness from spaces that, at the same time, are ever more hyperconnected. We move through hyperspaces that could perfectly be perceived as non-places. We are condemning the spaces we occupy, even the most private ones, to be mere transitional sites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31752-EN">S&#x00E1;nchez-Rojo, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>This growing trend of non-places seems to have spread into the field of education as well with the invention and gradual popularisation of a type of high-tech classroom, generally referred to as hyperclassrooms or classrooms of the future. These types of classrooms present themselves to the world as large, open, flexible and reconfigurable hyperspaces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31752-EN">Fern&#x00E1;ndez Enguita, 2018</xref>), in the same way that current society is and demands that we be. In these spaces, colonised by the presence of permanently connected digital equipment and devices, the furniture is entirely movable. Unlike the traditional space, chairs and desks can now be moved and reconfigured as the moment requires. In the classroom of the future there is space for everything: lectures, teamwork, free movement, individual activity, etc. Unlike the traditional classroom, bound to a physical and temporal space, we find ourselves in a context where space no longer dictates the learning time, as the educational action is de-localised. Everything that takes place in the physical space of the classroom, continues afterwards in the virtual setting (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31752-EN">Alonso, 2022</xref>). Consequently, there is a flexibilisation of space that brings with it a generalised acceleration of times, as this spacial flexibility makes it possible to play with times without encountering any obstacles or physical resistance. This turns space into malleable element when faced with any eventuality or necessity, the very factors that define our current socio-economic context.</p>
<p>The hypermedia and hyperconnected nature of classrooms of the future means that where we are in the world can cease to be important; whether we are in Madrid, Johannesburg or Beijing, the classrooms are all practically identical, without elements that enable them to stand out or acquire their own identity. They are, therefore, clearly non-places, transitional sites, without their own uniqueness. Nonetheless, this fact should not surprise us, as many of them have been designed by major technological giants<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4-EN"><sup>4</sup></xref> whose interests are based on the efficiency and profitability of the product, and not on educating people (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31752-EN">Ford, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>The classrooms of the future are conceived of by using parameters of academic performance in accordance with what society and the job market currently demand and not from the perspective of a full education. Given this scenario, from a pedagogical perspective, what should be demanded is not that classrooms should have no technology in them, but that educators should try to avoid a loss of habitability in educational spaces. Embracing and caring for these spaces, giving them their own uniqueness that makes them into places, with their own history, dynamics and temporality, where the people who occupy them can come to inhabit them in order to construct their identity in unique terms beyond any result of efficiency in performance.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31752-EN">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>P<sc>edagogical implications of the material nature of datafied bodies</sc></bold></title>
<p>The Spanish media recently reported on an augmented reality project that had been implemented in different parts of the country with seemingly good results, which involved people putting themselves in the place of three members of the LGBTIQ+ community. Through a pair of glasses, anyone can enter into someone else&#x2019;s body and experience certain situations of hate and violence as though they were inhabiting the body of another and experiencing these situations in the first person. Through this, the aim was to achieve a higher degree of empathy with the community to help prevent and fight LGBTIphobia<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5-EN"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Nonetheless, in the same way that this artefact can help us put ourselves in the place of victims, so that we develop more empathy with them, it could also put us in the position of the tormentor making us feel a sense of control and superiority that might incite us to violence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31752-EN">Jim&#x00E9;nez Toribio, 2019</xref>). In fact, this has been a classical criticism of access by children and adolescents to particular violent videogames, even though it has been demonstrated that the personal and social environment can lead to violence, rather than the content of videogames. And the fact is that, in both cases, the basic idea that supports the belief in this influence is that we really can escape from our body, distance ourselves from it to experience another, because we have a body, but who we are goes far beyond this, so that we can put it in suspension, configure it or manipulate it at our own whim because, if it says something about who we are, it is because we have wanted this.</p>
<p>As happens with objects and spaces, the vision of the modern Western world has also meant that we conceive of the human body as a simple means available to the commands of the mind, which is apparently solely responsible for pursuing particular goals. The modern body implies &#x201C;the break of the subject with others (an individualist social structure), with the cosmos (the raw materials that comprise the body have no connection with the outside), with the self (having a body instead of being a body)&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31752-EN">Le Breton, 2021</xref>, p. 17) and this makes it just another object, merchandise that can be traded. However, if we think of our body as an object, we cannot but recognise that it &#x201C;is a magical object that is never situated statically, like a rock at the base of a wall&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31752-EN">Henry, 2007</xref>, p. 265), but that it is in constant movement, whether this is updated or not, incessantly manifesting particular reactions prior to any reflection. And the fact is that, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31752-EN">Merleau-Ponty (1975)</xref> observed decades ago, the body has its own intentionality independently of the mind, derived from a unique relationship with the world and with everything that surrounds it. So, it should in no case be regarded, as it often seems to be, as an inert element that can be freely manipulated through a particular mental discipline but more as something that, faced with particular stimuli, presents its own intentionality, and so the relations that it weaves with the world are what merits analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31752-EN">Willatt &#x0026; Flores, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Although there are underworlds which only those who have extensive knowledge of computing can access, the cyberspace that anyone can simply and easily access stands out for being open and public and demanding presence and transparency. However, this is not something that can be done in any way, but instead requires sticking to some well defined and marked social standards. Accordingly, we must &#x201C;learn to live in a state of media exposure, producing artificial persons, doubles or avatars with a twofold purpose: on the one hand, we position ourselves in visual media, and, on the other, we protect our biological bodies from the gaze of the media&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31752-EN">Grois, 2014</xref>, pp. 14-15). The fact is that our biological bodies are never perfect; they become ill, age, hurt and suffer, but this is not how the network wants them. The social standards of public presentation that existed before the internet were transferred into this new space despite its configuration having little to do with that of an analogue world where there were many possibilities to be able to enjoy private times and spaces away from the public gaze. Here everything is public and, having reached the point in which the internet accompanies us at all times thanks to smartphones and other similar devices, the I that we present and the one that we are must be the same, but it never is, thus logically resulting in a crisis of identity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31752-EN">Elias &#x0026; Gill, 2018</xref>) and even problems being able to relate to others in a profound way (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31752-EN">Forbes, 2017</xref>). Because of this, it is quite common for people to experience a deep sense of loneliness, despite seemingly being more accompanied than ever (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31752-EN">Turkle, 2011</xref>). Their bodies, the bodies that they are, come to manifest themselves and argue that they cannot be so distanced from the body that they have. The body cannot be possessed. Cyberspace and the broad possibilities of presentation of our I through avatars that can improve and optimise our bodies can lead us to believe that we can possess them, but ultimately, one way or another, we fail in the attempt because we do not have a body; instead we are a body, and the internet, in the way that it is configured, does not facilitate our being it.</p>
<p>In the field of education, this is easily observable if we analyse the cases of teachers who have come to be recognised as <italic>influencers</italic>; that is to say, individuals &#x201C;who have created a broad network of followers and are considered to be opinion leaders with great social influence within this network&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31752-EN">Leung <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>, p. 228); in this case, the field of teaching. They are teachers who share materials, methodologies, activities and advice relating to their teaching work, as well as recording videos and classes that they post on their networks to be viewed at any time. Although some of them receive money in exchange for this, the great majority do it for free, and so do not feel comfortable with the label of <italic>influencer</italic>, which comes from the field of marketing and clearly has commercial implications (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31752-EN">Marcelo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). Nonetheless, when we consider their online presence and how they have achieved such success and influence in more depth, we realise that it is no way down to chance.</p>
<p>To be successful online and achieve this many followers, it is necessary to fulfil a series of requirements. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31752-EN">Pattier (2021)</xref> lists the factors for success for so-called <italic>edutubers</italic>, who record educational videos and post them on YouTube, such as the duration of the videos, the type of shot chosen, their content and the diffusion strategies. Other elements that influence gaining followers are presenting a personality and physical appearance that meet certain norms and the inclusion of private and personal experiences that position them as successful subjects but also ordinary people (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31752-EN">Azzari &#x0026; Mayer, 2022</xref>). Accordingly, as their success depends on networks of a whole series of conditioning factors, that are not so much pedagogical as fundamentally of a media character, many of them come to concern themselves more with their egos, their personal appearance and fulfilling the desires of those who might give them a <italic>like</italic> and so increase their fame and recognition, more than with the educational character of the content they post on their networks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31752-EN">Shelton <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). So, the teacher&#x2019;s body ends up becoming merchandise, a market object, as a result of the demands of a network that subordinates success and relevance to a way of being and appearing that is specific and at the same time standardised that has little or nothing to do with their authentic uniqueness and their teaching work.</p>
<p>As with the figure of the shaman in some indigenous tribes, analysed years ago by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31752-EN">L&#x00E9;vi-Strauss (1995)</xref>, where a great shaman was not one because he cured many ill people, but instead cured ill people because the faith of the group made him a great shaman, the best-known <italic>edu-influencers</italic> do not get recognition so much for the results of their teaching work as for the number of followers and <italic>likes</italic> that they gather. The figure of the teacher is, therefore, objectified in the sense of being commodified, which inevitably hinders his or her role as an individual with a particular bodily and mental uniqueness, who tries to introduce new generations to the world, at the same time as trying to help them find their own identity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31752-EN">B&#x00E1;rcena, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>This, however, is not the fault of these teachers but is because the context in which they move demands of them a certain behaviour, to which they are pushed, while at the same time they complain of this fact because however much they try to adapt their bodies, they cannot escape from the uniqueness that characterises them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31752-EN">Shelton <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). And the fact is that the platforms of <italic>onlife</italic> reality do not reflect of the social, but instead produce it in accordance with determined parameters defined principally by the companies that are behind them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31752-EN">Van Dijck <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). As the internet is a corporatised space, a particular datafied body is demanded, that has nothing to do with the relation of the individual with the body, which, from an educational point of view, could be considered adequate. This is why it is important that in the field of education we foster acceptance of, the exercise and care for the body we are, the need to listen to it, to care for it and, above all, to not try at all costs to dominate it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31752-EN">Almeida <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). Cyberspace, which now encompasses everything, promotes precisely the opposite, and this, as we have seen, affects us all equally, children, families and teachers. Whether we like it or not, we are body, our body, not the ideal defined by standardised patterns. Therefore, today more than ever it is essential that we insist on and develop educational strategies that help us to learn to be it and recognise it truly.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31752-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>n conclusion</sc>: <sc>the pedagogical challenge of digital materiality</sc></bold></title>
<p>We started this work by arguing that whether things leave a trace on us depends on the level of intimacy that we establish with them. The things that surround us have the potential to shape us if we let them. However, for several years now, things seem to have diluted in an <italic>onlife</italic> society that moves in an accelerated and at the same time standardised way. Things have not disappeared. Instead, their materiality, as we understood it up to now, has transformed. We find ourselves facing a new materiality that is intangible but at the same time material, that offers a new way of understanding objects, spaces and bodies, based not on their tangible character, but on their capacity to influence our way of being and our behaviour.</p>
<p>Things from the <italic>onlife</italic> world influence us, they demand from us certain attitudes, behaviours and ways of relating with ourselves and with others, from the point of view of the mind, but also of the body. As this materiality lacks a tangible character and is malleable, it could give us the impression that it is at our disposal and that its good or bad use would solely depend on what our wills, desires and thoughts decide to do with it. Nonetheless, this is very far from being true; although the things of cyberspace cannot be touched, they contain matter and this demands of us the development of identities with very specific ways of being in the world. These, as we have been able to observe both in the analysis of AI objects, as in the classrooms of the future and in datafied bodies can be included under the umbrella of an important lack of uniqueness and a radical standardisation of everything that is human.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31752-EN">Hannah Arendt (1993)</xref> said that</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>if action as beginning corresponds to the fact of birth, if it is the actualization of the human condition of natality, then speech corresponds to the fact of distinctness and is the actualization of the human condition of plurality, that is, of living as a distinct and unique being among equals (p. 207).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>The possibility of bringing something new into the world and of differentiating oneself from others of one&#x2019;s own species through the word are for her the two fundamental characteristics of the human being that distinguish it from other animals. Taking this into account, losing in uniqueness and gaining in standardisation means losing in humanity. It is for this reason that, from a pedagogical perspective, encouraging the construction of self identity and the capacity to create and contribute originally becomes an imperative that must guide all educational practice. Nonetheless, for this, it is not enough to work with and on people, but rather it is necessary to deal with things so that they allow the configuration of this uniqueness. The things of cyberspace have been created and configured taking into account the interests of technology companies outside the world of education whose sole aim is financial gain. Educational professionals must make it their fundamental aim to offer current and future generations a whole educational experience that makes them develop not only as clients, spectators, workers or users, but primarily as human beings. Therefore, it is important to create in them a notion of object, of space and of body to hold on to, but not in the sense of buying and selling mentioned in the story by Saramago with which we started, but in the sense of a support, a home, a refuge, to which Garc&#x00ED;a Montero referred; that is to say, material elements that help us to settle what and who we are, in order to gain security when deciding what and who we want to come to be. There are already some examples of educational work on this line of humanising the digitalised world through pedagogy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31752-EN">Vansieleghem <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), however, there are still not enough. For there to be more, it is vital that everyone in the field of education is aware that intangibility does not mean a lack of materiality and absolute neutrality, but rather a distinct materiality whose grammars must be recognised and known in order to be able to act pedagogically and consequently to guide.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
<p><bold>F<sc>unding</sc></bold></p>
<p>This work has been carried out within the framework of the following R&#x0026;D projects: 1) NATEC-ID. &#x201C;Analysis of the processes of (dis)connection with nature and technology in the construction of children&#x2019;s identity.&#x201D; Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). Reference: PID2021-122993NB-I00; 2) IMP-NOVA. &#x201C;The imperative of educational innovation: analysis of its reception and articulation in the Spanish educational system.&#x201D; Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). Reference: PID2022-138878NA-I00; 3) &#x201C;Disruptive technology as a catalyst for ecological transition through environmental education. Study and design of techno-educational solutions from NaturTEC Kids Living Lab.&#x201D; Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). Reference: TED2021-130300A-C22.</p></fn>
<fn id="fn1-EN" fn-type="other"><label><sup>1</sup></label> <p>We have already found cases of this type in the world of education. One example is how China uses AI to measure the capacity for attention of children in the classroom, with the implications of this: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMLsHI8aV0g">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMLsHI8aV0g</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn2-EN" fn-type="other"><label><sup>2</sup></label> <p>This news story can be found at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://elpais.com/ideas/2022-07-08/maneras-de-vivir-despues-de-muerto.html">https://elpais.com/ideas/2022-07-08/maneras-de-vivir-despues-de-muerto.html</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn3-EN" fn-type="other"><label><sup>3</sup></label> <p>This news story can be found at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.xataka.com/realidad-virtual-aumentada/recrean-a-nina-siete-anos-fallecida-su-madre-pueda-reunirse-ella-usando-realidad-virtual">https://www.xataka.com/realidad-virtual-aumentada/recrean-a-nina-siete-anos-fallecida-su-madre-pueda-reunirse-ella-usando-realidad-virtual</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn4-EN" fn-type="other"><label><sup>4</sup></label> <p>See, for example, the &#x201C;Smart Classroom&#x201D; projects of different technology companies: HP Smart Classroom <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://grupo-ae.com/rtci/">https://grupo-ae.com/rtci/</ext-link> or Samsung&#x2019;s Technology in Education project: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.samsung.com/us/business/solutions/industries/education/">https://www.samsung.com/us/business/solutions/industries/education/</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn5-EN" fn-type="other"><label><sup>5</sup></label> <p>The story can be found at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/experiencia-lgtbfobia-traves-realidad-virtual_2023070264a1d3bf41e0620001bef9cd.html">https://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/experiencia-lgtbfobia-traves-realidad-virtual_2023070264a1d3bf41e0620001bef9cd.html</ext-link></p></fn>
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