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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31511</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31511</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>¿Más allá de la Death Education? Un estudio sobre sus tradiciones epistemológicas</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Beyond Death Education? A Study of its Epistemological Traditions</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9156-6971</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>HERR&#x00C1;N GASC&#x00D3;N</surname>
<given-names>Agust&#x00ED;n de la</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2152-0078</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>RODR&#x00CD;GUEZ HERRERO</surname>
<given-names>Pablo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-6286</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MIGUEL YUBERO</surname>
<given-names>Victoria de</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1_Esp">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Aut&#x00F3;noma de Madrid. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Aut&#x00F3;noma de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Esp"><email>agustin.delaherran@uam.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2_Esp"><email>pablo.rodriguez@uam.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3_Esp"><email>victoriamiguelyubero@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024361</issue-id>
<fpage>183</fpage>
<lpage>204</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>03</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>

<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>La <italic>death education</italic> abarca una amplia gama de &#x00E1;mbitos y contenidos que, desde sus inicios, han incluido el acompa&#x00F1;amiento, el duelo y los cuidados, principalmente desde las Ciencias de la Salud. S&#x00F3;lo en las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas han pasado al campo educativo propiamente pedag&#x00F3;gico (sistema educativo, escuelas, formaci&#x00F3;n de educadores, ense&#x00F1;anza, recursos, etc.), aplic&#x00E1;ndose m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del duelo. Las revistas cient&#x00ED;ficas mejor indexadas sobre <italic>death education</italic> definen un espacio v&#x00E1;lido para dos intenciones: conocer la producci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica en este &#x00E1;mbito, y reconocer contribuciones realizadas desde dos tradiciones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas: la anglosajona y la centroeuropea, de la que Espa&#x00F1;a participa. En esta segunda se diferencian el campo (<italic>death education</italic>) de la disciplina por antonomasia (Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la muerte). El estudio tiene por objetivos: (1) describir las publicaciones sobre <italic>death education</italic> en revistas cient&#x00ED;ficas de calidad en los &#x00FA;ltimos diez a&#x00F1;os, y (2) analizar y comparar las publicaciones de <italic>death education</italic> desde la perspectiva de las tradiciones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas anglosajona y centroeuropea. Para ello, se ha realizado un an&#x00E1;lisis de la producci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica (cuantitativo y descriptivo) entre las publicaciones peri&#x00F3;dicas de m&#x00E1;s alto impacto cient&#x00ED;fico en el campo de la <italic>death education</italic> indexadas en las bases de datos <italic>Scopus</italic> y <italic>Web of Science</italic> (<italic>WOS</italic>) desde enero de 2010 hasta junio de 2022. Posteriormente se ha realizado un examen comparativo sobre doce unidades de an&#x00E1;lisis desde la perspectiva de ambas tradiciones acad&#x00E9;micas. La intenci&#x00F3;n global ha sido contribuir a la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la bibliograf&#x00ED;a analizada. Se concluye que las aportaciones de ambas tradiciones educativas son enriquecedoras, diferenciables y complementarias. Dentro de la tradici&#x00F3;n centroeuropea destacan las publicaciones realizadas en el marco de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la muerte desde Espa&#x00F1;a, asociadas al enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Sint&#x00E9;ticamente, las publicaciones de la tradici&#x00F3;n anglosajona y centroeuropea tratan sobre la muerte y la generada desde el enfoque radical e inclusivo, de una educaci&#x00F3;n que incluye la muerte para una vida m&#x00E1;s consciente.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Death education covers a wide range of fields and contents which, since its beginnings, have included accompaniment, bereavement, and care, mainly from the health sciences. Only in recent decades has it moved into the field of education (education system, schools, training of educators, teaching, resources, etc.), and has been applied beyond the field of bereavement. The best indexed scientific journals on <italic>death education</italic> define a valid space for two purposes: to know the scientific production in this field, and to recognise contributions made from two epistemological traditions: the Anglo-Saxon and the Central European, of which Spain participates. In the latter, the field (<italic>death education</italic>) is differentiated from the scientific discipline of reference (Pedagogy of death). The study aims to: (1) describe the publications on <italic>death education</italic> in quality scientific journals in the last ten years, and (2) analyse and compare the publications on <italic>death education</italic> from the perspective of the Anglo-Saxon and Central European epistemological traditions. For this purpose, a analysis of scientific production (quantitative and descriptive) has been carried out among the periodicals with the highest scientific impact in the field of <italic>death education</italic> indexed in the <italic>Scopus</italic> and <italic>Web of Science</italic> (WOS) databases from January 2010 to June 2022. Subsequently, a comparative examination of twelve units of analysis from the perspective of both academic traditions has been carried out. The overall intention has been to contribute to the understanding of the literature analysed. It is concluded that the contributions of both educational traditions are enriching, differentiable and complementary. Within the Central European tradition, the publications produced within the framework of the Pedagogy of Death from Spain, associated with the radical and inclusive approach to education, stand out. Synthetically, publications in the Anglo-Saxon and Central European tradition deal with death and dying from the radical and inclusive approach of a death-inclusive education for a more conscious life.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras claves</italic>:</title>
<kwd>muerte</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n que incluye la muerte</kwd>
<kwd>revista cient&#x00ED;fica</kwd>
<kwd>Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la muerte</kwd>
<kwd>enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>death</kwd>
<kwd>education</kwd>
<kwd>death education</kwd>
<kwd>scientific journal</kwd>
<kwd>Pedagogy of death</kwd>
<kwd>radical and inclusive approach to education</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31511_Esp" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>El inter&#x00E9;s por la <italic>death education</italic> se remonta a las d&#x00E9;cadas de 1920 y 1930 en Estados Unidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31511_Esp">Rodr&#x00ED;guez <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31511_Esp">Feifel (1959)</xref> se aplic&#x00F3; a la formaci&#x00F3;n, el bienestar y la salud mental de los profesionales sanitarios en contacto con la muerte, el duelo y el sufrimiento. Otros centros de inter&#x00E9;s desde entonces han sido la atenci&#x00F3;n al paciente terminal, la prevenci&#x00F3;n del suicidio, el cambio de actitud y el miedo a la muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31511_Esp">Zhao <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Otros pioneros, como la psiquiatra <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31511_Esp">Elisabeth K&#x00FC;bler-Ross (1969)</xref>, desarrollaron una cultura educativa sobre la muerte a trav&#x00E9;s de la atenci&#x00F3;n sanitaria profesional a los moribundos en hospitales y <italic>hospices</italic>.</p>
<p>El principal objetivo de la <italic>death education</italic> es el cambio ante la muerte. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31511_Esp">Feifel (1959)</xref> subraya la necesidad de trascender el tab&#x00FA; de la muerte de forma multidisciplinar y fomentar la conciencia de la mortalidad en nosotros mismos y en nuestros allegados. Este cambio de actitudes es un factor clave para lograr una vida personal y profesional significativa y de calidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31511_Esp">Durlak, 1972</xref>). Como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31511_Esp">Morgan (1977)</xref>:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>La <italic>death education</italic> no s&#x00F3;lo tiene que ver con la muerte en s&#x00ED;, sino con nuestros sentimientos hacia nosotros mismos, la naturaleza y el universo en que vivimos. Tiene que ver con nuestros valores e ideales, la forma en que nos relacionamos y el tipo de mundo que estamos construyendo. Si se lleva a cabo con reflexi&#x00F3;n, puede mejorar la calidad de nuestras vidas y nuestras relaciones (p. 3).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En la actualidad, la educaci&#x00F3;n sobre la muerte abarca una amplia gama de actividades educativas en los &#x00E1;mbitos de la muerte, el duelo y los cuidados. Su rama formal incluye programas acad&#x00E9;micos, cursos, seminarios y sesiones de pr&#x00E1;ctica cl&#x00ED;nica, todos ellos incorporados en las distintas etapas del sistema educativo. Como actividad no formal, funciona a trav&#x00E9;s de &#x201C;momentos did&#x00E1;cticos&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31511_Esp">Eyzaguirre, 2006</xref>) que pueden ser aprovechados para la autoeducaci&#x00F3;n en el hogar o en escuelas, hospitales y hospicios. La <italic>death education</italic> con ni&#x00F1;os, adolescentes y ancianos no se convirti&#x00F3; en campo hasta las d&#x00E9;cadas de 1970 y 1980 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31511_Esp">Dennis, 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31511_Esp">Leviton (1977)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31511_Esp">Knott (1979)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31511_Esp">Atkinson (1980)</xref> defienden la inclusi&#x00F3;n de la muerte como tema sanitario en las escuelas p&#x00FA;blicas de EE.UU. en forma de objetivos, contenidos, directrices y recursos orientados al conocimiento pr&#x00E1;ctico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31511_Esp">Berg, 1978</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31511_Esp">Cordell y Schildt, 1977</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31511_Esp">Deaton y Morgan (1990)</xref> abogan por planes de prevenci&#x00F3;n, intervenci&#x00F3;n y <italic>postvenci&#x00F3;n</italic> del suicidio en adolescentes y j&#x00F3;venes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31511_Esp">Wass <italic>et al.</italic> (1990)</xref> encuestaron a una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 423 escuelas estatales nacionales, desde preescolar hasta duod&#x00E9;cimo grado y descubrieron que s&#x00F3;lo el 11 % ofrec&#x00ED;a un curso breve sobre la muerte como parte de la educaci&#x00F3;n sanitaria, el 17 % ofrec&#x00ED;a un programa de educaci&#x00F3;n/apoyo en el duelo y el 25 % ten&#x00ED;a programas de prevenci&#x00F3;n e intervenci&#x00F3;n en el suicidio, mientras que faltaba formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado en la materia.</p>
<p>Las revistas cient&#x00ED;ficas han sido uno de los productos m&#x00E1;s notables de la educaci&#x00F3;n sobre la muerte, fomentando la publicaci&#x00F3;n de estudios de calidad y el avance del conocimiento. Dos hitos fueron la creaci&#x00F3;n de las revistas m&#x00E1;s importantes en este campo: <italic>Omega</italic>: <italic>The Journal of Death and Dying</italic>, fundada por Kastenbaum en 1970, y <italic>Death Education</italic> (m&#x00E1;s tarde, <italic>Death Studies</italic>), creada por H. Wass en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31511_Esp">1977</xref>. Aunque se han realizado varios an&#x00E1;lisis bibliom&#x00E9;tricos del tema (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31511_Esp">Sonbul, 2021</xref>), &#x00E9;stos se han centrado en cuantificar las publicaciones, pero no en identificar los distintos enfoques te&#x00F3;ricos y sus implicaciones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas. Por esta raz&#x00F3;n, este estudio se propuso: (1) describir los art&#x00ED;culos sobre <italic>death education</italic> publicados en revistas cient&#x00ED;ficas de calidad en los &#x00FA;ltimos doce a&#x00F1;os; y (2) evaluarlos desde los diferentes puntos de vista de las tradiciones pedag&#x00F3;gicas angl&#x00F3;fona y centroeuropea.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31511_Esp" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>A<sc>poyo metodol&#x00F3;gico</sc></bold></title>
    <p>Una forma v&#x00E1;lida de explorar el estado actual de la <italic>death education</italic> es mediante un an&#x00E1;lisis de la producci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica (cuantitativo y descriptivo). En aplicaci&#x00F3;n de la Declaraci&#x00F3;n PRISMA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31511_Esp">Page <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>), se ofrece la siguiente informaci&#x00F3;n funcional. La b&#x00FA;squeda se centr&#x00F3; en art&#x00ED;culos revistas de alto impacto cient&#x00ED;fico, con el descriptor &#x201C;death education&#x201D;. El periodo fue de enero de 2010 a junio de 2022. La raz&#x00F3;n para elegir este intervalo fue que la inclusi&#x00F3;n de la &#x00FA;ltima d&#x00E9;cada completa hasta la actualidad pod&#x00ED;a reflejar la tendencia de las publicaciones sobre el tema en los &#x00FA;ltimos a&#x00F1;os. La b&#x00FA;squeda se realiz&#x00F3; en las principales bases de datos de la <italic>Web of Science</italic> (WoS, colecci&#x00F3;n principal de <italic>Web of Science</italic>), <italic>KCI&#x2013;Korean Journal Database, MEDLINE, Current Contents Connect, SciELO Citation Index</italic> y <italic>Russian Science Citation Index</italic>) y en la base de datos de <italic>Scopus</italic>. Se atendi&#x00F3; a los siguientes filtros de b&#x00FA;squeda: Tema: &#x201C;death education&#x201D;, A&#x00F1;os de publicaci&#x00F3;n: enero de 2010 &#x2013; junio de 2022, Indexaci&#x00F3;n de <italic>Scopus</italic> y JCR (<italic>Science Citation Index-Expanded</italic>; <italic>the Social Sciences Citation Index</italic>; y <italic>the Art</italic> &#x0026; <italic>Humanities Citation Index</italic>). Las variables asociadas a la b&#x00FA;squeda del descriptor y, por tanto, la categor&#x00ED;a que define el corpus de la investigaci&#x00F3;n (&#x201C;death education&#x201D;) fueron la frecuencia de producci&#x00F3;n por a&#x00F1;os, las frecuencias de las revistas que publican estudios al respecto, la ubicaci&#x00F3;n del t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;death education&#x201D; (t&#x00ED;tulo, revista, etc.), las categor&#x00ED;as o sub-&#x00E1;reas vinculadas, la frecuencia de palabras clave, y los autores con mayores producciones. No se aplicaron criterios de restricci&#x00F3;n adicionales a las publicaciones encontradas.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31511_Esp" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esultados</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-4-31511_Esp">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>Producci&#x00F3;n acad&#x00E9;mica en WOS y Scopus</italic></title>
<p>Entre enero de 2010 y junio de 2022 se publicaron 520 art&#x00ED;culos de alto impacto: n = 108 en <italic>Scopus</italic>, n = 264 en <italic>WOS</italic> y n = 148 en ambas bases de datos. Se observa que, a pesar de descensos puntuales en los a&#x00F1;os 2012, 2017 y 2020, existe una tendencia general al alza en el n&#x00FA;mero de producciones cient&#x00ED;ficas sobre <italic>death education</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31511_Esp">Figura 1</xref>). La pandemia de Covid-19 declarada por la OMS el 30 de enero de 2020 puede haber influido al crear una mayor necesidad de conocimientos.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31511_Esp">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>E<sc>voluci&#x00F3;n del n&#x00FA;mero de publicaciones desde enero de</sc> 2010 <sc>a junio de</sc> 2022</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-31511_Esp.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia seg&#x00FA;n las bases de datos consultadas</attrib>
</fig>
<sec id="sec-5-31511_Esp">
<label>3.1.1.</label>
<title>Revistas</title>
<p>La revista m&#x00E1;s productiva fue <italic>Omega</italic>: <italic>Journal of Death and Dying</italic> (n = 61), seguida de <italic>Death Studies</italic> (n = 25). Le siguen de lejos <italic>The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care</italic> y <italic>Journal of Palliative Medicine</italic> (n = 8, respectivamente). Como puede observarse, las publicaciones se concentraron principalmente en revistas del &#x00E1;mbito de la Tanatolog&#x00ED;a, abarcando investigaciones de diferentes &#x00E1;reas de la ciencia. Tambi&#x00E9;n se encontraron varias revistas de Ciencias de la Salud, aunque con menor n&#x00FA;mero de publicaciones. Parad&#x00F3;jicamente, los estudios publicados en revistas de las listas de educaci&#x00F3;n <italic>WOS</italic> y <italic>Scopus</italic> fueron escasos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31511_Esp">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-31511_Esp">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1.</label>
<caption><title>N<sc>&#x00FA;mero y porcentaje de publicaciones cient&#x00ED;ficas sobre death education</sc> (&#x2265;3)</title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31511_Esp" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="80%"/>
<col width="5%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Journal</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>%</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Omega: Journal of Death and Dying</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>61</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>28.11 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Death Studies</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>25</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>11.52 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;8</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.69 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Palliative Medicine</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;8</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.69 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Frontiers in Psychology</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Handbook of Thanatology: The Essential Body of Knowledge for the Study of Death, Dying, and Bereavement</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Korean Journal of Religious Education</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;6</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.76 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.30 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Nurse Education Today</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.30 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The American Journal of Hospice Palliative Care</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.30 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Indian Journal of Science and Technology</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.30 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Behavioral Science</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Behavioral Science Basel Switzerland BMC Public Heath</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Digital Convergence</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing (JHPN)</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Official Journal of the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Korean Journal of Geribtikigucak Social Welfare</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Journal of Learner-Centred Curriculum and Instruction</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Final Transition</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Theology and Praxis</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Gerontology &#x0026; Geriatrics Education</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Christian Education in Korea</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Hospice &#x0026; Palliative Nursing</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Korean Journal of Educational Research</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Korean Medical Education Review</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Studies On Life and Culture</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Journal of Humanities and Social Science</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Korean Journal of Philosophy of Education</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Chinese Journal of Practical Nursing</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Nursing Education in Thanatology: A Curriculum Continuum</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Thanatology Community and the Needs of the Movement</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia seg&#x00FA;n las bases de datos consultadas</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-31511_Esp">
<label>3.1.2.</label>
<title>&#x201C;Educaci&#x00F3;n para la muerte&#x201D; en el t&#x00ED;tulo de la revista</title>
<p>S&#x00F3;lo 2 revistas de la base de datos <italic>Scopus</italic> inclu&#x00ED;an la educaci&#x00F3;n sobre la muerte en sus t&#x00ED;tulos: <italic>Suicidal Behaviour, Bereavement and Death Education in Chinese Adolescents: Hong Kong Studies</italic>, y <italic>Death Education and Research: Critical Perspectives</italic>. La primera de ellas inclu&#x00ED;a dos art&#x00ED;culos con las palabras clave &#x201C;<italic>death education</italic>&#x201D;, y la segunda s&#x00F3;lo uno.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31511_Esp">
<label>3.1.3.</label>
<title>Categor&#x00ED;as tem&#x00E1;ticas</title>
<p>Las <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-31511_Esp">figuras 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-31511_Esp">3</xref> muestran las categor&#x00ED;as con m&#x00E1;s de diez art&#x00ED;culos (n &#x003E; 10) sobre <italic>death education</italic> en <italic>WOS</italic> y <italic>Scopus</italic>. En <italic>WOS</italic>, la mayor&#x00ED;a de los art&#x00ED;culos se incluyeron en la categor&#x00ED;a de Educaci&#x00F3;n e Investigaci&#x00F3;n Educativa (n = 142; 15,22 %). La segunda categor&#x00ED;a fue Psicolog&#x00ED;a (n = 136; 14,58 %), seguida de Ciencias del Comportamiento (n = 113; 12,11 %) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-31511_Esp">Figura 2</xref>). Sin embargo, es importante se&#x00F1;alar que las revistas con art&#x00ED;culos sobre el tema en las categor&#x00ED;as de Educaci&#x00F3;n e Investigaci&#x00F3;n Educativa y Educaci&#x00F3;n fueron escasas (por ejemplo, <italic>European Journal of Special Needs Education</italic> y <italic>Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education</italic>). En <italic>Scopus</italic>, la mayor&#x00ED;a de los art&#x00ED;culos se incluyeron en la categor&#x00ED;a de Medicina (n = 137; 32,93 %). La segunda categor&#x00ED;a fue Ciencias Sociales (n = 100; 24,04 %), seguida de Psicolog&#x00ED;a (n = 78; 18,75 %) y, por &#x00FA;ltimo, Enfermer&#x00ED;a (n = 35; 12,26 %; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-31511_Esp">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="fig-2-31511_Esp">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>ategor&#x00ED;as de <italic>death education</italic> en <italic>wos</italic></sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-2-31511_Esp.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia seg&#x00FA;n las bases de datos consultadas</attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="fig-3-31511_Esp">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 3</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>ategor&#x00ED;as de <italic>death education</italic> en <italic>scopus</italic></sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-3-31511_Esp.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia seg&#x00FA;n las bases de datos consultadas</attrib>
</fig>
<p>La categor&#x00ED;a de Educaci&#x00F3;n en <italic>Scopus</italic> no destaca por la <italic>death education</italic>. As&#x00ED;, nuestros datos confirmaron que, en general, el concepto epistemol&#x00F3;gico y te&#x00F3;rico actual de la <italic>death education</italic> es m&#x00E1;s af&#x00ED;n a las Ciencias de la Salud (Medicina, Psicolog&#x00ED;a y Enfermer&#x00ED;a), donde se encuentra la mayor&#x00ED;a de las publicaciones.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-31511_Esp">
<label>3.1.4.</label>
<title>Keywords</title>
<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-31511_Esp">Tabla 2</xref> figuran las palabras clave de los art&#x00ED;culos sobre &#x201C;educaci&#x00F3;n sobre la muerte&#x201D; publicados en <italic>WOS</italic>.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-31511_Esp">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 2.</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>alabras clave de los art&#x00ED;culos sobre <italic>death education</italic> en <italic>wos</italic></sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-31511_Esp" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="60%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Keywords</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>%</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Humans</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>122</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>25.10 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Female</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;63</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>12.96 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Male</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;57</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>11.73 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Adult</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;48</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;9.88 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Attitude to death</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;48</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;9,88 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Young adult</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;29</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5.97 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Middle-aged</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;27</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5.56 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>curriculum</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;25</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5.14 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>aged</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;23</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4.73 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Students nursing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;22</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4.53 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Terminal care</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;22</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4.53 %</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia seg&#x00FA;n las bases de datos consultadas</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-3-31511_Esp">Tabla 3</xref> muestra las palabras clave de los art&#x00ED;culos sobre <italic>death education</italic> publicados en <italic>Scopus</italic>.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-3-31511_Esp">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 3.</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>alabras clave de los art&#x00ED;culos sobre <italic>death education</italic> en <italic>scopus</italic></sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-3-31511_Esp" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="60%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Keywords</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>%</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Human/s</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>297</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>22.11 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Death education</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>156</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>11.62 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Article</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>103</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7.67 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Female</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;89</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;6.63 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Male</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;83</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;6.18 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Adult</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;76</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5.66 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Death</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;53</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.95 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Attitude to death</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;51</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.80 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Psychology</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;41</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.05 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Terminal care</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;37</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.76 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Aged</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;35</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.61 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Major clinical study</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;33</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.46 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Middle-aged</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;33</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.46 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Palliative therapy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;33</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.46 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Bereavement</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;31</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.31 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Education</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;31</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.31 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Palliative care</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;30</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Young adult</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;30</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Controlled study</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;29</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.16 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Curriculum</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;28</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.08 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Grief</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>24</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>1.79 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Priority journal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;20</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.49 %</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia seg&#x00FA;n las bases de datos consultadas</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>La palabra clave &#x201C;educaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; s&#x00F3;lo aparece en n = 3 ocasiones en <italic>WOS</italic> y n = 31 en <italic>Scopus</italic>. El t&#x00E9;rmino &#x201C;Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la muerte&#x201D; aparece en 8 art&#x00ED;culos, todos ellos publicados por Herr&#x00E1;n y Rodr&#x00ED;guez, autores espa&#x00F1;oles que escriben en la tradici&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica centroeuropea (v&#x00E9;ase la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-4-31511_Esp">Tabla 4</xref>). Hab&#x00ED;a m&#x00E1;s palabras clave relacionadas con la salud y las Ciencias Sociales que con la educaci&#x00F3;n o la Pedagog&#x00ED;a.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-4-31511_Esp">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 4.</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>a&#x00ED;ses y autores de art&#x00ED;culos sobre <italic>death education</italic></sc> (<sc><italic>wos</italic> y <italic>scopus</italic></sc>)</title></caption>
<table id="tab-4-31511_Esp" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="50%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Autor</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Country</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Years of publication</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Testoni</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>26</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Italy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2011 / 2016 / 2016 / 2016 / 2018 / 2018 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2020 / 2020 / 2020 / 2020 / 2020 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 /2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2022</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Herr&#x00E1;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Spain</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2013 / 2019 / 2020 / 2020 / 2021 / 2021 / 2022 / 2022 / 2022 /2022</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Rodr&#x00ED;guez</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Spain</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2012 / 2019 / 2020 / 2020 / 2021 / 2021 / 2022 / 2022 / 2022 /2022</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Kim</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>South Korea</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2014 / 2015 / 2015 / 2016 / 2016 / 2016 / 2017 / 2018 / 2019 / 2019</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ronconi</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Italy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2016 / 2018 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2020 / 2020 / 2020 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2022</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Zamperini</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Italy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2016 / 2016 / 2018 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2020</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ahn</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>South Korea</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2014, 2015, 2016, 2016, 2018</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cacciatore</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>USA (Arizona)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2012 / 2013 / 2014 / 2015 / 2019</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Doka</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>USA</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2011 / 2013 / 2013 / 2015 / 2015</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia seg&#x00FA;n las bases de datos consultadas</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-31511_Esp">
<label>3.1.5.</label>
<title>Pa&#x00ED;ses y autores</title>
<p>En <italic>WOS</italic>, EE.UU. (n = 66 art&#x00ED;culos) result&#x00F3; ser el pa&#x00ED;s m&#x00E1;s productivo, seguido en orden por China (n = 44), Espa&#x00F1;a (n = 30) e Italia (n = 23). Del mismo modo, EE.UU. fue el pa&#x00ED;s m&#x00E1;s productivo en <italic>Scopus</italic>, (n = 94), seguido de China (n = 36), Espa&#x00F1;a (n = 27), Italia (n = 26), Corea del Sur y Reino Unido (ambos n = 21) y Australia (n = 20). Los autores con m&#x00E1;s art&#x00ED;culos publicados en las revistas analizadas figuran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-4-31511_Esp">Tabla 4</xref>, junto con su pa&#x00ED;s de referencia.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-31511_Esp">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>iscusi&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica</sc></bold></title>
<p>Aunque casi todas las 520 publicaciones de calidad sobre la <italic>death education</italic> eran en ingl&#x00E9;s, inclu&#x00ED;an estudios que trabajaban en tradiciones acad&#x00E9;micas diferentes. Aqu&#x00ED; tratamos de dilucidar las dos principales genealog&#x00ED;as pedag&#x00F3;gicas: la tradici&#x00F3;n educativa anglosajona (TEA) y la tradici&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica centroeuropea (o alemana) (TPC). Dentro de esta &#x00FA;ltima, se har&#x00E1; especial referencia al caso de Espa&#x00F1;a, por su importancia relativa en el avance te&#x00F3;rico de la <italic>death education</italic> a trav&#x00E9;s de la segunda l&#x00ED;nea pedag&#x00F3;gica. Los objetivos de la comparaci&#x00F3;n fueron, por un lado, conocer mejor la difusi&#x00F3;n geogr&#x00E1;fica de la Educaci&#x00F3;n para la Muerte, desde diversas perspectivas; y, por otro, facilitar la comparaci&#x00F3;n y el contraste entre los estudios de ambas l&#x00ED;neas acad&#x00E9;micas. Para la evaluaci&#x00F3;n comparativa se definieron 12 dimensiones.</p>
<sec id="sec-11-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>1.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Nombres y or&#x00ED;genes de las dos tradiciones educativas</italic></title>
<p>La TEA se considera aqu&#x00ED; como la tradici&#x00F3;n que surge en los pa&#x00ED;ses y entre los autores de la esfera de influencia anglosajona. Sus ra&#x00ED;ces se sit&#x00FA;an a finales del siglo XIX en Estados Unidos, y aparece por primera vez en la teor&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n de la psicolog&#x00ED;a (conductismo) y la teor&#x00ED;a del curr&#x00ED;culo, en el contexto de las reformas educativas necesarias para una sociedad cada vez m&#x00E1;s industrializada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31511_Esp">Bowen, 1975</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31511_Esp">Cossio, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31511_Esp">Runge, 2013</xref>). El autor m&#x00E1;s influyente en esta etapa fue <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31511_Esp">Dewey (1902)</xref>, representante de la educaci&#x00F3;n progresista. Esta tradici&#x00F3;n confluy&#x00F3; posteriormente con la educaci&#x00F3;n de la muerte, iniciada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31511_Esp">Feifel (1959)</xref> en los a&#x00F1;os 70 y 80. Por TPC entendemos la tradici&#x00F3;n surgida en los pa&#x00ED;ses y entre los autores de la esfera de influencia centroeuropea. Esta l&#x00ED;nea se inicia en el siglo XVII con el pensador alem&#x00E1;n Ratke (tambi&#x00E9;n llamado &#x201C;Didacticus&#x201D;) y el checo Comenius (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31511_Esp">Barnard, 1876</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31511_Esp">Vogt, 1894</xref>), que sentaron las bases cient&#x00ED;ficas de la Did&#x00E1;ctica moderna. Un siglo m&#x00E1;s tarde, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31511_Esp">Herbart (2015)</xref> logr&#x00F3; la misma tarea con la Pedagog&#x00ED;a como disciplina acad&#x00E9;mica. Los primeros estudios de TPC sobre la <italic>death education</italic> (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31511_Esp">Neulinger, 1975</xref>) se realizaron en el campo de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-12-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>2.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Identidad epistemol&#x00F3;gica y</italic> death education</title>
<p>En la TEA se propugna una forma multidisciplinar de <italic>death education</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31511_Esp">Feifel, 1959</xref>), basada en la Antropolog&#x00ED;a, el Arte, la Literatura, la Medicina, la Filosof&#x00ED;a, la Fisiolog&#x00ED;a, el Psicoan&#x00E1;lisis, la Psiquiatr&#x00ED;a, la Psicolog&#x00ED;a y la Religi&#x00F3;n. M&#x00E1;s tarde se a&#x00F1;adieron a esta lista la Enfermer&#x00ED;a, la Sociolog&#x00ED;a, la Historia, la Teolog&#x00ED;a, etc. Sin embargo, la Pedagog&#x00ED;a y la Did&#x00E1;ctica no est&#x00E1;n incluidas, ya que, en el mundo acad&#x00E9;mico anglosaj&#x00F3;n, no existen como disciplinas acad&#x00E9;micas separadas. En esta tradici&#x00F3;n, seg&#x00FA;n el <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31511_Esp">Diccionario Collins (2023)</xref> &#x201C;pedagog&#x00ED;a&#x201D; es &#x201C;el estudio y la teor&#x00ED;a de los m&#x00E9;todos y principios de la ense&#x00F1;anza&#x201D;, mientras que &#x201C;did&#x00E1;ctica&#x201D; (adjetivo) se define as&#x00ED;: &#x201C;algo que es did&#x00E1;ctico pretende ense&#x00F1;ar algo a la gente, especialmente una lecci&#x00F3;n moral&#x201D;, y &#x201C;did&#x00E1;ctica&#x201D; es &#x201C;el arte o la ciencia de ense&#x00F1;ar&#x201D;. La &#x201C;did&#x00E1;ctica general&#x201D;, por su parte, se aplica en el dise&#x00F1;o curricular. En la TEA, el campo de estudio (educaci&#x00F3;n, <italic>death education</italic>) se utiliza para referirse tanto a la disciplina como al objeto de estudio, una visi&#x00F3;n que es compatible con la naturaleza multidisciplinar de la <italic>death education</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31511_Esp">Crase, 1989</xref>). La TPC distingue claramente entre ciencias y campos de estudio. La ciencia de la educaci&#x00F3;n por excelencia es la Pedagog&#x00ED;a, que coexiste con otras Ciencias de la Educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31511_Esp">Durkheim, 2001</xref>). Entre &#x00E9;stas se encuentra la Did&#x00E1;ctica General, cuyo objeto es el estudio de la ense&#x00F1;anza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31511_Esp">Heimann, 1976</xref>), el aprendizaje, la formaci&#x00F3;n (equivalente a &#x201C;educaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D;), el curr&#x00ED;culo y todo lo relacionado con &#x00E9;stos. Ni la did&#x00E1;ctica inglesa ni la did&#x00E1;ctica francesa son equivalentes a la did&#x00E1;ctica alemana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-31511_Esp">Schneuwly, 2021</xref>). Cuando, en lugar de referirse a la educaci&#x00F3;n en general, la Pedagog&#x00ED;a y la Did&#x00E1;ctica se refieren a formas de educaci&#x00F3;n o ense&#x00F1;anza que tienen en cuenta la muerte, podemos hablar de Pedagog&#x00ED;a y Did&#x00E1;ctica de la Muerte. As&#x00ED;, estas disciplinas pueden considerarse ramas de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a o de la Did&#x00E1;ctica General, respectivamente. En el an&#x00E1;lisis de la producci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica, las palabras clave &#x201C;Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la Muerte&#x201D; aparecen en los art&#x00ED;culos publicados por autores espa&#x00F1;oles (Herr&#x00E1;n y Rodr&#x00ED;guez), ambos trabajando en la TPC. La TPC tambi&#x00E9;n puede incluir, aunque en menor medida, trabajos sobre <italic>death education</italic> en el &#x00E1;mbito de la salud (principalmente, Psicolog&#x00ED;a) y otras ciencias.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-13-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>3.</italic></label>
<title><italic>La Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la muerte en Espa&#x00F1;a y el enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n</italic></title>
<p>Espa&#x00F1;a es un pa&#x00ED;s clave en la actual definici&#x00F3;n de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a y Did&#x00E1;ctica de la Muerte. En los &#x00FA;ltimos 35 a&#x00F1;os, la pedagog&#x00ED;a espa&#x00F1;ola ha destacado por ser una de las m&#x00E1;s activas en publicaciones sobre <italic>death education</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31511_Esp">Colomo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31511_Esp">Jambrina, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31511_Esp">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Heredia y Bedmar, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-31511_Esp">Rodr&#x00ED;guez <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). En la actualidad, Espa&#x00F1;a es el pa&#x00ED;s con m&#x00E1;s estudios de calidad sobre <italic>death education</italic> en la tradici&#x00F3;n TPC, como muestran estos estudios bibliom&#x00E9;tricos. Desde los a&#x00F1;os ochenta, varios fil&#x00F3;sofos espa&#x00F1;oles (p. ej. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31511_Esp">Fullat, 1982</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31511_Esp">M&#x00E8;lich, 1989</xref>) han insistido en la necesidad de educar en torno al tema de la muerte. A partir de los a&#x00F1;os noventa, el pedagogo espa&#x00F1;ol Herr&#x00E1;n ha ido publicando libros y ensayos que sientan las bases de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a y la Did&#x00E1;ctica de la Muerte desde el punto de vista de la TPC (p. ej. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). En esta corriente te&#x00F3;rica, la muerte se identifica como un tab&#x00FA; pedag&#x00F3;gico y un &#x201C;tema radical&#x201D; (TPC-R), y la Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la Muerte se enmarca en t&#x00E9;rminos del &#x201C;enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31511_Esp">2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31511_Esp">2015</xref>), que, si bien ofrece una nueva perspectiva, tambi&#x00E9;n se deriva de la TPC. Este enfoque ha realizado una cr&#x00ED;tica fundamental de la educaci&#x00F3;n occidental, que sigue la tradici&#x00F3;n socr&#x00E1;tica. Se aboga por una s&#x00ED;ntesis de la tradici&#x00F3;n occidental con las ense&#x00F1;anzas de Buda y los cl&#x00E1;sicos tao&#x00ED;stas (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2018</xref>); considera que la forma actual de educaci&#x00F3;n es necesaria, pero limitada y sesgada hacia lo superficial. En los curr&#x00ED;culos, las actuales disciplinas y temas transversales (competencias y valores) se ajustan al tipo de educaci&#x00F3;n que reclama la sociedad y precisan los Estados. Pueden complementarse con un conjunto de &#x201C;temas radicales&#x201D; que responden a necesidades humanas m&#x00E1;s profundas pero que en la actualidad no son atendidas ni suficientemente desarrolladas por la teor&#x00ED;a pedag&#x00F3;gica ni expresadas por los organismos educativos internacionales que condicionan la educaci&#x00F3;n. El primero de estos temas es la <italic>death education</italic>. El curr&#x00ED;culo radical profundiza en aquellos temas que, al no ser tratados, evidencian importantes lagunas educativas: temas vitales perennes, comunes a todos los contextos y de car&#x00E1;cter transcultural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n y Rodriguez, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-14-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>4.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Orientaciones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas</italic></title>
<p>La l&#x00ED;nea TEA de <italic>death education</italic> est&#x00E1; orientada al bienestar y a la adaptaci&#x00F3;n de la vida personal y profesional al duelo, como ha mostrado nuestro an&#x00E1;lisis. Aunque se ha desarrollado principalmente en los &#x00E1;mbitos de la salud y la mejora de la vida interior, puede abarcar otros temas, como el miedo a la muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31511_Esp">McClatchey y King, 2015</xref>), la resiliencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31511_Esp">Kim, 2019</xref>), la depresi&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31511_Esp">Dadfar y Lester, 2020</xref>) y el suicidio (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-31511_Esp">Testoni <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). Aunque la TEA tiende a ser multidisciplinar, su base esencial es la Psicolog&#x00ED;a. Por su parte, la l&#x00ED;nea TPC de <italic>death education</italic> y su posterior desarrollo en el enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n se basan en la Pedagog&#x00ED;a y la Did&#x00E1;ctica de la Muerte como disciplinas cient&#x00ED;ficas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n y Cortina, 2006</xref>). Aunque son campos claramente definidos, est&#x00E1;n abiertos a la complejidad y a los enfoques interdisciplinares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). La aparici&#x00F3;n del enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n (TPC-R) ha producido &#x201C;crisis epistemol&#x00F3;gicas&#x201D; en el corpus normal de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a y la Did&#x00E1;ctica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31511_Esp">Kuhn, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31511_Esp">Sankey, 1997</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-15-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>5.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Concepto de</italic> death education</title>
<p>En la TEA, la <italic>death education</italic> se refiere a todos los estudios sobre la muerte en la sociedad, la formaci&#x00F3;n de los profesionales de la salud, la atenci&#x00F3;n a los ancianos, los moribundos, as&#x00ED; como el tratamiento del duelo en las escuelas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31511_Esp">Crase, 1982</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31511_Esp">Leviton, 1977</xref>). La TPC conceptualiza la <italic>death education</italic> como aquella que tiene en cuenta la muerte en todos sus aspectos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2022</xref>): propios y ajenos, formales y no formales, sociales y pedag&#x00F3;gicos, familiares y curriculares, atemporales y coyunturales (por ejemplo, debidos a pandemias, guerras, degradaci&#x00F3;n medioambiental, p&#x00E9;rdida de biodiversidad, genocidio, extinci&#x00F3;n, aborto, desapariciones de ni&#x00F1;os-secuestros, accidentes, etc.). Epistemol&#x00F3;gicamente, puede definirse como objeto de estudio tanto de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la Muerte como de otras ciencias que la investigan desde sus propias perspectivas. En la l&#x00ED;nea de la TPC-R, la Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la Muerte se entiende como un puente potencial entre la educaci&#x00F3;n formal (tanto centrada en materias como transversal, abarcando competencias y valores sociales) y la educaci&#x00F3;n no formal, junto con otros campos educativos radicales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2022</xref>). Desde el enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n, la Pedagog&#x00ED;a y la Did&#x00E1;ctica de la Muerte se definen como &#x201C;disciplinas que estudian la educaci&#x00F3;n y la ense&#x00F1;anza que incluyen la muerte para una vida m&#x00E1;s consciente&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31511_Esp">Rodr&#x00ED;guez <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-16-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>6.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Objetivos de la</italic> death education</title>
    <p>En la TEA, la <italic>death education</italic> pretende mejorar la calidad de vida mediante cambios actitudinales, cognitivos y conductuales por la muerte o en respuesta a la muerte. Estos cambios aportan sentido a una vida, que incluye el sufrimiento y la muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31511_Esp">Durlak, 1972</xref>). En la TPC, los objetivos de la <italic>death education</italic> son llevar los temas de la p&#x00E9;rdida, la finitud, la muerte y el duelo a las escuelas para establecer la muerte como un tema normal en la educaci&#x00F3;n y formar a los profesores en el asesoramiento a los alumnos en duelo a trav&#x00E9;s de la tutor&#x00ED;a. En la TPC-R, la <italic>death education</italic> pretende fomentar la evoluci&#x00F3;n interior del ser humano a trav&#x00E9;s de la toma de conciencia de la muerte y de la vida, como una educaci&#x00F3;n que pasa de una vida inmadura y egoc&#x00E9;ntrica a otra m&#x00E1;s compleja y consciente o una evoluci&#x00F3;n personal y social del ego a la conciencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2018</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Esp">2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-17-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>7.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Participantes y poblaci&#x00F3;n destinataria</italic></title>
<p>En la TEA, la <italic>death education</italic> se dirige principalmente a investigadores y profesionales de la salud (m&#x00E9;dicos, enfermeros, psic&#x00F3;logos, etc.) que est&#x00E1;n en contacto con la muerte, el morir y el duelo en situaciones de crisis, cat&#x00E1;strofe, enfermedad terminal, suicidio y sufrimiento por la muerte de seres queridos. Tambi&#x00E9;n se dirige a la comunidad educativa y a la sociedad en general. En la TPC y la TPC-R, la educaci&#x00F3;n sobre la muerte se dirige principalmente a investigadores en educaci&#x00F3;n, profesores en general, orientadores educativos, directores de centros escolares, pol&#x00ED;ticos de los departamentos de educaci&#x00F3;n, medios de comunicaci&#x00F3;n, profesionales de la salud y la sociedad en general. El principal p&#x00FA;blico objetivo de la TPC-R son las personas en general, comenzando por la ra&#x00ED;z educativa de todo lo que puede razonarse, que cada s&#x00ED; mismo, y, m&#x00E1;s concretamente, uno mismo.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-18-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>8.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Enfoques y actividades en la</italic> death education</title>
<p>Tradicionalmente, la TEA ha acogido dos enfoques distintos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31511_Esp">Corr, 2016</xref>): el formal o did&#x00E1;ctico y el no formal y experiencial. Sin embargo, nosotros preferimos identificar tres. En primer lugar, el enfoque formal, que se concreta en cursos, conferencias, charlas, seminarios, etc. que pretenden promover el enriquecimiento cognitivo y el cambio de actitudes. Se pone en pr&#x00E1;ctica en titulaciones oficiales, programas acad&#x00E9;micos y asignaturas espec&#x00ED;ficas. Por ejemplo, en la educaci&#x00F3;n primaria y secundaria, la preparaci&#x00F3;n universitaria, la formaci&#x00F3;n profesional, etc. El segundo es el enfoque no formal, aplicado en congresos, encuentros, etc., pero tambi&#x00E9;n a trav&#x00E9;s de art&#x00ED;culos en revistas cient&#x00ED;ficas, libros, entrevistas, documentales, etc., y con los mismos objetivos que el enfoque formal. En tercer lugar, est&#x00E1; el enfoque no formal y experiencial, que se lleva a cabo en estrecha comunicaci&#x00F3;n personal y di&#x00E1;logo basado en la confianza, e incluye la pr&#x00E1;ctica cl&#x00ED;nica, el debate, el intercambio de experiencias, etc. Es un enfoque que aprovecha los &#x201C;momentos did&#x00E1;cticos&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31511_Esp">Corr <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31511_Esp">Leviton, 1977</xref>) para la autoeducaci&#x00F3;n en el hogar y en escuelas, hospitales, hospicios, etc., y pretende cambios m&#x00E1;s profundos y duraderos en las actitudes hacia la muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31511_Esp">Durlak, 1994</xref>). Los tres enfoques utilizan recursos audiovisuales y de otro tipo. El TPC y el TPC-R incluyen dos enfoques did&#x00E1;cticos b&#x00E1;sicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>): antes y despu&#x00E9;s del duelo. El enfoque antes del duelo pretende normalizar la muerte en la educaci&#x00F3;n, en los planes de estudio y en la vida en general, a trav&#x00E9;s de la ense&#x00F1;anza formal e informal. Es consciente de que la muerte no forma parte de la educaci&#x00F3;n exigida por la sociedad, ya sea basada en asignaturas o transversalmente. Junto con otros temas y retos, abarca una tercera dimensi&#x00F3;n del programa de estudios para dar forma a un curr&#x00ED;culo m&#x00E1;s educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-4-31511_Esp">Figura 4</xref>):</p>
<p><fig id="fig-4-31511_Esp">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 4</label>
<caption><title>3<sc>d</sc> C<sc>urriculum</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-4-31511_Esp.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</fig></p>
<p>El abordaje posterior se identifica con la orientaci&#x00F3;n tutorial y el asesoramiento al ni&#x00F1;o, alumno o grupo de alumnos en situaci&#x00F3;n de duelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n y Cortina, 2006</xref>). Los tutores son v&#x00ED;nculos entre la escuela y la familia y, por tanto, acompa&#x00F1;antes id&#x00F3;neos de los ni&#x00F1;os/alumnos en este proceso. Deben saber c&#x00F3;mo coordinarse con otros profesores; si son la persona m&#x00E1;s adecuada para intervenir en cada caso; cu&#x00E1;ndo pedir apoyo o derivar al ni&#x00F1;o a un especialista en situaciones m&#x00E1;s complejas de duelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31511_Esp">Kroen, 1996</xref>), etc. La TPC-R abarca dos enfoques m&#x00E1;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n y Cortina, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>): el enfoque fenom&#x00E9;nico o evolutivo y el enfoque meditativo. El enfoque fenom&#x00E9;nico se asocia con la conciencia de existir en un universo en evoluci&#x00F3;n. Desde esta perspectiva, la muerte se considera una necesidad evolutiva, sin un antes ni un despu&#x00E9;s claramente definidos. El &#x00E1;tomo y el universo participan de este fen&#x00F3;meno existencial, real, del que tambi&#x00E9;n se puede ser consciente. El cuarto enfoque es el meditativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2021</xref>). Tiene que ver con la educaci&#x00F3;n profunda o radical, comprendida como p&#x00E9;rdida del ego, complejidad de conciencia y autoconocimiento esencial. Se inspira en las ense&#x00F1;anzas de Buda, Bodhidharma y los cl&#x00E1;sicos tao&#x00ED;stas (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31511_Esp">Droit, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31511_Esp">Xu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>) e incluye la experiencia de la propia identidad esencial o verdadera naturaleza, que tiene que ver con la conciencia del no-ser, del vac&#x00ED;o, de la nada, del no-ego, es decir, la otra cara del ego que creemos ser o con el que nos hemos identificado y adherido. La metodolog&#x00ED;a de este enfoque es la meditaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31511_Esp">Johnston, 1975</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-19-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>9.</italic></label>
<title><italic>El concepto de &#x201C;muerte&#x201D; en la</italic> death education</title>
<p>La TEA se centra en un concepto de muerte asociado al morir, el duelo, el luto y la p&#x00E9;rdida, entendidos en sentido amplio. Sobre esta base, otros conceptos, definidos por su naturaleza &#x201C;preventiva&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31511_Esp">Aspinall, 1996</xref>), se consideran parte del ciclo vital. En la TPC de <italic>death education</italic>, sin embargo, se abordan ambos enfoques b&#x00E1;sicos: la p&#x00E9;rdida y el duelo, por un lado (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31511_Esp">Colomo, 2016</xref>), y la ense&#x00F1;anza que acoge la muerte de forma natural, por otro (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31511_Esp">Colomo y O&#x00F1;a, 2014</xref>). En el TPC-R se identifican 21 conceptos diferentes de muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n y Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2020</xref>). Esta divergencia y apertura de significados para la educaci&#x00F3;n multiplica la accesibilidad de la muerte para la acci&#x00F3;n educativa.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-20-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>10.</italic></label>
<title><italic>El concepto de &#x201C;educaci&#x00F3;n&#x201D; en la</italic> death education</title>
<p>Tanto en la TEA como en la TPC, la educaci&#x00F3;n se entiende en sentido amplio como una actividad orientada al cultivo de habilidades, la formaci&#x00F3;n del car&#x00E1;cter, el aprendizaje de conocimientos disciplinares, la transmisi&#x00F3;n del patrimonio cultural y la adquisici&#x00F3;n y desarrollo de las competencias y valores necesarios para una ciudadan&#x00ED;a democr&#x00E1;tica, inclusiva, cr&#x00ED;tica, creativa y participativa. La TPC-R aspira a una educaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s plena (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2023</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Esp">2022</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31511_Esp">2021</xref>). Se define como una evoluci&#x00F3;n interior desde el ego a la conciencia, que tiene lugar de forma compleja y no lineal, y adopta como referente el autoconocimiento esencial, equivalente a la conciencia de universalidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n y Mu&#x00F1;oz, 2002</xref>). La <italic>death education</italic>, por tanto, es un puente a trav&#x00E9;s del cual llegar a la educaci&#x00F3;n de la conciencia, que engloba tanto la concepci&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n de la TEA como la de la TPC, pero que tambi&#x00E9;n abarca otras dimensiones y procesos formativos radicales y desatendidos por la Pedagog&#x00ED;a. En este enfoque, la Pedagog&#x00ED;a y la Did&#x00E1;ctica incluyen formas de educaci&#x00F3;n y ense&#x00F1;anza basadas en el conocimiento, las competencias, la conciencia y el control, p&#x00E9;rdida y superaci&#x00F3;n del egocentrismo, con el objetivo de una vida m&#x00E1;s consciente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-5-31511_Esp">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
<p><fig id="fig-5-31511_Esp">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 5</label>
<caption><title>M<sc>odelo b&#x00E1;sico para una autoeducaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s completa</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-5-31511_Esp.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</fig></p>
<p>En el marco del enfoque radical e inclusivo, la <italic>death education</italic> se orienta hacia &#x00E1;mbitos educativos que son a la vez ancestrales, novedosos y b&#x00E1;sicos, como la p&#x00E9;rdida y el control del ego, la toma de conciencia y el autoconocimiento esencial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n, 1995</xref>).</p></sec>
<sec id="sec-21-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>11.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Efectos educativos de la</italic> death education</title>
<p>En la TEA, el principal efecto de la <italic>death education</italic> es un cambio en las actitudes hacia la muerte, que se hace m&#x00E1;s efectivo a trav&#x00E9;s del enfoque experiencial o dial&#x00F3;gico (por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31511_Esp">Cordell y Schildt, 1977</xref>). En la TPC y la TPC-R, las acciones educativas producen cambios no s&#x00F3;lo en las actitudes, sino tambi&#x00E9;n en la conciencia y en la propia pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-22-31511_Esp">
<label><italic>12.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Los impactos sociales de la</italic> death education</title>
<p>La TEA destaca por su plasmaci&#x00F3;n institucional; por ejemplo, la <italic>Association for Death Education and Counseling</italic> (ADEC) y la creaci&#x00F3;n de departamentos de Psicolog&#x00ED;a de la salud y <italic>counselling</italic> en institutos y universidades de EE.UU. Tambi&#x00E9;n promueve la comunicaci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s de los medios, eventos formales y no formales en el sistema educativo, cursos, conferencias, programas para m&#x00E9;dicos y enfermeras, el desarrollo de referentes de competencia para educadores y formadores en el &#x00E1;rea (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.adec.org/page/Code_of_Ethics#Trainers">https://www.adec.org/page/Code_of_Ethics#Trainers</ext-link>), etc., incluyendo publicaciones de alta calidad en los campos de la Psicolog&#x00ED;a, la Sociolog&#x00ED;a y la Medicina, adem&#x00E1;s de enfoques multidisciplinares. Aunque el TPC tiene menos impacto social, especialmente en el &#x00E1;mbito formal, tambi&#x00E9;n fomenta eventos, cursos, conferencias, gu&#x00ED;as, proyectos de investigaci&#x00F3;n, publicaciones, etc.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-23-31511_Esp" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>onclusiones</sc></bold></title>
<p>El an&#x00E1;lisis de las revistas de alta calidad sobre <italic>death education</italic> indica que se trata de un &#x00E1;rea de investigaci&#x00F3;n y formaci&#x00F3;n en desarrollo. Su inter&#x00E9;s cient&#x00ED;fico y profesional es evidente, tanto en el &#x00E1;mbito sanitario como en el educativo. Aunque el enfoque de la <italic>death education</italic> en el &#x00E1;mbito sanitario lleva m&#x00E1;s tiempo, tambi&#x00E9;n es significativo su desarrollo en sistemas, contextos y procesos pedag&#x00F3;gicos.</p>
<p>Las tradiciones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas de la <italic>death education</italic> representan una dimensi&#x00F3;n importante a tener en cuenta en los estudios bibliom&#x00E9;tricos, te&#x00F3;ricos y emp&#x00ED;ricos. De hecho, ayudan a trazar la epistemolog&#x00ED;a del campo. Las dos tradiciones analizadas (TEA y TPC, incluida la TPC-R) difieren en varios aspectos. La mayor&#x00ED;a de las publicaciones de calidad que proceden de la TEA se refieren a implicaciones profesionales y sociales de la educaci&#x00F3;n sobre la muerte, con contenidos basados en la Psicolog&#x00ED;a y otras Ciencias de la Salud. Las publicaciones de calidad en TPC se centran m&#x00E1;s en la educaci&#x00F3;n, la formaci&#x00F3;n y la ense&#x00F1;anza que incluyen la muerte, se asimilan a la Pedagog&#x00ED;a y a la Did&#x00E1;ctica General. En ocasiones, por su novedad y err&#x00F3;neamente, se pueden asimilar a programas de salud. Un ejemplo es el proyecto &#x201C;Orugas y mariposas de colores en nuestros pupitres&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31511_Esp">Herrera, 2020</xref>), incluido en el programa &#x201C;Escuela y Salud&#x201D; y realizado por la &#x201C;Red Canaria de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud&#x201D; (Espa&#x00F1;a), apoyado en la Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la Muerte generada desde el enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Esp">Herr&#x00E1;n <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). Las publicaciones TPC y TPC-R, que se remontan a la d&#x00E9;cada de los 90 y no han dejado de crecer desde entonces -como muestra el estudio de la producci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica-, definen un enfoque te&#x00F3;rico de la <italic>death education</italic> basado en la tradici&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica centroeuropea.</p>
<p>Se ha intentado evitar el error advertido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31511_Esp">Kastenbaum (1977)</xref>: la posibilidad de que la <italic>death education</italic> tendiera a la reducci&#x00F3;n y la manipulaci&#x00F3;n epistemol&#x00F3;gica, en contraposici&#x00F3;n a la apertura mental propia de la investigaci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica. En opini&#x00F3;n de los autores, la presente contribuci&#x00F3;n es para la apertura, como as&#x00ED; mismo lo es la educaci&#x00F3;n, por lo que su sentido es coherente con la investigaci&#x00F3;n. La convergencia y la s&#x00ED;ntesis de ambas tradiciones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas y acad&#x00E9;micas de la <italic>death education</italic> puede ser una v&#x00ED;a prometedora para el desarrollo cient&#x00ED;fico conjunto desde y para la complejidad y la conciencia, por orientarse al estudio &#x201C;del fen&#x00F3;meno, pero de todo el fen&#x00F3;meno &#x201C;, en palabras de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31511_Esp">Teilhard de Chardin (1955)</xref>.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31511</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31511</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Beyond Death Education? A Study of Its Epistemological Traditions</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>&#x00BF;M&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la</italic> death education<italic>? Un estudio sobre sus tradiciones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9156-6971</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>HERR&#x00C1;N GASC&#x00D3;N</surname>
<given-names>Agust&#x00ED;n de la</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2152-0078</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>RODR&#x00CD;GUEZ HERRERO</surname>
<given-names>Pablo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-6286</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>MIGUEL YUBERO</surname>
<given-names>Victoria de</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1_Eng">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Aut&#x00F3;noma de Madrid. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Aut&#x00F3;noma de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Eng"><email>agustin.delaherran@uam.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2_Eng"><email>pablo.rodriguez@uam.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3_Eng"><email>victoriamiguelyubero@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024361</issue-id>
<fpage>183</fpage>
<lpage>204</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>03</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>

<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Death education covers a wide range of fields and contents which, since its beginnings, have included accompaniment, bereavement, and care, mainly from the health sciences. Only in recent decades has it moved into the field of education (education system, schools, training of educators, teaching, etc.), and has been applied beyond the field of bereavement. The best indexed scientific journals on death education define a valid space for two purposes: to know the scientific production in this field, and to recognise contributions made from two epistemological traditions: the Anglo-Saxon and the Central European, of which Spain participates. In the latter, the field (death education) is differentiated from the scientific discipline of reference (Pedagogy of death). The study aims to: (1) describe the publications on death education in quality scientific journals in the last ten years, and (2) analyse and compare the publications on death education from the perspective of the Anglo-Saxon and Central European epistemological traditions. For this purpose, an analysis of scientific production (quantitative and descriptive) has been carried out among the periodicals with the highest scientific impact in the field of death education indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) databases from January 2010 to June 2022. Subsequently, a comparative examination of twelve units of analysis from the perspective of both academic traditions has been carried out. The overall intention has been to contribute to the understanding of the literature analysed. It is concluded that the contributions of both educational traditions are enriching, differentiable and complementary. Within the Central European tradition, the publications produced within the framework of the Pedagogy of Death from Spain, associated with the radical and inclusive approach to education, stand out.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n para la muerte abarca una amplia gama de &#x00E1;mbitos y contenidos que, desde sus inicios, han incluido el acompa&#x00F1;amiento, el duelo y los cuidados, principalmente desde las Ciencias de la Salud. S&#x00F3;lo en las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas han pasado al campo educativo propiamente pedag&#x00F3;gico (sistema educativo, escuelas, formaci&#x00F3;n de educadores, ense&#x00F1;anza, etc.), aplic&#x00E1;ndose m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del duelo. Las revistas cient&#x00ED;ficas mejor indexadas sobre <italic>death education</italic> definen un espacio v&#x00E1;lido para dos intenciones: conocer la producci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica en este &#x00E1;mbito, y reconocer contribuciones realizadas desde dos tradiciones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas: la anglosajona y la centroeuropea, de la que Espa&#x00F1;a participa. En esta segunda se diferencian el campo (<italic>death education</italic>) de la disciplina por antonomasia (Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la muerte). El estudio tiene por objetivos: (1) describir las publicaciones sobre educaci&#x00F3;n para la muerte en revistas cient&#x00ED;ficas de calidad en los &#x00FA;ltimos diez a&#x00F1;os, y (2) analizar y comparar las publicaciones de educaci&#x00F3;n para la muerte desde la perspectiva de las tradiciones epistemol&#x00F3;gicas anglosajona y centroeuropea. Para ello, se ha realizado un an&#x00E1;lisis de la producci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica (cuantitativo y descriptivo) entre las publicaciones peri&#x00F3;dicas de m&#x00E1;s alto impacto cient&#x00ED;fico en el campo de la educaci&#x00F3;n para la muerte indexadas en las bases de datos <italic>Scopus</italic> y <italic>Web of Science</italic> (<italic>WOS</italic>) desde enero de 2010 hasta junio de 2022. Posteriormente se ha realizado un examen comparativo sobre doce unidades de an&#x00E1;lisis desde la perspectiva de ambas tradiciones acad&#x00E9;micas. La intenci&#x00F3;n global ha sido contribuir a la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la bibliograf&#x00ED;a analizada. Se concluye que las aportaciones de ambas tradiciones educativas son enriquecedoras, diferenciables y complementarias. Dentro de la tradici&#x00F3;n centroeuropea destacan las publicaciones realizadas en el marco de la Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la muerte desde Espa&#x00F1;a, asociadas al enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>death</kwd>
<kwd>education</kwd>
<kwd>death education</kwd>
<kwd>scientific journal</kwd>
<kwd>Pedagogy of Death</kwd>
<kwd>radical and inclusive approach to education</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras claves</italic>:</title>
<kwd>muerte</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n que incluye la muerte</kwd>
<kwd>revista cient&#x00ED;fica</kwd>
<kwd>Pedagog&#x00ED;a de la muerte</kwd>
<kwd>enfoque radical e inclusivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31511_Eng" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>Interest in death education dates back to the 1920s and 30s in the USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31511_Eng">Rodr&#x00ED;guez et al., 2019</xref>). With <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31511_Eng">Feifel (1959)</xref> it was applied to the training, welfare and mental health of health professionals in contact with death, grief and suffering. Other centres of interest since then have been terminal patient care, suicide prevention, attitude change and fear of death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31511_Eng">Zhao et al., 2018</xref>). Further pioneers, such as the psychiatrist <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31511_Eng">Elisabeth K&#x00FC;bler-Ross (1969)</xref>, developed our awareness of death through professional health care for the dying in hospitals and hospices.</p>
<p>The main objective of death education is change in the face of death. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31511_Eng">Feifel (1959)</xref> stresses the need to transcend the taboo of death in a multidisciplinary way and foster the awareness of mortality in ourselves and those close to us. This change in attitudes is a key factor in achieving a meaningful, high-quality personal and professional life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31511_Eng">Durlak, 1972</xref>). As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31511_Eng">Morgan (1977)</xref> remarks:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Death education relates not only to death itself but to our feelings about ourselves and nature and the universe we live in. It has to do with our values and ideals, the way we relate to one another and the kind of world we are building. Thoughtfully pursued, it can deepen the quality of our lives and our relationships (p. 3).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Today, death education encompasses a wide range of educational activities in the areas of death, bereavement, and caregiving. Its formal branch includes academic programs, courses, seminars and clinical practice sessions, all incorporated into the various stages of the education system. As a non-formal activity, it works through &#x201C;teachable moments&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31511_Eng">Eyzaguirre, 2006</xref>) which can be exploited for self-education at home or in schools, hospitals, and hospices. The education of children, adolescents and the elderly did not become a field until the 1970s and 80s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31511_Eng">Dennis, 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31511_Eng">Leviton (1977)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31511_Eng">Knott (1979)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31511_Eng">Atkinson (1980)</xref> argue for the inclusion of death as a topic in state schools in the USA in the form of objectives, content, guidelines, and resources oriented towards practical knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31511_Eng">Berg, 1978</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31511_Eng">Cordell &#x0026; Schildt, 1977</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31511_Eng">Deaton &#x0026; Morgan (1990)</xref> advocate adolescent and youth suicide prevention, intervention and postvention plans. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31511_Eng">Wass et al. (1990)</xref> surveyed a stratified random sample of 423 national state schools, from preschool to twelfth grade, finding that only 11% offered a short course on death as a part of health education, 17 % offered a bereavement education/support program, and 25 % had suicide prevention and intervention programs, while teacher training in the subject was lacking.</p>
<p>Scientific journals have been one of the more notable products of death education, encouraging the publication of quality studies and the advancement of knowledge. Two milestones were the creation of the most important journals in the field: <italic>Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying</italic>, founded by Kastenbaum in 1970, and <italic>Death Education</italic> (later, <italic>Death Studies</italic>), created by Wass in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31511_Eng">1977</xref>. Although several bibliometric analyses of the topic have been carried out (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31511_Eng">Sonbul, 2021</xref>), these have focused on quantifying publications but not on identifying different theoretical approaches and their epistemological implications. For this reason, this study aimed to: (1) describe the articles on death education published in quality scientific journals in the last twelve years; and (2) evaluate them from the different standpoints of the English-speaking and Central European pedagogical traditions.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31511_Eng" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>ethodological support</sc></bold></title>
    <p>A valid way to explore the current state of death education is through an analysis of scientific output (quantitative and descriptive). In application of the PRISMA Statement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31511_Eng">Page et al., 2021</xref>), the following functional information is provided. The search focused on articles in high impact scientific journals, with the descriptor &#x201C;death education&#x201D;. The period was January 2010 to June 2022. The reason for choosing this interval was that the inclusion of the last full decade up to the present could reflect the trend of publications on the topic in recent years. The search was conducted in the main databases of the Web of Science (WoS, Web of Science core collection), KCI-Korean Journal Database, MEDLINE, Current Contents Connect, SciELO Citation Index and Russian Science Citation Index) and the Scopus database. The following search filters were used: Subject: &#x201C;death education&#x201D;, Years of publication: January 2010 - June 2022, Scopus and JCR Indexing (Sciencce Citation Index-Expanded; the Social Sciences Citation Index; and the Art &#x0026; Humanities Citation Index). The variables associated with the search for the descriptor and, therefore, the category defining the research corpus (&#x201C;death education&#x201D;) were the frequency of production by years, the frequencies of journals publishing studies on the subject, the location of the term &#x201C;death education&#x201D; (title, journal, etc.), the categories or sub-areas linked, the frequency of keywords, and the authors with the largest productions. No additional restriction criteria were applied to the publications found.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31511_Eng" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esults</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-4-31511_Eng">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>Academic production in WOS and Scopus</italic></title>
<p>Between January 2010 and June 2022, 520 high-impact articles were published: n = 108 in Scopus, n = 264 in WOS, and n = 148 in both databases. It was observed that, despite occasional dips in the years 2012, 2017 and 2020, there was an overall upward trend in the number of scientific productions on death education (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31511_Eng">Figure 1</xref>). The Covid-19 pandemic declared by the WHO on 30<sup>th</sup> January 2020 may have had an impact through creating a greater need for knowledge.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31511_Eng">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>E<sc>volution of the number of publications from january</sc> 2010 <sc>to june</sc> 2022</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-31511_Eng.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration according to the databases consulted</attrib>
</fig>
<sec id="sec-5-31511_Eng">
<label>3.1.1.</label>
<title>Journals</title>
<p>The most productive journal was <italic>Omega: Journal of Death and Dying</italic> (n = 61), followed by <italic>Death Studies</italic> (n = 25). Coming far behind these were <italic>The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care</italic> and <italic>Journal of Palliative Medicine</italic> (n = 8, respectively). As can be seen, publications were mainly concentrated in journals in the field of thanatology, encompassing research from different areas of science. A number of health science journals were also found, though with fewer publications. Paradoxically, studies published in journals on the WOS and Scopus education lists were scarce (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31511_Eng">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-31511_Eng">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1.</label>
<caption><title>N<sc>umber and percentage of scientific publications on death education</sc> (&#x2265;3)</title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31511_Eng" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="80%"/>
<col width="5%"/>
<col width="15%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Journal</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>%</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Omega: Journal of Death and Dying</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>61</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>28.11 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Death Studies</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>25</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>11.52 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;8</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.69 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Palliative Medicine</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;8</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.69 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Frontiers in Psychology</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Handbook of Thanatology: the Essential Body of Knowledge for the Study of Death, Dying, and Bereavement</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Korean Journal of Religious Education</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;6</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.76 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.30 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Nurse Education Today</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.30 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The American Journal of Hospice Palliative Care</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.30 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Indian Journal of Science and Technology</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.30 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Behavioral Science</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Behavioral Science Basel Switzerland BMC Public Heath</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Digital Convergence</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing (JHPN)</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Official Journal of the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Korean Journal of Geribtikigucak Social Welfare</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Journal of Learner-Centred Curriculum and Instruction</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Final Transition</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.84 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Theology and Praxis</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Gerontology &#x0026; Geriatrics Education</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Christian Education in Korea</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Journal of Hospice &#x0026; Palliative Nursing</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Korean Journal of Educational Research</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Korean Medical Education Review</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Studies On Life and Culture</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Journal of Humanities and Social Science</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Korean Journal of Philosophy of Education</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Chinese Journal of Practical Nursing</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>Nursing Education in Thanatology: A Curriculum Continuum</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><italic>The Thanatology Community and the Needs of the Movement</italic></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.38 %</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration according to the databases consulted</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-31511_Eng">
<label>3.1.2.</label>
<title>&#x201C;Death education&#x201D; in the title of the journal</title>
<p>Only 2 journals in the Scopus database included death education in their titles: <italic>Suicidal Behaviour, Bereavement and Death Education in Chinese Adolescents: Hong Kong Studies</italic> and <italic>Death Education and Research: Critical Perspectives</italic>. The first of these included two articles featuring the keywords &#x201C;death education&#x201D;, and the second only one.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31511_Eng">
<label>3.1.3.</label>
<title>Topic categories</title>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-31511_Eng">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-31511_Eng">3</xref> show the categories with more than ten articles (n &#x003E; 10) on death education in WOS and Scopus. In WOS, most of the articles were included in the category of Education &#x0026; Educational Research (n = 142; 15.22 %). The second category was Psychology (n = 136; 14.58 %), followed by Behavioural Sciences (n = 113; 12.11 %) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-31511_Eng">Figure 2</xref>). However, it is important to note that journals with articles on the topic in the Education &#x0026; Educational Research and Education categories were scarce (e.g. <italic>European Journal of Special Needs Education and Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education</italic>). In Scopus, most of the articles were included in the category of Medicine (n = 137; 32.93 %). The second-ranked category was Social Science (n = 100; 24.04 %), followed by Psychology (n = 78; 18.75 %) and lastly Nursing (n = 35; 12.26 %; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-31511_Eng">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="fig-2-31511_Eng">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 2</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>eath education categories in wos</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-2-31511_Eng.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration according to the databases consulted</attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="fig-3-31511_Eng">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 3</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>eath education categories in scopus</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-3-31511_Eng.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration according to the databases consulted</attrib>
</fig>
<p>The category of Education in Scopus was not notable for death education. Thus, our data confirmed that in general, the current epistemological and theoretical concept of death education is more akin to the health sciences (medicine, psychology and nursing), where the majority of publications were found.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-31511_Eng">
<label>3.1.4.</label>
<title>Keywords</title>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-31511_Eng">Table 2</xref> lists the keywords of death education articles published in WOS.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-31511_Eng">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 2.</label>
<caption><title>K<sc>eywords of death education articles in wos</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-31511_Eng" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="60%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Keywords</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>%</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Humans</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>122</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>25.10 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Female</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;63</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>12.96 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Male</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;57</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>11.73 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Adult</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;48</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;9.88 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Attitude to death</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;48</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;9,88 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Young adult</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;29</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5.97 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Middle-aged</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;27</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5.56 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>curriculum</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;25</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5.14 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>aged</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;23</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4.73 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Students nursing</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;22</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4.53 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Terminal care</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;22</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;4.53 %</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration according to the databases consulted</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-3-31511_Eng">Table 3</xref> shows the keywords of articles on death education published in the Scopus database.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-3-31511_Eng">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 3.</label>
<caption><title>K<sc>eywords of death education articles on in scopus</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-3-31511_Eng" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="60%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="30%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Keywords</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>%</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Human/s</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>297</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>22.11 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Death education</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>156</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>11.62 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Article</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>103</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7.67 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Female</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;89</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;6.63 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Male</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;83</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;6.18 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Adult</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;76</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5.66 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Death</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;53</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.95 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Attitude to death</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;51</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.80 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Psychology</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;41</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;3.05 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Terminal care</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;37</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.76 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Aged</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;35</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.61 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Major clinical study</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;33</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.46 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Middle-aged</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;33</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.46 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Palliative therapy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;33</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.46 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Bereavement</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;31</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.31 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Education</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;31</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.31 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Palliative care</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;30</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Young adult</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;30</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.23 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Controlled study</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;29</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.16 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Curriculum</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;28</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;2.08 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Grief</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;24</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.79 %</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Priority journal</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;20</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;1.49 %</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration according to the databases consulted</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The keyword &#x201C;education&#x201D; only appears on n = 3 occasions in WOS and n = 31 in Scopus. The term &#x201C;Pedagogy of Death&#x201D; appears in 8 articles, all of them published by Herr&#x00E1;n and Rodr&#x00ED;guez, Spanish authors writing in the Central European pedagogical tradition (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-4-31511_Eng">Table 4</xref>). There were more keywords relating to health and social sciences than to education or pedagogy.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-4-31511_Eng">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 4.</label>
<caption><title>C<sc>ountries and authors of death education articles</sc> (<sc>wos and scopus</sc>)</title></caption>
<table id="tab-4-31511_Eng" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="10%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="50%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Author</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Country</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Years of publication</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Testoni</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>26</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Italy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2011 / 2016 / 2016 / 2016 / 2018 / 2018 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2020 / 2020 / 2020 / 2020 / 2020 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 /2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2022</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Herr&#x00E1;n</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Spain</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2013 / 2019 / 2020 / 2020 / 2021 / 2021 / 2022 / 2022 / 2022 /2022</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Rodr&#x00ED;guez</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Spain</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2012 / 2019 / 2020 / 2020 / 2021 / 2021 / 2022 / 2022 / 2022 /2022</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Kim</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>10</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>South Korea</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2014 / 2015 / 2015 / 2016 / 2016 / 2016 / 2017 / 2018 / 2019 / 2019</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ronconi</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Italy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2016 / 2018 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2020 / 2020 / 2020 / 2021 / 2021 / 2021 / 2022</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Zamperini</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;7</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Italy</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2016 / 2016 / 2018 / 2019 / 2019 / 2019 / 2020</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Ahn</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>South Korea</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2014, 2015, 2016, 2016, 2018</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Cacciatore</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>USA (Arizona)</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2012 / 2013 / 2014 / 2015 / 2019</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>Doka</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><p>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;5</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>USA</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>2011 / 2013 / 2013 / 2015 / 2015</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration according to the databases consulted</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-31511_Eng">
<label>3.1.5.</label>
<title>Countries and authors</title>
<p>In WOS, the USA (n = 66 articles) was found to be the most productive country, followed in order by China (n = 44), Spain (n = 30) and Italy (n = 23). Likewise, the USA was the most productive country in Scopus, (n = 94), followed by China (n = 36), Spain (n = 27), Italy (n = 26), South Korea and UK (both n = 21) and Australia (n = 20). The authors with the most articles published in the journals analysed are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-4-31511_Eng">Table 4</xref>, together with their country of reference.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-31511_Eng">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>heoretical discussion</sc></bold></title>
<p>Although almost all of the 520 quality publications on death education were in English, they included studies working in differing academic traditions. Here we endeavour to elucidate the two main pedagogical genealogies: the English-speaking educational tradition (EET) and the Central European (or German) pedagogical tradition (CPT). Within the latter, special reference will be made to the case of Spain, due to its importance in the theoretical advancement of death education through the second pedagogical line. The objectives of the comparison were, on the one hand, to gain a greater awareness of the geographical spread of Death Education, from various perspectives; and on the other, to facilitate comparison and contrast between studies in both academic lineages. For the comparative assessment, 12 dimensions were defined.</p>
<sec id="sec-11-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>1.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Names and origins of the two educational traditions</italic></title>
<p>The EET is seen here as the tradition emerging in countries and amongst authors of the English-speaking sphere of influence. Its roots are the late 19<sup>th</sup>-century USA, and it first appeared in the education theory of psychology (behaviourism) and curriculum theory, in the context of the education reforms required for an increasingly industrialized society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31511_Eng">Bowen, 1975</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31511_Eng">Cossio, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31511_Eng">Runge, 2013</xref>). The most influential author at this stage was <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31511_Eng">Dewey (1902)</xref>, a representative of progressive education. This tradition later converged with death education, initiated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31511_Eng">Feifel (1959)</xref> in the 1970s and 80s. By CPT we understand the tradition emerging in countries and amongst authors in the Central European sphere of influence. This line starts in the 17th century with the German thinker Ratke (also called &#x201C;Didacticus&#x201D;) and the Czech Comenius (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31511_Eng">Barnard, 1876</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31511_Eng">Vogt, 1894</xref>), who laid the scientific foundations of modern didactics. A century later, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31511_Eng">Herbart (2015)</xref> achieved the same task with pedagogy as an academic discipline. The first CPT studies on death education (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31511_Eng">Neulinger, 1975</xref>) were performed in the field of pedagogy.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-12-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>2.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Epistemological identity of death education</italic></title>
<p>In the EET, a multidisciplinary form of death education is advocated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31511_Eng">Feifel, 1959</xref>), drawing on anthropology, art, literature, medicine, philosophy, physiology, psychoanalysis, psychiatry, psychology and religion. Later, nursing, sociology, history, theology, etc. were added to this list. Pedagogy and didactics are not included, however, since they do not exist as separate academic disciplines in the English-speaking world. In this tradition, according to the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31511_Eng"><italic>Collins Dictionary</italic> (2023)</xref>: &#x201C;pedagogy&#x201D; is &#x201C;the study and theory of the methods and principles of teaching&#x201D;, while &#x201C;didactic&#x201D; (adjective) is defined thus: &#x201C;something that is didactic is intended to teach people something, especially a moral lesson&#x201D;, and &#x201C;didactics&#x201D; is &#x201C;the art or science of teaching&#x201D;. &#x201C;General didactics&#x201D;, on the other hand, is applied in curriculum design. In the EET, the field of study (education, death education) is used to refer to both the discipline and the object, a view that is compatible with the multidisciplinary nature of death education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31511_Eng">Crase, 1989</xref>). The CPT distinguishes clearly between sciences and fields of study. The science of education <italic>par excellence</italic> is Pedagogy, which exists alongside other education sciences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31511_Eng">Durkheim, 2001</xref>). Among these we find general didactics, whose object is the study of teaching (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31511_Eng">Heimann, 1976</xref>), learning, training (equivalent to &#x201C;education&#x201D;), the curriculum and everything related to these. Neither the English <italic>didactics</italic> nor the French <italic>didactique</italic> are equivalent to the German <italic>Didaktic</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-31511_Eng">Schneuwly, 2021</xref>). When, instead of referring to education in general, pedagogy and didactics refer to forms of education or teaching that take death into account, we can speak of the Pedagogy and Didactics of Death. Thus, these disciplines can be considered branches of pedagogy or general didactics, respectively. In the analysis of scientific production, the keywords &#x201C;Pedagogy of Death&#x201D; appear in the articles published by Spanish authors (Herr&#x00E1;n and Rodr&#x00ED;guez), both working in the CPT. The CPT can also include, although to a lesser extent, works on death education in the health field (mainly psychology) and other sciences.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-13-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>3.</italic></label>
<title><italic>The Pedagogy of Death in Spain and the radical and inclusive approach to education</italic></title>
<p>Spain is a key country in the ongoing definition of the Pedagogy and Didactics of Death. In the last 35 years, Spanish pedagogy has been notable for being one of the most active in publications on death education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31511_Eng">Colomo et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31511_Eng">Jambrina, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31511_Eng">Mart&#x00ED;nez-Heredia &#x0026; Bedmar, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-31511_Eng">Rodr&#x00ED;guez et al., 2013</xref>). Today Spain is the country with the most quality studies on death education in the CPT tradition, as this bibliometric studies shows. Since the 1980s, a number of Spanish philosophers (e. g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31511_Eng">Fullat, 1982</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31511_Eng">M&#x00E8;lich, 1989</xref>) have stressed the need to educate people around the topic of death. Starting in the 1990s, Spanish pedagogue Herr&#x00E1;n has been publishing books and essays laying the foundations for the Pedagogy and Didactic of Death from the CPT (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n et al., 2000</xref>). In this theoretical current, death is identified as a pedagogical taboo and a &#x201C;radical topic&#x201D; (CPT-R), and the Pedagogy of Death is framed in terms of the &#x201C;radical and inclusive approach to education&#x201D; (e. g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31511_Eng">2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31511_Eng">2015</xref>), which, while it affords a new perspective, also stems from the CPT. This approach has made a fundamental critique of Western education, which follows the Socratic tradition. A synthesis is advocated of the Western tradition with the teachings of Buddha and the Taoist classics (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2018</xref>); he sees the current form of education as necessary, but limited and biased towards the superficial. In the curricula, disciplines and cross-cutting themes (competences and values) are in line with the type of education demanded by society and required by states. They can be complemented by a set of &#x201C;radical themes&#x201D; which respond to deeper human needs, but which are currently not respondents, addressed or sufficiently developed in any way by pedagogical theory or expressed by international organizations that condition education. The first of these is topics is death education. The radical curriculum delves into those issues that, by not being treated, show important educational gaps: perennial vital issues, common to all contexts and of a transcultural nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n &#x0026; Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-14-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>4.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Epistemological orientations</italic></title>
<p>The EET line of death education is oriented towards wellbeing and the adaptation of personal and professional life to bereavement, as our analysis showed. While it has developed mainly in the areas of health and the enhancement of the inner life, it can embrace other themes, such as the fear of death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31511_Eng">McClatchey &#x0026; King, 2015</xref>), resilience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31511_Eng">Kim, 2019</xref>), depression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31511_Eng">Dadfar &#x0026; Lester, 2020</xref>) and suicide (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-31511_Eng">Testoni et al., 2020</xref>). Although the EET tends to be multidisciplinary, its essential ground is psychology. The CPT line of death education, on the other hand, and its further development into the radical and inclusive approach to education, is based on the Pedagogy and Didactics of Death as scientific disciplines (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n y Cortina, 2006</xref>); which, although clearly defined fields, are open to complexity and interdisciplinary approaches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n et al., 2000</xref>). The appearance of the radical and inclusive approach to education (CPT-R) has produced &#x201C;epistemological crises&#x201D; in the normal corpus of Pedagogy and Didactics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31511_Eng">Kuhn, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31511_Eng">Sankey, 1997</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-15-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>5.</italic></label>
<title><italic>The concept of death education</italic></title>
<p>In the EET, death education refers to all studies on death in society, the training of health professionals, care for the elderly, the dying and the treatment of duel in schools (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31511_Eng">Crase, 1982</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31511_Eng">Leviton, 1977</xref>). The CPT conceptualizes death education as that which takes death into account in all its aspects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2022</xref>): one&#x2019;s own and others&#x2019;, formal and non-formal, social and pedagogical, family and curricular, timeless and conjunctural (e.g. due to pandemics, wars, environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, genocide, extinction, abortion, disappearances of children&#x2014;kidnappings, accidents, etc.). Epistemologically, it can be defined as an object of study of both the Pedagogy of Death and other sciences that investigate it from their own perspectives. In the CPT-R line, death education is understood as a potential bridge between formal education (both subject-focused and cross-curricular, encompassing competences and social values) and non-formal education, together with other radical educational fields (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2022</xref>). From a radical and inclusive approach to education, the Pedagogy and Didactics of Death are defined as &#x201C;disciplines that study education and teaching that include death for a more conscious life&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31511_Eng">Rodr&#x00ED;guez et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-16-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>6.</italic></label>
<title><italic>The objectives of death education</italic></title>
    <p>In the EET, death education aims to improve quality of life through attitudinal, cognitive and behavioural changes by death or in response to death. These changes bring meaning to a life that includes suffering and death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31511_Eng">Durlak, 1972</xref>). In the CPT, the objectives of death education are to bring the topics of loss, finitude, death and mourning into schools in order to establish death as a normal topic in education and to train teachers in counselling bereaved students through tutoring. In TPC-R, death education aims to foster the inner evolution of the human being through an awareness of death and life, as an education that moves from an immature and egocentric life to a more complex and conscious one, or a personal and social evolution from ego to consciousness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2018</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Eng">2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-17-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>7.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Participants and target audience population</italic></title>
<p>In the EET, death education is mainly addressed to health researchers and professionals (doctors, nurses, psychologists, etc.) who are in contact with death, dying and bereavement in situations of crisis, catastrophe, terminal illness, suicide and suffering due to the death of loved ones. It&#x00B4;s also addressed to the educational community and society in general. In the CPT and CPT-R, death education is mainly addressed to education researchers, teachers in general, educational counsellors, school heads, politicians in education departments, the media, health professionals and society at large. The main target audience of the TPC-R is people in general, starting with the educational root of all that can be reasoned with, which is each self, and, more specifically, oneself.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-18-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>8.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Approaches and activities in death education</italic></title>
<p>Traditionally, the EET has embraced two distinct approaches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31511_Eng">Corr, 2016</xref>): the formal or didactic and the non-formal and experiential. However, we prefer to identify three. First, the formal approach, which takes the shape of courses, conferences, lectures, seminars, etc. that aim to promote cognitive enrichment and changes in attitudes. This is put into practice in official degrees, academic programs and specific subjects. For example, in primary and secondary education, university preparation, professional training, etc. The second is the non-formal approach, applied in congresses, meetings, and so on, but also via articles in scientific journals, books, interviews, documentaries, etc., and with the same objectives as the formal approach. Thirdly, there is the non-formal and experiential approach, which is carried out in close personal communication and dialogue based on trust, and includes clinical practice, discussion, exchange of experiences, etc. It is an approach that takes advantage of &#x201C;teachable moments&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31511_Eng">Corr et al., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31511_Eng">Leviton, 1977</xref>) for self-education at home and in schools, hospitals, hospices, etc., and aims at deeper and more lasting changes in attitudes towards death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31511_Eng">Durlak, 1994</xref>). All three approaches use audiovisual and other resources. The CPT and CPT-R include two basic didactic approaches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n et al., 2000</xref>): before and after bereavement (subsequent approach). The pre-bereavement approach aims to make death a normal topic in education, in curricula and in life in general, through both formal and informal teaching. It is aware that death does not form part of the education required by society, whether subject-based or cross-curricular. In conjunction with other topics and challenges, it embraces a third dimension of the syllabus to give shape to a more educational curriculum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n et al., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-4-31511_Eng">Figure 4</xref>):</p>
<p><fig id="fig-4-31511_Eng">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 4</label>
<caption><title>3<sc>d curriculum</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-4-31511_Eng.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration</attrib>
</fig></p>
<p>The post-bereavement approach is identified with tutorial guidance and counselling for the child, student or student group in situations of grief (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n y Cortina, 2006</xref>). Tutors are links between the school and the family and therefore suitable companions for children/students in this process. They should know: how to coordinate with other teachers; whether they are the most appropriate person to intervene in each case; when to ask for support or to refer the child to a specialist in more complex situations of bereavement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31511_Eng">Kroen, 1996</xref>), etc. The CPT-R embraces two further approaches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n y Cortina, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n et al., 2000</xref>): the phenomenal or evolutionary approach and the meditative approach. The phenomenal approach is associated with the awareness of existing in an evolving universe. From this perspective, death is seen as an evolutionary necessity, with no clearly defined before or after. The atom and the universe participate in this existential, real phenomenon, of which one can also be aware. The fourth is the meditative approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2021</xref>). It has to do with deep or radical education, understood as loss of ego, complexity of consciousness and essential self-knowledge. It draws on the teachings of the Buddha, Bodhidharma and the Taoist classics (e. g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31511_Eng">Droit, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31511_Eng">Xu et al., 2023</xref>) and includes the experience of one&#x2019;s essential identity or true nature, which has to do with the awareness of non-being, of emptiness, of nothingness, of the non-ego, i.e. the other side of the ego we believe ourselves to be or have identified with and adhered to. The methodology in this approach is meditation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31511_Eng">Johnston, 1975</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-19-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>9.</italic></label>
<title><italic>The concept of &#x201C;death&#x201D; in death education</italic></title>
<p>The EET centres on a concept of death associated with dying, grief, mourning and loss, broadly understood. On this basis, other concepts, defined by their &#x201C;preventive&#x201D; nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31511_Eng">Aspinall, 1996</xref>), are seen as part of the life cycle. In the CPT of death education, however, both basic approaches are addressed: loss and grief, on the one hand (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31511_Eng">Colomo, 2016</xref>), and teaching that embraces death in a natural way on the other (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31511_Eng">Colomo &#x0026; O&#x00F1;a, 2014</xref>). The TPC-R identifies 21 different concepts of death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n y Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2020</xref>). This divergence and openness of meanings for education multiplies the accessibility of death for educational action.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-20-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>10.</italic></label>
<title><italic>The concept de &#x201C;education&#x201D; in death education</italic></title>
<p>In both the EET and CPT, education is broadly understood as an activity oriented towards skills cultivation, character formation, the learning of disciplinary knowledge, the transmission of the cultural heritage, and the acquisition and development of the competencies and values necessary for democratic, inclusive, critical, creative and participatory citizenship. The CPT-R aspires to a fuller education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 2023</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31511_Eng">2022</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31511_Eng">2021</xref>). It is defined as an inner evolution from the ego towards consciousness, which takes place in a complex, non-linear way, and adopts essential self-knowledge as a referent, equivalent to the consciousness of universality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n y Mu&#x00F1;oz, 2002</xref>). Death education, then, is a bridge through which to arrive at the education of consciousness, which embraces both the EET and CPT understandings of education but which also encompasses other dimensions and radical formative processes neglected by Pedagogy. In this approach, Pedagogy and Didactics include forms of education and teaching based on knowledge, competencies, consciousness and the control, loss and overcoming of self-centeredness with the aim of a more conscious life (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-5-31511_Eng">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
<p><fig id="fig-5-31511_Eng">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 5</label>
<caption><title>B<sc>asic model for a fuller form of self</sc>-<sc>education</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-5-31511_Eng.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Own elaboration</attrib>
</fig></p>
<p>Within the framework of the radical and inclusive approach, death education is oriented towards educational areas that are simultaneously ancestral, novel and basic, such as ego-loss and control, awareness and essential self-knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n, 1995</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-21-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>11.</italic></label>
<title><italic>The educational effects of death education</italic></title>
<p>In the EET, the main effect of death education is a shift in attitudes towards death, made more effective through the experiential or dialogical approach (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31511_Eng">Cordell &#x0026; Schildt, 1977</xref>). In the CPT and CPT-R, educational actions produce changes not only in attitudes, but also in awareness and educational practice itself.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-22-31511_Eng">
<label><italic>12.</italic></label>
<title><italic>The social impacts of death education</italic></title>
<p>The EET of death education is notable for its institutional embodiments; for example, the Association for Death Education and Counseling, ADEC and the creation of departments of health psychology and counselling in high schools and universities in the U.S.A. it also promotes media communications, formal and non-formal events in the education system, courses, lectures, programmes for doctors and nurses, the development of competency benchmarks for educators and trainers in the area (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.adec.org/page/Code_of_Ethics#Trainers">https://www.adec.org/page/Code_of_Ethics#Trainers</ext-link>), etc., including high-quality publications in the fields of psychology, sociology and medicine, in addition to multidisciplinary approaches. While the CPT has fewer social impacts, especially in the formal field, it also fosters events, courses, conferences, guides, research projects, publications, etc.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-23-31511_Eng" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>onclusions</sc></bold></title>
<p>The analysis of the high-quality journals on death education indicates that it is a developing research and training area. Its scientific and professional interest is evident, both in the fields of health and education. Although the focus on death education in health has been going on for a longer period of time, its development in pedagogical systems, contexts and processes is also significant.</p>
<p>Epistemological traditions of death education represent an important dimension to be taken into account in bibliometric, theoretical and empirical studies. Indeed, they help to trace the epistemology of the field. The two traditions analysed (EET and CPT, including CPT-R) differ in several aspects. Most of the quality publications coming from EET refer to professional and social implications of death education, with contents based on Psychology and other Health Sciences. Quality publications in CPT focus more on education, training and teaching that include death, and are assimilated to Pedagogy and General Didactics. Sometimes, because of their novelty and mistakenly, they can be assimilated to health programmes. An example is the project &#x201C;Caterpillars and colourful butterflies on our desks&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n y Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2020</xref>), included in the &#x201C;School and Health&#x201D; programme and carried out by the &#x201C;Canarian Network of Health Promoting Schools&#x201D; (Spain), also supported by the Pedagogy of Death generated from the radical and inclusive approach to education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31511_Eng">Herr&#x00E1;n et al., 2000</xref>). The CPT and CPT-R publications, which date back to the 1990s and have continued to grow since then -as the study of scientific production shows- define a theoretical approach to death education based on the Central European pedagogical tradition.</p>
<p>An attempt has been made to avoid the error warned against by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31511_Eng">Kastenbaum (1977)</xref>: the possibility that education for death would tend towards reduction and epistemological manipulation, as opposed to the open-mindedness of scientific research. In the authors&#x2019; view, the present contribution is for openness, as is education, so its sense is consistent with the research. The convergence and synthesis of both epistemological and academic traditions of death education can be a promising avenue for joint scientific development from and for complexity and consciousness, as it is oriented towards the study &#x201C;of the phenomenon, but of the whole phenomenon&#x201D;, in the words of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31511_Eng">Teilhard de Chardin (1955)</xref>.</p>
</sec>
</body>
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