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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31679</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31679</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Teorías y prácticas educativas contrahegemónicas.  Sobre la pedagogía disruptiva</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Theories and Counterhegemonic Educational Practices. About Disruptive Pedagogy</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-6522</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>González-Alba</surname>
<given-names>Blas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7286-4786</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Mañas-Olmo</surname>
<given-names>Mois&#x00E9;s</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-ES"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-2219</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Prados-Megías</surname>
<given-names>Mar&#x00ED;a Esther</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-ES"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-9697</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Sánchez-Sánchez</surname>
<given-names>Mar&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-ES"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c4-ES"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-ES">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de M&#x00E1;laga. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de M&#x00E1;laga</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-ES">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Almer&#x00ED;a. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Almer&#x00ED;a</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ES"><email>blas@uma.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-ES"><email>moises@uma.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-ES"><email>eprados@ual.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c4-ES"><email>Gabbers1983@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>26</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>04</day>
    <month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>179</fpage>
    <lpage>198</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>25</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>11</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El concepto disrupci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica se ha relacionado durante a&#x00F1;os con la innovaci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica, la ruptura con modelos educativos tradicionales, el uso de las TIC y la b&#x00FA;squeda de la calidad educativa; aun as&#x00ED;, dicho concepto, desde un sentido pr&#x00E1;ctico, est&#x00E1; poco definido, por lo que sigue siendo elemento de estudio, m&#x00E1;s a&#x00FA;n cuando nos referimos a la ense&#x00F1;anza secundaria. En esta investigaci&#x00F3;n presentamos y analizamos 47 pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas desarrolladas en centros educativos de secundaria tanto de &#x00E1;mbito nacional como internacional que responden a los principios de las pedagog&#x00ED;as disruptivas. Se desarrolla una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica de la literatura considerando la informaci&#x00F3;n recogida en diferentes bases de datos (<italic>Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, Cat&#x00E1;logo J&#x00E1;bega, Dialnet</italic>). Los resultados muestran, por un lado, que la disrupci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica puede utilizarse como una valiosa herramienta para mejorar aspectos sobre la calidad de la educaci&#x00F3;n tradicional, especialmente en contextos donde se requiere una transformaci&#x00F3;n social. Por otro lado, aporta un conjunto de estrategias con las que el alumnado se siente m&#x00E1;s motivado y comprometido con su aprendizaje a la par que le permite obtener mejores resultados acad&#x00E9;micos.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The concept of pedagogical disruption has been related for years with pedagogical innovation, the break with traditional educational models, the use of ICT and the search for educational quality; even so, this concept, from a practical sense, is poorly defined so it is still an element of study, even more so when we refer to secondary education. In this research we present and analyse 47 pedagogical practices developed in secondary schools that respond to the principles of disruptive pedagogies, both nationally and internationally. A systematic review of the literature is carried out using different databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, J&#x00E1;bega Catalogue, Dialnet). The results show, on the one hand, that pedagogical disruption can be used as a valuable tool to improve aspects of the quality of traditional education, especially in contexts where social transformation is required. On the other hand, it provides a set of strategies with which students feel more motivated and committed to their learning, obtaining better academic results.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>innovaci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica</kwd>
<kwd>pr&#x00E1;ctica pedag&#x00F3;gica</kwd>
<kwd>ense&#x00F1;anza secundaria</kwd>
<kwd>revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica de la literatura</kwd>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>pedagogical innovation</kwd>
<kwd>pedagogical experience</kwd>
<kwd>high school</kwd>
<kwd>systematic literature review</kwd>
<kwd>disruptive pedagogy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31679-ES" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>El presente trabajo se enmarca en una de las acciones promovidas en dos proyectos de investigaci&#x00F3;n interconectados. Por un lado, el proyecto de I+D+i de car&#x00E1;cter nacional &#x201C;N&#x00F3;madas del conocimiento: an&#x00E1;lisis de pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas disruptivas en Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria&#x201D; financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#x00F3;n en la Convocatoria 2018 de Proyectos de I+D de Generaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento y Proyectos de I+D+i RETOS, con el c&#x00F3;digo RTI2018-097144-B-I00. Por otro lado, el proyecto denominado, &#x201C;Conocimiento <italic>knowm&#x00E1;dico</italic> y pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas disruptivas: narrativas comunitarias emergentes en Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria&#x201D;, financiado por la Consejer&#x00ED;a de Econom&#x00ED;a, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad en el marco del programa operativo FEDER Andaluc&#x00ED;a 2014-2020, con el c&#x00F3;digo UMA20-FEDERJA-121.</p>
<p>Siguiendo algunos de los resultados de ambos proyectos, hay que considerar que la presente investigaci&#x00F3;n se centra en pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas disruptivas que no utilizan tecnolog&#x00ED;as y que se desarrollan en educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria. Al respecto, hemos de considerar que el concepto &#x201C;disruptivo&#x201D; no es nuevo en el campo educativo, pues en el &#x00E1;mbito anglosaj&#x00F3;n hablar de disrupci&#x00F3;n se asocia a romper el orden establecido y desafiar lo hegem&#x00F3;nico a trav&#x00E9;s de la transgresi&#x00F3;n de estructuras y reglas de organizaci&#x00F3;n educativa. En la actualidad, el t&#x00E9;rmino disruptivo se asocia a pr&#x00E1;cticas relacionadas con la <italic>innovaci&#x00F3;n,</italic> y en este contexto surgen denominaciones como <italic>innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31679-ES">Al-Imarah y Shields, 2019</xref>), <italic>pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31679-ES">Hedberg, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31679-ES">Oca&#x00F1;a-Fern&#x00E1;ndez <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31679-ES">Ortega y Llach, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-75-31679-ES">Vratulis <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) y <italic>educaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31679-ES">Abreu y Lorenzo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31679-ES">Eyzaguirre, 2022</xref>). En un primer momento, lo disruptivo adquiere un sentido multiconceptual en relaci&#x00F3;n con los &#x00E1;mbitos industriales, financieros y tecnol&#x00F3;gicos, apropi&#x00E1;ndose de t&#x00E9;rminos como <italic>tecnolog&#x00ED;a disruptiva</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31679-ES">Bower y Christensen, 1995</xref>) e <italic>innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31679-ES">Christensen y Raynor, 2003</xref>). A partir de la publicaci&#x00F3;n del libro <italic>La clase disruptiva: c&#x00F3;mo la innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva cambiar&#x00E1; la forma en que el mundo aprende</italic> de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31679-ES">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref>, estos t&#x00E9;rminos son tratados desde otras conceptualizaciones.</p>
<p>De acuerdo con este autor, el t&#x00E9;rmino <italic>innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva</italic> habr&#x00ED;a que considerarlo en relaci&#x00F3;n con pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que usan la tecnolog&#x00ED;a, abiertas a otros marcos de referencia que consideran nuevas necesidades, usos y valores con car&#x00E1;cter permanente y con visi&#x00F3;n prospectiva, que se anticipan a realidades, situaciones y problemas socio educativos que suponen un desaf&#x00ED;o al modelo de educaci&#x00F3;n hegem&#x00F3;nica y una ruptura con modelos y pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas tradicionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31679-ES">Christensen, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31679-ES">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). En este sentido, hablar de innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva es cuestionar el paradigma tradicional y considerar lo disruptivo como un proceso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31679-ES">McDonald <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>) que tiene car&#x00E1;cter transformador y no sancionador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31679-ES">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31679-ES">Christensen 1997</xref>) y que se desarrolla a nivel individual, colectivo, comunitario e institucional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31679-ES">Quilty, 2017</xref>). Este modo de considerar lo disruptivo implica utilizar otras l&#x00F3;gicas contrahegem&#x00F3;nicas, pues la innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva tiene el prop&#x00F3;sito de considerar a otras personas, colectivos y necesidades a las que no se les suele dar respuesta desde el &#x00E1;mbito educativo. Ello implica cambiar el sentido en el modo de pensar y hacer, es decir, transformar los enfoques y pr&#x00E1;cticas existentes con la intenci&#x00F3;n de crear soluciones m&#x00E1;s efectivas y relevantes. Sin embargo, las transformaciones educativas implican desaf&#x00ED;os que requieren inversiones significativas en tecnolog&#x00ED;a, capacitaci&#x00F3;n del personal y desarrollo de nuevos materiales educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31679-ES">Fullan, 2007</xref>), sin las cuales se har&#x00ED;a compleja la implementaci&#x00F3;n y sostenibilidad de esta. Autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31679-ES">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref> plantean que una limitaci&#x00F3;n es la necesidad de equilibrar innovaci&#x00F3;n y calidad educativa, ya que al adoptar enfoques disruptivos existe el riesgo de identificar la calidad educativa con resultados acad&#x00E9;micos y, por tanto, considerarla &#x00FA;nicamente en t&#x00E9;rminos de est&#x00E1;ndares o rankings, de ah&#x00ED;, que estos autores adviertan la necesidad de garantizar que la innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva incluya cambios profundos en el modelo educativo al mismo tiempo que mejora la calidad del aprendizaje y el logro del alumnado.</p>
<p><italic>Lo disruptivo</italic>, responde a una actitud trasgresora y radical (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31679-ES">Olvera <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>) que tiene el prop&#x00F3;sito de mejorar los procesos educativos, transformar la vida escolar en un sentido amplio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-ES">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>) y promover aprendizajes transformadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31679-ES">Acaso <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>), esto es, desarrollar otras formas de aprender, otros modelos educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31679-ES">Valles-Baca y Acosta, 2022</xref>) y propuestas para construir otras epistemolog&#x00ED;as. Con este prop&#x00F3;sito en el horizonte, los procesos disruptivos vinculan los procesos de ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje con la realidad en la que se encuentran inmersos los y las estudiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31679-ES">Johson, 2011</xref>) y tienen el prop&#x00F3;sito de transformar las metodolog&#x00ED;as, los espacios escolares y las jerarqu&#x00ED;as de poder del aula. Sin lugar a duda, nos encontramos con un proceso complejo, sist&#x00E9;mico y contrahegem&#x00F3;nico que precisa de transformaciones del contexto educativo, de los conceptos did&#x00E1;cticos y de los objetivos educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31679-ES">Adell y Casta&#x00F1;eda, 2012</xref>), lo que supone un desaf&#x00ED;o y una oportunidad en s&#x00ED; mismo.</p>
<p>A colaci&#x00F3;n de lo indicado, autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31679-ES">Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Enguita (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31679-ES">Giroux (2011)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-31679-ES">Rivas (2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31679-ES">2020</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31679-ES">2021</xref>), vienen planteando c&#x00F3;mo los sistemas educativos se encuentran inmersos en una deriva neoliberal que los conduce a desarrollar pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que fomentan la reproducci&#x00F3;n social, pr&#x00E1;cticas asim&#x00E9;tricas basadas en relaciones de poder, la homogeneizaci&#x00F3;n de procesos, contextos y de personas, las desigualdades en el acceso a la educaci&#x00F3;n y la consecuci&#x00F3;n de logros y/o &#x00E9;xitos basados en la competitividad, el descuido y el deterioro de la relaciones comunitarias, del bien com&#x00FA;n y de los espacios naturales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31679-ES">Huerta-Charles y McLaren, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>En esta misma l&#x00ED;nea, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31679-ES">Mills (1997)</xref> plante&#x00F3; en su momento que las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas reproduc&#x00ED;an las relaciones de poder opresivas y el sistema educativo las legitimaba, por ello, se precisan pedagog&#x00ED;as disruptivas que desaf&#x00ED;en las desigualdades, las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas dominantes y la injusticia social. Como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31679-ES">Pilonieta (2017)</xref> al respecto, se trata de hacer de la educaci&#x00F3;n una cuesti&#x00F3;n pol&#x00ED;ticamente &#x201C;interesante&#x201D;, lo que requiere de promocionar liderazgos distribuidos u horizontales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31679-ES">Arribas y Torrego, 2007</xref>), promover la responsabilidad compartida y participativa del alumnado, desarrollar pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que faciliten la investigaci&#x00F3;n, reflexi&#x00F3;n, aplicaci&#x00F3;n y difusi&#x00F3;n de conocimientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31679-ES">Dede, 2007</xref>) y facilitar la toma de decisiones compartidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-ES">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>De un modo particular, la disrupci&#x00F3;n -pedag&#x00F3;gica, innovadora o educativa- hace referencia a desafiar epistemolog&#x00ED;as escolares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31679-ES">Anderson y Justice, 2015</xref>) y sistemas de valores y de conocimiento que mantienen formas de saber y de ser convencionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31679-ES">Litts <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) y jerarquizadas. En esta l&#x00ED;nea, lo disruptivo viene acompa&#x00F1;ado de principios y estrategias que invitan a descubrir y formular nuevos interrogantes, construir otros recursos y herramientas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31679-ES">Pilonieta, 2017</xref>), crear lenguajes y caminos que inviten a una circularidad en las relaciones educativas y socioafectivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31679-ES">Ahmed, 2018</xref>), personalizar la educaci&#x00F3;n, flexibilizar en t&#x00E9;rminos de tiempo y lugar los recursos educativos y fomentar el aprendizaje activo buscando el inter&#x00E9;s y la participaci&#x00F3;n del alumnado en su propio aprendizaje, pues como se&#x00F1;alan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-31679-ES">Valverde-Berrocoso <italic>et al</italic>. (2023)</xref> en Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria se utilizan en gran medida metodolog&#x00ED;as transmisivas y poco motivadoras que promueven exclusivamente la memorizaci&#x00F3;n. En este sentido, se presentan experiencias, estudios e investigaciones desarrolladas en Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria que responden a los descriptores de innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva, pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva y/o educaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva y que:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>1)</label> <p>Se enmarcan bajo los principios de la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica y que han fundamentado una pr&#x00E1;ctica pedag&#x00F3;gica disruptiva</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>2)</label> <p>No utilizan herramientas tecnol&#x00F3;gicas.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31679-ES" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>arco metodol&#x00F3;gico</sc></bold></title>
<p>Este trabajo presenta una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica de la literatura (RSL) de car&#x00E1;cter descriptiva-retrospectiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31679-ES">Cuevas <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31679-ES">Gabarda <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31679-ES">Mori&#x00F1;a <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), donde se han planteado las siguientes etapas: a) considerar interrogantes para analizar los estudios; b) definir la estrategia de b&#x00FA;squeda -descriptores, bases de datos, etc.-; c) aplicar los criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n-exclusi&#x00F3;n (IE); d) seleccionar los trabajos que responden a las preguntas de investigaci&#x00F3;n; y, e) analizar la informaci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s de un sistema de c&#x00F3;digos y categor&#x00ED;as.</p>
<p>Los interrogantes de partida han sido: &#x00BF;Cu&#x00E1;les son los referentes te&#x00F3;ricos que sustentan las pr&#x00E1;cticas disruptivas en los centros educativos de Secundaria? &#x00BF;Cu&#x00E1;les son estas din&#x00E1;micas disruptivas en Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria y sobre qui&#x00E9;n inciden? &#x00BF;Cu&#x00E1;les son las aportaciones m&#x00E1;s relevantes y transformadoras que recoge la investigaci&#x00F3;n internacional sobre la puesta en pr&#x00E1;ctica de pedagog&#x00ED;as disruptivas en centros de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria?</p>
<p>La selecci&#x00F3;n de la literatura cient&#x00ED;fica responde a una pr&#x00E1;ctica abierta en la que se han considerado investigaciones y trabajos que aparecen en m&#x00FA;ltiples bases de datos: a) Scopus, considerada en la actualidad como una base con amplia cobertura en estudios educativos, sociales y humanistas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31679-ES">Mar&#x00ED;n-Suelves y Ram&#x00F3;n-Llin, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-31679-ES">Torralbas <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>); b) Web of Science; c) ERIC (Institute of Education Science); d) cat&#x00E1;logo J&#x00E1;bega (Cat&#x00E1;logo de la biblioteca de la Universidad de M&#x00E1;laga); y, e) Dialnet. Los descriptores booleanos utilizados fueron TITLE-ABS-KEY &#x201C;Culturally-disruptive pedagogy&#x201D; OR &#x201C;Critical Pedagogy&#x201D; And &#x201C;Secondary School&#x201D;, And &#x201C;Disruptive pedagogy&#x201D; OR &#x201C;Disruptive Education&#x201D; OR &#x201C;Disruptive Innovation&#x201D;. La b&#x00FA;squeda realizada durante el mes de marzo de 2023 ha otorgado 126 resultados en las diferentes bases de datos (40 Scopus, 30 Web of Science, 17 ERIC, 15 Cat&#x00E1;logo J&#x00E1;bega y 24 Dialnet).</p>
<p>Despu&#x00E9;s se procedi&#x00F3; a hacer un reparto de los mismos y el posterior escrutinio <italic>ad hoc</italic>, por parte de los investigadores, de los cuales los criterios de inclusi&#x00F3;n fueron: a) haber sido revisados por pares; b) estar escritos en ingl&#x00E9;s o castellano; c) trabajos con acceso libre al texto completo; d) no delimitar ninguna marca temporal; e) seleccionar estudios te&#x00F3;ricos y de presentaci&#x00F3;n de experiencias; y, f) considerar investigaciones centradas en el uso de pedagog&#x00ED;as disruptivas en centros de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria a nivel nacional e internacional. En cuanto a los criterios de exclusi&#x00F3;n fueron: a) investigaciones que usaban el concepto de pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva pero que no se hab&#x00ED;an implementado en la pr&#x00E1;ctica; b) experiencias en otras etapas educativas -primaria, Formaci&#x00F3;n Profesional (FP), Universidad, etc.-, por no ajustarse a los objetivos de los proyectos anteriormente citados y en los que se enmarca el presente trabajo.</p>
<p>El proceso de selecci&#x00F3;n de los documentos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31679-ES">Figura 1</xref>) se ha desarrollado en tres etapas:</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31679-ES">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>F<sc>lujograma</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-31679-ES.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</fig>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Se identificaron un total de 126 art&#x00ED;culos en las diferentes bases de datos.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>De estos art&#x00ED;culos se excluyeron un total de 42 por no cumplir con los criterios anteriormente mencionados.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Se eliminaron 25 art&#x00ED;culos, considerando, a posteriori, que estos art&#x00ED;culos no se acercaban a los criterios de calidad investigadora. Este proceso dej&#x00F3; n = 47 -art&#x00ED;culos te&#x00F3;ricos o de conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica- que nos han permitido construir el marco te&#x00F3;rico y justificar desde una perspectiva te&#x00F3;rica el art&#x00ED;culo, y n =12 art&#x00ED;culos de experiencias disruptivas nacionales e internacionales en centros de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>En este sentido, se han considerado los est&#x00E1;ndares PRISMA, 2020 (<italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-31679-ES">Page <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>) que arrojaron el siguiente flujograma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31679-ES">Prieto, 2020</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31679-ES">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<p>En la &#x00FA;ltima etapa, y con el prop&#x00F3;sito de analizar y clasificar la informaci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s de un sistema de c&#x00F3;digos y categor&#x00ED;as (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31679-ES">Tabla 1</xref>), nos hemos apoyado en el modelo PICoS (Participantes, Temas de Inter&#x00E9;s, Contexto, Dise&#x00F1;o del Estudio) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31679-ES">Gonz&#x00E1;lez y Molero-Jurado, 2023</xref>) desde el cual se subdividieron y codificaron los diferentes art&#x00ED;culos seleccionados en base a estas y otras variables que consideramos de inter&#x00E9;s para la investigaci&#x00F3;n como: 1) interrogantes sobre los que se proyect&#x00F3; este estudio; 2) c&#x00F3;digos; y 3) categor&#x00ED;as de los mismos.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-31679-ES">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>I<sc>nterrogantes</sc>, <sc>c&#x00F3;digos y categor&#x00ED;as</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31679-ES" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="50%"/>
<col width="50%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Categor&#x00ED;as</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>C&#x00F3;digo</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Datos descriptivos</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Pa&#x00ED;s</p>
<p>A&#x00F1;o</p>
<p>Instrumentos de recolecci&#x00F3;n de la informaci&#x00F3;n</p>
<p>Dise&#x00F1;o</p>
<p>Temas de inter&#x00E9;s</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Referentes te&#x00F3;ricos</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Autores</p>
<p>Fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas y sobre qui&#x00E9;n inciden</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Participantes</p>
<p>Contexto</p>
<p>Experiencias</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Aportaciones relevantes</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Resultados</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<sec id="sec-3-31679-ES">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>Datos descriptivos</italic></title>
<p>Los documentos revisados presentan experiencias desarrolladas en diferentes &#x00E1;mbitos: en escuelas rurales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31679-ES">Ansell, 2002</xref>), en centros educativos ubicados en zonas con necesidades de transformaci&#x00F3;n social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-ES">Alfrey y O&#x2019;Connor, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-ES">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), con alumnado de educaci&#x00F3;n especial en contextos residenciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-ES">Alfandari y Tsoubaris, 2021</xref>), con estudiantes de espa&#x00F1;ol en centros de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31679-ES">Di Stefano <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), con estudiantes en transici&#x00F3;n a la Educaci&#x00F3;n Postsecundaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31679-ES">Luguetti <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>) y en centros de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria con proyectos enfocados al medio ambiente en asignaturas de Educaci&#x00F3;n F&#x00ED;sica y Salud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-ES">Alfrey y O&#x00B4;Connor, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-ES">Warne <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), Religi&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-ES">Hammer, 2023</xref>), M&#x00FA;sica y Artes Pl&#x00E1;sticas y Visuales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31679-ES">Lousley, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-ES">Ramos-Ramos, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Los estudios analizados se han desarrollado en pa&#x00ED;ses como Reino Unido, Noruega, Espa&#x00F1;a y Zimbabue. En lo referente a los instrumentos de recogida de informaci&#x00F3;n podemos observar que las principales herramientas metodol&#x00F3;gicas en los trabajos analizados han sido: entrevistas, grupos focales, teatro del oprimido, grupos de reflexi&#x00F3;n y discusi&#x00F3;n, grabaci&#x00F3;n visual, uso de fotograf&#x00ED;as, <italic>fotovoice</italic> y revisi&#x00F3;n documental.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31679-ES" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esultados</sc></bold></title>
<p>La revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica y el an&#x00E1;lisis de los textos seleccionados abordan distintos aspectos categorizados en las siguientes cuestiones: 1) referentes te&#x00F3;ricos de la pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva como fuentes onto-epistemol&#x00F3;gicas en los que se apoyan determinadas pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas; 2) pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas que promueven din&#x00E1;micas disruptivas y sobre qui&#x00E9;n inciden dichas pr&#x00E1;cticas; y 3) aportaciones relevantes y transformadoras sobre la puesta en pr&#x00E1;ctica de pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva en centros educativos.</p>
<sec id="sec-5-31679-ES">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>Referentes te&#x00F3;ricos de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a Disruptiva</italic></title>
<p>Como apunta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31679-ES">Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez (2016)</xref>, ense&#x00F1;ar de forma disruptiva requiere utilizar recursos flexibles y diversos tanto en el acceso como en su estructura que permitan impulsar la cooperaci&#x00F3;n entre estudiantes. Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31679-ES">Oca&#x00F1;a-Fern&#x00E1;ndez <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, se&#x00F1;alan que este modo de ense&#x00F1;ar ha de favorecer procesos de creatividad y de creaci&#x00F3;n compartida que promuevan la evaluaci&#x00F3;n procesual, la construcci&#x00F3;n social y significativa de conocimientos, el compromiso y la motivaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31679-ES">Hedberg y Freebody, 2007</xref>).</p>
<p>Por ello, lo disruptivo requiere de referentes te&#x00F3;ricos que sustenten el modo de hacer pedag&#x00F3;gico, especialmente en una etapa tan vulnerable y de cambio como es la adolescencia. En la etapa de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria se precisa de actuaciones que impliquen de forma activa y participativa al alumnado, lo cual implica romper las inercias hegem&#x00F3;nicas te&#x00F3;ricas en la que se instaura un modo de entender el proceso de aprendizaje. En este sentido, la revisi&#x00F3;n realizada apunta a la necesidad de ofrecer otros referentes epistemol&#x00F3;gicos que abordan en su seno claves para ofrecer pr&#x00E1;cticas disruptivas. Estos referentes te&#x00F3;ricos abordan cuestiones relativas a exclusi&#x00F3;n, pobreza, g&#x00E9;nero, raza, estructuras de poder sociopol&#x00ED;ticas, sostenibilidad y ecolog&#x00ED;a, patrimonio cultural y ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;stico, din&#x00E1;micas de participaci&#x00F3;n social y colectiva y democracia. Los referentes encontrados son los siguientes:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Las aportaciones de Paulo Freire como referente para una liberaci&#x00F3;n y emancipaci&#x00F3;n de las personas y los colectivos a trav&#x00E9;s de la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31679-ES"><italic>Pedagog&#x00ED;a del Oprimido</italic>, 1970</xref>) y su aplicaci&#x00F3;n en la obra de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31679-ES">Boal (2009)</xref> a trav&#x00E9;s del <italic>Teatro del Oprimido</italic>.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31679-ES">bell hooks (2021)</xref> conocida por su libro <italic>Ense&#x00F1;ar a transgredir</italic> y por sus aportes a la teor&#x00ED;a feminista o <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31679-ES">Henry Giroux (2011)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31679-ES">Michael Foucault (1975)</xref> cuya mirada cr&#x00ED;tica y reflexiva sobre el sistema educativo y las estructuras sociales y la promoci&#x00F3;n de la conciencia y la transformaci&#x00F3;n social son claves en la construcci&#x00F3;n de &#x201C;otra&#x201D; escuela.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Desde una perspectiva medioambiental referentes cr&#x00ED;ticos como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31679-ES">David Orr (2002)</xref> que promueve una conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica y aborda la intersecci&#x00F3;n entre medio ambiente, la sostenibilidad y la conciencia ecol&#x00F3;gica como principios inherentes a la educaci&#x00F3;n.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Las teor&#x00ED;as feministas de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31679-ES">Braidotti (2015)</xref> y los estudios culturales de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31679-ES">Ahmed (2018)</xref>, ampl&#x00ED;an lo educativo hacia una mirada diversa y plural de lo que significa construir ciudadan&#x00ED;a, incluyendo la perspectiva de g&#x00E9;nero en toda cuesti&#x00F3;n educativa. En este sentido, uno de los estudios revisados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31679-ES">Ansell, 2002</xref>), proporciona herramientas conceptuales para analizar y cuestionar las estructuras sociales y culturales que perpet&#x00FA;an la desigualdad de g&#x00E9;nero en los entornos educativos.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Las aportaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-ES">Alfandari y Tsoubaris (2021)</xref> cuestionan y desaf&#x00ED;an los fundamentos de las estructuras educativas existentes, promoviendo la construcci&#x00F3;n de nuevas actitudes y comportamientos en estrecha interrelaci&#x00F3;n entre la teor&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31679-ES">Ball, 1994</xref>) y las teor&#x00ED;as de las estructuras sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31679-ES">Latour, 2007</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Las teor&#x00ED;as de relaciones de poder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31679-ES">Boal, 2009</xref>) y la innovaci&#x00F3;n, las cuales est&#x00E1;n asociadas con procesos emocionales y sociales las cuales se consideran fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos adecuados para abordar temas sensibles, tales como, las concepciones religiosas y su influencia en los contextos educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-ES">Hammer, 2023</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Finalmente, las teor&#x00ED;as cr&#x00ED;ticas del arte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31679-ES">Girault y Barthes, 2016</xref>) que se presentan como un marco te&#x00F3;rico valioso para abordar temas sociales y pol&#x00ED;ticos en el &#x00E1;mbito educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-ES">Ramos-Ramos <italic>et al</italic>. 2022</xref>). Al igual que sucede con los planteamientos epistemol&#x00F3;gicos que sustentan investigaciones vinculadas al campo de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de la salud en escuelas promoviendo din&#x00E1;micas disruptivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-ES">Warne <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Estas teor&#x00ED;as cr&#x00ED;ticas aplicadas al mundo del arte han permitido explorar y cuestionar las representaciones art&#x00ED;sticas y su relaci&#x00F3;n con las estructuras sociales y culturales dominantes generando espacios de reflexi&#x00F3;n y transformaci&#x00F3;n en el &#x00E1;mbito educativo.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-31679-ES">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>Actuaciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas que promueven din&#x00E1;micas disruptivas y sobre qui&#x00E9;n inciden</italic></title>
<p>La mayor parte de las actuaciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas que se implementan en los centros de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria y que se abordan desde un planteamiento disruptivo surgen como respuesta a tensiones relacionadas con el curr&#x00ED;culum y con cuestiones estructurales, sociales, organizativas, culturales y vecinales, generalmente asociadas a contextos sociales deprimidos y con colectivos vulnerables. La revisi&#x00F3;n realizada muestra un n&#x00FA;mero importante de estas actuaciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas desarrolladas por profesorado y que a nivel metodol&#x00F3;gico y estrat&#x00E9;gico se presentan bajo el paraguas de la investigaci&#x00F3;n-acci&#x00F3;n participativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-ES">Hammer, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31679-ES">Luguetti <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-ES">Ramos-Ramos <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Estas actuaciones son las siguientes.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-ES">Alfandari y Tsoubaris (2021)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-ES">Hammer (2023)</xref>, desarrollan actuaciones con din&#x00E1;micas de interacci&#x00F3;n y role-playing en las que el alumnado se posiciona ante diferentes situaciones asumiendo roles de forma m&#x00E1;s emp&#x00E1;tica y cr&#x00ED;tica hacia diversas situaciones sociales. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-ES">Alfandari y Tsoubaris (2021)</xref> plantean un proyecto con profesorado de la <italic>Milestone Academy</italic> (Reino Unido) con el prop&#x00F3;sito de buscar una educaci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fico-cr&#x00ED;tica en diversas asignaturas, a lo largo de diez clases de una hora de duraci&#x00F3;n cada una. La investigaci&#x00F3;n utiliz&#x00F3; metodolog&#x00ED;as creativas en las que se ofrecen &#x201C;normas b&#x00E1;sicas alternativas para la comunicaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D;. Para ello introdujeron t&#x00E9;cnicas de expresi&#x00F3;n corporal, realizaron intercambios creativos y recreaciones corporales considerando los principios del teatro del oprimido y desarrollaron talleres creativos para reflexionar sobre el proyecto y la repercusi&#x00F3;n de este desde la experiencia del alumnado. La experiencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-ES">Hammer (2023)</xref> tambi&#x00E9;n se bas&#x00F3; en un proyecto de investigaci&#x00F3;n-acci&#x00F3;n en una escuela Secundaria en Oslo (Noruega). Para ello utilizaron las bases del teatro del oprimido con el prop&#x00F3;sito de trabajar conceptos relacionados con el poder, la opresi&#x00F3;n y el empoderamiento para sensibilizar al alumnado en cuestiones referentes a la justicia social y al desarrollo del ejercicio de una ciudadan&#x00ED;a responsable y comprometida.</p>
<p>La investigaci&#x00F3;n llevada a cabo por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-ES">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, presenta las modificaciones al curr&#x00ED;culum abordando cuestiones estructurales y pol&#x00ED;ticas del centro educativo y el modo en c&#x00F3;mo ello repercute en dimensiones metodol&#x00F3;gicas y organizativas. Este estudio muestra resultados positivos ante la implantaci&#x00F3;n de una metodolog&#x00ED;a de aprendizaje-servicio en los centros educativos y de qu&#x00E9; modo esta genera espacios y tiempos que favorecen el trabajo colaborativo y la apertura del centro a la comunidad, dando lugar a nuevas relaciones entre servicios sociales, educativos, comunitarios y empresas.</p>
<p>El trabajo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31679-ES">Luguetti <italic>et al</italic>. (2023)</xref>, analiza de qu&#x00E9; modo la transformaci&#x00F3;n curricular influye en proyecciones futuras del alumnado una vez terminada la Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria y muestra un programa dise&#x00F1;ado colaborativamente entre alumnado y profesorado para mejorar el proceso de tr&#x00E1;nsito a estudios de post-secundaria. Este programa se dise&#x00F1;&#x00F3; bajo las premisas te&#x00F3;ricas de la pedagog&#x00ED;a comprometida de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31679-ES">bell hooks (1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31679-ES">2003</xref>) y con el prop&#x00F3;sito de involucrar activamente a los j&#x00F3;venes y que desarrollasen estrategias que les permitieran negociar acerca de su futuro (opciones de vida, estudios, laborales, etc.). La implementaci&#x00F3;n del programa permiti&#x00F3; evaluar el (co)dise&#x00F1;o y obtener recomendaciones a futuro. El proceso fue registrado a trav&#x00E9;s de grabaciones de entrevistas grupales y registros fotogr&#x00E1;ficos.</p>
<p>La introducci&#x00F3;n de la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica en el curr&#x00ED;culum tambi&#x00E9;n se ha convertido en algo com&#x00FA;n dentro de estas pr&#x00E1;cticas disruptivas. En este sentido, el profesorado que adopta estos referentes encuentra barreras, resistencias y tensiones estructurales a la hora de aplicar estos proyectos de innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva. En esta l&#x00ED;nea, destacamos dos proyectos desarrollados en Zimbabue; el primero muestra la eficacia de promulgar la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica dentro del curr&#x00ED;culum de un centro de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria -Budirirai- en el distrito de Mwenezi y en la asignatura de Historia durante un a&#x00F1;o acad&#x00E9;mico ordinario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31679-ES">Machingo, 2021</xref>). Este proyecto articul&#x00F3; a seis grupos de estudiantes (49 alumnos -20 ni&#x00F1;os y 29 ni&#x00F1;as-) de diferentes pueblos (Musvoti, Zvihwa, Marufu, Sitera, Timire y Mangezi) con el objetivo de exponer de forma colaborativa las investigaciones que el alumnado realizaba buscando y utilizando fuentes primarias para su aprendizaje y promoviendo que &#x201C;se sintieran c&#x00F3;modos criticando a su maestro e incluso a los libros de texto&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31679-ES">Machingo, 2021</xref>, p. 6). Como parte de las actividades de investigaci&#x00F3;n se alent&#x00F3; al alumnado a visitar a los ancianos en las aldeas para obtener evidencia primaria y compartir sus hallazgos con sus compa&#x00F1;eros. Esto les permiti&#x00F3; criticar las fuentes de la historia y tener interacciones significativas basadas en los informes de sus colegas. El segundo proyecto presenta un estudio desarrollado en la ciudad de Lesotho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31679-ES">Ansell, 2002</xref>) y organizado con base en dos grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n conformado por estudiantes. En el marco de dichos grupos se plantearon y expresaron opiniones y se tomaron decisiones respecto a cuestiones relativas a las escuelas secundarias rurales de este pa&#x00ED;s. Estas cuestiones se focalizaron en la construcci&#x00F3;n de identidades de g&#x00E9;nero entre ni&#x00F1;as del &#x00E1;mbito rural en el contexto escolar. Las &#x00E1;reas, con un componente altamente <italic>generizado,</italic> versaron sobre tres ejes que romp&#x00ED;an con lo tradicional de estas ciudades: perspectivas laborales y trabajo remunerado, trabajo dom&#x00E9;stico y reproductivo y toma de decisiones dentro del hogar.</p>
<p>Otras de las investigaciones que abordan las transformaciones del curr&#x00ED;culum son las realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-ES">Alfrey y O&#x00B4;Connor (2020)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-ES">Warne <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31679-ES">Di Stefano <italic>et al</italic>. (2021)</xref>, utilizando la asignatura de ense&#x00F1;anza del espa&#x00F1;ol. La investigaci&#x00F3;n de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31679-ES">Di Stefano <italic>et al</italic>., (2021)</xref> presenta la implementaci&#x00F3;n de ciertas actividades en el aula como son: lecturas, textos multimedia, revistas de investigaci&#x00F3;n, materiales de conferencias o talleres, etc. Los resultados apuntan a que dichas actividades promueven la inclusi&#x00F3;n, el respeto cultural, la equidad, la justicia social, la identificaci&#x00F3;n y el desaf&#x00ED;o de eliminar estereotipos relacionados con el g&#x00E9;nero, la raza, el idioma, la inmigraci&#x00F3;n y la nacionalidad en las aulas de espa&#x00F1;ol en los Estados Unidos. El estudio de caso presentado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-ES">Alfrey y O&#x00B4;Connor (2020)</xref> muestra un proyecto de transformaci&#x00F3;n del curr&#x00ED;culum llevado a cabo en el departamento de Educaci&#x00F3;n F&#x00ED;sica y Salud en una escuela secundaria australiana en los suburbios de Melbourne. El proyecto utiliza una metodolog&#x00ED;a de investigaci&#x00F3;n-acci&#x00F3;n, implement&#x00E1;ndose cada a&#x00F1;o en un curso diferente. Para ello se mantuvieron reuniones con el alumnado y profesorado implicado en la asignatura y con otro profesorado que no formase parte de estas. Al finalizar cada a&#x00F1;o, y con la informaci&#x00F3;n obtenida tras un proceso de devoluci&#x00F3;n y evaluaci&#x00F3;n compartida, se implementaban las propuestas de mejora en el siguiente curso. El estudio presentado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-ES">Warne <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, realizado con un grupo de 35 estudiantes de una escuela de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria superior en el municipio de &#x00D6;stersund, en el norte de Suecia. La selecci&#x00F3;n de estudiantes se hizo seg&#x00FA;n su posici&#x00F3;n social y la identificaci&#x00F3;n de j&#x00F3;venes en situaci&#x00F3;n de riesgo, adem&#x00E1;s se seleccion&#x00F3; a 5 profesores. Todas las personas seleccionadas participaron en 3 talleres de <italic>fotovoice</italic> con una duraci&#x00F3;n de 120 minutos cada uno. Esta metodolog&#x00ED;a busca aumentar el empoderamiento y la participaci&#x00F3;n de los y las estudiantes en las din&#x00E1;micas de los centros escolares. Durante los talleres se utilizaron fotograf&#x00ED;as y textos para explorar temas relevantes. Como resultados principales se encontr&#x00F3; que el estatus socioecon&#x00F3;mico bajo se asociaba con niveles m&#x00E1;s bajos de bienestar mental y la falta de capital social se relaciona con la incapacidad de los j&#x00F3;venes para participar en la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, el alumnado present&#x00F3; algunas propuestas destacadas, como fueron: 1) m&#x00E1;s trabajo en grupo para mejorar las relaciones en el aula; 2) ofrecer formaci&#x00F3;n al profesorado para mejorar sus habilidades pedag&#x00F3;gicas y de liderazgo; 3) obtener m&#x00E1;s computadoras y reparar las que estaban averiadas para facilitar el aprendizaje y reducir el estr&#x00E9;s; 4) ofrecer comida m&#x00E1;s sabrosa en la cafeter&#x00ED;a escolar para obtener energ&#x00ED;a para el trabajo escolar y el bienestar.</p>
<p>La investigaci&#x00F3;n de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31679-ES">Seeger <italic>et al</italic>. (2022)</xref>, realizada en escuelas secundarias de alta pobreza en la regi&#x00F3;n metropolitana de Washington D. C. plantea din&#x00E1;micas en las que el alumnado colabora de forma conjunta con el profesorado para reestructurar el curr&#x00ED;culum educativo, tanto en el contenido como en la metodolog&#x00ED;a. Este planteamiento est&#x00E1; acompa&#x00F1;ado de lecturas de textos de Martin Luther King y presentaciones de Chimamanda Ndiche en los que se abordan cuestiones sobre la equidad y la justicia social, entre otras.</p>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n, las investigaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-ES">Ramos-Ramos <italic>et al</italic>. (2022)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31679-ES">Lousley (1999)</xref>, focalizadas en el curr&#x00ED;culum de asignaturas de M&#x00FA;sica y Artes Pl&#x00E1;sticas y Visuales, plantean incidir a trav&#x00E9;s de ellas en los contextos sociales cercanos con el prop&#x00F3;sito de repercutir en cambios sobre el contexto cercano. La investigaci&#x00F3;n de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-ES">Ramos-Ramos <italic>et al</italic>. (2022)</xref> se ubica en los alrededores de un instituto de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria en el barrio mar&#x00ED;timo de Valencia con alumnado de 3&#x00BA; de Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria Obligatoria. La intervenci&#x00F3;n se realiza a trav&#x00E9;s de una investigaci&#x00F3;n-acci&#x00F3;n participativa en la que los estudiantes trabajan con artistas y educadores para crear obras de arte que aborden temas sociales y ambientales. En la investigaci&#x00F3;n de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31679-ES">Lousley (1999)</xref>, basada en la metodolog&#x00ED;a etnogr&#x00E1;fica cr&#x00ED;tica y con un posicionamiento desde la pedagog&#x00ED;a cr&#x00ED;tica, se realizaron intervenciones en cuatro clubes ambientales de escuelas secundarias urbanas y multiculturales de la ciudad metropolitana de Toronto. Este proyecto llev&#x00F3; a cabo di&#x00E1;logos con todos los agentes educativos acerca de la cultura, las estructuras, las relaciones y los discursos relacionados con la raza, la etnia, la clase y/o el g&#x00E9;nero con el prop&#x00F3;sito de conocer y analizar c&#x00F3;mo se construyen los discursos ambientales dominantes.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31679-ES">
<label>3.3.</label>
<title><italic>Aportaciones relevantes y transformadoras sobre la puesta en pr&#x00E1;ctica de pedagog&#x00ED;as disruptivas en centros educativos</italic></title>
<p>La literatura consultada nos muestra experiencias exitosas en t&#x00E9;rminos de <italic>repercusiones, transformaciones y din&#x00E1;micas</italic> de cambio establecidas en los centros educativos en los que se han desarrollado. Los resultados presentados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-ES">Alfandari y Tsoubaris (2021)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31679-ES">Ansell (2002)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-ES">Warne <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-ES">Hammer (2023)</xref> muestran que el uso de pedagog&#x00ED;as cr&#x00ED;ticas en el aula ha generado cambios positivos en las relaciones de poder entre los participantes, tanto dentro como fuera del entorno educativo, contribuyendo de un modo impl&#x00ED;cito y expl&#x00ED;cito a la construcci&#x00F3;n de una escuela y una ciudadan&#x00ED;a m&#x00E1;s democr&#x00E1;tica. En este sentido, utilizar el teatro como herramienta disruptiva ha permitido a los y las estudiantes la posibilidad de cuestionar sus propias formas de pensamiento, fomentando un aprendizaje orientado al cambio y generando modificaciones en la producci&#x00F3;n del conocimiento, as&#x00ED; como en la construcci&#x00F3;n de subjetividades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-ES">Alfandari y Tsoubaris, 2021</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, los estudiantes han mejorado sus habilidades de comunicaci&#x00F3;n y su capacidad para resolver conflictos interpersonales, promover una mayor comprensi&#x00F3;n y aceptar la diversidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-ES">Hammer, 2023</xref>); al mismo tiempo, el profesorado ha valorado positivamente su capacidad para actuar como facilitador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-ES">Warne <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>De manera similar, el estudio de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-ES">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, destaca que la implementaci&#x00F3;n de pedagog&#x00ED;as disruptivas en los centros educativos ha generado cambios en las expectativas del profesorado al adoptar una mirada m&#x00E1;s cercana y emp&#x00E1;tica hacia el alumnado. Tambi&#x00E9;n se han producido transformaciones en el curr&#x00ED;culo, el cual se comienza a entender como una herramienta de transformaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31679-ES">Machingo, 2021</xref>) y no como un conjunto de conocimientos a transmitir desde una concepci&#x00F3;n bancaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31679-ES">Freire, 1970</xref>) y jerarquizada. Por otra parte, los estudios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-ES">Alfrey y O&#x2019;Connor (2020)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31679-ES">Luguetti <italic>et al</italic>. (2023)</xref>, plantean que se produce un cambio en el rol del alumnado, facilitando que este se involucre activamente mediante estrategias de juegos de roles, grupos de discusi&#x00F3;n y debates. El uso de estas estrategias colaborativas, participativas y reflexivas genera conciencia cr&#x00ED;tica e impulsan propuestas de modificaci&#x00F3;n del curr&#x00ED;culo basadas en fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos e ideol&#x00F3;gicos como la justicia, el compromiso social y educativo, la perspectiva cr&#x00ED;tica, la conexi&#x00F3;n del contenido curricular con el mundo real y la diversidad de voces, as&#x00ED; como, enfoques que promueven la equidad educativa y social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31679-ES">Seeger, 2023</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-31679-ES" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>onclusiones y desaf&#x00ED;os</sc></bold></title>
<p>Del mismo modo que el concepto &#x2018;disrupci&#x00F3;n&#x2019; se asocia a <italic>innovaci&#x00F3;n,</italic> resulta dif&#x00ED;cil abordar la innovaci&#x00F3;n educativa sin considerar el uso de Tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la Informaci&#x00F3;n y la Comunicaci&#x00F3;n (TIC), Tecnolog&#x00ED;as del Aprendizaje y el Conocimiento (TAC), Tecnolog&#x00ED;as para el Empoderamiento y la Transformaci&#x00F3;n (TEP) o Tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la Relaci&#x00F3;n, la Informaci&#x00F3;n y la Comunicaci&#x00F3;n (TRIC) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31679-ES">Del R&#x00ED;o, 2023</xref>). Al respecto, son muchos los autores y autoras que relacionan los conceptos de innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31679-ES">Christensen, Raynor y McDonal, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31679-ES">Pilonieta, 2017</xref>), pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31679-ES">Hedberg y Freebody, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31679-ES">Oca&#x00F1;a-Fern&#x00E1;ndez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>) y educaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31679-ES">Le&#x00F3;n, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31679-ES">Molano, 2018</xref>) con el uso de tecnolog&#x00ED;as; no obstante, y siendo conocedores de que son muchas las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que responden a sus principios y no utilizan las tecnolog&#x00ED;as y en el marco de los proyectos en los que se emerge esta investigaci&#x00F3;n, planteamos el presente estudio. En este sentido, y considerando como punto de partida el trabajo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31679-ES">Bower y Christensen (1995)</xref>, hemos evidenciado que son (n = 196) publicaciones las desarrolladas en Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria que responden a los principios de la innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva, la pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva y/o la educaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva sin hacer uso de tecnolog&#x00ED;as. Esto plantea un desaf&#x00ED;o -a la vez que limitaci&#x00F3;n- en el sentido de conocer qu&#x00E9; otras pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas se desarrollan bajo los t&#x00E9;rminos innovaci&#x00F3;n disruptiva, pedagog&#x00ED;a y educaci&#x00F3;n disruptivas y si ello responde a pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que rompen con l&#x00F3;gicas educativas hegem&#x00F3;nicas y tradicionales en cuanto a lo organizativo, la implementaci&#x00F3;n de metodolog&#x00ED;as, lo estructural y pol&#x00ED;tico del sistema educativo y la asunci&#x00F3;n o no de otras epistemolog&#x00ED;as pedag&#x00F3;gicas. A pesar de ello, podemos encontrar otras investigaciones y experiencias disruptivas que al no utilizar los criterios de b&#x00FA;squeda utilizados no hayan sido considerados, lo cual puede ser considerado como otra de las limitaciones de este estudio.</p>
<p>Con el prop&#x00F3;sito de abordar pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas innovadoras y disruptivas, los 12 estudios analizados recogen pr&#x00E1;cticas denominadas disruptivas que se han caracterizado por ser: (1) experiencias educativas contrahegem&#x00F3;nicas; (2) han transformado las culturas escolares en su dimensi&#x00F3;n curricular, organizativa, metodol&#x00F3;gica y participativa; (3) se han desarrollado sin basarse en el uso de tecnolog&#x00ED;as; y (4) se han implementado en Educaci&#x00F3;n Secundaria.</p>
<p>De un modo particular, el an&#x00E1;lisis de estos trabajos nos muestra que las pedagog&#x00ED;as disruptivas:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>transforman los contextos, los escenarios, los roles escolares, las situaciones de aprendizaje y las formas de ense&#x00F1;ar y de aprender</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>se sustentan en la corresponsabilidad, en la toma de decisiones compartidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-ES">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), en la b&#x00FA;squeda de la justicia social y en la creaci&#x00F3;n de relaciones educativas constructivas, dial&#x00F3;gicas y transformadoras</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>mejoran las relaciones escolares, la convivencia, el clima escolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-ES">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>) y rompen con una organizaci&#x00F3;n escolar que se sostiene sobre una cultura escolar tradicional</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>se desarrollan como pr&#x00E1;cticas de aprendizaje atractivas, estimulantes, desafiantes, creativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31679-ES">Alliaud y Antelo, 2009</xref>), cr&#x00ED;ticas y visibilizadoras para los y las estudiantes</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>generan aprendizajes conectados con la realidad y los intereses del alumnado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31679-ES">Johson, 2011</xref>)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>promueven procesos educativos democr&#x00E1;ticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31679-ES">Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Enguita, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31679-ES">Rivas, 2021</xref>) que facilitan otras formas de comunicaci&#x00F3;n, de relaci&#x00F3;n y de di&#x00E1;logo m&#x00E1;s horizontales, polif&#x00F3;nicas y constructivas.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Este estudio de revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica muestra otra mirada hacia lo que durante a&#x00F1;os hemos considerado como innovaci&#x00F3;n, pedagog&#x00ED;a, educaci&#x00F3;n y/o experiencias disruptivas; al respecto, los estudios analizados presentan lo disruptivo como una cuesti&#x00F3;n vinculada a procesos y/o experiencias educativas donde la comunidad educativa en general y el alumnado en particular son copart&#x00ED;cipes y cocreadores de procesos de ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje, aportando con ello una visi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s concreta y acotada de lo que este concepto implica.</p>
<p>De igual forma, hemos podido resaltar que el uso de estrategias educativas -con cierto trasfondo social- como el teatro del oprimido, el uso del di&#x00E1;logo participativo, las tertulias dial&#x00F3;gicas, la creaci&#x00F3;n de grupos de trabajo colaborativo, el desarrollo de proyectos transformadores, la investigaci&#x00F3;n-acci&#x00F3;n participativa, la creaci&#x00F3;n art&#x00ED;stica y musical, la expresi&#x00F3;n corporal, entre otras, han de ser incorporadas de forma m&#x00E1;s habitual al &#x00E1;mbito educativo, ya que favorecen la expresi&#x00F3;n y la comunicaci&#x00F3;n, la reflexi&#x00F3;n, la expresi&#x00F3;n de la justicia social y educativa, la equidad y la conciencia social, es decir, contribuye a la transformaci&#x00F3;n personal del alumnado, y por tanto, a la transformaci&#x00F3;n comunitaria.</p>
<p>A pesar de la complejidad que tiene abordar pr&#x00E1;cticas que respondan a los principios de la pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva -dado el amplio espectro de pr&#x00E1;cticas que pueden tenerse en cuenta- se puede afirmar que estas promueven el aprendizaje significativo y autorregulado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31679-ES">Miralles <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), sit&#x00FA;a a los y las estudiantes en el centro del proceso de aprendizaje, aumentando su protagonismo como agente activo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31679-ES">Cuetos-Revuelta <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) en un escenario educativo que promociona la reflexi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica, la autonom&#x00ED;a y la creatividad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-31679-ES">Quiroz-Alb&#x00E1;n y Tubay-Zambrano, 2021</xref>). A colaci&#x00F3;n de estas cuestiones que venimos exponiendo, &#x00BF;no es acaso esta la escuela que queremos? Este interrogante nos interpela en la b&#x00FA;squeda de un segundo desaf&#x00ED;o, este es, construir procesos educativos compartidos, democr&#x00E1;ticos, constructivos, dial&#x00F3;gicos&#x2026;, que permitan a los y las estudiantes cuestionar y reflexionar acerca de posicionamientos hegem&#x00F3;nicos y neoliberales que dominan el espacio educativo, escolar, pol&#x00ED;tico, econ&#x00F3;mico y social.</p>
<p>En este sentido, hemos de considerar algunas de las dificultades que implica la introducci&#x00F3;n de estas pr&#x00E1;cticas disruptivas dentro de los escenarios educativos, bien por falta de recursos y de apoyo de los agentes institucionales, bien por la falta de expectativas sobre los proyectos que se desarrollan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31679-ES">Machingo, 2021</xref>), o bien por fricciones y resistencias por parte del profesorado y del alumnado ante la implementaci&#x00F3;n de proyectos disruptivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-ES">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Estos aspectos se constituyen como dimensiones limitantes para el desarrollo de pr&#x00E1;cticas y estrategias educativas que traten de llevar a cabo la transformaci&#x00F3;n estructural, organizativa y/o educativa. Al mismo tiempo, supone un desaf&#x00ED;o complejo que requiere de acciones educativas disruptivas, conjuntas, compartidas, creativas y democr&#x00E1;ticas que se articulen en la pr&#x00E1;ctica en respuestas educativas que trasciendan el aula, al profesorado, al alumnado, a las familias, inclusive los agentes sociales y permitan construir una ciudan&#x00ED;a m&#x00E1;s cr&#x00ED;tica, plural, c&#x00ED;vica, justa, tolerante, dial&#x00F3;gica y democr&#x00E1;tica.</p>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31679</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31679</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Theories and Counterhegemonic Educational Practices. About Disruptive Pedagogy</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>Teor&#x00ED;as y pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas contrahegem&#x00F3;nicas. Sobre la Pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-6522</contrib-id>
<name>
    <surname>González-Alba</surname>
<given-names>Blas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7286-4786</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Mañas-Olmo</surname>
<given-names>Mois&#x00E9;s</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-2219</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Prados-Megías</surname>
<given-names>Mar&#x00ED;a Esther</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3-EN"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-9697</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Sánchez-Sánchez</surname>
<given-names>Mar&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2-EN"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c4-EN"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de M&#x00E1;laga. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de M&#x00E1;laga</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2-EN">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Almer&#x00ED;a. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Almer&#x00ED;a</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-EN"><email>blas@uma.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2-EN"><email>moises@uma.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3-EN"><email>eprados@ual.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c4-EN"><email>Gabbers1983@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>26</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>04</day>
    <month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
    <fpage>179</fpage>
    <lpage>198</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>25</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>11</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Esta obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The concept of pedagogical disruption has been related for years with pedagogical innovation, the break with traditional educational models, the use of ICT and the search for educational quality; even so, this concept, from a practical sense, is poorly defined so it is still an element of study, even more so when we refer to secondary education. In this research we present and analyse 47 pedagogical practices developed in secondary schools that respond to the principles of disruptive pedagogies, both nationally and internationally. A systematic review of the literature is carried out using different databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, J&#x00E1;bega Catalogue, Dialnet). The results show, on the one hand, that pedagogical disruption can be used as a valuable tool to improve aspects of the quality of traditional education, especially in contexts where social transformation is required. On the other hand, it provides a set of strategies with which students feel more motivated and committed to their learning, obtaining better academic results.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El concepto disrupci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica se ha relacionado durante a&#x00F1;os con la innovaci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica, la ruptura con modelos educativos tradicionales, el uso de las TIC y la b&#x00FA;squeda de la calidad educativa; aun as&#x00ED;, dicho concepto, desde un sentido pr&#x00E1;ctico, est&#x00E1; poco definido, por lo que sigue siendo elemento de estudio, m&#x00E1;s a&#x00FA;n cuando nos referimos a la ense&#x00F1;anza secundaria. En esta investigaci&#x00F3;n presentamos y analizamos 47 pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas desarrolladas en centros educativos de secundaria tanto de &#x00E1;mbito nacional como internacional que responden a los principios de las pedagog&#x00ED;as disruptivas. Se desarrolla una revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica de la literatura considerando la informaci&#x00F3;n recogida en diferentes bases de datos (<italic>Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, Cat&#x00E1;logo J&#x00E1;bega, Dialnet</italic>). Los resultados muestran, por un lado, que la disrupci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica puede utilizarse como una valiosa herramienta para mejorar aspectos sobre la calidad de la educaci&#x00F3;n tradicional, especialmente en contextos donde se requiere una transformaci&#x00F3;n social. Por otro lado, aporta un conjunto de estrategias con las que el alumnado se siente m&#x00E1;s motivado y comprometido con su aprendizaje a la par que le permite obtener mejores resultados acad&#x00E9;micos.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>pedagogical innovation</kwd>
<kwd>pedagogical experience</kwd>
<kwd>high school</kwd>
<kwd>systematic literature review</kwd>
<kwd>disruptive pedagogy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave:</italic></title>
<kwd>innovaci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica</kwd>
<kwd>pr&#x00E1;ctica pedag&#x00F3;gica</kwd>
<kwd>ense&#x00F1;anza secundaria</kwd>
<kwd>revisi&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica de la literatura</kwd>
<kwd>pedagog&#x00ED;a disruptiva</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31679-EN" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>This work is part of one of the actions promoted in two interconnected research projects. On the one hand, the national R+D+i project &#x201C;<italic>Nomads of Knowledge: Analysis of Disruptive Pedagogical Practices in Secondary Education</italic>&#x201D; funded by the State Research Agency in the 2018 Call for R+D Projects for Knowledge Generation and RETOS R+D+i Projects, with the code RTI2018-097144-B-I00. On the other hand, the project titled &#x201C;Knowmadic Knowledge and Disruptive Pedagogical Practices: Emerging Community Narratives in Secondary Education&#x201D;, funded by the Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Business and University within the framework of the FEDER Andalusia 2014-2020 operational programme, with the code UMA20-FEDERJA-121.</p>
<p>Following some of the results of both projects, we must consider that the present research focuses on disruptive educational practices that do not use technology and that are developed in secondary education. In this regard, we must consider that the concept of &#x201C;disruptive&#x201D; is not new in the field of education, since in the Anglo-Saxon sphere, disruption is associated with breaking the established order and challenging the hegemonic through the transgression of structures and rules of educational organisation. Currently, the term <italic>disruptive</italic> is associated with practices related to <italic>innovation</italic>, and in this context, terms such as <italic>disruptive innovation</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31679-EN">Al-Imarah and Shields, 2019</xref>), <italic>disruptive pedagogy</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31679-EN">Hedberg, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31679-EN">Oca&#x00F1;a-Fern&#x00E1;ndez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31679-EN">Ortega and Llach, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-75-31679-EN">Vratulis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>) and <italic>disruptive education</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31679-EN">Abreu and Lorenzo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31679-EN">Eyzaguirre, 2022</xref>) have emerged. At first, <italic>disruptiveness</italic> takes on a multi-conceptual meaning in relation to the industrial, financial, and technological spheres, appropriating terms such as <italic>disruptive technology</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31679-EN">Bower and Christensen, 1995</xref>) and <italic>disruptive innovation</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31679-EN">Christensen and Raynor, 2003</xref>). Since the publication of the book <italic>The Disruptive Classroom: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learn</italic>s by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31679-EN">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref>, these terms have been treated from other conceptualisations.</p>
<p>According to this author, the term <italic>disruptive innovation</italic> should be considered in relation to educational practices that use technology and are open to other frames of reference that consider new needs, uses and values on an ongoing basis and with a forward-looking vision, anticipating socio-educational realities, situations and problems that challenge the hegemonic educational model and break with traditional educational models and practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31679-EN">Christensen, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31679-EN">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). In this sense, to speak of disruptive innovation is to question the traditional paradigm and to consider <italic>the disruptiveness</italic> as a process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31679-EN">McDonald et al., 2017</xref>) that is transformative rather than punitive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31679-EN">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31679-EN">Christensen, 1997</xref>) and that develops at the individual, collective, community and institutional levels (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31679-EN">Quilty, 2017</xref>). This way of considering <italic>the disruptiveness</italic> implies using other counter-hegemonic logics, as disruptive innovation aims to consider other people, groups, and needs that are not usually addressed in the educational sphere. This involves changing the way of thinking and doing, i.e. transforming existing approaches and practices with the intention of creating more effective and relevant solutions. However, educational transformations imply challenges that require significant investments in technology, staff training, and development of new educational materials (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31679-EN">Fullan, 2007</xref>), without which implementation and sustainability would be complex. Authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31679-EN">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref> suggest that one limitation is the need to balance innovation and educational quality, since when adopting disruptive approaches there is a risk of identifying educational quality with academic results and, therefore, considering it solely in terms of standards or rankings, hence, these authors warn of the need to ensure that disruptive innovation includes profound changes in the educational model while improving the quality of learning and student achievement.</p>
<p><italic>The disruptive</italic> responds to a transgressive and radical attitude (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31679-EN">Olvera <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>) that aims to improve educational processes, transform school life in a broad sense (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-EN">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>), and promote transformative learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31679-EN">Acaso <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>), that is, to develop other ways of learning, other educational models (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31679-EN">Valles-Baca and Acosta, 2022</xref>), and proposals to build other epistemologies. With this purpose on the horizon, disruptive processes link teaching and learning processes with the reality in which students are immersed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31679-EN">Johson, 2011</xref>) and aim to transform methodologies, school spaces, and classroom power hierarchies. Undoubtedly, we are dealing with a complex, systemic, and counter-hegemonic process that requires transformations of the educational context, didactic concepts, and educational objectives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31679-EN">Adell and Casta&#x00F1;eda, 2012</xref>), which is a challenge and an opportunity.</p>
<p>In this regard, authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31679-EN">Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Enguita (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31679-EN">Giroux (2011)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-31679-EN">Rivas (2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31679-EN">2020</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31679-EN">2021</xref>) have argued that education systems are immersed in a neoliberal drift that leads them to develop educational practices that promote social reproduction, asymmetrical practices based on power relations, the homogenisation of processes, contexts and people, inequalities in access to education and the achievement of achievements and/or successes based on competitiveness, neglect and deterioration of community relations, the common good and the common good, homogenisation of processes, contexts and people, inequalities in access to education and achievement and/or success based on competitiveness, neglect and deterioration of community relations, the common good and natural spaces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31679-EN">Huerta-Charles and McLaren, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>In the same vein, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31679-EN">Mills (1997)</xref> argued at the time that educational practices reproduced oppressive power relations and were legitimised by the education system, which is why disruptive pedagogies are needed to challenge inequalities, dominant educational practices, and social injustice. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31679-EN">Pilonieta (2017)</xref> points out in this regard, it is about making education a politically &#x201C;interesting&#x201D; issue, which requires promoting distributed or horizontal leadership (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31679-EN">Arribas and Torrego, 2007</xref>), promoting shared and participatory student responsibility, developing educational practices that facilitate research, reflection, application and dissemination of knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31679-EN">Dede, 2007</xref>), and facilitating shared decision-making (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-EN">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>In a particular way, disruption - pedagogical, innovative, or educational - refers to challenging school epistemologies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31679-EN">Anderson and Justice, 2015</xref>) and systems of value and knowledge that maintain conventional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31679-EN">Litts <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) and hierarchical ways of knowing and being (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31679-EN">Litts et al., 2020</xref>). In this context, <italic>disruptiveness</italic> is accompanied by principles and strategies that invite us to discover and formulate new questions, build other resources and tools (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31679-EN">Pilonieta, 2017</xref>), create languages and paths that invite circularity in educational and socio-affective relationships (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31679-EN">Ahmed, 2018</xref>), personalise education, make educational resources more flexible in terms of time and place, and encourage active learning by seeking the interest and participation of students in their own learning, since, as pointed out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-31679-EN">Valverde-Berrocoso <italic>et al</italic>. (2023)</xref>, in secondary education, transmissive and unmotivating methodologies that exclusively promote memorisation are used to a large extent. In this sense, we present experiences, studies and research developed in secondary education that respond to the descriptors of disruptive innovation, disruptive pedagogy and/or disruptive education:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>1)</label> <p>They are framed under the principles of critical pedagogy and have been the basis for a disruptive pedagogical practice.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>2)</label> <p>They do not use technological tools.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31679-EN" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>ethodological framework</sc></bold></title>
<p>This paper presents a descriptive-retrospective systematic literature review (SLR) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31679-EN">Cuevas <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31679-EN">Gabarda <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31679-EN">Mori&#x00F1;a <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), where the following stages have been considered: a) consider questions to analyse the studies; b) define the search strategy (descriptors, databases, etc.); c) apply the inclusion-exclusion criteria (IE); d) select the papers that respond to the research questions; and, e) analyse the information through a system of codes and categories.</p>
<p>The starting questions were: What are the theoretical references that underpin disruptive practices in secondary schools? What are these disruptive dynamics in secondary education and who do they affect? What are the most relevant and transformative contributions of international research on the implementation of disruptive pedagogies in secondary schools?</p>
<p>The selection of the scientific literature responds to an open practice in which research and works appearing in multiple databases have been considered: a) Scopus, currently considered a database with broad coverage in educational, social and humanistic studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31679-EN">Mar&#x00ED;n-Suelves and Ram&#x00F3;n-Llin, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-31679-EN">Torralbas <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>); b) Web of Science; c) ERIC (Institute of Education Science); d) J&#x00E1;bega catalogue (University of M&#x00E1;laga library catalogue); and, e) Dialnet. The Boolean descriptors used were TITLE-ABS-KEY &#x201C;Culturally-disruptive pedagogy&#x201D; OR &#x201C;Critical Pedagogy&#x201D; AND &#x201C;Secondary School&#x201D;, AND &#x201C;Disruptive pedagogy&#x201D; OR &#x201C;Disruptive Education&#x201D; OR &#x201C;Disruptive Innovation&#x201D;. The search carried out in March 2023 yielded 126 results in the different databases (40 Scopus, 30 Web of Science, 17 ERIC, 15 J&#x00E1;bega Catalogue and 24 Dialnet).</p>
<p>Afterwards, they were distributed and the researchers carried out a subsequent ad hoc scrutiny. The inclusion criteria were: a) peer-reviewed; b) written in English or Spanish; c) works with free access to the full text; d) not limiting any time frame; e) selecting theoretical studies and presentation of experiences; and f) considering research focused on the use of disruptive pedagogies in secondary schools at a national and international level. The exclusion criteria were: a) research that used the concept of disruptive pedagogy but had not been implemented in practice; b) experiences in other educational stages - primary, Vocational Training (VET), University, etc.- as they did not fit the objectives of the aforementioned projects framing this work. The document selection process (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31679-EN">Figure 1</xref>) was carried out in three stages:</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31679-EN">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>F<sc>lowchart</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-31679-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration</attrib>
</fig>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>A total of 126 articles were identified in the different databases.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Out of these articles, a total of 42 were excluded because they did not meet the above criteria.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Twenty-five articles were eliminated, considering, a posteriori, that these articles did not meet the criteria for research quality. This process left n = 47 - theoretical articles or theoretical conceptualisation articles - which allowed us to construct the theoretical framework and justify the article from a theoretical perspective, and n= 12 articles of national and international disruptive experiences in secondary education centres.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>In this regard, the PRISMA, 2020 (<italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic>) standards (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-31679-EN">Page <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>) were considered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-31679-EN">Page <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), which resulted in the following flow chart (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31679-EN">Prieto, 2020</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31679-EN">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<p>In the last stage, and with the purpose of analysing and classifying the information through a system of codes and categories (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31679-EN">Table 1</xref>), we have relied on the PICoS model (Participants, Topics of Interest, Context, Study Design) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31679-EN">Gonz&#x00E1;lez and Molero-Jurado, 2023</xref>) from which the different articles selected were subdivided and coded based on these and other variables that we consider of interest for the research such as: 1) questions on which this study was projected; 2) codes; and 3) categories of the same.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-31679-EN">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>Q<sc>uestions</sc>, <sc>codes and categories</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31679-EN" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="50%"/>
<col width="50%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Categories</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Codes</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Descriptive data</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Country</p>
<p>Year</p>
<p>Data collection instruments</p>
<p>Design</p>
<p>Topics of interest</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Theoretical references</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Authors</p>
<p>Theoretical foundations</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Pedagogical practices and who they affect</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Participants</p>
<p>Context</p>
<p>Experiences</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Relevant contributions</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Results</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<sec id="sec-3-31679-EN">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>Descriptive data</italic></title>
<p>The reviewed documents present experiences developed in different settings: in rural schools (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31679-EN">Ansell, 2002</xref>), in educational centres located in areas in need of social transformation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-EN">Alfrey and O&#x2019;Connor, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-EN">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), with special education students in residential contexts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-EN">Alfandari and Tsoubaris, 2021</xref>), with Spanish students in secondary sducation centres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31679-EN">Di Stefano <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), with students in transition to post-secondary education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31679-EN">Luguetti <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), and in secondary schools with projects focused on the environment in Physical Education and Health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-EN">Alfrey and O&#x2019;Connor, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-EN">Warne <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), Religion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-EN">Hammer, 2023</xref>), Music and Visual Arts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31679-EN">Lousley, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-EN">Ramos-Ramos, 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>The analysed studies were carried out in countries such as the United Kingdom, Norway, Spain, and Zimbabwe. With regard to the instruments used to collect information, the main methodological tools used in the analysed studies were: interviews, focus groups, Theatre of the Oppressed, reflection and discussion groups, visual recording, use of photographs, <italic>photovoice,</italic> and document review.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-31679-EN" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esults</sc></bold></title>
<p>The systematic review and the analysis of the selected texts address different aspects categorised in the following questions: 1) theoretical references of disruptive pedagogy as onto-epistemological sources on which certain educational practices are based; 2) pedagogical practices that promote disruptive dynamics and on whom these practices have an impact; and 3) relevant and transformative contributions on the implementation of disruptive pedagogy in educational centres.</p>
<sec id="sec-5-31679-EN">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>Theoretical references of Disruptive Pedagogy</italic></title>
<p>As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31679-EN">Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez (2016)</xref> points out, teaching in a disruptive way requires the use of flexible and diverse resources, both in terms of access and structure, to encourage cooperation between students. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31679-EN">Oca&#x00F1;a-Fern&#x00E1;ndez <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref> point out that this way of teaching must favour processes of creativity and shared creation that promote processual evaluation, the social and meaningful construction of knowledge, commitment and motivation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31679-EN">Hedberg and Freebody, 2007</xref>).</p>
<p>For this reason, <italic>disruptiveness</italic> requires theoretical references that support the pedagogical approach, especially in such a vulnerable and changing stage as adolescence. At the secondary education stage, there is a need for actions that actively and participatively involve students, which implies breaking the hegemonic theoretical inertia in which a way of understanding the learning process is established. In this sense, the carried-out review points to the need to offer other epistemological references that address the keys to offering disruptive practices. These theoretical references address issues related to exclusion, poverty, gender, race, socio-political power structures, sustainability and ecology, cultural and linguistic heritage, dynamics of social and collective participation, and democracy. The identified references are the following:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Paulo Freire&#x2019;s contributions as a reference for the liberation and emancipation of people and collectives through education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31679-EN"><italic>Pedagogy of the Oppressed</italic>, 1970</xref>) and its application in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31679-EN">Boal&#x2019;s work (2009)</xref> through the <italic>Theatre of the Oppressed.</italic></p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31679-EN">bell hooks (2021)</xref> known for her book <italic>Teaching to Transgress</italic> and for her contributions to feminist theory or <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31679-EN">Henry Giroux (2011)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31679-EN">Michael Foucault (1975)</xref> whose critical and reflective look on the educational system and social structures, as well as the promotion of social awareness and transformation are key to the construction of &#x201C;another&#x201D; school.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>From an environmental perspective, critical references such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31679-EN">David Orr (2002)</xref> promote ecological awareness and address the intersection between environment, sustainability, and ecological awareness as inherent principles of education.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>The feminist theories of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31679-EN">Braidotti (2015)</xref> and the cultural studies of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31679-EN">Ahmed (2018)</xref>, broaden the educational scope towards a diverse and plural look at what it means to build citizenship, including the gender perspective in all educational issues. In this sense, one of the reviewed studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31679-EN">Ansell, 2002</xref>) provides conceptual tools to analyse and question the social and cultural structures that perpetuate gender inequality in educational settings.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>The contributions of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-EN">Alfandari and Tsoubaris (2021)</xref> question and challenge the foundations of existing educational structures, promoting the construction of new attitudes and behaviours in close interrelation between critical theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31679-EN">Ball, 1994</xref>) and theories of social structures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31679-EN">Latour, 2007</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Theories of power relations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31679-EN">Boal, 2009</xref>) and innovation, which are associated with emotional and social processes, are considered suitable theoretical foundations for addressing sensitive issues such as religious conceptions and their influence in educational contexts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-EN">Hammer, 2023</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>Finally, critical theories of art (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31679-EN">Girault and Barthes, 2016</xref>) are presented as a valuable theoretical framework for addressing social and political issues in the field of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-EN">Ramos-Ramos <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). The same is true of the epistemological approaches that underpin research linked to the field of health pedagogy in schools promoting disruptive dynamics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-EN">Warne <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). These critical theories applied to the art world have made it possible to explore and question artistic representations and their relationship with the dominant social and cultural structures, generating spaces for reflection and transformation in the educational sphere.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-31679-EN">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>Pedagogical actions that promote disruptive dynamics and who they influence</italic></title>
<p>Most of the pedagogical actions that are implemented in secondary schools and that are approached from a disruptive perspective arise as a response to tensions related to the curriculum and to structural, social, organisational, cultural, and neighbourhood issues, generally associated with depressed social contexts and vulnerable groups. The review shows a significant number of these pedagogical actions developed by teachers and which, at a methodological and strategic level, are presented under the umbrella of participatory action research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-EN">Hammer, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31679-EN">Luguetti <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-EN">Ramos-Ramos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>). These actions are as follows.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-EN">Alfandari and Tsoubaris (2021)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-EN">Hammer (2023)</xref> develop actions with interaction and role-playing dynamics in which students position themselves in different situations, assuming roles in a more empathetic and critical way towards different social situations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-EN">Alfandari and Tsoubaris (2021)</xref> propose a project with teachers at the <italic>Milestone Academy</italic> (United Kingdom) with the aim of seeking a scientific-critical education in various subjects, over ten classes lasting one hour each. The research used creative methodologies offering &#x201C;alternative ground rules for communication&#x201D;. They introduced body expression techniques, creative exchanges and body re-enactments based on the principles of the Theatre of the Oppressed and developed creative workshops to reflect on the project and its impact from the students&#x2019; experience. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-EN">Hammer&#x2019;s (2023)</xref> experience was also based on an action research project in a secondary school in Oslo (Norway). They used the basis of the Theatre of the Oppressed to work on concepts related to power, oppression, and empowerment in order to raise students&#x2019; awareness of social justice issues and the development of responsible and committed citizenship.</p>
<p>The research carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-EN">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref> presents the modifications to the curriculum by addressing structural and political issues of the school and how this has an impact on methodological and organisational dimensions. This study shows positive results of the implementation of a service-learning methodology in schools and how it generates spaces and times that favour collaborative work and the opening of the school to the community, giving rise to new relationships between social, educational, community, and business services.</p>
<p>The work of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31679-EN">Luguetti <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref> analyses how curricular transformation influences students&#x2019; future projections after completing secondary education and shows a programme designed collaboratively between students and teachers to improve the process of transition to post-secondary studies. This programme was designed under the theoretical premises of bell hooks&#x2019; engaged pedagogy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31679-EN">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31679-EN">2003</xref>) and with the purpose of actively involving young people in developing strategies that would allow them to negotiate their future (life choices, studies, employment, etc.). The implementation of the programme allowed for an evaluation of the (co-)design and recommendations for the future. The process was recorded through recordings of group interviews and photographic records.</p>
<p>The introduction of critical pedagogy into the curriculum has also become commonplace within these disruptive practices. In this sense, teachers who adopt these references encounter barriers, resistance, and structural tensions when it comes to implementing these disruptive innovation projects. In this line, we highlight two projects developed in Zimbabwe; the first shows the effectiveness of enacting critical pedagogy within the curriculum of a Secondary School -Budirirai- in the Mwenezi district and in the subject of History during a regular academic year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31679-EN">Machingo, 2021</xref>). This project brought together six groups of learners (49 learners - 20 boys and 29 girls) from different villages (Musvoti, Zvihwa, Marufu, Sitera, Timire and Mangezi) with the aim of collaboratively showcasing the research that learners were doing by seeking and using primary sources for their learning and encouraging them to &#x201C;feel comfortable critiquing their teacher and even textbooks&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31679-EN">Machingo, 2021</xref>, p. 6). As part of the research activities, students were encouraged to visit elders in the villages to obtain primary evidence and share their findings with their peers. This allowed them to critique the sources of the story and have meaningful interactions based on the reports of their peers. The second project presents a study conducted in the city of Lesotho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31679-EN">Ansell, 2002</xref>) and organised around two student focus groups. In these groups, opinions were raised and expressed and decisions were made on issues relating to rural secondary schools in Lesotho. These issues focused on the construction of gender identities among rural girls in the school context. The areas, with a highly <italic>gendered</italic> component, dealt with three axes that broke with the tradition of these towns: job prospects and paid work, domestic and reproductive work, and decision-making within the household.</p>
<p>Other research that addresses curriculum transformations are those carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-EN">Alfrey and O&#x2019;Connor (2020)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-EN">Warne <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31679-EN">Di Stefano <italic>et al</italic>. (2021)</xref>, using the subject of Spanish language teaching. The research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31679-EN">Di Stefano <italic>et al</italic>. (2021)</xref> presents the implementation of certain activities in the classroom, such as: readings, multimedia texts, research journals, lecture or workshop materials, etc. The results suggest that such activities promote inclusion, cultural respect, equity, social justice, identification, and the challenge of eliminating stereotypes related to gender, race, language, immigration, and nationality in Spanish classrooms in the United States.</p>
<p>The case study presented by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-EN">Alfrey and O&#x2019;Connor (2020)</xref> shows a curriculum transformation project carried out in the Physical Education and Health department in an Australian high school in suburban Melbourne. The project uses an action research methodology, implemented each year in a different year group. Meetings were held with students and teachers involved in the subject and with other teachers who were not involved in the subject. At the end of each year, and with the feedback from a shared evaluation and feedback process, proposals for improvement were implemented in the following year.</p>
<p>The study presented by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-EN">Warne <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> was conducted with a group of 35 students from an upper secondary school in the municipality of &#x00D6;stersund in northern Sweden. Students were selected according to their social position and the identification of young people at risk, and 5 teachers were selected too. All selected persons participated in 3 <italic>photovoice</italic> workshops with a duration of 120 minutes each. This methodology aims to increase the empowerment and participation of students in school dynamics. During the workshops, photographs and texts were used to explore relevant themes. The main findings were that low socio-economic status was associated with lower levels of mental well-being and lack of social capital was related to young people&#x2019;s inability to participate in decision-making. However, at the same time, the student body came up with some salient proposals, such as: 1) more group work to improve classroom relationships; 2) provide teacher training to improve their pedagogical and leadership skills; 3) get more computers and repair broken ones to facilitate learning and reduce stress; 4) provide more tasty food in the school cafeteria to get energy for school work and wellbeing; 5) provide more food in the school cafeteria to get energy for school work and wellbeing; and 6) provide more food in the school cafeteria to get energy for school work and wellbeing.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31679-EN">Seeger et <italic>al</italic>.&#x2019;s (2022)</xref> research, conducted in high-poverty high schools in the Washington D.C. metropolitan region, proposes dynamics in which students collaborate with teachers to restructure the educational curriculum, both in content and methodology. This approach is accompanied by readings of texts by Martin Luther King and presentations by Chimamanda Ndiche that address issues of equity and social justice, among others.</p>
<p>Also, the research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-EN">Ramos-Ramos <italic>et al</italic>. (2022)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31679-EN">Lousley (1999)</xref>, focused on the curriculum of Music and Visual and Plastic Arts subjects, proposes to have an impact on the nearby social contexts with the aim of bringing about changes in the immediate context. The research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31679-EN">Ramos-Ramos <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> is located in the surroundings of a secondary school in the maritime district of Valencia with students in the 3rd year of Compulsory Secondary Education. The intervention is carried out through participatory action research in which students work with artists and educators to create artworks that address social and environmental issues. In <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31679-EN">Lousley&#x2019;s (1999)</xref> research, based on critical ethnographic methodology and positioned within critical pedagogy, interventions were carried out in four environmental clubs in urban, multicultural high schools in the city of Metropolitan Toronto. This project conducted dialogues with all educational agents about culture, structures, relations, and discourses related to race, ethnicity, class and/or gender in order to understand and analyse how dominant environmental discourses are constructed.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31679-EN">
<label>3.3.</label>
<title><italic>Relevant and transformative contributions on the implementation of disruptive pedagogies in educational centres.</italic></title>
<p>The consulted literature shows us successful experiences in terms of repercussions, transformations, and dynamics of change established in the educational centres in which they have been developed. The results presented by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-EN">Alfandari and Tsoubaris (2021)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31679-EN">Ansell (2002)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-EN">Warne <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-EN">Hammer (2023)</xref> show that the use of critical pedagogies in the classroom has generated positive changes in the power relations between participants, both inside and outside the educational environment, contributing in an implicit and explicit way to the construction of a more democratic school and citizenship. In this sense, using theatre as a disruptive tool has allowed students the possibility of questioning their own ways of thinking, fostering change-oriented learning and generating modifications in the production of knowledge, as well as in the construction of subjectivities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31679-EN">Alfandari and Tsoubaris, 2021</xref>). In addition, students have improved their communication skills and their ability to resolve interpersonal conflicts, promote greater understanding, and accept diversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31679-EN">Hammer, 2023</xref>); at the same time, teachers have positively valued their ability to act as facilitators (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31679-EN">Warne <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Similarly, the study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-EN">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref> highlights that the implementation of disruptive pedagogies in schools has led to changes in teachers&#x2019; expectations by adopting a closer and more empathetic approach to students. There have also been transformations in the curriculum, which is beginning to be understood as a tool for transformation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31679-EN">Machingo, 2021</xref>) and not as a set of knowledge to be transmitted from a banking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31679-EN">Freire, 1970</xref>) and hierarchical conception. On the other hand, the studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31679-EN">Alfrey and O&#x2019;Connor (2020)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31679-EN">Luguetti <italic>et al</italic>. (2023)</xref> suggest that there is a change in the role of students, facilitating their active involvement through role-playing strategies, discussion groups, and debates. The use of these collaborative, participatory and reflective strategies generates critical awareness and drives proposals for curriculum modification based on theoretical and ideological foundations such as justice, social and educational engagement, critical perspective, connection of curriculum content to the real world and diversity of voices, as well as approaches that promote educational and social equity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31679-EN">Seeger, 2023</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-31679-EN" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>onclusions and challenges</sc></bold></title>
<p>Just as the concept of &#x2018;disruption&#x2019; is associated with innovation, it is difficult to address educational innovation without considering the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Learning and Knowledge Technologies (LKT), Technologies for Empowerment and Transformation (TEP) or Relationship, Information and Communication Technologies (RICT) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31679-EN">Del R&#x00ED;o, 2023</xref>). In this regard, there are many authors who relate the concepts of disruptive innovation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31679-EN">Christensen, Raynor and McDonal, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31679-EN">Pilonieta, 2017</xref>), disruptive pedagogy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31679-EN">Hedberg and Freebody, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31679-EN">Oca&#x00F1;a-Fern&#x00E1;ndez <italic>et al</italic>, 2020</xref>), and disruptive education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31679-EN">Le&#x00F3;n, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31679-EN">Molano, 2018</xref>) with the use of technologies; however, being aware that there are many educational practices that respond to their principles and do not use technologies and within the framework of the projects in which this research emerges, we propose the present study. In this sense, considering the work of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31679-EN">Bower and Christensen (1995)</xref> as a starting point, we have shown that there are (n = 196) publications developed in secondary education that respond to the principles of disruptive innovation, disruptive pedagogy and/or disruptive education without making use of technologies. This poses a challenge, as well as a limitation, in the sense of knowing what other educational practices are developed under the terms disruptive innovation, disruptive pedagogy, and disruptive education and whether they respond to educational practices that break with hegemonic and traditional educational logics in terms of organisation, the implementation of methodologies, the structural and political aspects of the educational system, and the assumption or not of other pedagogical epistemologies. In spite of this, we can find other research and disruptive experiences that have not been considered because they do not use the search criteria used, which can be considered as another of the limitations of this study.</p>
<p>In order to address innovative and disruptive educational practices, the 12 analysed studies include so-called disruptive practices that have been characterised as: (1) counter-hegemonic educational experiences; (2) have transformed school cultures in their curricular, organisational, methodological and participatory dimensions; (3) have been developed without relying on the use of technologies; and (4) have been implemented in secondary education.</p>
<p>In a particular way, the analysis of these works shows us that disruptive pedagogies:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>transform contexts, settings, school roles, learning situations, and ways of teaching and learning.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>are based on co-responsibility, shared decision-making (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-EN">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), the search for social justice and the creation of constructive, dialogical and transformative educational relationships.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>improve school relations, coexistence and school climate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-EN">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) and break with a school organisation that is based on a traditional school culture.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>are developed as attractive, stimulating, challenging, creative (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31679-EN">Alliaud and Antelo, 2009</xref>), critical, and visibity-enhancing learning practices for students.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>generate learning that is connected to the reality and interests of the students (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31679-EN">Johson, 2011</xref>)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> <p>promote democratic educational processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31679-EN">Fern&#x00E1;ndez-Enguita, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31679-EN">Rivas, 2021</xref>) that facilitate other forms of communication, relationships, and dialogue that are more horizontal, polyphonic and constructive.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>This systematic review study shows another view of what for years we have considered as innovation, pedagogy, education and/or disruptive experiences; in this respect, the analysed studies present <italic>disruptiveness</italic> as an issue linked to educational processes and/or experiences where the educational community in general and the students in particular are co-participants and co-creators of teaching and learning processes, thus providing a more concrete and limited view of what this concept implies.</p>
<p>Similarly, we have been able to highlight that the use of educational strategies with a certain social background, such as the Theatre of the Oppressed, the use of participatory dialogue, dialogic gatherings, the creation of collaborative work groups, the development of transformative projects, participatory action research, artistic and musical creation, corporal expression, among others, must be incorporated more habitually into the educational sphere, as they favour expression and communication, reflection, the expression of social and educational justice, equity and social awareness, that is, they contribute to the personal transformation of students, and therefore, to community transformation.</p>
<p>Despite the complexity of addressing practices that respond to the principles of disruptive pedagogy, given the wide spectrum of practices that can be taken into account, it can be affirmed that these practices promote meaningful and self-regulated learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31679-EN">Miralles <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). It places students at the centre of the learning process, increasing their protagonism as active agents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31679-EN">Cuetos-Revuelta <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) in an educational scenario that promotes critical reflection, autonomy, and creativity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-31679-EN">Quiroz-Alb&#x00E1;n and Tubay-Zambrano, 2021</xref>). In light of these questions, is this not the school we want? This question challenges us in the search for a second challenge, that is, to build shared, democratic, constructive, dialogic educational processes that allow students to question and reflect on the hegemonic and neoliberal positions that dominate the educational, school, political, economic, and social space.</p>
<p>In this sense, we must consider some of the difficulties involved in introducing these disruptive practices in educational scenarios, either due to a lack of resources and support from institutional agents, or due to a lack of expectations regarding the projects being developed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31679-EN">Machingo, 2021</xref>), or due to friction and resistance on the part of teachers and students to the implementation of disruptive projects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31679-EN">Cort&#x00E9;s <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). These aspects constitute limiting dimensions for the development of educational practices and strategies that attempt to carry out structural, organisational and/or educational transformation. At the same time, it is a complex challenge that requires disruptive, joint, shared, creative and democratic educational actions that are articulated in practice in educational responses that transcend the classroom, teachers, students, families, including social agents, and allow for the construction of a more critical, plural, civic, fair, tolerant, dialogic, and democratic citizenship.</p>
</sec>
</body>
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