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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31408</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31408</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>La educación culturalmente receptiva: análisis educativo del tercer espacio</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Culturally Responsive Education: Educational Analysis of the Third Space</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8540-974X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>LLORENTE VILLASANTE</surname>
<given-names>&#x00C1;ngel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-8712</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>OROZCO G&#x00D3;MEZ</surname>
<given-names>Martha Luc&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9845-0688</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>SANZ LEAL</surname>
<given-names>Mar&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3_Esp"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1_Esp">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Burgos. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Burgos</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Esp"><email>alvillasante@ubu.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2_Esp"><email>mlorozco@ubu.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3_Esp"><email>msleal@ubu.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024361</issue-id>
<fpage>73</fpage>
<lpage>93</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>04</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>02</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>

<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Ante sociedades cada vez m&#x00E1;s polarizadas, la evidencia muestra c&#x00F3;mo los discursos de odio hacia lo diferente proliferan alarmantemente provocando mayores disparidades sociales. Esto influye frecuentemente en la inclusi&#x00F3;n social de j&#x00F3;venes con influencias culturales diversas presentando la asimilaci&#x00F3;n como primera opci&#x00F3;n sin adoptar una perspectiva cr&#x00ED;tica. El sistema educativo debe actuar en este sentido abordando la diversidad cultural en las aulas desde enfoques que permitan la formaci&#x00F3;n del alumnado y posibiliten un aprendizaje significativo. La educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva (ECR) contribuye a una adecuada gesti&#x00F3;n de esa diversidad contando con variantes respecto a su conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n y desarrollo que merecen ser analizadas desde diferentes esferas educativas y sociales. En este art&#x00ED;culo se utiliza un m&#x00E9;todo de revisi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica y an&#x00E1;lisis del discurso para observar la evoluci&#x00F3;n de la ECR desde la figura del profesorado y alumnado. Pocos estudios han explorado el an&#x00E1;lisis del discurso de la ECR desde metodolog&#x00ED;as de fondos de conocimiento (FdC) con pedagog&#x00ED;as dentro del aula en el papel del profesorado y fondos de identidad (FdI) del estudiantado. Por ello, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la dimensi&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica del profesorado dentro del aula desde FdC y desde la figura de los y las estudiantes y su aprendizaje se contemplan FdI. Desde este an&#x00E1;lisis se sugiere una reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio que permite una contribuci&#x00F3;n para el trabajo de la ECR en el aula. Por &#x00FA;ltimo, se se&#x00F1;alan algunos desaf&#x00ED;os de la ECR respecto a su terminolog&#x00ED;a, implantaci&#x00F3;n y futuras l&#x00ED;neas de trabajo.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>In the face of increasingly polarized societies, evidence shows how hate speech towards the different is proliferating alarmingly, causing greater social disparities. This often influences the social inclusion of young people with diverse cultural influences by presenting assimilation as the first option without adopting a critical perspective. The education system must act in this sense by addressing cultural diversity in the classroom from approaches that allow the formation of students and enable meaningful learning. Culturally responsive education (CRE) contributes to an adequate management of this diversity with variants regarding its conceptualization and development that deserve to be analyzed from different educational and social spheres. This article uses a critical review and discourse analysis method to observe the evolution of CRE from the perspective of teachers and students. Few studies have explored a discourse analysis of CRE from methodologies of Funds of knowledge (FoK) with pedagogies within the classroom in the role of the teacher and Funds of identity (FoI) of the student. Thus, this study aims to analyze the pedagogical dimension of the teacher within the classroom from FoK and from the figure of the students and their learning, FdI are contemplated. This analysis suggests an educational reinterpretation of the third space that allows a contribution to the work of the CRE in the classroom. Finally, we point out some challenges of CRE regarding its terminology, implementation, and future lines of work.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva</kwd>
<kwd>fondos de conocimiento</kwd>
<kwd>fondos de identidad</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad cultural</kwd>
<kwd>tercer espacio</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>culturally responsive education</kwd>
<kwd>funds of knowledge</kwd>
<kwd>funds of identity</kwd>
<kwd>cultural diversity</kwd>
<kwd>third space</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31408_Esp" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>A lo largo de la historia los grupos sociales se han relacionado culturalmente con sus semejantes y desde que aparecieran las primeras culturas, &#x00E9;stas no han dejado de cambiar y desarrollarse como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31408_Esp">Harari (2014)</xref>. En ocasiones, ese cambio y desarrollo cultural ha sido y es cuestionado, existiendo una demanda social generalizada por lo liso y lo igual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31408_Esp">Han, 2017</xref>), que ignora que sin el otro no puede haber un yo. Es decir, la relaci&#x00F3;n intercultural entre grupos suele ser discutida por ciertos sectores sociales que intentan sustituirla por una uniformidad que olvida que la diversidad nos ayuda a formarnos como personas. En la modernidad actual cambiante y l&#x00ED;quida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31408_Esp">Bauman, 2017</xref>) las realidades culturales de los estudiantes son cada vez m&#x00E1;s complejas y delicadas de entender caracterizadas por una superdiversidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-31408_Esp">Vertovec, 2007</xref>) que puede resultar dif&#x00ED;cil de abordar por la sociedad en general y por el medio educativo en particular. Esta situaci&#x00F3;n, requiere una formaci&#x00F3;n docente transversal que d&#x00E9; respuesta a la diversidad cultural. Las posibilidades de ciertos estudiantes frecuentemente se ven mermadas debido al reduccionismo de sistemas educativos que limitan su conciencia cr&#x00ED;tica y capital cultural como ya se&#x00F1;alaba <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31408_Esp">Bourdieu (1986)</xref>, provocando sociedades m&#x00E1;s desiguales. Resulta esencial entender a cada estudiante como fuente de desarrollo y riqueza cultural para conseguir una ense&#x00F1;anza emancipadora que educa entre aprendices y genera valor propio desde el apoyo mutuo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31408_Esp">Garc&#x00E9;s, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Las pol&#x00ED;ticas educativas espa&#x00F1;olas dise&#x00F1;adas para la gesti&#x00F3;n ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;stico-cultural consideran la parte ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;stica con medidas destinadas al trabajo de la lengua vehicular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31408_Esp">Olmos-Alcaraz, 2016</xref>), pero ignoran aspectos culturales que tambi&#x00E9;n requieren atenci&#x00F3;n. Ciertas investigaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31408_Esp">Bayona <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31408_Esp">OECD, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-31408_Esp">Schleicher, 2019</xref>) muestran c&#x00F3;mo los estudiantes de procedencia cultural diversa tienen menor probabilidad que sus an&#x00E1;logos nativos espa&#x00F1;oles de lograr el nivel b&#x00E1;sico de competencia acad&#x00E9;mica o de experimentar sentido de pertenencia hacia los centros educativos, donde adem&#x00E1;s sus familias tienen menor participaci&#x00F3;n, estando socialmente menos adaptados. Iniciativas como la educaci&#x00F3;n compensatoria no solventan dificultades sociales latentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31408_Esp">Gonz&#x00E1;lez Faraco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>) que pueden desembocar en procesos de asimilaci&#x00F3;n por identidades de posicionamiento excluyente.</p>
<p>La Educaci&#x00F3;n Culturalmente Receptiva (ECR) aborda esos procesos de asimilaci&#x00F3;n tratando de evitar su evoluci&#x00F3;n en identidades asesinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31408_Esp">Maalouf, 2010</xref>) valorando la identidad cultural desde la tolerancia. Esta pedagog&#x00ED;a surge en EE. UU. en los a&#x00F1;os 90 y evoluciona con aportes te&#x00F3;rico-pr&#x00E1;cticos que construyen su significado. Los flujos migratorios caracter&#x00ED;sticos del pa&#x00ED;s esclarecen la necesidad de este tipo de pedagog&#x00ED;as contemplando la diversidad social intr&#x00ED;nseca y reflexionando sobre factores econ&#x00F3;micos, demogr&#x00E1;ficos y sociales interrelacionados. El &#x00E1;mbito educativo deber&#x00ED;a considerar referencias culturales y aspectos sociopsicol&#x00F3;gicos desde esos procesos migratorios. Analizar esta pedagog&#x00ED;a tiene implicaciones positivas en el contexto espa&#x00F1;ol porque permite reorientar el curr&#x00ED;culo escolar con un di&#x00E1;logo originado desde estudios &#x00E9;tnicos y culturales que favorece la formaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado en este sentido y ayuda a combatir percepciones equivocadas respecto a los grupos de estudiantes minorizados o con procedencia cultural diversa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-31408_Esp">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo y Gonz&#x00E1;lez Faraco, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31408_Esp">Sleeter, 2018</xref>). Entendiendo en nuestro contexto estos estudiantes como aquellos con pasado migratorio, no vinculados a un grupo mayoritario, con las correspondientes diferencias &#x00E9;tnicas, ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;sticas, religiosas o sociales y que tienen mayor dificultad para ser reconocidos en las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas.</p>
<p>Dentro de la extensa investigaci&#x00F3;n sobre esta pedagog&#x00ED;a, no existen demasiados estudios que la analicen desde una dimensi&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica de fondos de conocimiento (FdC) en la figura del profesorado y desde la consideraci&#x00F3;n de fondos de identidad (FdI) del estudiantado en la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa, utilizando para ello el an&#x00E1;lisis discursivo. Por consiguiente, este trabajo presenta los antecedentes de la ECR, su evoluci&#x00F3;n y an&#x00E1;lisis para sugerir, desde dos teor&#x00ED;as vinculadas al tema de estudio, una reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio que permita nuevas iniciativas al trabajar la ECR.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31408_Esp">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>A<sc>ntecedentes de la educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva</sc></bold></title>
<p>La diversidad &#x00E9;tnica, racial y social estadounidense crece en las aulas al finalizar las Leyes Jim Crow y con el auge del movimiento por los derechos civiles. Desde ese momento se suceden diferentes legislaciones, que parecen manifestar compromiso gubernamental por la justicia social educativa. Sin embargo, esas reformas asociadas al tradicionalismo pol&#x00ED;tico y social supusieron obst&#x00E1;culos para una educaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s efectiva de estudiantes de origen cultural diverso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Esp">Gay, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>En ese contexto de inacci&#x00F3;n pol&#x00ED;tica, en las d&#x00E9;cadas de los a&#x00F1;os 50 y 60 aparecen investigaciones que abogan por adaptar los sistemas educativos a esas necesidades sociales surgiendo el t&#x00E9;rmino culturalmente receptiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31408_Esp">Cazden y Leggett, 1976</xref>) que sirve de base para el desarrollo de la educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Esp">Gay, 2000</xref>). Otros trabajos como el de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31408_Esp">Ram&#x00ED;rez y Casta&#x00F1;eda (1974)</xref> sobre el papel asimilacioncita de las escuelas, no solo buscan adaptar los sistemas educativos, sino cuestionarlos, siendo uno de los primeros fundamentos de la educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente relevante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Esp">Ladson-Billings, 1995</xref>). Existen diferencias terminol&#x00F3;gicas que suponen una amplia discusi&#x00F3;n de esta pedagog&#x00ED;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Esp">Gay, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Esp">Ladosn-Billings, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31408_Esp">Nieto y Bode, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31408_Esp">Villegas y Lucas, 2002</xref>) pero todas las aportaciones persiguen un cambio educativo estructural desde la perspectiva cr&#x00ED;tica y la justicia social que consiga una relaci&#x00F3;n significativa entre profesorado, alumnado y familia, valorando la diversidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31408_Esp">Nieto y Bode, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Esta pedagog&#x00ED;a se centra en la dimensi&#x00F3;n docente y su formaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31408_Esp">Gay, 1978</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Esp">Ladson-Billings, 1995</xref>) y en la diversidad &#x00E9;tnica del aula para el aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31408_Esp">Gay, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31408_Esp">Ladson-Billings, 1992</xref>). Primero con mayor atenci&#x00F3;n hacia la estructura y reajuste del curr&#x00ED;culo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31408_Esp">Gay, 1975</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31408_Esp">Villegas y Lucas, 2002</xref>) pasando a una responsabilidad del profesorado como potencial agente de cambio educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31408_Esp">Delpit, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Esp">Gay 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31408_Esp">Villegas y Lucas, 2002</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Esp">Ladson-Billings (1995)</xref> analiza al estudiantado y profesorado como ejes transformadores para combatir esferas sociales de poder y autoridad presentes en la educaci&#x00F3;n. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Esp">Gay (2000)</xref> sugiere la relaci&#x00F3;n dial&#x00F3;gica entre pedagog&#x00ED;as del aula e identidades del profesorado y estudiantado para lograr ese cambio. Ambas l&#x00ED;neas se utilizan indistintamente en la literatura y estas autoras, reconociendo variantes, se&#x00F1;alan que es cuesti&#x00F3;n de elecci&#x00F3;n referirse a esta pedagog&#x00ED;a con una expresi&#x00F3;n u otra, con otras aportaciones incorpor&#x00E1;ndolas en un mismo marco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31408_Esp">Aronson y Laughter, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31408_Esp">Brown-Jeffy y Cooper, 2011</xref>). Sin embargo, existen ciertas diferencias que pueden ser exploradas desde los FdC y FdI.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31408_Esp">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>L<sc>os fondos de conocimiento e identidad como marcos de an&#x00E1;lisis para la educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-4-31408_Esp">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>Los fondos de conocimiento y la educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva</italic></title>
<p>Existe clara relaci&#x00F3;n entre cognici&#x00F3;n, cultura y comprensi&#x00F3;n, demostr&#x00E1;ndose recientemente como los estudiantes se sienten m&#x00E1;s v&#x00E1;lidos y preparados para el aprendizaje cuando el entorno pedag&#x00F3;gico aporta una respuesta cultural educativa adaptada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31408_Esp">Nieto y Bode, 2018</xref>).</p>
    <p>Esa respuesta cultural evidencia la relaci&#x00F3;n necesaria entre familia y escuela, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la establecida por problemas de comportamiento o desempe&#x00F1;o acad&#x00E9;mico que normalmente acarrea la perspectiva de d&#x00E9;ficit cultural en educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31408_Esp">Valencia, 2010</xref>). Para contrarrestar esa perspectiva en el aprendiz se debe reorientar el foco hacia los contextos escolares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31408_Esp">Poveda, 2001</xref>) tratando de adaptar esos entornos de aprendizaje con relaciones significativas entre familia y escuela. La ECR busca esas relaciones significativas para el aprendizaje, pero es necesario un conocimiento de las realidades familiares. En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31408_Esp">V&#x00E9;lez-Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez y Greenberg (1992)</xref> vincularon los recursos culturales familiares a la educaci&#x00F3;n mediante investigaciones etnol&#x00F3;gicas que ayudaron al profesorado a conseguir una mayor comprensi&#x00F3;n del rendimiento escolar. Esta propuesta recibe el nombre de <italic>fondos de conocimiento</italic>, concepto que surge en EE.UU. en los a&#x00F1;os 90 desde esos estudios antropol&#x00F3;gicos. Los FdC, &#x201C;cuerpos de conocimientos y habilidades acumulados hist&#x00F3;ricamente y desarrollados culturalmente, esenciales para el funcionamiento y bienestar individual y de los hogares&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31408_Esp">Moll <italic>et al.</italic>, 1992</xref>, p. 133), persiguen esa relaci&#x00F3;n familia-escuela y posibilitan una enculturaci&#x00F3;n de las nuevas generaciones. Programas de FdC no siendo identificados propiamente como ECR, s&#x00ED; actuaron como precursores, orientando respecto a la identidad &#x00E9;tnica y facilitando relaciones culturales sin prejuicios o racismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Esp">Gay, 2018</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, existen otros estudios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-77-31408_Esp">Zhang-Yu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>) que exploran como el trabajo de FdC junto con la ECR, especialmente desde el modelo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31408_Esp">Paris y Alim (2017)</xref>, es necesario para mantener las herencias e identidades culturales del alumnado, contrarrestando as&#x00ED; el discurso hegem&#x00F3;nico y etnoc&#x00E9;ntrico dentro del &#x00E1;mbito educativo. Estos FdC han sido explorados m&#x00E1;s desde perspectivas familiares o de rendimiento acad&#x00E9;mico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31408_Esp">Esteban-Guitart y Saubich, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31408_Esp">Moje <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>) que desde el profesorado en general, aunque existen ciertas investigaciones en la educaci&#x00F3;n preescolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31408_Esp">Hedges, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>Esta circunstancia nos lleva a analizar la ECR desde metodolog&#x00ED;as de FdC por parte del profesorado con pedagog&#x00ED;as que emanan de un an&#x00E1;lisis inductivo en dos niveles, pedagog&#x00ED;as dentro y fuera del aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31408_Esp">Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2013</xref>). En este caso nos centraremos en la revisi&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica de dentro del aula ya que el foco del estudio se centra en este &#x00E1;mbito, proponiendo m&#x00E1;s adelante una propuesta de trabajo. Estas pedagog&#x00ED;as dentro del aula quedan recogidas en tres ejes:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>A)</label> <p>involucrar a los estudiantes en la co-construcci&#x00F3;n del conocimiento para profundizar o ampliar conocimientos acad&#x00E9;micos mediante FdC.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>B)</label> <p>reconocer y fomentar la utilizaci&#x00F3;n en clase de m&#x00FA;ltiples FdC entre los estudiantes, incluyendo FdC del hogar/familia, as&#x00ED; como FdC de la cultura juvenil y popular.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>C)</label> <p>ir m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la mera conexi&#x00F3;n de FdC del estudiante/familia/comunidad y el contenido acad&#x00E9;mico y la instrucci&#x00F3;n, hacia un proceso de transformaci&#x00F3;n del aula implicando la reorientaci&#x00F3;n de profesores y estudiantes como aprendices y agentes dentro y fuera del aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31408_Esp">Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2013</xref>, p. 95).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>El eje &#x201C;A&#x201D; origina la pedagog&#x00ED;a como perspectiva y relevancia en los contextos culturales o sociales, dando voz a las experiencias del estudiantado y profesorado para educar. Del eje &#x201C;B&#x201D; emerge la pedagog&#x00ED;a como resistencia a las hegemon&#x00ED;as escolares, especialmente la perspectiva de d&#x00E9;ficit cultural, y como interacci&#x00F3;n profesor-estudiante que promueve sentido de humanidad y permite replantear el curr&#x00ED;culo. Del eje &#x201C;C&#x201D; resulta la pedagog&#x00ED;a como conciencia a nivel micro-macro para la transformaci&#x00F3;n personal, institucional y social.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31408_Esp">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>Los fondos de identidad y la educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva</italic></title>
<p>En los procesos de aprendizaje existen distintos &#x00E1;mbitos identitarios a considerar adem&#x00E1;s de los de origen &#x00E9;tnico. Los FdC reconocen identidades del alumnado desde los contextos familiares, pero existen otras influencias sociales que tambi&#x00E9;n moldean su identidad. Los FdI complementan a la propuesta de FdC, considerando inquietudes e influencias de los estudiantes adem&#x00E1;s de las familiares. Estas ideas tambi&#x00E9;n se observan en algunos trabajos de la ECR, que resaltan la importancia de no solo hacer relevantes las herencias y saberes culturales, sino de mantenerlos en el tiempo pudi&#x00E9;ndose incorporar otras influencias contempor&#x00E1;neas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31408_Esp">Paris, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>En nuestro contexto existen trabajos como los de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31408_Esp">Zhang-Yu <italic>et al.</italic>, (2021)</xref> en los que se demuestra que al trabajar FdI, el alumnado consigue una reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre su propia cultura como algo real y propio, adem&#x00E1;s de las claras influencias familiares. Por esto, nos planteamos el an&#x00E1;lisis de la ECR desde las diferentes tipolog&#x00ED;as de FdI, para observar c&#x00F3;mo se contemplan en el aprendizaje del alumnado por parte de cada autora.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31408_Esp">Esteban-Guitart y Saubich (2013)</xref> definen los FdI como &#x201C;aquellos artefactos, tecnolog&#x00ED;as o recursos, hist&#x00F3;ricamente acumulados, culturalmente desarrollados y socialmente distribuidos y transmitidos, esenciales para la autodefinici&#x00F3;n, autoexpresi&#x00F3;n y autocomprensi&#x00F3;n de las personas&#x201D; (p. 201) y diferencian entre:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Fondos geogr&#x00E1;ficos de identidad</italic> (F.G.I.), el reconocimiento en un espacio f&#x00ED;sico como pueblo, ciudad o reserva natural.</p>
<p><italic>Fondos sociales de identidad</italic> (F.S.I.), implicando a toda persona o v&#x00ED;nculo social considerado significativo para formar al individuo.</p>
<p><italic>Fondos culturales de identidad</italic> (F.C.I.), artefactos culturales (bandera, escudo) utilizados para la auto identificaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p><italic>Pr&#x00E1;cticas de identidad</italic> (P.I.), actividades o aficiones practicadas consideradas importantes.</p>
<p><italic>Fondos institucionales de identidad</italic> (F.I.I.), espacios que sirven para entender el mundo y configurar la conducta en &#x00E9;l, como el colegio.</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-31408_Esp" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>etodolog&#x00ED;a</sc></bold></title>
<p>Desde la metodolog&#x00ED;a de revisi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica de literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31408_Esp">Grant y Booth, 2009</xref>), esta investigaci&#x00F3;n busca identificar elementos notables en el campo de estudio. Es narrativa, cronol&#x00F3;gica y cr&#x00ED;tica contemplando una contribuci&#x00F3;n para el trabajo de la ECR tras analizar los discursos.</p>
<p>Es necesario exponer la estrategia de b&#x00FA;squeda ejecutada para evitar posibilidades de sesgo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31408_Esp">Guirao Goris, 2015</xref>).</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Identificaci&#x00F3;n de trabajos acad&#x00E9;micos sobre la ECR en tres bases de datos: <italic>Scopus, Wos</italic> y <italic>Dialnet</italic> durante septiembre y octubre de 2022 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31408_Esp">Tabla 1</xref>). Los descriptores empleados fueron &#x201C;<italic>culturally* responsive* education</italic>*&#x201D; y &#x201C;<italic>culturally* relevant* education</italic>*&#x201D; y su correspondiente designaci&#x00F3;n en castellano. Siendo el primer descriptor &#x00FA;nicamente monoling&#x00FC;e al ingl&#x00E9;s y con estudios incluy&#x00E9;ndolos en un mismo marco, decidimos a&#x00F1;adir el segundo descriptor. Utilizamos s&#x00ED;mbolo asterisco (*) y su funci&#x00F3;n de truncamiento para investigar variables, <italic>culturally/culture, responsive/response, relevant/relevance</italic>, en documentos desde 1995 a 2022. Se limito la b&#x00FA;squeda respecto al &#x00E1;mbito, ciencias sociales y educaci&#x00F3;n; tipo de documento, art&#x00ED;culo; idioma, ingl&#x00E9;s y espa&#x00F1;ol; y palabras clave, <italic>&#x201C;Education&#x201D;, &#x201C;Education Educational Research&#x201D; &#x201C;Culturally Relevant/Responsive Pedagogy&#x201D;, &#x201C;Article&#x201D;, &#x201C;Teacher Education&#x201D;, &#x201C;Culture&#x201D;, &#x201C;Teaching&#x201D;, &#x201C;Students&#x201D;, &#x201C;Culturally Relevant/responsive Education&#x201D;</italic>.</p>
<p><table-wrap id="tabw-1-31408_Esp">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 1.</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>ocumentos encontrados seg&#x00FA;n indicadores de b&#x00FA;squeda</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31408_Esp" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="40%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Descriptores de b&#x00FA;squeda</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Scopus</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Wos</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Dialnet</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>&#x201C;culturally* responsive* education*&#x201D;</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>472</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>689</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>42</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>&#x201C;culturally* relevant* education*&#x201D;</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>540</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>580</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>39</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia seg&#x00FA;n las bases de datos consultadas</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>Lectura e indagaci&#x00F3;n de res&#x00FA;menes y palabras clave de los documentos, seleccionando aquellos con mayor aporte te&#x00F3;rico sobre la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n de la ECR y que han tenido una mayor repercusi&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>B&#x00FA;squeda espec&#x00ED;fica en libros y otras revisiones bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas no incluidas en estas bases de datos, pero que reflejaran claramente la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica, siendo uno de los motivos para el m&#x00E9;todo elegido.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>An&#x00E1;lisis de las fuentes recogidas en el apartado bibliogr&#x00E1;fico para su valoraci&#x00F3;n, permitiendo al lector sintetizar el volumen original de publicaciones referentes al tema de estudio.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Una vez llevada a cabo esa revisi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica se realiz&#x00F3; un an&#x00E1;lisis del discurso, desde las principales definiciones conceptuales de la ECR recogidas, porque las categor&#x00ED;as sociales postmodernas, identidad y cultura, guardan estrecha relaci&#x00F3;n con lo discursivo, valorando como categor&#x00ED;a fundamental esa noci&#x00F3;n de discurso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31408_Esp">Santander, 2011</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31408_Esp" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esultados</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-8-31408_Esp">
<label>5. 1.</label>
<title><italic>An&#x00E1;lisis de la educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva</italic></title>
<p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-31408_Esp">tabla 2</xref> muestra las definiciones m&#x00E1;s utilizadas y enfoques m&#x00E1;s significativos de la ECR junto a sus autores para examinar metodolog&#x00ED;as de FdC con pedagog&#x00ED;as dentro del aula en el papel del profesorado y los diferentes tipos de FdI del estudiantado (abreviado con iniciales en la tabla), tal como se explica en el apartado 3. La categorizaci&#x00F3;n elaborada parte de un an&#x00E1;lisis cr&#x00ED;tico del discurso, utilizando la oraci&#x00F3;n como unidad de an&#x00E1;lisis como establece <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31408_Esp">Santander (2011)</xref>, tal y como se indica en el apartado de metodolog&#x00ED;a. El tema de estudio tiene clara vinculaci&#x00F3;n con aspectos culturales que son de naturaleza din&#x00E1;mica y se rigen por variaciones e influencias, por ello la revisi&#x00F3;n de conceptos desde esferas culturales deber&#x00ED;a ser continua, sin que implique puntos de partida err&#x00F3;neos.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-31408_Esp">
<label>T<sc>abla</sc> 2.</label>
<caption><title>A<sc>n&#x00E1;lisis de la ecr desde fdc y fdi</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-31408_Esp" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Definici&#x00F3;n</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>FdC</bold></p>
<p><bold>(Profesor)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>FdI</bold></p>
<p><bold>(Estudiante)</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Esp">Ladson-Billings (1995)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;Un siguiente paso para establecer una pr&#x00E1;ctica pedag&#x00F3;gica efectiva, un modelo te&#x00F3;rico que no solo abarca el logro acad&#x00E9;mico de los estudiantes, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n ayuda a los estudiantes a aceptar y afirmar su identidad cultural mientras desarrollan perspectivas cr&#x00ED;ticas que cuestionan las desigualdades que el colegio (y otras instituciones) perpet&#x00FA;an&#x201D; (p. 469).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Eje A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Eje C</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F.G.I.</p>
<p>F.S.I.</p>
<p>F.C.I.</p>
<p>F.I.I.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Esp">Gay (2000)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;Usar el conocimiento cultural, las experiencias previas, los marcos de referencia y los estilos de actuaci&#x00F3;n de los estudiantes &#x00E9;tnicamente diversos para hacer los encuentros de aprendizaje m&#x00E1;s relevantes y efectivos para ellos&#x201D; (p. 29).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Eje A</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F.G.I.</p>
<p>F.S.I.</p>
<p>F.C.I.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31408_Esp">Hollie (2011)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;La validaci&#x00F3;n y la afirmaci&#x00F3;n de la cultura y la lengua de origen (ind&#x00ED;gena) con el fin de construir y tender un puente hacia el &#x00E9;xito del estudiante en la cultura de la academia y la sociedad en general&#x201D; (p. 23).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Eje A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Eje C</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F.G.I.</p>
<p>F.S.I.</p>
<p>F.C.I.</p>
<p>F.I.I.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31408_Esp">Paris (2012)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;Busca perpetuar y fomentar -sostener- la lengua, la literatura y el pluralismo cultural como parte del proyecto democr&#x00E1;tico de colegio&#x201D; (p. 95).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Eje A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Eje B</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Eje C</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F.G.I.</p>
<p>F.S.I.</p>
<p>F.C.I.</p>
<p>P.I.</p>
<p>F.I.I.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31408_Esp">Hammond (2015)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;La habilidad del educador de reconocer las demostraciones culturales de aprendizaje y la creaci&#x00F3;n de significado de los estudiantes y responder positiva y constructivamente con m&#x00E9;todos de ense&#x00F1;anza que usan el conocimiento cultural como un andamiaje para promover un procesamiento de informaci&#x00F3;n efectivo. Al mismo tiempo, el educador entiende la importancia de estar en relaci&#x00F3;n y tener una conexi&#x00F3;n social-emocional con los estudiantes para crear un espacio seguro para el aprendizaje&#x201D; (p. 28).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Eje A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Eje B</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F.G.I.</p>
<p>F.S.I.</p>
<p>F.C.I.</p>
<p>P.I.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Esp">Stembridge (2020)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;Un modelo mental que es &#x00FA;til para identificar temas y herramientas pr&#x00E1;cticas para reducir el d&#x00E9;ficit de equidad, proporciona un contexto conceptual de pol&#x00ED;ticas y pr&#x00E1;cticas que se centra en la equidad sin marginalizar a algunos estudiantes, respecto a otros. Une activamente la conciencia de la cultura, la raza, la etnia, el g&#x00E9;nero, la capacidad y otros marcadores de identidad social que dan forma a las percepciones de las oportunidades educativas en el inter&#x00E9;s y el esfuerzo de proporcionar experiencias de aprendizaje significativas para todos los estudiantes&#x201D; (p. 34).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Eje A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Eje B</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Eje C</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>F.G.I.</p>
<p>F.S.I.</p>
<p>F.C.I.</p>
<p>P.I.</p>
<p>F.I.I.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia desde las definiciones de los autores</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente relevante adopta posiciones reivindicativas y cr&#x00ED;ticas desde s&#x00ED;mbolos culturales importantes para el estudiantado, consiguiendo democratizar ideas y cuestionar marcos establecidos. En la definici&#x00F3;n terminol&#x00F3;gica recogida, aunque valora la identidad cultural y familiar del alumnado no se aborda de forma clara los FdC juveniles en las pedagog&#x00ED;as del aula, lo que excluye el eje B. Respecto a los FdI ese valor cultural y familiar y la relaci&#x00F3;n entre desigualdades sociales y las instituciones encargadas de perpetuarlas hace que se consideren todos los FdI, excepto las pr&#x00E1;cticas de identidad. En 2009, en su libro <italic>Dreamkeepers</italic>, Ladson-Billings, analiza el trabajo de 8 docentes investigados 17 a&#x00F1;os antes, y esta pedagog&#x00ED;a evoluciona dando mayor importancia a las influencias juveniles algo que influye en la formaci&#x00F3;n del estudiantado desde pr&#x00E1;cticamente todos los &#x00E1;mbitos identitarios. Ese profesorado seleccionado por sus ideales de justicia social provoca un relevo generacional por algunos de sus estudiantes, demostrando la importancia de educar en justicia e igualdad.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Esp">Gay (2000)</xref> busca conseguir una educaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s culturalmente responsable y adaptada entre familia y escuela, pero en esa primera definici&#x00F3;n no se especifican pr&#x00E1;cticas de identidad o fondos institucionales de identidad, lo que excluye el eje B y C dentro de las pedagog&#x00ED;as del aula. Esto s&#x00ED; queda recogido en la definici&#x00F3;n propuesta en la tercera edici&#x00F3;n de su libro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Esp">Gay, 2018</xref>) donde esta pedagog&#x00ED;a transformadora confronta la cultura hegem&#x00F3;nica del curr&#x00ED;culo con conciencia social, cr&#x00ED;tica intelectual y eficacia pol&#x00ED;tica y personal. Su idea evoluciona desde la educaci&#x00F3;n secundaria a todas las esferas educativas, ampliando el foco inicial centrado en poblaci&#x00F3;n afroestadounidense a una contemplaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s abierta, llegando incluso a &#x00E1;mbitos no educativos.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31408_Esp">Hollie (2011)</xref> valora identidades culturales del estudiantado, incluyendo cuestiones como el lenguaje, el g&#x00E9;nero o la clase social y no tanto desde la identidad racial como s&#x00ED; hacen otros autores. Se&#x00F1;ala la importancia del lenguaje como condicionante cultural e identitario porque seg&#x00FA;n el autor queda invisibilizado o se le da menos importancia que a los valores, creencias o normas culturales, pero lo cierto es que ese lenguaje tambi&#x00E9;n conforma nuestra esencia y por tanto es parte esencial de cada cultura. En la referencia terminol&#x00F3;gica recogida se consideran FdC del eje A y B que permiten un aprendizaje trasformador dentro del aula. Sin embargo, respecto a los FdI no se contempla de forma clara la cultura juvenil de los estudiantes por medio de pr&#x00E1;cticas de identidad, lo que excluye el eje B de FdC. En la segunda versi&#x00F3;n de su libro se&#x00F1;ala cuatro pilares para ejercer la ECR, validaci&#x00F3;n, afirmaci&#x00F3;n, construcci&#x00F3;n y puente. Busca conseguir la validaci&#x00F3;n y afirmaci&#x00F3;n de la cultura y lenguaje del alumnado permitiendo construir relaciones con ellos para que desarrollen habilidades acad&#x00E9;micas y sociales necesarias, con mayor atenci&#x00F3;n hacia la cultura juvenil de los estudiantes considerando pr&#x00E1;cticas de identidad.</p>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente sostenible, persigue una relevancia cultural del estudiantado manteniendo y valorando culturas frecuentemente minorizadas. Es importante incorporarla en este an&#x00E1;lisis porque parte de los or&#x00ED;genes de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Esp">Ladson-Billings (1995)</xref>, siendo un avance necesario generado desde sus planteamientos previos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31408_Esp">Ladson-Billings, 2014</xref>). Busca cuestionar el dominio occidental, consiguiendo descentralizar la hegem&#x00F3;nica cultural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31408_Esp">Paris y Alim, 2017</xref>) y utiliza la educaci&#x00F3;n para vigorizar formas de vida comunitarias y analizar relaciones de soberan&#x00ED;a y colonialismo que influyen en derechos sociales y educativos. Esta educaci&#x00F3;n no tiene cabida en sistemas educativos actuales porque o transforma la escuela o la devuelve a contextos anteriores donde comunidad y cultura cambiaban, pero siempre estaban presentes, considerando as&#x00ED; en la definici&#x00F3;n recogida FdC desde pedagog&#x00ED;as dentro del aula en todos los ejes. De igual manera, se consideran todos los FdI manteniendo influencias contempor&#x00E1;neas y tradicionales en el alumnado.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31408_Esp">Hammond (2015)</xref> analiza c&#x00F3;mo los procesos cognitivos mejoran desde el tratamiento cultural, logrando un aprendizaje independiente en cada estudiante. Reconoce la ECR en t&#x00E9;rminos mentales y psicol&#x00F3;gicos algo que carece de atenci&#x00F3;n en las esferas educativas. Seg&#x00FA;n la autora epistemol&#x00F3;gicamente el t&#x00E9;rmino se compone de la parte cognitiva y cultural. Normalmente desde corrientes multiculturales, ciertos docentes atienden el &#x00E1;mbito cultural que rodea el curr&#x00ED;culo, construyendo autoestima por el lenguaje o la identidad cultural, pero olvidan el potencial en el &#x00E1;rea cognitiva del aprendiz donde resulta primordial la herencia cultural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31408_Esp">Hammond, 2015</xref>) y los FdI. En la definici&#x00F3;n recogida, esta visi&#x00F3;n neuro educativa de la ECR valora la comunidad y considera FdC desde pedagog&#x00ED;as dentro del aula en los ejes A y B. No obstante, no existe un cuestionamiento expl&#x00ED;cito de estructuras sociales de desigualdad que propician atenci&#x00F3;n cultural selectiva o negligente, lo que excluye, por un lado, el eje C de FdC, porque, aunque se centra en la transformaci&#x00F3;n personal y social, la institucional no se observa de forma clara, y por otro, los fondos institucionales de identidad en la figura del alumnado al no considerar lugares para configurar su conducta y entender el mundo que le rodea.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Esp">Stembridge (2020)</xref> analiza la equidad en el marco pedag&#x00F3;gico de la ECR desde autoras referentes. Definiendo el t&#x00E9;rmino como modelo mental, alude a una toma de decisiones y procesamiento del pensamiento con sentido de prop&#x00F3;sito como necesarios para la ECR, m&#x00E1;s que una lista de acciones educativas para lograr esa equidad. Esta lista no implicar&#x00ED;a ese prop&#x00F3;sito de reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente, sus valores de equidad o la capacidad para renovarse. Establece seis temas esenciales que conforman la ECR y cinco preguntas clave para su programaci&#x00F3;n educativa. La parte de sensibilidad o adaptaci&#x00F3;n (<italic>Responisve</italic>) recibe gran consideraci&#x00F3;n, incluyendo intereses, necesidades, caracter&#x00ED;sticas y sentimientos del alumnado, aplicados a una ense&#x00F1;anza que potencia aprendizajes. Por esto, en su definici&#x00F3;n se consideran FdC desde pedagog&#x00ED;as dentro del aula en los tres ejes y todos los FdI en el alumnado. Descomponer el t&#x00E9;rmino para analizarlo, como hace este autor, permite reorientar su significado. En esta l&#x00ED;nea, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31408_Esp">Cuauhtin <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, proponen la ECR (CRP-<italic>Culturally Responsive Pedagogy</italic>) de forma semi-algebr&#x00E1;ica, entendiendo la &#x201C;C&#x201D; como cultural o cr&#x00ED;tica, la &#x201C;R&#x201D; como relevante o receptiva y la &#x201C;P&#x201D; como pedagog&#x00ED;a o pluralista, entre otras variantes de cada letra, para fundamentar ciertos estudios &#x00E9;tnicos y criticar la ECR m&#x00E1;s superficial.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-31408_Esp">
<label>5.2.</label>
<title><italic>Hacia una reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio</italic></title>
<p>Despu&#x00E9;s del an&#x00E1;lisis anterior observamos como las definiciones recogidas han ido considerando FdC desde pedagog&#x00ED;as dentro del aula en el papel del profesorado y FdI referentes al alumnado. En este sentido, se expone a continuaci&#x00F3;n una contribuci&#x00F3;n para el trabajo de la ECR incorporando FdC y FdI en el aula, recurriendo a las teor&#x00ED;as del tercer espacio y la visi&#x00F3;n de ecolog&#x00ED;a cultural.</p>
    <p>El tercer espacio retoma el valor del prefijo &#x201C;entre&#x201D; respecto a discursos o conceptos, f&#x00ED;sica e ideol&#x00F3;gicamente, donde interaccionan creencias culturales opuestas entendiendo las identidades como flexibles e h&#x00ED;bridas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31408_Esp">Bhabha, 1994</xref>). Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-31408_Esp">Soja (1996)</xref> es un estado de intersecci&#x00F3;n entre lugar y mente donde confrontan entendimientos desde el escepticismo posibilitando nuevas alternativas. Estos autores entienden el tercer espacio como algo abierto a nuevas interpretaciones y existen trabajos que han observado sus potencialidades en el campo educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31408_Esp">Guti&#x00E9;rrez, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31408_Esp">Moje <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31408_Esp">Guti&#x00E9;rrez (2008)</xref> expone una idea de tercer espacio donde se construye un contexto compartido y dialogado entre profesorado y alumnado exento de reglas, donde las ideas de ambos son leg&#x00ED;timas y no estigmatizadas. Respecto a la ECR, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31408_Esp">Jacobs, <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> ilustran como es necesario promover el desarrollo de terceros espacios para una mejor formaci&#x00F3;n docente en &#x00E1;mbitos de diversidad cultural y por ende de la ECR, incluyendo conocimientos y experiencias de los docentes que permiten la reflexi&#x00F3;n. Adaptar este espacio en ambientes educativos permite entender la otredad con enfoque constructivista para el autoconcepto, expandiendo el conocimiento en horizontal de manera dial&#x00F3;gica, conectando comunidad y aprendizaje desde posturas menos jerarquizadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31408_Esp">Bajit&#x00ED;n, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31408_Esp">Guti&#x00E9;rrez, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31408_Esp">Matusov <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Este intercambio implica la relaci&#x00F3;n entre iguales para el aprendizaje, siendo el docente gu&#x00ED;a como apunta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-31408_Esp">Vygotsky (1978)</xref> teniendo gran importancia el tercer espacio colectivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31408_Esp">Guti&#x00E9;rrez, 2008</xref>) donde convergen influencias sociohist&#x00F3;ricas de los estudiantes, especialmente de aquellos con experiencia cultural diversa, incluyendo conocimientos, motivaciones o pr&#x00E1;cticas externas al aula que suponen aprendizajes significativos, convirti&#x00E9;ndose as&#x00ED; estos j&#x00F3;venes en actores hist&#x00F3;ricos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31408_Esp">Guti&#x00E9;rrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) capaces de proyectar futuros acad&#x00E9;micos m&#x00E1;s positivos. Se accede a un &#x00E1;rea neutral donde se comparten entendimientos, se incluyen FdC y FdI y se conocen diferentes discursos mediante el di&#x00E1;logo como muestran <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31408_Esp">Lalueza, <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>.</p>
<p>Para plantear estos espacios resulta interesante considerar la teor&#x00ED;a ecol&#x00F3;gica cultural utilizada para reflexionar sobre el estudiantado de minor&#x00ED;as &#x00E9;tnicas o culturales, sus relaciones internas y su rendimiento social y escolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31408_Esp">Ogbu y Simons, 1998</xref>). John Ogbu diferencia entre minor&#x00ED;as voluntarias e involuntarias para comprender los procesos de integraci&#x00F3;n en las sociedades receptoras reflejando culturas primarias y secundarias a partir de ese planteamiento. En este caso nos centraremos en su planteamiento dentro del sistema educativo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31408_Esp">Ogbu y Simons (1998)</xref> se&#x00F1;alan que el alumnado minoritario recibe un trato diferente que hace que tenga una interpretaci&#x00F3;n de escuela diferente a sus an&#x00E1;logos nativos. Esta interpretaci&#x00F3;n, de manera resumida, puede ser de cuatro tipos: la interpretaci&#x00F3;n de comparaci&#x00F3;n o doble marco de referencia (comparaci&#x00F3;n con otros en el colegio), la interpretaci&#x00F3;n del valor instrumental (como la importancia de los logros acad&#x00E9;micos), la interpretaci&#x00F3;n relacional (como el grado de confianza en el colegio) y la interpretaci&#x00F3;n simb&#x00F3;lica (si el curr&#x00ED;culo y la lengua perjudican la herencia cultural de las minor&#x00ED;as). En entornos educativos todav&#x00ED;a existen, especialmente dentro del curr&#x00ED;culo oculto, discriminaciones relacionales, como asimilaci&#x00F3;n o subordinaci&#x00F3;n, y simb&#x00F3;licas, en forma de estereotipos o reduccionismo, planteadas desde esta teor&#x00ED;a. El docente deber&#x00ED;a evitar esos ambientes de represi&#x00F3;n que impiden el desarrollo de cada estudiante proporcionando espacios educativos de crecimiento y conocimiento con saberes y enfoques compartidos. Se conseguir&#x00E1; as&#x00ED;, un terreno equitativo para cuestionar relaciones de poder enraizadas en la interacci&#x00F3;n cl&#x00E1;sica de escuela y comunidad con un intercambio de identidades, conocimientos y experiencias por medio de la hibridaci&#x00F3;n discursiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31408_Esp">Cummins, 2001</xref>).</p>
<p>Acercando posturas entre ambas teor&#x00ED;as, sugerimos tres niveles de trabajo en el tercer espacio educativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31408_Esp">figura 1</xref>) centrados en el alumnado para tratar de revertir esas interpretaciones con actitud cr&#x00ED;tica que fortalece y revitaliza aquello que uno sabe, posee y siente posibilitando un autoconocimiento que act&#x00FA;a como catalizador para el crecimiento personal y social. Para su elaboraci&#x00F3;n nos servimos adem&#x00E1;s de las propuestas de FdC y FdI.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31408_Esp">
<label>F<sc>igura</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>N<sc>iveles de trabajo para la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de un tercer espacio educativo</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-31408_Esp.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Elaboraci&#x00F3;n propia</attrib>
</fig>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p><italic>Nivel Reproductivo</italic>, identificado por la observaci&#x00F3;n entre compa&#x00F1;eros. Utilizando la teor&#x00ED;a de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31408_Esp">Ogbu y Simons (1998)</xref>, este nivel estar&#x00ED;a encuadrado en el doble marco de referencia con la diferencia de que sucede en un espacio igualitario sin control cultural o hegem&#x00F3;nico del que partir. No existe referencia de actuaci&#x00F3;n a la que uno se debe asimilar, considerando y valorando FdC y FdI, obtenidos al reconocerse diferentes entre sus iguales, en un espacio libre.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Nivel Productivo</italic>, reconocido por la observaci&#x00F3;n entre compa&#x00F1;eros e indagaci&#x00F3;n propia. En la teor&#x00ED;a de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31408_Esp">Ogbu y Simons (1998)</xref>, este nivel se posicionar&#x00ED;a entre la adaptaci&#x00F3;n relacional y simb&#x00F3;lica, pero sin necesidad de recurrir a esa adaptaci&#x00F3;n. Primero, porque no ocurren maniobras de subordinaci&#x00F3;n o acomodaci&#x00F3;n cultural, existe una validaci&#x00F3;n individual y conocimiento propio desde FdI. Tampoco existe oposici&#x00F3;n al marco cultural o ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;stico de referencia, sino una cierta asimilaci&#x00F3;n selectiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31408_Esp">Portes y Rivas, 2011</xref>) en un espacio neutro donde cobran valor los FdC. Ser&#x00ED;a trabajado desde el reconocimiento de aspectos comunes y diversos a partir de las ideas del primer nivel reproductivo.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Nivel Dial&#x00F3;gico</italic>, originado por el di&#x00E1;logo con compa&#x00F1;eros y el autoconocimiento. Trabajando en los niveles anteriores se logra un di&#x00E1;logo entre semejantes que permite intercambiar saberes y observar fortalezas y debilidades creando un autoconcepto desde FdC, FdI e interacciones del aula, en constante cambio, adherido a la interacci&#x00F3;n continua que es la cultura. Se origina desde ideas y sentimientos personales de empoderamiento y posturas cr&#x00ED;ticas hacia las relaciones de poder o recursos considerados contraproducentes para el desarrollo personal pleno que se hayan podido observar en los dos momentos anteriores.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Esta propuesta permitir&#x00E1; descubrir fortalezas, debilidades, ideas y conocimientos, porque, como apunta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Esp">Stembridge (2020)</xref> &#x201C;la naturaleza fluida de la clase es uno de los espacios sociales m&#x00E1;s sofisticados conocidos para el ser humano&#x201D; (p. 108). Lejos de limitar la dimensi&#x00F3;n identitaria para la ventaja pedag&#x00F3;gica docente, se deben mezclar estrategias adaptadas a las situaciones de cada estudiante, permitiendo entender sus influencias identitarias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31408_Esp">Hollie, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31408_Esp">Paris y Alim, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Esp">Stembridge, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, resulta primordial observar espacios y procesos donde tenga lugar el intercambio de FdC y FdI con car&#x00E1;cter transformador sin estar condicionados a ideolog&#x00ED;as o privilegios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31408_Esp">Esteban-Guitart, 2021</xref>). Algunos problemas identificados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31408_Esp">Hogg y Volman (2020)</xref> sobre los FdI pueden ser abordados con esta propuesta porque los procesos identitarios no son cerrados, sino que se producen de la interacci&#x00F3;n y constante cambio, reflejando experiencias problem&#x00E1;ticas necesarias para el desarrollo que tambi&#x00E9;n conforman la identidad de ciertas comunidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-78-31408_Esp">Zipin, 2009</xref>) pasando de una educaci&#x00F3;n hegem&#x00F3;nica a colaborativa que tambi&#x00E9;n educa en la adversidad.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-31408_Esp">
<label><bold>6.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>esaf&#x00ED;os</sc> Y R<sc>eflexiones</sc></bold></title>
<p>Existen directrices, para transferir el trabajo te&#x00F3;rico y epistemol&#x00F3;gico de la ECR a la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa, incluyendo pr&#x00E1;cticas culturales de entendimiento, que ofrecen experiencias de campo y conciencia cr&#x00ED;tica en el profesorado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31408_Esp">Ashley L. White, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31408_Esp">Emdin, 2017</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31408_Esp">Hollie, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Esp">Stembridge, 2020</xref>). Sin embargo, el escaso contacto con entornos culturalmente diversos, sumado al amplio abanico de conceptos y terminolog&#x00ED;as, genera confusi&#x00F3;n para implementar esta pedagog&#x00ED;a, por falta de conocimiento o confianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31408_Esp">Neri <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). El profesorado es el motor que permite ejercer esta ECR para con sus estudiantes d&#x00E1;ndole sentido pr&#x00E1;ctico y se necesitan aclaraciones del progreso de su significado para continuar su investigaci&#x00F3;n, evitando un proceso de banalidad por un uso indebido o insustancial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31408_Esp">Hollie, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31408_Esp">Ladson-Billings y Dixon, 2021</xref>). No obstante, tambi&#x00E9;n resulta necesario estimular la reflexi&#x00F3;n docente hacia sus propias actitudes y creencias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-75-31408_Esp">Whitaker y Valterra, 2018</xref>), permitiendo cuestionar hegemon&#x00ED;as educativas y culturales sin encasillar homog&#x00E9;neamente influencias &#x00E9;tnicas, algo a profundizar en pr&#x00F3;ximos estudios.</p>
<p>La ECR identificando variables culturales concretas consideradas significativas contribuye a construir un aprendizaje independiente y a considerar un marco de rigor sobre la conciencia cultural, la relaci&#x00F3;n en el aprendizaje y el procesamiento de informaci&#x00F3;n propiciando entornos adecuados de aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31408_Esp">Hammond, 2018</xref>). En consecuencia, la reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio propuesta resulta sugerente para desarrollar estos tres aspectos simult&#x00E1;neamente en el estudiantado porque algunas referencias a la cuesti&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica reconocen que cada estudiante puede tener estilos de aprendizaje vinculados o no a sus antecedentes culturales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31408_Esp">Paris y Alim, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31408_Esp">Sleeter, 2012</xref>). No es suficiente abrazar la cultura desde perspectivas folcl&#x00F3;ricas, obviando la memoria, los FdC o FdI del estudiantado, tambi&#x00E9;n influenciados por jergas o violencia.</p>
<p>Otro de los retos observados es su capacidad de adaptaci&#x00F3;n al Dise&#x00F1;o Universal de Aprendizaje siendo una de sus l&#x00ED;neas metodol&#x00F3;gicas la de minimizar barreras culturales. Para conseguirlo, se deben eludir pr&#x00E1;cticas triviales en diversidad cultural porque actualmente el aprendizaje com&#x00FA;n para un grupo gen&#x00E9;rico no existe. Algunos autores establecen esta relaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31408_Esp">Kieran y Anderson, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Esp">Stembridge, 2020</xref>) y puede que la ECR marginada por el dise&#x00F1;o curricular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Esp">Gay, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31408_Esp">Sleeter, 2012</xref>) encuentre una salida de implantaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s reconocida en este trabajo conjunto, considerando causas comunes en el racismo u odio a personas con discapacidad. Es necesario programar el aprendizaje de estudiantes con bagaje cultural diverso desde espacios did&#x00E1;cticos previos por encima de meras adaptaciones curriculares. Trabajar desde la reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio propuesta permitir&#x00ED;a acceder a un marco que promueve aprendizajes significativos sin necesidad de recurrir a esas adaptaciones. Adem&#x00E1;s de los fines acad&#x00E9;micos, la conciencia cultural o la reducci&#x00F3;n de disparidades sociales, la ECR busca conseguir un control emocional que no se logra exclusivamente con adaptaciones. La situaci&#x00F3;n de necesidad de salud mental y emocional mejorar&#x00ED;a considerablemente programando en el aula desde la ECR. No obstante, esto debe realizarse con cautela porque existe el riesgo de estigmatizar pr&#x00E1;cticas culturales entendidas como d&#x00E9;ficits por la escuela y la sociedad, al trabajar emociones de forma diferente a la cultura occidental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31408_Esp">Gorski, 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>Las tendencias multiculturales buscan gestionar la diversidad de los &#x201C;otros&#x201D; en la sociedad de acogida. La ECR utiliza esa diversidad para favorecer la inclusi&#x00F3;n de los que llegan y al mismo tiempo mejorar el conocimiento del &#x201C;yo&#x201D;, adquiriendo mayor responsabilidad social y ciudadana <italic>ad hoc</italic> con una educaci&#x00F3;n transformadora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31408_Esp">Banks, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31408_Esp">Deardorff, 2010</xref>). En la competencia global evaluada por PISA en 2018, algunas autoras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31408_Esp">Sanz Leal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31408_Esp">Ukpokodu, 2020</xref>) se&#x00F1;alan la relaci&#x00F3;n intercultural como eje fundamental. Esta puede ser desarrollada por la ECR desde las dimensiones de participaci&#x00F3;n, identidad cultural, interacci&#x00F3;n y percepci&#x00F3;n comprensiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Esp">Stembrdige, 2020</xref>), actuando como elemento base de la pr&#x00E1;ctica situada en dicha competencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31408_Esp">Kerkhoff y Cloud, 2020</xref>). Esas dimensiones pueden ser abordadas en la pr&#x00E1;ctica situada mediante el trabajo centrado en la reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio propuesta porque la conciencia global y competencia intercultural surgen, cada vez m&#x00E1;s, desde herencias culturales diversas de estudiantes a nivel local. Sin embargo, la ECR ha recibido demasiada atenci&#x00F3;n, aislando en ocasiones la formaci&#x00F3;n en competencia global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31408_Esp">Ukpokodu, 2020</xref>), pero de manera inversa, tampoco se puede caer en la tendencia de reutilizar la ECR mercantilizando culturas desvinculadas de su contexto. Existe el desaf&#x00ED;o de observar sinergias considerando especialmente estos dos &#x00FA;ltimos aspectos.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-31408_Esp" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>7.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>onclusiones</sc></bold></title>
<p>Esta investigaci&#x00F3;n permite desde el an&#x00E1;lisis de la ECR observar alternativas en el contexto espa&#x00F1;ol para el trabajo de la gesti&#x00F3;n cultural en las aulas, teniendo en cuenta factores sociales o ling&#x00FC;&#x00ED;sticos del alumnado, pero tambi&#x00E9;n identitarios. Ese an&#x00E1;lisis muestra como la ECR ha evolucionado paulatinamente en un ejercicio educativo m&#x00E1;s cr&#x00ED;tico incorporando FdC y FdI desde las figuras del profesorado y alumnado. Como contribuci&#x00F3;n al trabajo de la ECR surge una reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio, estrategia fundamentada en teor&#x00ED;as relevantes y significativas dentro del &#x00E1;mbito de estudio que ayuda a superar algunos desaf&#x00ED;os expuestos de la ECR y permite mejorar la formaci&#x00F3;n del futuro profesorado destinado cada vez m&#x00E1;s a trabajar en contextos culturalmente diversos. No obstante, rogamos cautela al interpretar estas afirmaciones que emanan de una revisi&#x00F3;n con alcance limitado, precisando m&#x00E1;s investigaciones futuras. Adem&#x00E1;s, otra de las limitaciones del estudio radica en que la reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio planteada no se asienta en el an&#x00E1;lisis de pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas ejecutadas, una l&#x00ED;nea futura de investigaci&#x00F3;n ser&#x00ED;a explorar como esta propuesta se puede observar mediante la pr&#x00E1;ctica pedag&#x00F3;gica de la ECR.</p>
<p>Repensar la educaci&#x00F3;n para su ejercicio m&#x00E1;s cr&#x00ED;tico, democr&#x00E1;tico y justo implica promover la ECR, con extenso recorrido, junto con iniciativas como esta reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio, favoreciendo aprendizajes que valoren todos y cada uno de los recursos del estudiantado necesarios para el desarrollo y el aprendizaje.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.31408</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.31408</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Culturally Responsive Education: Educational Analysis of the Third Space</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>La educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva: an&#x00E1;lisis educativo del tercer espacio</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8540-974X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>LLORENTE VILLASANTE</surname>
<given-names>&#x00C1;ngel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-8712</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>OROZCO G&#x00D3;MEZ</surname>
<given-names>Martha Luc&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9845-0688</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>SANZ LEAL</surname>
<given-names>Mar&#x00ED;a</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3_Eng"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1_Eng">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Burgos. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Burgos</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Eng"><email>alvillasante@ubu.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2_Eng"><email>mlorozco@ubu.es</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c3_Eng"><email>msleal@ubu.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2024361</issue-id>
<fpage>73</fpage>
<lpage>93</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>04</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>02</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>

<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>In the face of increasingly polarized societies, there is evidence to show that hate speech towards diversity is proliferating at alarming rates, provoking intense social disparities. It can often influence the social inclusion of young people from multiple cultural backgrounds, in so far as assimilation is presented as the first option without adopting a critical perspective. The education system must in that sense take steps to address cultural diversity within the classroom through approaches that educate students and enable meaningful learning. Culturally Responsive Education (CRE) contributes to adequate management of that diversity, relying on forms of conceptualization and development that deserve to be analyzed from within various educational and social spheres. In this study, a critical review method and discourse analysis are used to observe the development of CRE from the perspective of both teachers and students. Few studies have explored a discourse analysis of CRE through the Funds of Knowledge (FoK) approach applied to classroom pedagogy and the role of the teacher, and the Funds of Identity (FoI) approach applied to the students. Thus, the aim here is to analyze the pedagogical dimension of the teacher within the classroom through the FoK approach, while the student perspective is contemplated through the FoI approach. Through this analysis, an educational reinterpretation of the Third Space is suggested, making a contribution to CRE and its work within the classroom. Finally, we outline some challenges of CRE with regard to its terminology, implementation, and future lines of work.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Ante sociedades cada vez m&#x00E1;s polarizadas, la evidencia muestra c&#x00F3;mo los discursos de odio hacia lo diferente proliferan alarmantemente provocando mayores disparidades sociales. Esto influye frecuentemente en la inclusi&#x00F3;n social de j&#x00F3;venes con influencias culturales diversas presentando la asimilaci&#x00F3;n como primera opci&#x00F3;n sin adoptar una perspectiva cr&#x00ED;tica. El sistema educativo debe actuar en este sentido abordando la diversidad cultural en las aulas desde enfoques que permitan la formaci&#x00F3;n del alumnado y posibiliten un aprendizaje significativo. La educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva (ECR) contribuye a una adecuada gesti&#x00F3;n de esa diversidad contando con variantes respecto a su conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n y desarrollo que merecen ser analizadas desde diferentes esferas educativas y sociales. En este art&#x00ED;culo se utiliza un m&#x00E9;todo de revisi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica y an&#x00E1;lisis del discurso para observar la evoluci&#x00F3;n de la ECR desde la figura del profesorado y alumnado. Pocos estudios han explorado el an&#x00E1;lisis del discurso de la ECR desde metodolog&#x00ED;as de fondos de conocimiento (FdC) con pedagog&#x00ED;as dentro del aula en el papel del profesorado y fondos de identidad (FdI) del estudiantado. Por ello, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la dimensi&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica del profesorado dentro del aula desde FdC y desde la figura de los y las estudiantes y su aprendizaje se contemplan FdI. Desde este an&#x00E1;lisis se sugiere una reinterpretaci&#x00F3;n educativa del tercer espacio que permite una contribuci&#x00F3;n para el trabajo de la ECR en el aula. Por &#x00FA;ltimo, se se&#x00F1;alan algunos desaf&#x00ED;os de la ECR respecto a su terminolog&#x00ED;a, implantaci&#x00F3;n y futuras l&#x00ED;neas de trabajo.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>culturally responsive education</kwd>
<kwd>funds of knowledge</kwd>
<kwd>funds of identity</kwd>
<kwd>cultural diversity</kwd>
<kwd>third space</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n culturalmente receptiva</kwd>
<kwd>fondos de conocimiento</kwd>
<kwd>fondos de identidad</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad cultural</kwd>
<kwd>tercer espacio</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-31408_Eng" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>Throughout history, social groups have been culturally engaging with their peers and, as</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-31408_Eng">Harari noted (2014)</xref>, ever since their emergence, embryonic cultures have continued to change and to develop. At times, these cultural changes and development have been and are questioned, with widespread social demands for uniformity and sameness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-31408_Eng">Han, 2017</xref>), unaware that there can be no self without the other. Intercultural relationships between groups are therefore often debated in certain social sectors that attempt to replace them with uniformity, forgetting that diversity helps shape us as individuals. In the modern world, changing and in a constant state of flux (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-31408_Eng">Bauman, 2017</xref>), understanding the increasingly complex cultural realities of students is a delicate task. These realities are characterized by superdiversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-31408_Eng">Vertovec, 2007</xref>) that can be difficult to address, both for society, in general, and for the educational environment, in particular. The situation calls for cross-disciplinary teacher training that is responsive to cultural diversity. The potential achievements of some if not many students are often diminished, due to the reductionism of educational systems that limit critical consciousness and cultural capital, as noted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-31408_Eng">Bourdieu (1986)</xref>, provoking further inequality in society. It is essential to see each student as a source of development and cultural wealth, to achieve emancipatory teaching that educates the learners and that generates intrinsic value through mutual support (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-31408_Eng">Garc&#x00E9;s, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Spanish educational policies designed for linguistic-cultural management are focused on linguistic aspects with measures aimed at the vehicular language (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-31408_Eng">Olmos-Alcaraz, 2016</xref>), but such policies overlook cultural aspects that also require attention. Certain studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-31408_Eng">Bayona et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-31408_Eng">OECD, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-31408_Eng">Schleicher, 2019</xref>) have shown that basic levels of academic competence are less likely to be achieved among students whose cultural backgrounds are diverse than among their native Spanish counterparts. Those same students are also less likely to feel a sense of commitment to an educational institution in which their families are also less involved and to which they are less well socially adapted. Initiatives such as compensatory education in no way solve underlying social difficulties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-31408_Eng">Gonz&#x00E1;lez Faraco et al., 2020</xref>) that can lead to the assimilation of identities that adopt opposing stances.</p>
<p>Culturally Responsive Education (CRE) addresses these assimilation processes, seek in to prevent their evolution into &#x201C;murderous identities&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-31408_Eng">Maalouf, 2010</xref>), and weighing up cultural identity with tolerance in mind. This pedagogy originated in the United States in the 1990s and has evolved through theoretical and practical contributions that shape its meaning. The country&#x2019;s characteristic migration flows highlight the need for such pedagogies, considering intrinsic social diversity and reflecting on interrelated economic, demographic, and social factors. The educational sphere should incorporate cultural references and socio-psychological aspects stemming from these migration processes. Analyzing this pedagogy has positive implications within the Spanish context, because it leads to a reorientation of the school curriculum through dialogue rooted in ethnic and cultural studies that advances teacher training within this area, and that helps to combat misconceptions regarding minority or culturally diverse student groups (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-31408_Eng">Rodr&#x00ED;guez-Izquierdo and Gonz&#x00E1;lez Faraco, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-31408_Eng">Sleeter, 2018</xref>). Understanding those students within our context as students from migratory backgrounds, with no links to a predominant social group, living with relevant ethnic, linguistic, religious, and social differences, and facing greater difficulty at gaining recognization within educational practice.</p>
<p>In the extensive research on this pedagogical approach, discourse analysis that applies the Funds of Knowledge (FoK) pedagogical approach to the teacher&#x2019;s role and the Funds of Identity (FoI) approach for students in educational practice is limited to very few studies. Consequently, the antecedents and the evolution of CRE are presented in this study, together with an analysis, based on two theories related to the main theme, suggesting an educational reinterpretation of the &#x201C;Third Space&#x201D; that projects new initiatives when working with CRE.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-31408_Eng">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>he background to culturally responsive education</sc></bold></title>
<p>Ethnic, racial, and social diversity within the United States multiplied in the classroom following the annulment of the so-called &#x2018;Jim Crow&#x2019; Laws and the rise of the Civil Rights movement. From that point onward, various legislative acts seemingly indicated governmental commitment to educational social justice. However, those reforms associated with political and social traditionalism posed obstacles to more effective education for students from diverse cultural backgrounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Eng">Gay, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>In a context of political inaction, during the 1950s and 1960s, research advocating the adaption of educational systems to those social needs emerged, giving rise to the term &#x201C;culturally responsive&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-31408_Eng">Cazden and Leggett, 1976</xref>), which served as the basis for the development of CRE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Eng">Gay, 2000</xref>). Other works, such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-31408_Eng">Ramirez and Casta&#x00F1;eda&#x2019;s (1974)</xref> on the assimilationist role of schools, not only aimed to adapt educational systems, but also questioned them, forming one of the early foundations of culturally relevant education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Eng">Ladson-Billings, 1995</xref>). There are terminological differences that lead to extensive discussions on this pedagogy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Eng">Gay, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Eng">Ladson-Billings, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31408_Eng">Nieto and Bode, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31408_Eng">Villegas and Lucas, 2002</xref>), but all contributions seek a structural educational change from a critical perspective grounded in social justice, aiming for meaningful relationships between teachers, students, and families while valuing diversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31408_Eng">Nieto and Bode, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>This pedagogy is focused on the teacher dimension and teacher training (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-31408_Eng">Gay, 1978</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Eng">Ladson-Billings, 1995</xref>), as well as ethnic diversity within the classroom for learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-31408_Eng">Gay, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-31408_Eng">Ladson-Billings, 1992</xref>). Initially, more attention was focused on curricular structures and adjustment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-31408_Eng">Gay, 1975</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31408_Eng">Villegas and Lucas, 2002</xref>), with a shift towards teachers as potential agents of educational change (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-31408_Eng">Delpit, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Eng">Gay, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-31408_Eng">Villegas and Lucas, 2002</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Eng">Ladson-Billings (1995)</xref> analyzed both students and teachers as transformative vectors to combat spheres of social power and authority that are present in education. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Eng">Gay (2000)</xref> suggested a dialogic relationship between classroom pedagogies and both teacher and student identities to achieve this change. Both approaches were used interchangeably in the literature, and both authors, while acknowledging variations, pointed out that referring to this pedagogy with one expression or another is a matter of choice, with other contributions incorporating them into the same framework (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-31408_Eng">Aronson and Laughter, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-31408_Eng">Brown-Jeffy and Cooper, 2011</xref>). However, there are certain differences that can be explored through FoK and FoI.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-31408_Eng">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>F<sc>unds of knowledge and funds of identity as analytical frameworks for culturally responsive education</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-4-31408_Eng">
<label>3.1.</label>
<title><italic>Funds of Knowledge and Culturally Responsive Education (CRE)</italic></title>
<p>There is a clear relationship between cognition, culture, and understanding, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-31408_Eng">Nieto and Bode (2018)</xref> recently demonstrated, in so far as students feel more validated and prepared for learning when the pedagogical environment provides a culturally responsive educational response.</p>
    <p>That cultural response is evidence of the necessary connection between family and school, beyond the one established by behavioral issues or academic performance, which is often associated with the cultural deficit perspective in education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-31408_Eng">Valencia, 2010</xref>). Cultural deficit can be counteracted in the learner through a shift in focus towards school contexts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-31408_Eng">Poveda, 2001</xref>), aiming to adapt those learning environments with meaningful family-school relationships. CRE seeks those meaningful relationships for learning, but knowledge of family realities is necessary. In that regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-31408_Eng">V&#x00E9;lez-Ib&#x00E1;&#x00F1;ez and Greenberg (1992)</xref> linked family cultural resources to education through ethnological research that helped teachers to gain a better understanding of academic performance. The concept, known as &#x201C;Funds of Knowledge&#x201D; (FoK), emerged in the U.S. in the 1990s from those anthropological studies. FoK are &#x201C;historically accumulated and culturally developed bodies of knowledge and skills essential for household functioning and well-being&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-31408_Eng">Moll et al., 1992</xref>, p. 133). They aim to foster the family-school relationship and enable the enculturation of new generations. While FoK programs are not necessarily identified as CRE, they act as precursors, guiding ethnic identity and facilitating cultural relationships without prejudice or racism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Eng">Gay, 2018</xref>). Moreover, there are other studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-77-31408_Eng">Zhang-Yu et al., 2023</xref>) that explore how the workings of FoK along with CRE, especially through the model of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31408_Eng">Paris and Alim (2017)</xref>, are necessary to maintain the cultural heritage of students and their identities, countering hegemonic and ethnocentric discourse within the educational context. These FoK have been explored in greater depth in terms of family and academic performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31408_Eng">Esteban-Guitart and Saubich, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31408_Eng">Moje et al., 2011</xref>) rather than from the overall teacher perspective, although there is some research in early childhood education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-31408_Eng">Hedges, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>It is a circumstance that leads us to analyze Culturally Responsive Education (CRE) through the lens of the FoK approach that teachers implement, utilizing pedagogies stemming from an inductive analysis at two levels: pedagogies within and pedagogies outside the classroom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31408_Eng">Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2013</xref>). In this case, we will focus on the pedagogical review within the classroom, since the study&#x2019;s emphasis is within this domain, before proposing a working proposal. These classroom-based pedagogies can be listed as three vectors:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>A)</label> <p>Involving students in co-constructing knowledge to deepen or to expand academic understanding through FoK.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>B)</label> <p>Recognizing and promoting the use of multiple FoK in the classroom among students, including home/family FoK, as well as FoK from youth and popular culture.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>C)</label> <p>Moving beyond merely connecting student/family/community FoK with academic content and instruction, towards a transformative classroom process involving the reorientation of teachers and students as learners and agents within and beyond the classroom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-31408_Eng">Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2013</xref>, p. 95).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Vector &#x201C;A&#x201D; entails the pedagogical perspective of relevance in cultural and social contexts, giving voice to the experiences of both students and teachers for educational purposes. Pedagogy that opposes school hegemonies emerges from Vector &#x201C;B&#x201D;, particularly the cultural deficit perspective, and teacher-student interactions that promote a sense of humanity and that can reframe the curriculum. Vector &#x201C;C&#x201D; results in pedagogy as micro-macro awareness for personal, institutional, and social transformation.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-31408_Eng">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>Funds of Identity (FoI) and Culturally Responsive Education (CRE)</italic></title>
<p>In the learning process, there are various domains of identity to consider beyond ethnic origins. FoK recognize student identities from family contexts, but there are other social influences that also shape their identity. FoI complement the FoK approach, considering the concerns of students and other influences beyond familial ones. These ideas are also observed in some works on CRE, which emphasize not only the relevance of cultural heritage and knowledge and their maintenance over time, but also being able to incorporate other contemporary influences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31408_Eng">Paris, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>In our context, there are studies such as the one by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-76-31408_Eng">Zhang-Yu et al. (2021)</xref>, in which it was demonstrated that working with FoI enabled students to reflect on their own culture as something real and personal, in addition to evident family influences. We therefore propose to analyze CRE through different types of FoI, and to observe how they are integrated into student learning in each study.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-31408_Eng">Esteban-Guitart and Saubich (2013)</xref> defined FoI as &#x201C;those artifacts, technologies, or resources, historically accumulated, culturally developed, and socially distributed and transmitted, essential for individuals&#x2019; self-definition, self-expression, and self-understanding&#x201D; (p. 201), and they differentiated between:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p><italic>Geographical Funds of Identity</italic> (G.FoI.): recognition in a physical space such as a town, city, or nature reserve.</p>
<p><italic>Social Funds of Identity</italic> (S.FoI): involving any person or social bond considered significant for shaping individual identity.</p>
<p><italic>Cultural Funds of Identity</italic> (C.FoI): cultural artifacts (flag, emblem) used for self-identification.</p>
<p><italic>Identity Practices</italic> (I.P.): activities or hobbies that are practiced and that are considered important.</p>
<p><italic>Institutional Funds of Identity</italic> (I.FoI): spaces that serve to understand the world and shape behavior in it, such as school.</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-31408_Eng" sec-type="methods">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>ethodology</sc></bold></title>
<p>From the methodological perspective of a critical literature review (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-31408_Eng">Grant and Booth, 2009</xref>), notable elements within the field of study were identified in this research. It is narrative, chronological, and critical, offering a contribution to the work of CRE after analyzing the discourses.</p>
<p>The search strategy that was followed must also be presented to avoid any possible bias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-31408_Eng">Guirao Goris, 2015</xref>).</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Identification of academic works on CRE in three databases: Scopus, WoS (Web of Science), and Dialnet during September and October 2022 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-31408_Eng">Table 1</xref>). The descriptors used were &#x201C;culturally* responsive* education*&#x201D; and &#x201C;culturally* relevant* education*&#x201D; and their corresponding terms in Spanish. Since the first descriptor was exclusively in English and studies often encompass both concepts, we decided to include the second descriptor as well. We employed the asterisk (*) symbol as a truncation tool to explore variables such as culturally/culture, responsive/response, relevant/relevance in documents published between 1995 and 2022. The search was restricted to the field of social sciences and education; document type, article; languages, English and Spanish; and keywords, &#x201C;Education,&#x201D; &#x201C;Educational Research,&#x201D; &#x201C;Culturally Relevant/Responsive Pedagogy,&#x201D; &#x201C;Article,&#x201D; &#x201C;Teacher Education,&#x201D; &#x201C;Culture,&#x201D; &#x201C;Teaching,&#x201D; &#x201C;Students,&#x201D; &#x201C;Culturally Relevant/Responsive Education.&#x201D;</p>
<p><table-wrap id="tabw-1-31408_Eng">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 1.</label>
<caption><title>D<sc>ocuments identified with search indicators</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-31408_Eng" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Search descriptors</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Scopus</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Wos</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>Dialnet</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>&#x201C;culturally* responsive* education*&#x201D;</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>472</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>689</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>42</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold>&#x201C;culturally* relevant* education*&#x201D;</bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>540</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>580</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>39</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Authors&#x2019; own work</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Reading and examination of abstracts and keywords of the documents, selecting those with greater theoretical contributions on the conceptualization of CRE and those of higher scientific impact.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Specific searches through books and other bibliographic reviews not included in these databases, but that clearly reflected the theoretical conceptualization, being one of the reasons for the chosen method.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Analysis of the sources gathered in the bibliographic section for their evaluation, allowing the reader to synthesize the original volume of publications related to the study topic.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Once this critical review was conducted, a discourse analysis was performed, focusing on the main conceptual definitions of CRE that were collected. The postmodern social categories, identity, and culture are closely related to the discourse, with the notion of discourse being valued as a fundamental category (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31408_Eng">Santander, 2011</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-31408_Eng" sec-type="results">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>R<sc>esults</sc></bold></title>
<sec id="sec-8-31408_Eng">
<label>5.1.</label>
<title><italic>Analysis of culturally responsive education</italic></title>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-31408_Eng">Table 2</xref> lists the most widely used definitions and significant CRE approaches, together with their respective authors, and FoK approaches towards classroom pedagogies, focusing on the role of teachers and the various types of FoI, all of which are abbreviated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-2-31408_Eng">Table 2</xref> below, as explained in Section 3. The categorization is built upon a critical discourse analysis that <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-31408_Eng">Santander (2011)</xref> outlined, utilizing the sentence as a semantic unit of analysis, as indicated in the methodology section. The theme of the study is closely linked to cultural aspects that possess a dynamic nature and that are governed by variations and influences. Therefore, the review of concepts within cultural spheres should be ongoing, without implying incorrect starting points.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-2-31408_Eng">
<label>T<sc>able</sc> 2.</label>
<caption><title>A<sc>nalysis of the cre from fok and foi</sc></title></caption>
<table id="tab-2-31408_Eng" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="40%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<col width="20%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x00A0;</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>Definition</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>FoK</bold></p>
<p><bold>(Teacher)</bold></p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p><bold>FoI</bold></p>
<p><bold>(Student)</bold></p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Eng">Ladson-Billings (1995)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;A next step for positing effective pedagogical practice is a theoretical model that not only addresses student achievement but also helps students to accept and affirm their cultural identity while developing critical perspectives that challenge inequities that schools (and other institutions) perpetuate.&#x201D; (p. 469).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Vector A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Vector C</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>G.F.I.</p>
<p>S.F.I.</p>
<p>C.F.I.</p>
<p>I.F.I.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Eng">Gay (2000)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;Using the cultural knowledge, prior experiences, frames of reference, and performance styles of ethnically diverse students to make learning encounters more relevant to and effective for them&#x201D; (p. 29).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Vector A</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>G.F.I.</p>
<p>S.F.I.</p>
<p>C.F.I.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31408_Eng">Hollie (2011)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;The validation and affirmation of the home (indigenous) culture and home language for the purposes of building and bridging the student to success in the culture of academia and mainstream society&#x201D; (p. 23).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Vector A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Vector C</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>G.F.I.</p>
<p>S.F.I.</p>
<p>C.F.I.</p>
<p>I.F.I.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-31408_Eng">Paris (2012)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;It seeks to perpetuate and foster &#x2013; to sustain- linguistic, literate, and cultural pluralism as part of the democratic project of schooling&#x201D; (p. 95).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Vector A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Vector B</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Vector C</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>G.F.I.</p>
<p>S.F.I.</p>
<p>C.F.I.</p>
<p>I.P.</p>
<p>I.F.I.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31408_Eng">Hammond (2015)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;An educator&#x2019;s ability to recognize students&#x2019; cultural displays of learning and meaning making and respond positively and constructively with teaching moves that use cultural knowledge as a scaffold to connect what the student knows to new concepts and content in order to promote effective <bold>information processing</bold>. All the while, the educator understands the importance of being in a relationship and having a social-emotional connection to the student in order to create a safe space for learning&#x201D; (p. 28).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Vector A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Vector B</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>G.F.I.</p>
<p>S.F.I.</p>
<p>C.F.I.</p>
<p>I.P.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Eng">Stembridge (2020)</xref></bold></p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>&#x201C;A mental model that is useful for identifying themes and tools of practice for closing opportunity gaps, providing a conceptual context for policies and practices that focus on Equity without marginalizing some students relative to others. It actively enlists the awareness of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, ability, and other social identity markers that shape the perceptions of educational opportunities in the interest and effort to provide meaningful learning experiences for all students&#x201D; (p. 34).</p></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<p>&#x00A0;</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Vector A</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Vector B</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Vector C</p></list-item>
</list></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><p>G.F.I.</p>
<p>S.F.I.</p>
<p>C.F.I.</p>
<p>I.P.</p>
<p>I.F.I.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>Source: Authors&#x2019; own compilation</attrib>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Culturally relevant education takes assertive and critical stances, looking at significant cultural symbols for students, democratizing ideas, and questioning established frameworks. Although valuing cultural and family identities of students, youth FoK within classroom pedagogies are not clearly addressed in the terminological definition, which exclude vector B. With regard to FoI, both cultural and family values, and the relationship between social inequalities and the institutions responsible for their perpetuation imply the consideration of all FoI, except for identity practices. In 2009, in her book &#x201C;Dreamkeepers&#x201D;, Ladson-Billings analyzed the work of 8 teachers studied 17 years earlier. The pedagogy evolved attaching greater importance to youth influences, something which impacted on the education of students across practically all spheres of identity. The teaching staff, chosen for their ideals of social justice, triggered a generational shift among some of their students, demonstrating the importance of educating for social justice and equality.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-31408_Eng">Gay (2000)</xref> sought to achieve more culturally responsive and adaptable education between family and school. However, the initial definition specified neither identity practices nor institutional identity funds, excluding vectors B and C within the classroom pedagogies of FoK. This point was addressed in the definition proposed in the third edition of her book (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Eng">Gay, 2018</xref>) where this transformative pedagogy confronts the hegemonic culture of the curriculum, armed with social awareness, intellectual critique, and personal and political efficacy. Her idea evolved from secondary education to all educational spheres, broadening the initial focus on the African American population to a more open viewpoint, even reaching non-educational domains.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31408_Eng">Hollie (2011)</xref> evaluated the cultural identities of students, including aspects such as language, gender, and social class, rather than solely focusing on racial identity, unlike other authors. The significance of language as a determinant of culture and identity was highlighted, because according to the author, it often goes unnoticed or is afforded less importance than values, beliefs, or cultural norms, yet language shapes our essence and is therefore an essential part of each culture. FoK in vectors A and B, promoting transformative learning within the classroom, is considered in the terminological reference. Yet, student youth culture in terms of identity practices is not distinctly considered in FoI, thereby excluding vector B of FoK. In the second version of her book, he outlined four pillars for practicing CRE: validation, affirmation, construction, and bridge-building. His approach aims to validate and to affirm students&#x2019; culture and language, enabling the building of relationships with them to develop necessary academic and social skills, with greater attention on student youth culture through identity practices.</p>
<p>Culturally sustainable education seeks out the cultural relevance of the students, maintaining and valuing cultures that are frequently marginalized. Its incorporation into this analysis is important, because it originates from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-31408_Eng">Ladson-Billings&#x2019; (1995)</xref> work, representing a necessary step forward built upon her previous ideas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-31408_Eng">Ladson-Billings, 2014</xref>). It aims to challenge Western dominance, achieving the decentralization of cultural hegemony (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31408_Eng">Paris and Alim, 2017</xref>), and utilizes education to invigorate communal ways of life and to analyze sovereignty and colonial relationships that influence social and educational rights. This form of education is not aligned with current educational systems, as it either transforms the school or returns it to previous contexts where community and culture are changing, yet always present, thereby asserting the definition that includes FoK in classroom pedagogies across all three vectors. Similarly, all FoI are considered, leaving students open to both contemporary and traditional influences.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31408_Eng">Hammond (2015)</xref> analyzed how cognitive processes improved through cultural treatment, leading to independent learning in each student. She recognized Culturally Responsive Education (CRE) in mental and psychological terms, an aspect often overlooked in educational spheres. According to the author, epistemologically, the term is composed of both cognitive and cultural aspects. While certain teachers from multicultural perspectives attend to the cultural aspects surrounding the curriculum, fostering self-esteem through language or cultural identity, they neglect the cognitive area of learning and its potential where cultural heritage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-31408_Eng">Hammond, 2015</xref>) and FoI are fundamental. In her definition, the community is valued in this neuro-educational view of CRE and FoK are considered in classroom pedagogies through vectors A and B. Nonetheless, there is no explicit questioning of the social structures of inequality that promote either selective or negligent cultural attention which means that vector C of FoK is excluded, because although it is focused on personal and social transformation, the institutional aspect is not clearly observed. Likewise, the institutional FoI of the student body is excluded, as no spaces are considered to shape student behavior and to understand the surrounding world.</p>
<p>Drawing from influential authors, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Eng">Stembridge (2020)</xref> analyzed equity within the pedagogical framework of CRE. Defining the term as a mental model, he referred to decision-making and thought processing with a sense of purpose as necessary for CRE, rather than a list of educational actions to achieve equity. A list that could never imply that intention to reflect on teaching practice, equity values, or a capability for self-renewal. He established six essential themes that constitute CRE and five key questions for its educational programming. The sensitivity or responsiveness component was given considerable attention It encompasses student-centered interests, needs, characteristics, and feelings applied to teaching that enhance learning. Hence, in his definition, FoK are considered through classroom pedagogies across all three vectors and all FoI within the students. Breaking down the term for analysis, as the author did, meant that its meaning could be reoriented. Along those lines, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-31408_Eng">Cuauhtin et al. (2019)</xref> proposed Culturally Responsive Pedagogy (CRP) in a semi-algebraic manner, understanding the &#x201C;C&#x201D; as cultural or critical, the &#x201C;R&#x201D; as relevant or responsive, and the &#x201C;P&#x201D; as pedagogy or pluralistic, among other variations for each letter, to underpin certain ethnic studies and as a critique of other shallower forms of CRE.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-31408_Eng">
<label>5.2.</label>
<title><italic>Towards an educational reinterpretation of the Third Space</italic></title>
<p>Following the previous analysis, we can observe the way in which FoK are considered in the various definitions, and the role of the teaching staff when implementing that pedagogical approach in the classroom. The same may be said of FoI in relation to the students. In that regard, the following paragraphs contribute to the work of Culturally Responsive Education (CRE), incorporating FoK and FoI in the classroom, and draw upon the theories of the Third Space and the vision of Cultural Ecology.</p>
    <p>The Third Space reintroduces the value of &#x201C;betweenness&#x201D; in relation to both physical and ideological discourses and concepts where opposing cultural beliefs are interacting. Identities are understood to be both flexible and hybrid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-31408_Eng">Bhabha, 1994</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-31408_Eng">Soja (1996)</xref> saw it as a point of intersection between place and mind where understanding confronts skepticism, enabling new alternatives. These authors perceive the Third Space as open to new interpretations, and there are works that have observed its potential in the educational field (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31408_Eng">Guti&#x00E9;rrez, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-31408_Eng">Moje et al., 2011</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31408_Eng">Guti&#x00E9;rrez (2008)</xref> presented an idea of the Third Space where a shared and dialogued context is constructed between teachers and students, free from rules, where the ideas of both are legitimate and not stigmatized. Regarding ECR, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-31408_Eng">Jacobs et al. (2020)</xref> illustrated the need to promote the development of third spaces for better teacher training in cultural diversity and thus CRE, including teachers&#x2019; knowledge and experiences that lead to reflection. Adapting this space to educational environments gives an understanding of otherness through a constructivist approach to the concept of the self, dialogically expanding horizontal knowledge, connecting communities, and learning from less hierarchical perspectives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-31408_Eng">Bajit&#x00ED;n, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31408_Eng">Guti&#x00E9;rrez, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-31408_Eng">Matusov et al., 2016</xref>). This exchange implies a peer-to-peer relationship for learning, with the teacher as a guide, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-31408_Eng">Vygotsky pointed out (1978)</xref>, where the collective third space (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-31408_Eng">Guti&#x00E9;rrez, 2008</xref>) holds significant importance. It becomes a space for the socio-historical influences of students to converge, especially those with diverse cultural experiences, including external classroom knowledge, motivations, and practices that lead to meaningful learning. As a result, these young individuals become historical actors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-31408_Eng">Guti&#x00E9;rrez et al., 2019</xref>) capable of projecting more positive academic futures. A neutral area of shared understanding is accessed, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-31408_Eng">Lalueza et al. (2019)</xref> showed, where FoK and FoI are included, and through dialogue different discourses emerge.</p>
<p>In setting up such spaces, it is interesting to consider cultural ecological theory that is used to reflect upon students from ethnic or cultural minorities, their inner relations, and their social and academic performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31408_Eng">Ogbu and Simons, 1998</xref>). John Ogbu distinguished between voluntary and involuntary minorities, as a way of understanding integration processes within responsive societies, differentiating between primary and secondary cultures on the basis of that concept. In this case, we will focus on its application within the education system. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31408_Eng">Ogbu and Simons (1998)</xref> pointed out that minority students receive different treatment, resulting in a different interpretation of school compared to their native counterparts. An interpretation that can, in brief, take four forms: the comparison or double frame of reference interpretation (comparison with others at school), instrumental value interpretation (such as the importance of academic achievements), relational interpretation (the degree of trust in school), and symbolic interpretation (whether the curriculum and language harm the cultural heritage of minorities). Discriminatory relational aspects, such as assimilation or subordination, and symbolic aspects, in the form of stereotypes or reductionism, as proposed by this theory, still exist in educational environments, especially within the hidden curriculum. Teachers should avoid repressive environments that hinder each student&#x2019;s development, providing educational spaces for growth and shared knowledge and approaches. It will create equitable grounds upon which to question entrenched power relationships that are generated in the habitual interactions between school and community, with an exchange of identities, knowledge, and experiences through discursive hybridization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-31408_Eng">Cummins, 2001</xref>).</p>
<p>Bringing together the perspectives of both theories, we suggest three levels of student-centered work within the educational Third Space (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-31408_Eng">Figure 1</xref>), aiming to reverse these interpretations with a critical attitude that strengthens and revitalizes what one knows, possesses, and feels, thereby enabling self-awareness that acts as a catalyst for personal and social growth. In its development, we also draw upon both the FoK and the FoI approaches.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-31408_Eng">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>P<sc>reparatory levels for the development of a third educational space</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-31408_Eng.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Authors&#x2019; own work</attrib>
</fig>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p><italic>Reproductive Level</italic>, identified through peer observation. Applying <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31408_Eng">Ogbu and Simons&#x2019; theory (1998)</xref>, this level would fit within the double frame of reference, with the difference that it occurs in an egalitarian space without having to depart from cultural or hegemonic control. There is no behavioral reference that one has to assimilate, considering and valuing FoK and FoI, which is achievable when differences are acknowledged between peers, within a free space.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Productive Level</italic>, recognized through peer observation and personal inquiry. In <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-31408_Eng">Ogbu and Simons&#x2019; theory (1998)</xref>, this level was positioned between relational and symbolic adaptation, but without the need for such adaptation. First, there is individual validation and self-knowledge that can be developed through FoI, because there are no maneuvers of subordination or cultural accommodation. There is also no opposition to the cultural or linguistic framework of reference, but rather a certain selective assimilation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-31408_Eng">Portes and Rivas, 2011</xref>) in a neutral space where FoK gain value. It could be worked upon through the recognition of common and diverse aspects based on the ideas of the first reproductive level.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><italic>Dialogical Level</italic>, originating in dialogue with peers and self-awareness. Working on the previous levels allows for a dialogue between peers that enables the exchange of knowledge and the observation of strengths and weaknesses, creating a self-concept from both FoK and FoI. Classroom interactions, in constant change, are aligned with the ongoing interactions that constitute culture. It originates from personal ideas and feelings of empowerment and critical stances towards power relations or resources that are considered counterproductive for full personal development that may have been observed at the previous two levels.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>This proposal will allow for the discovery of strengths, weaknesses, ideas, and knowledge because, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Eng">Stembridge (2020)</xref> pointed out, &#x201C;the fluid nature of the classroom is one of the most sophisticated social spaces known to humans&#x201D; (p. 108). Far from limiting the identity dimension for pedagogical advantage, strategies tailored to each student&#x2019;s situation should be mixed, allowing for an understanding of their identity influences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31408_Eng">Hollie, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31408_Eng">Paris and Alim, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Eng">Stembridge, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Additionally, it is essential to observe spaces and processes where the exchange of FoK and FoI takes place in a transformative manner without being conditioned by ideologies or privileges (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-31408_Eng">Esteban-Guitart, 2021</xref>). Some problems identified by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-31408_Eng">Hogg and Volman (2020)</xref> regarding FoI can be addressed with this proposal because identity processes are not closed, but occur through interaction and constant change, reflecting necessary problematic experiences for development that also shape the identity of certain communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-78-31408_Eng">Zipin, 2009</xref>), moving from hegemonic to collaborative education that also educates in adversity.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10-31408_Eng">
<label><bold>6.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>hallenges and reflections</sc></bold></title>
<p>There are guidelines for applying the theoretical and epistemological work of CRE in educational practice, including cultural practices of understanding that offer field experiences and awaken the critical awareness of teachers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-31408_Eng">Ashley L. White, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-31408_Eng">Emdin, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-31408_Eng">Hollie, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Eng">Stembridge, 2020</xref>). However, limited exposure to culturally diverse environments, coupled with a wide range of concepts and terminologies, generates confusion when implementing this pedagogy, due to a lack of knowledge and confidence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-31408_Eng">Neri et al., 2019</xref>). Teachers are the driving force for practicing this CRE with their students, giving it practical significance. Clarification regarding its evolving meaning is needed for research to continue, avoiding its trivialization, due to improper or insubstantial use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-31408_Eng">Hollie, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-31408_Eng">Ladson-Billings and Dixon, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Nonetheless, it is also essential to stimulate teachers&#x2019; reflections upon their own attitudes and beliefs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-75-31408_Eng">Whitaker and Valterra, 2018</xref>), so that educational and cultural hegemonies are questioned without homogeneous categorizations of ethnic influences, which is an area for future studies.</p>
<p>Through the identification of specific and supposedly significant cultural variables, CRE contributes to building independent learning and a rigorous framework around cultural awareness, learning relationships, and information processing, fostering suitable learning environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-31408_Eng">Hammond, 2018</xref>). As a result, the educational reinterpretation of the proposed third space is suggestive for simultaneously developing these three aspects among students, as some references to that theoretical question acknowledge that the learning styles of each student may or may not be connected to their cultural backgrounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-31408_Eng">Paris and Alim, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31408_Eng">Sleeter, 2012</xref>). Embracing culture from folkloric perspectives is insufficient, while disregarding students&#x2019; memory, their FoK, or their FoI, which can also be influenced by jargon and violence.</p>
<p>Another challenge observed is its adaptability to Universal Design for Learning (UDL), with one of its methodological lines aiming to minimize cultural barriers. To do so, trivial practices in cultural diversity must be avoided, because there is currently no common learning for any one generic group. Some authors established this relationship (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-31408_Eng">Kieran and Anderson, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Eng">Stembridge, 2020</xref>). Marginalized CRE due to curricular design (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-31408_Eng">Gay, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-31408_Eng">Sleeter, 2012</xref>) might therefore find a more recognized implementation outlet in this collaborative effort, considering common causes in racism or bias against people with disabilities. Learning programs for culturally diverse students should be planned from previous didactic spaces rather than mere curricular adaptations. Working from the proposed educational reinterpretation of the Third Space could afford access to a framework that promotes meaningful learning without resorting to such adaptations. In addition to academic goals, cultural awareness, or the reduction of social disparities, CRE seeks to achieve emotional control that is not exclusively achieved through adaptations. The need for mental and emotional well-being could be significantly improved by implementing CRE in the classroom. However, it must be done with caution, because there is a risk of stigmatizing cultural practices understood as deficits within school and society, as emotions are not managed under the same norms of Western culture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-31408_Eng">Gorski, 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>Multicultural trends seek to manage the diversity of the &#x201C;others&#x201D; in the host society. CRE uses this diversity to promote the inclusion of newcomers while simultaneously enhancing self-awareness, acquiring greater social and civic responsibility in line with transformative education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-31408_Eng">Banks, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-31408_Eng">Deardorff, 2010</xref>). In the global competence assessed by PISA in 2018, some authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-31408_Eng">Sanz Leal et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31408_Eng">Ukpokodu, 2020</xref>) highlighted intercultural relations as a fundamental axis. It is something that CRE can develop through dimensions of participation, cultural identity, interaction, and comprehensive perception (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-31408_Eng">Stembridge, 2020</xref>), serving as a foundational element of the competence situated in this practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-31408_Eng">Kerkhoff and Cloud, 2020</xref>). These dimensions can be addressed in situated practice through work centered on the proposed educational reinterpretation of the third space, as global awareness and intercultural competence increasingly stem from diverse cultural heritages of students at the local level. However, CRE has received excessive attention at times, isolating global competence training (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-31408_Eng">Ukpokodu, 2020</xref>), but conversely, one cannot fall into the trend of commodifying CRE by disconnecting cultures from their context. The challenge is to observe synergies, especially considering these latter two aspects.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11-31408_Eng" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>7.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>onclusions</sc></bold></title>
<p>The analysis of CRE in this research has led us to explore alternatives within the Spanish context for cultural management work in classrooms, considering both student-related social and linguistic, as well as identity-related factors. Our analysis has shown that CRE has gradually evolved into a more critical educational exercise through the incorporation of FoK and FoI from the perspectives of both the teaching staff and students. As a contribution to CRP-related work, an educational reinterpretation of the Third Space emerges, a strategy grounded in relevant and meaningful theories that helps overcome some of the challenges associated with CRE, stimulating the improvement of future teacher training that is all-too-often oriented towards working in culturally diverse contexts.</p>
<p>However, caution is advised in interpreting these statements, as they arise from a review of limited scope, necessitating further research in the future. Furthermore, another limitation of the study is linked to the fact that the proposed educational reinterpretation of the Third Space is not based on the analysis of educational practices that has been implemented. A future line of research would involve exploring how this proposal can be observed through the pedagogical practice of CRE.</p>
<p>Rethinking education for critical, democratic, and fair classroom practice involves promoting CRE, with its extensive trajectory, alongside initiatives such as educational reinterpretation of the Third Space, fostering learning that values the resources of each and every student that are necessary for development and learning.</p>
</sec>
</body>
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