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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.30155</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.30155</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>LA ENSE&#x00D1;ANZA COMO IMPROVISACI&#x00D3;N</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Teaching as Improvisation</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1517-9819</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>S&#x00C4;FSTR&#x00D6;M</surname>
<given-names>Carl Anders</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_esp"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_esp"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9518-4089</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>RYTZLER</surname>
<given-names>Johannes</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2_esp"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2_esp"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1_esp">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Maynooth University. Irlanda.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Maynooth University</institution>
<country country="IE">Ireland</country>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">University of Southern. Australia.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">University of Southern</institution>
<country country="AU">Australia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2_esp">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">M&#x00E4;lardalen University. Suecia.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">M&#x00E4;lardalen University</institution>
<country country="SE">Suecia</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_esp"><email>carlanders.safstrom@mu.ie</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2_esp"><email>johannes.rytzler@mdu.se</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2023352</issue-id>
<fpage>139</fpage>
<lpage>155</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>23</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>08</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
    <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
        <license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
    </license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>En este art&#x00ED;culo discutimos la centralidad de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza, bas&#x00E1;ndonos en particular en lecturas de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin (2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-30155_esp">2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re (1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_esp">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_esp">2020</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey (1992)</xref>. Nuestro punto de partida es que no puede haber ense&#x00F1;anza sin improvisaci&#x00F3;n, es decir, la delicada pr&#x00E1;ctica de responder a, situar y sintonizar con sucesos dentro de los encuentros educativos que no pueden preverse, sino que requieren constantemente nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n y acci&#x00F3;n aplicando la m&#x00E1;s refinada virtud de nuestro intelecto. En el art&#x00ED;culo seguimos las premisas de los primeros sofistas, para los que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n implicaba la capacidad de hablar sobre cualquier cosa dej&#x00E1;ndose guiar por la oportunidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin, 2014</xref>). Afirmaremos que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n del profesor sofista es una virtud intelectual y corporal que requiere tanto disciplina como <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic>, y tanto <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> como <italic>praxis</italic>. En resumen, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n como una forma espec&#x00ED;fica de performatividad educativa. De la mano de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re (1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_esp">2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero (2020)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey (1992)</xref>, tratamos de mostrar c&#x00F3;mo la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza conecta con nuestros sentidos y pone en marcha simult&#x00E1;neamente la compartici&#x00F3;n y la unicidad de la sensaci&#x00F3;n como tal, reflejada en el concepto de Ranci&#x00E8;re de <italic>le partage du sensible</italic> (la divisi&#x00F3;n de lo sensible). La improvisaci&#x00F3;n, concluimos, puede entenderse como el producto de encuentros contingentes entre sujetos, objetos y entornos, donde emerge en la ruptura entre forma y contenido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). De este modo, permite otras formas de hablar y estar en el mundo que las que desea la institucionalizaci&#x00F3;n de un determinado <italic>orden pol&#x00ED;tico</italic> (fijando un <italic>partage du sensible</italic> particular e innegociable) y por tanto se convierte, sugerimos, en un elemento central en una realizaci&#x00F3;n democr&#x00E1;tica de la pr&#x00E1;ctica de la ense&#x00F1;anza.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>In this article, we discuss the centrality of improvisation for teaching, based particularly on readings of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin (2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-30155_esp">2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re (1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_esp">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_esp">2020</xref>), and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey (1992)</xref>. Our starting point is that there simply can be no teaching without improvisation, i.e., the delicate practice of responding to, situating, and attuning to events within educational encounters that cannot be foreseen, but constantly call for attention and action through the finest virtue of our intellect at play. In the article, we go along with the early Sophists for whom improvisation meant to be able to speak about everything by allowing oneself to be led by opportunity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin, 2014</xref>). We will be claiming that improvisation of the Sophist teacher is both an intellectual and bodily virtue, requiring discipline as well as po&#x00EA;sis and techn&#x00EA; as well as praxis. In short, improvisation as a specific form of educational performativity. Together with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re (1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_esp">2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero (2020)</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey (1992)</xref> we intend to show how improvisation in teaching speaks to our senses and sets into motion simultaneously the sharing and uniqueness of sensing as such, captured by Ranci&#x00E8;re&#x2019;s understanding of le partage du sensible. Improvisation, we conclude, can be understood as the product of contingent encounters between subjects, objects, and environments, where it emerges in the rupture between form and content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). As such, it allows for other ways of speaking and being in the world than those desired by the institutionalisation of a certain police order (fixing a particular and non-negotiable partage du sensible) and therefore becomes, we suggest, a central element in a democratic realization of teaching practice.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>ense&#x00F1;anza</kwd>
<kwd>improvisaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>democratizaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>sofista</kwd>
<kwd>plat&#x00F3;nico-aristot&#x00E9;lico</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Partage du Sensible</italic></kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd>teaching</kwd>
<kwd>improvisation</kwd>
<kwd>democratization</kwd>
<kwd>sophist</kwd>
<kwd>platonian-aristotelian</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Partage du Sensible</italic></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-30155_esp" sec-type="intro">
<label>1.</label>
<title><bold>INTRODUCCI&#x00D3;N</bold></title>
<p>La ense&#x00F1;anza no puede existir sin improvisaci&#x00F3;n. La pr&#x00E1;ctica docente y su &#x00E9;xito se basan sencillamente en la capacidad del profesor de equilibrar el curso planificado de los acontecimientos con rupturas repentinas y respuestas imprevistas por parte de los alumnos y de la din&#x00E1;mica general de cualquier situaci&#x00F3;n en el aula. En resumen, los profesores han de ser capaces de improvisar, y cuanta m&#x00E1;s experiencia tengan, mayor ser&#x00E1; su competencia en este delicado arte de responder a, situar y sintonizar con sucesos dentro de los encuentros educativos que no pueden preverse, sino que requieren constantemente nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n y acci&#x00F3;n inmediata. La improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza y en otras pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas no es un tema nuevo en la investigaci&#x00F3;n y la filosof&#x00ED;a de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Al abordar la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en educaci&#x00F3;n, hay varias discusiones que apuntan a la importancia de, por ejemplo, el tacto educativo, la escucha educativa y la sensibilidad educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-30155_esp">Caranfa, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-30155_esp">McGuirk, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-30155_esp">van Manen, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-30155_esp">Todd, 2003</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, en la literatura sobre improvisaci&#x00F3;n se encuentran referencias a la pr&#x00E1;ctica de la ense&#x00F1;anza. Un libro popular entre los m&#x00FA;sicos que quieren explorar los aspectos creativos de la m&#x00FA;sica es <italic>Free Play</italic>, de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_esp">Stephen Nachmanovitch (1990)</xref>. En &#x00E9;l, Nachmanovitch afirma:</p>
<p>Planificar un programa de aprendizaje sin saber qui&#x00E9;nes van a estar presentes, cu&#x00E1;les son sus puntos fuertes y d&#x00E9;biles y c&#x00F3;mo interact&#x00FA;an impide las sorpresas e impide el aprendizaje. El arte del profesor es conectar, en tiempo real, los cuerpos vivos de los alumnos con el cuerpo vivo del conocimiento (1990, p. 20).</p>
    <p>Incluso si la improvisaci&#x00F3;n se considera un elemento importante en la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente, la noci&#x00F3;n de improvisaci&#x00F3;n <italic>en s&#x00ED; misma</italic> rara vez se teoriza. En este art&#x00ED;culo sostenemos que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n no es un extra que a&#x00F1;ade sabor al repertorio de los profesores o un m&#x00E9;todo para el profesor experto. En cambio, afirmamos que es una parte integral y <italic>esencial</italic> de la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente. Como tal, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n es &#x00AB;una pr&#x00E1;ctica que hace la pr&#x00E1;ctica&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-30155_esp">Britzman, 1991</xref>), evitando los efectos en ocasiones distanciadores y borrosos de la teor&#x00ED;a. En la literatura sobre improvisaci&#x00F3;n, como en la de la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente, se encuentran varias descripciones de su naturaleza de <italic>kair&#x00F3;s</italic>, es decir, la experiencia de fluir, y la capacidad de mantener y aprovechar un momento creativo espec&#x00ED;fico. Sin embargo, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en s&#x00ED; misma rara vez se teoriza como un arte educativo, sino que se discute de forma m&#x00E1;s o menos expl&#x00ED;cita como parte del aspecto &#x00E9;tico-pr&#x00E1;ctico de la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-30155_esp">Saugstad, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-30155_esp">van Manen, 2015</xref>) o como parte integral de la naturaleza est&#x00E9;tica de los fen&#x00F3;menos y los procesos educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-30155_esp">Caranfa, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-30155_esp">English &#x0026; Doddington, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-30155_esp">Lewis, 2012</xref>). En los &#x00FA;ltimos a&#x00F1;os se han realizado tentativas de incorporar la improvisaci&#x00F3;n como parte necesaria de las competencias docentes (v&#x00E9;ase p. ej. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-30155_esp">Aadland <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, ha habido tentativas de desarrollar una comprensi&#x00F3;n profesional y te&#x00F3;ricamente fundamentada de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza. Por ejemplo, una revisi&#x00F3;n de la literatura de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-30155_esp">Holdhus <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, con el prop&#x00F3;sito de lograr una contextualizaci&#x00F3;n educativa de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n, explora las ra&#x00ED;ces de las pr&#x00E1;cticas improvisacionales y se centra espec&#x00ED;ficamente en los dominios de la m&#x00FA;sica, el teatro y la ret&#x00F3;rica. Bas&#x00E1;ndose en estas ra&#x00ED;ces y en la revisi&#x00F3;n de la literatura, los autores se&#x00F1;alan cuatro categor&#x00ED;as principales y esenciales de los enfoques de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza: di&#x00E1;logo/comunicaci&#x00F3;n, estructura/dise&#x00F1;o, repertorio y contexto. No obstante, aunque estas categor&#x00ED;as resumen los principios b&#x00E1;sicos de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n, tienden a apoyarse en una comprensi&#x00F3;n teleol&#x00F3;gica de la educaci&#x00F3;n, en la que la ense&#x00F1;anza necesita la improvisaci&#x00F3;n para alcanzar ciertos objetivos predefinidos. Esta comprensi&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n y la improvisaci&#x00F3;n es en cierto modo problem&#x00E1;tica y corre el riesgo de reducir la improvisaci&#x00F3;n a un m&#x00E9;todo de ense&#x00F1;anza, en lugar de a algo de mayor importancia educativa. Puesto que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n se entiende principalmente desde el punto de vista est&#x00E9;tico, nos gustar&#x00ED;a dejar claro que la est&#x00E9;tica y la pol&#x00ED;tica est&#x00E1;n conectadas muy estrechamente entre s&#x00ED;, y que esta conexi&#x00F3;n implica una comprensi&#x00F3;n democr&#x00E1;tica de la educaci&#x00F3;n y la ense&#x00F1;anza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-30155_esp">McGuirk, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-30155_esp">Rytzler, 2017</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-30155_esp">2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-30155_esp">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>En este art&#x00ED;culo tratamos de discutir espec&#x00ED;ficamente el sentido, la importancia y la centralidad de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n para las pr&#x00E1;cticas de ense&#x00F1;anza <italic>democr&#x00E1;ticas</italic> y su papel fundamental en la educaci&#x00F3;n p&#x00FA;blica (v&#x00E9;ase p. ej. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-30155_esp">Biesta, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-30155_esp">Thoilliez, 2022</xref>). En particular, nuestra discusi&#x00F3;n se basa por un lado en una cr&#x00ED;tica de lo que denominamos una noci&#x00F3;n plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica de la educaci&#x00F3;n y, por el otro, en una reevaluaci&#x00F3;n de la pedagog&#x00ED;a de los sofistas y su dependencia del arte de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-30155_esp">2020</xref>). La improvisaci&#x00F3;n del profesor sofista era una virtud intelectual y corporal que requer&#x00ED;a tanto disciplina como <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic>, y tanto <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> como <italic>praxis</italic>. De este modo, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n se convierte en una forma espec&#x00ED;fica de performatividad educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_esp">2020</xref>). La improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza conecta con nuestros sentidos y pone en marcha simult&#x00E1;neamente la compartici&#x00F3;n y la unicidad de la sensaci&#x00F3;n como tal, reflejada en el concepto de Ranci&#x00E8;re de <italic>le partage du sensible</italic> (la divisi&#x00F3;n de lo sensible). Siguiendo los m&#x00E9;todos de ense&#x00F1;anza de los primeros sofistas, podemos entender la improvisaci&#x00F3;n como algo que no solo perturba la ortodoxia de la filosof&#x00ED;a plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin, 2014</xref>), sino que tambi&#x00E9;n destaca un aspecto vital en la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente. Esto nos ayuda a formular una noci&#x00F3;n de la ense&#x00F1;anza que se aleja de la instrumentalizaci&#x00F3;n y la desdemocratizaci&#x00F3;n continuas y aceleradas de la educaci&#x00F3;n p&#x00FA;blica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-30155_esp">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m &#x0026; M&#x00E5;nsson, 2021</xref>). La improvisaci&#x00F3;n, concluimos, puede entenderse como el producto de encuentros contingentes entre sujetos, objetos y entornos, donde emerge en la ruptura entre forma y contenido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). De este modo, permite otras formas de hablar y estar en el mundo que las que desea la institucionalizaci&#x00F3;n de un determinado <italic>orden pol&#x00ED;tico</italic>, es decir, una distribuci&#x00F3;n fija y espec&#x00ED;fica de nuestro reino sensible que hace que sea posible o&#x00ED;r, decir y pensar algunas cosas (e imposible para otras) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-30155_esp">2006</xref>). As&#x00ED;, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n se convierte en un elemento central en una realizaci&#x00F3;n democr&#x00E1;tica de la pr&#x00E1;ctica de la ense&#x00F1;anza.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-30155_esp">
<label>2.</label>
<title><bold>ENSE&#x00D1;ANZA PLAT&#x00D3;NICA/ARISTOT&#x00C9;LICA</bold></title>
<p>La divisi&#x00F3;n entre la ense&#x00F1;anza sofista y la ense&#x00F1;anza plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica radica en sus dos formas esencialmente diferentes de entender el prop&#x00F3;sito de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Por un lado, la ense&#x00F1;anza sofista se centra en la manera en que vivimos nuestra vida cotidiana junto a otras personas. Por el otro, la ense&#x00F1;anza plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica trata de educar al hombre aristocr&#x00E1;tico como un medio de perfeccionamiento del Estado, lo que provoca una distinci&#x00F3;n absoluta entre una &#x00E9;lite y la vida de las personas ordinarias. La ense&#x00F1;anza en un universo de este tipo persigue la purificaci&#x00F3;n del noble, es decir, el hombre h&#x00E1;bil y capaz, y solo &#x00E9;l. Aquel que es capaz de llevar a cabo su destino eterno de perfeccionar el Estado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-30155_esp">Jaeger, 1939</xref>). Hay sobre todo dos aspectos de la ense&#x00F1;anza plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica que encontramos problem&#x00E1;ticos. El primero es su forma de conectar pasado y futuro (2.1.). El segundo es su forma de conectar hombre [sic] y Estado (2.2.). Discutiremos brevemente estos aspectos a continuaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-30155_esp">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>Conexi&#x00F3;n de pasado y futuro</italic></title>
<p>Un punto importante de nuestro argumento es que, para Plat&#x00F3;n y Arist&#x00F3;teles, la <italic>aret&#x00E9;</italic> es claramente una expresi&#x00F3;n del hombre noble, el hombre capaz que, por definici&#x00F3;n, solo pod&#x00ED;a significar el arist&#x00F3;crata (para Homero igual que para ellos). Para Plat&#x00F3;n y Arist&#x00F3;teles, la educaci&#x00F3;n es el proceso a trav&#x00E9;s del cual el arist&#x00F3;crata alcanza su potencial, lo que &#x00E9;l y solo &#x00E9;l es capaz de hacer. La capacidad, el ser capaz de actuar, es fundamental para toda la cultura griega, pero est&#x00E1; reservada a la aristocracia. La ense&#x00F1;anza es el proceso a trav&#x00E9;s del cual las capacidades del arist&#x00F3;crata se refinan con el fin de reproducirse en el tiempo. La educaci&#x00F3;n se interpreta como aquello que une el pasado con el futuro mediante la reproducci&#x00F3;n de esas capacidades, que se consideran basadas en &#x00AB;las verdades permanentes&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-30155_esp">Jaeger 1939</xref>, p. 11) y a trav&#x00E9;s de las cuales la aristocracia, la &#x00E9;lite, se distingue del hombre ordinario (desde la sangre y el honor del campo de batalla hasta la perfecci&#x00F3;n moral).</p>
<p>Por tanto, implantada en la misma concepci&#x00F3;n del pensamiento educativo cient&#x00ED;fico plat&#x00F3;nico/aristot&#x00E9;lico hay una comprensi&#x00F3;n particular del tiempo educativo como el de la reproducci&#x00F3;n de ciertas personas que ya son capaces de actuar, vinculando necesariamente el tiempo de la educaci&#x00F3;n con la reproducci&#x00F3;n de la desigualdad del orden social aristocr&#x00E1;tico. De este modo, la ense&#x00F1;anza es una pr&#x00E1;ctica que ordena indefectiblemente la esfera social y cultural a trav&#x00E9;s de una desigualdad fundamental entre aquellos que por definici&#x00F3;n tienen la capacidad de actuar y aquellos que no; entre aquellos que deciden sobre el destino de la sociedad y la historia y aquellos que padecen pasivamente sus consecuencias. El <italic>tiempo</italic> en educaci&#x00F3;n se convierte aqu&#x00ED; en la reproducci&#x00F3;n circular perpetua de una estructura basada en la desigualdad. Esta comprensi&#x00F3;n particular de la temporalidad, que ya evidencia la desigualdad, fija la educaci&#x00F3;n como aquello que garantiza un <italic>statu quo</italic> en t&#x00E9;rminos de desarrollo social. La educaci&#x00F3;n se convierte en el proceso a trav&#x00E9;s del cual los arist&#x00F3;cratas se distinguen claramente de la vida de tipo vegetal, tal como Arist&#x00F3;teles la defini&#x00F3;, de los hombres comunes, &#x00AB;las mujeres, los ni&#x00F1;os, los animales y los esclavos&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin, 2014</xref>, p. 6), que en lugar de ser sujetos de sus propios actos son objetos de otros que ejercen su <italic>aret&#x00E9;</italic>. En otras palabras, la educaci&#x00F3;n y la ense&#x00F1;anza plat&#x00F3;nicas/aristot&#x00E9;licas dominantes funcionan como una performatividad de la deshumanizaci&#x00F3;n. Esta performatividad se basa en una distinci&#x00F3;n absoluta entre qui&#x00E9;n y qu&#x00E9; es humano y qui&#x00E9;n y qu&#x00E9; no lo es, una distinci&#x00F3;n que confirma una desigualdad absoluta entre el humano (el hombre noble capaz) y el inhumano (todo y todos los dem&#x00E1;s). La ense&#x00F1;anza debe entenderse como un proceso de reproducci&#x00F3;n de privilegios y de ejercicio de determinadas estructuras de poder, en lugar de desestabilizarlas para que aparezca algo nuevo. Aqu&#x00ED; no puede haber improvisaci&#x00F3;n, ya que el sentido del proceso est&#x00E1; dado; su meta, su resultado y su contenido se reproducen, genera m&#x00E1;s de lo mismo.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-30155_esp">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>Conexi&#x00F3;n de hombre y Estado</italic></title>
<p>La escena social original, que debe reproducirse mediante la educaci&#x00F3;n y la ense&#x00F1;anza, es para Plat&#x00F3;n asimismo una imagen de un Estado perfecto por llegar. Esta imagen del Estado perfecto es como un organismo que une pasado, presente y futuro. Todas sus partes tratan de realizar este todo de perfecci&#x00F3;n mediante la educaci&#x00F3;n y la ense&#x00F1;anza. El organismo del Estado solo puede aceptar la diversidad si y solo si la diversidad ya est&#x00E1; definida como una parte del todo y se entiende en relaci&#x00F3;n con este todo, es decir, a trav&#x00E9;s de un centro de poder. Solo puede crear diversidad en la medida en que esta diversidad est&#x00E9; definida como tal desde un punto de partida determinado, desde un centro de poder fijo que se reproduce a s&#x00ED; mismo como una desigualdad necesaria. La educaci&#x00F3;n plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica no debe perturbar esta desigualdad ni esta imagen, y en cambio se valora en funci&#x00F3;n de su capacidad de reproducir las posibilidades de su realizaci&#x00F3;n. Aqu&#x00ED;, el &#x00E9;xito de la educaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; ligado a su capacidad de garantizar la estabilidad social reproduciendo la <italic>aret&#x00E9;</italic> del hombre capaz, el hombre que act&#x00FA;a, el arist&#x00F3;crata, la &#x00E9;lite. Su capacidad de reproducir lo mismo de siempre. Por tanto, la educaci&#x00F3;n no puede consistir en el cambio, y la ense&#x00F1;anza no puede basarse en la improvisaci&#x00F3;n, sino en c&#x00F3;mo reproducir y fijar el orden social para garantizar la estabilidad en el tiempo. Es decir, la propia educaci&#x00F3;n tiene que ser una expresi&#x00F3;n de una realidad fija que minimiza las sorpresas, al tiempo que ejecuta la ense&#x00F1;anza reproduciendo y fijando lo social como si fuera en s&#x00ED; mismo esencialmente desigual e inmutable.</p>
<p>La labor educativa altamente sistematizada de Plat&#x00F3;n y Arist&#x00F3;teles posee un prop&#x00F3;sito claro: controlar la vida cotidiana, y todo lo que hay en ella, elevando a una secci&#x00F3;n del pueblo para representar la meta m&#x00E1;s elevada de lo social, y que por tanto tiene el derecho natural de dominar a todos los dem&#x00E1;s ejerciendo su <italic>aret&#x00E9;</italic>, refinada mediante la educaci&#x00F3;n y la ense&#x00F1;anza. Esta educaci&#x00F3;n naturaliza la desigualdad, en lugar de politizarla, al excluir el cambio y minimizar la impredecibilidad, la incertidumbre y la ambig&#x00FC;edad. En consecuencia, la teor&#x00ED;a socio-psicol&#x00F3;gica de la educaci&#x00F3;n trata de unir a todos los ciudadanos en un organismo com&#x00FA;n del Estado, que incorpora y divide simult&#x00E1;neamente dentro de la imagen de su propia superioridad. Esto es, el pensamiento educativo plat&#x00F3;nico/aristot&#x00E9;lico se basa en y establece una determinada ontolog&#x00ED;a de dominaci&#x00F3;n, diversificaci&#x00F3;n y fijaci&#x00F3;n de la desigualdad como fundamento. Esta realidad educativa excluye la improvisaci&#x00F3;n por definici&#x00F3;n, ya que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n ejemplifica la posibilidad de cambio y de nuevos comienzos.</p>
<p>Enmarcada en la ontolog&#x00ED;a definida por una ciencia educativa fija, no resulta sorprendente que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n rara vez se discuta en las ciencias de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Para entender adecuadamente el papel de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza y, en particular, qu&#x00E9; convierte a la ense&#x00F1;anza en un proceso de democratizaci&#x00F3;n, debemos alejarnos de una comprensi&#x00F3;n puramente cient&#x00ED;fica de la educaci&#x00F3;n y su manera de producir relaciones fijas entre la historia y el futuro (2.1.), as&#x00ED; como entre el hombre y el Estado (2.2.). Esto no significa que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n deba verse como una expresi&#x00F3;n de aleatoriedad en la educaci&#x00F3;n, sino m&#x00E1;s bien como una <italic>intervenci&#x00F3;n</italic> necesaria en las desigualdades generadas por la fijaci&#x00F3;n de estas relaciones. M&#x00E1;s concretamente, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en educaci&#x00F3;n es una intervenci&#x00F3;n performativa discursiva en una ontolog&#x00ED;a de desigualdad. Por tanto, es tambi&#x00E9;n una celebraci&#x00F3;n de la <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> del momento y, de este modo, autot&#x00E9;lica en sus expresiones est&#x00E9;ticas. Para entender correctamente la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza, sugerimos que hay que adoptar una visi&#x00F3;n sofista de la ense&#x00F1;anza como una pr&#x00E1;ctica que se hace en la pr&#x00E1;ctica, como un arte, y como <italic>techn&#x00EA; y po&#x00EA;sis</italic> al mismo tiempo. A fin de explorar la comprensi&#x00F3;n sofista de la ense&#x00F1;anza, y c&#x00F3;mo esta comprensi&#x00F3;n se relaciona con la improvisaci&#x00F3;n, debemos recurrir al campo contempor&#x00E1;neo de la Est&#x00E9;tica. Ah&#x00ED; podemos encontrar nociones de improvisaci&#x00F3;n que est&#x00E1;n en consonancia con la pr&#x00E1;ctica de la ense&#x00F1;anza democr&#x00E1;tica de los sofistas.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-30155_esp">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>IMPROVISACI&#x00D3;N. EN LA VIDA, EN LA M&#x00DA;SICA Y EN LA EDUCACI&#x00D3;N</bold></title>
<p>En la Est&#x00E9;tica contempor&#x00E1;nea, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n parece ser un concepto elusivo que necesita defenderse desde la teor&#x00ED;a. De acuerdo con Derek <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey (1992)</xref>, la falta de teor&#x00ED;a sobre improvisaci&#x00F3;n en m&#x00FA;sica guarda relaci&#x00F3;n con la naturaleza de la propia improvisaci&#x00F3;n, ya que se trata de la pr&#x00E1;ctica de la pr&#x00E1;ctica, en lugar de la teor&#x00ED;a de la pr&#x00E1;ctica. Bailey se&#x00F1;ala que la mayor&#x00ED;a de los libros sobre improvisaci&#x00F3;n parecen ahondar en teor&#x00ED;a musical, pr&#x00E1;cticas espec&#x00ED;ficas y relatos curiosos de improvisadores particulares, en lugar de en la propia improvisaci&#x00F3;n. Esto guarda relaci&#x00F3;n con ciertas dificultades obvias de abordar un fen&#x00F3;meno exclusivamente pr&#x00E1;ctico. Como la improvisaci&#x00F3;n es una forma particular de pr&#x00E1;ctica de la pr&#x00E1;ctica, solo puede abordarse en o a trav&#x00E9;s de la pr&#x00E1;ctica. Por tanto, no puede teorizarse de una manera inteligible, en t&#x00E9;rminos de <italic>theoria</italic>, ya que no existe fuera de s&#x00ED; misma; solo existe en la medida en que se realice <italic>in situ</italic>: &#x00AB;En todos sus roles y apariciones, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n puede considerarse una celebraci&#x00F3;n del momento&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey, 1992</xref>, p. 142). La improvisaci&#x00F3;n comienza y termina en la pr&#x00E1;ctica, en el momento. El resultado es que &#x00AB;la improvisaci&#x00F3;n se vuelve invisible como un fen&#x00F3;meno de acci&#x00F3;n, y algo pr&#x00E1;cticamente inconcebible como una cuesti&#x00F3;n de teor&#x00ED;a&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-30155_esp">Preston, 2012</xref>, p. 44). Por ello, hablar sobre improvisaci&#x00F3;n suele tender en gran medida al razonamiento abstracto y el discurso metaf&#x00F3;rico. No obstante, la adopci&#x00F3;n de un enfoque est&#x00E9;tico, especialmente en la l&#x00ED;nea de la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la est&#x00E9;tica de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re (1999)</xref> y su noci&#x00F3;n de <italic>le partage du sensible</italic> (la divisi&#x00F3;n de lo sensible), abre una v&#x00ED;a de pensamiento fruct&#x00ED;fera. Este enfoque puede ayudar a conformar una pr&#x00E1;ctica de la ense&#x00F1;anza de una manera que contribuye a establecer un territorio para concebir la educaci&#x00F3;n en el que su naturaleza impredecible e incierta, as&#x00ED; como sus territorios &#x00E9;ticamente vulnerables, se vuelven <italic>concebibles y comprensibles</italic>.</p>
<p>La ense&#x00F1;anza, al igual que las actuaciones musicales, puede ir desde la planificaci&#x00F3;n absoluta por adelantado hasta la improvisaci&#x00F3;n total, ya que se despliega mediante la interrelaci&#x00F3;n y las interacciones entre sus participantes. No obstante, lo importante para nuestro argumento es que no hay ninguna contradicci&#x00F3;n entre un curso planificado de los acontecimientos y la aparici&#x00F3;n de giros y cambios inesperados a medida que estos acontecimientos de desarrollan en la pr&#x00E1;ctica de la ense&#x00F1;anza. Sugerir&#x00ED;amos incluso que son precisamente esos momentos de improvisaci&#x00F3;n los que identifican la ense&#x00F1;anza como una pr&#x00E1;ctica de democratizaci&#x00F3;n, con independencia de lo bien planificado que est&#x00E9; un evento docente. Todas las actuaciones contienen elementos de improvisaci&#x00F3;n. Por tanto, la marca distintiva de una improvisaci&#x00F3;n no se encuentra en la discriminaci&#x00F3;n entre lo planificado/compuesto y lo improvisado. En cambio, de acuerdo con Dan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero (2020)</xref>, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n tiene que ver con una actitud espec&#x00ED;fica hacia la potencialidad de lo nuevo. Se&#x00F1;ala un nuevo comienzo. As&#x00ED;, tiene que ver con la aparici&#x00F3;n de una &#x00AB;constelaci&#x00F3;n singular de posibilidades e imposibilidades, virtualidades y realizaciones que es inconmensurable con cualquier otra improvisaci&#x00F3;n&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>, p. 209). DiPiero sostiene que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n, cuando se desconecta de las premisas culturales o jer&#x00E1;rquicas de un g&#x00E9;nero (o discurso) espec&#x00ED;fico, puede entenderse como un encuentro contingente. Para &#x00E9;l, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n &#x00AB;&#x2026;es realmente singular cada vez que se realiza, incluso dentro del mismo g&#x00E9;nero o paradigma discursivo&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>, p. 208). La noci&#x00F3;n de improvisaci&#x00F3;n conecta as&#x00ED; con la educaci&#x00F3;n, ya que las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas implican a seres humanos que, en su individualidad &#x00FA;nica, introducen algo nuevo en un orden existente, y cuestiona este orden por su mera aparici&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-30155_esp">Bertram (2021)</xref>, las improvisaciones se caracterizan por una esencia espec&#x00ED;fica que nunca es est&#x00E1;tica. Sostiene que las improvisaciones funcionan a trav&#x00E9;s de la dial&#x00E9;ctica entre lo esperado y lo inesperado, en un juego colectivo de impulsos y respuestas. Por lo tanto, en una improvisaci&#x00F3;n no hay un aut&#x00E9;ntico comienzo. Cada impulso es tambi&#x00E9;n una respuesta. De este modo, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n se despliega a trav&#x00E9;s de la creaci&#x00F3;n colectiva de expectativas, en la que el improvisador habilidoso puede reconocer y afirmar lo inesperado para incorporarlo al curso de los acontecimientos que se desarrollan de un momento a otro. As&#x00ED;, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n consiste en la aplicaci&#x00F3;n instant&#x00E1;nea de normas construidas mediante la pr&#x00E1;ctica. No obstante, tambi&#x00E9;n reconoce la posibilidad de cambiar las normas en caso necesario, a trav&#x00E9;s de la capacidad de respuesta activa de sus participantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-30155_esp">Bertram, 2021</xref>). Por tanto, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n, como algo que se despliega colectivamente en el presente, no se basa en la atenci&#x00F3;n al presente, sino en la atenci&#x00F3;n a la intersecci&#x00F3;n, o la brecha, entre pasado y futuro. De este modo, representa <italic>un partage du sensible,</italic> una divisi&#x00F3;n de nuestro reino sensible, que interrumpe el <italic>telos</italic> de predictibilidad, de organizaci&#x00F3;n social y de reproducci&#x00F3;n del mismo orden jer&#x00E1;rquico en el tiempo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1999</xref>). As&#x00ED;, en la educaci&#x00F3;n <italic>democr&#x00E1;tica</italic>, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n funciona como una intervenci&#x00F3;n en el reino de los sentidos que interrumpe la hegemon&#x00ED;a psicosocial de la educaci&#x00F3;n plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica. En lugar de reproducir la desigualdad como su condici&#x00F3;n de posibilidad, hace posible otras formas de pensar, hablar y actuar, es decir, encarna la democracia.</p>
<p>Para entender mejor la naturaleza improvisacional de la educaci&#x00F3;n democr&#x00E1;tica, es importante conectar la improvisaci&#x00F3;n con algo que va m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de las acciones individuales. De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-30155_esp">Massumi (2015</xref>, al cual se hace referencia en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>), la improvisaci&#x00F3;n es m&#x00E1;s bien un marco de t&#x00E9;cnicas afectivas y relacionales que son directamente colectivas. Son fundamentalmente participativas porque se activan en situaciones de encuentro. Por tanto, deben verse como factores del evento, en lugar de como intenciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). La ense&#x00F1;anza como improvisaci&#x00F3;n, sostenemos, debe perseguir siempre esta colectividad abordando y respondiendo a la pluralidad, as&#x00ED; como a la unicidad. De este modo, la ense&#x00F1;anza se convierte en una forma de estar con otros en la que uno no despliega su propio &#x00AB;genio&#x00BB;, sino que busca un desarrollo continuo de momentos en y a trav&#x00E9;s del colectivo. Bailey ha afirmado que:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>La capacidad de improvisar no puede forzarse y depende en primer lugar del entendimiento, desarrollado desde una familiaridad completa, del contexto musical en el que uno improvisa o desea improvisar. A medida que este entendimiento se desarrolla, tambi&#x00E9;n puede desarrollarse la capacidad de improvisar (1992, p. 7).</p>
</disp-quote>
    <p>La improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente alude al delicado arte de identificar nuevos territorios y nuevos espacios para la percepci&#x00F3;n. Por tanto, alude a la liberaci&#x00F3;n de nuestros sentidos y brinda oportunidades para la experiencia concreta de compartir y sentir la materialidad del momento (<italic>es decir,</italic> el despliegue est&#x00E9;tico de <italic>le partage du sensible</italic>; cf. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-30155_esp">Bertrand, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1999</xref>). La improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la m&#x00FA;sica, al igual que en la ense&#x00F1;anza, es la capacidad de atender a lo que escapa de los contornos, las superficies y las formas ideales &#x2013;es decir, ruidos, sonidos y texturas&#x2013;, lo que constituye el aut&#x00E9;ntico material de cualquier pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa digna de ese nombre. Se trata, tal como afirma <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_esp">Nachmanovitch (1990)</xref>, de pasar de la competencia a la presencia. Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-30155_esp">Bertrand (2020)</xref>, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n puede entenderse como una pr&#x00E1;ctica normativa que se basa en habilidades performativas, perceptuales y evaluativas.</p>
<p>Estas nociones de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1;n en sinton&#x00ED;a con debates cr&#x00ED;ticos que exploran formas de pensar que nos ayudan a romper con esos c&#x00ED;rculos de anquilosamiento, identificaci&#x00F3;n y dominaci&#x00F3;n que se reproducen constantemente en el ideal plat&#x00F3;nico/aristot&#x00E9;lico de la educaci&#x00F3;n. En particular, la est&#x00E9;tica de Ranci&#x00E8;re promueve una performatividad que nos permite abordar la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza en t&#x00E9;rminos de confrontaciones creativas, m&#x00E1;s que como una b&#x00FA;squeda de un desarrollo inteligible. En lugar de poner el aprendizaje &#x2013;es decir, aprendizaje para adaptarse al <italic>statu quo</italic> de un orden desigual&#x2013; como meta definitiva de la ense&#x00F1;anza, la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente como improvisaci&#x00F3;n consistir&#x00ED;a en ser consciente constantemente de las posibilidades para que todos los que participan aporten o a&#x00F1;adan algo relevante al curso de los acontecimientos. La ense&#x00F1;anza, en el sentido plat&#x00F3;nico/aristot&#x00E9;lico, afirma y reproduce un orden pol&#x00ED;tico (es decir, un <italic>partage du sensible</italic> fijo), ignorando todo lo que se desv&#x00ED;a de este orden o lo que el propio orden vuelve invisible o inconcebible. Sin embargo, la ense&#x00F1;anza como improvisaci&#x00F3;n debe tratar siempre de afrontar un cierto &#x00AB;esplendor de lo insignificante&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-30155_esp">Kaltenecker, 2020</xref>, p. 103) que surge en el caso de una redistribuci&#x00F3;n repentina del reino de lo sensible. Solo entonces, en el caso de una reconfiguraci&#x00F3;n de los sentidos y las sensibilidades, aquello que no ten&#x00ED;a cabida y aquellos que no ten&#x00ED;an voz pueden participar en la pluralidad colectiva de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n dentro del evento de ense&#x00F1;anza democr&#x00E1;tica. Esto es posible si nos alejamos del paradigma cient&#x00ED;fico de la ense&#x00F1;anza y nos acercamos a la ense&#x00F1;anza basada en la improvisaci&#x00F3;n de los sofistas.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-30155_esp">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>IMPROVISACI&#x00D3;N Y ENSE&#x00D1;ANZA SOFISTAS COMO DEMOCRATIZACI&#x00D3;N</bold></title>
<p>La improvisaci&#x00F3;n, como elemento integral de la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente, no puede entenderse mediante los ideales te&#x00F3;ricos de la educaci&#x00F3;n plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica. En esta versi&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica e idealista de la educaci&#x00F3;n, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n estar&#x00ED;a relacionada con el instrumentalismo de un determinado <italic>telos</italic>, en el que cada momento conduce al siguiente en el orden para que el todo final de realizaci&#x00F3;n d&#x00E9; sentido a la cadena completa de acontecimientos que lo preceden (es decir, fijando los v&#x00ED;nculos entre historia y futuro, hombre y Estado). Los pasos ya est&#x00E1;n dados en relaci&#x00F3;n con el objetivo final y, en la ense&#x00F1;anza, han de tener un objetivo establecido para su reproducci&#x00F3;n fuera del propio momento. Este objetivo da sentido a cada momento de improvisaci&#x00F3;n y, por tanto, ya fija el acto como imperativo para un objetivo determinado fuera de s&#x00ED; mismo. Esta comprensi&#x00F3;n de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n parece sustraer algunos aspectos muy importantes del acto, reduci&#x00E9;ndolo a un instrumento para objetivos determinados, en lugar de ser un juego en el momento. Sit&#x00FA;a la improvisaci&#x00F3;n como una herramienta para que un profesor act&#x00FA;e en relaci&#x00F3;n con un objetivo establecido, en lugar de ser dependiente del juego y de un sentido de relacionalidad colectiva elevada, impl&#x00ED;cita en un juego que rompe con la reproducci&#x00F3;n constante de lo mismo. La improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la educaci&#x00F3;n democr&#x00E1;tica siempre debe indicar una especie de presencia de relacionalidad elevada, de estar <italic>con</italic> otros (cf. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-30155_esp">McGuirk, 2021</xref>), m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de ser fijado por otros. De este modo, corresponde a una forma de pensar y estar en el mundo como la establecida por los sofistas, en la que la educaci&#x00F3;n se centra en c&#x00F3;mo moverse entre y con los otros en la cotidianeidad espacio-temporal del mundo y, en &#x00FA;ltima instancia, encarnar las virtudes de la democracia.</p>
<p>La improvisaci&#x00F3;n no es una forma particular de hacer las cosas, sino m&#x00E1;s bien una capacidad para navegar en la trama interactiva de sujetos, objetos y entornos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). Es una capacidad no discriminatoria, que no poseen solamente ciertas personas, sino que comparten equitativamente los seres humanos y, de este modo, parece ser el <italic>modus operandi</italic> fundamental de la ense&#x00F1;anza sofista. La ense&#x00F1;anza sofista no era la aplicaci&#x00F3;n de una teor&#x00ED;a ideal que replicara la eternidad de las ideas y de la que deb&#x00ED;a derivarse la pr&#x00E1;ctica. Esta relacionalidad colectiva depend&#x00ED;a de la capacidad de actuar en concierto con otros y sin perseguir un objetivo existente fuera del momento de la propia improvisaci&#x00F3;n. La ense&#x00F1;anza de los sofistas no trataba de purificar la esencia del hombre como reflejo de un determinado Estado (y mentalidad) que deb&#x00ED;a perfeccionarse, sino que consist&#x00ED;a en c&#x00F3;mo vivir bien con otras personas a trav&#x00E9;s de la diferencia en el aqu&#x00ED; y el ahora. Los sofistas eran dem&#x00F3;cratas para los que la igualdad era fundamental. Por tanto, la ense&#x00F1;anza sofista era una pr&#x00E1;ctica espec&#x00ED;fica, generada desde la propia pr&#x00E1;ctica y aludiendo a la propia pr&#x00E1;ctica. Esto era posible gracias a su delicado uso de las habilidades improvisacionales, ejecutadas en concierto con todos los participantes en la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente, &#x00AB;guiados por la oportunidad&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin 2014</xref>, p. 92), en lugar de por un mapa predefinido. Esta ense&#x00F1;anza basada en la improvisaci&#x00F3;n consist&#x00ED;a en estar &#x00AB;bien despierto&#x00BB;, empleando la expresi&#x00F3;n de Maxine <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-30155_esp">Greene (1995)</xref>, as&#x00ED; como en sinton&#x00ED;a con el desarrollo del presente en el que las personas viv&#x00ED;an su vida. Por lo tanto, como profesor, uno deb&#x00ED;a ser plenamente &#x00AB;consciente&#x00BB; de la propia situaci&#x00F3;n y de la situaci&#x00F3;n de los otros. El contenido de la ense&#x00F1;anza sofista estaba relacionado con c&#x00F3;mo moverse en concierto con los otros con los que uno viv&#x00ED;a, con independencia de si eran hombres comunes, mujeres, ni&#x00F1;os, animales o esclavos. Las competencias improvisacionales de los sofistas, junto con las funciones est&#x00E9;ticas de la propia improvisaci&#x00F3;n, introduc&#x00ED;an as&#x00ED; una apertura en &#x00AB;lo mismo de siempre&#x00BB; de la educaci&#x00F3;n elitista enfatizando la <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> del acto docente como caracter&#x00ED;stica inherente de la ense&#x00F1;anza. Esta <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> era el elemento que pod&#x00ED;a revelar algo nuevo dentro del evento de la ense&#x00F1;anza y de este modo introducir una posibilidad, para los participantes en el evento, de &#x00AB;des-identificarse&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1991</xref>, p. 98) con el orden establecido de desigualdad. El mensaje de la ense&#x00F1;anza sofista era que <italic>cualquiera</italic> pod&#x00ED;a ser <italic>ense&#x00F1;ado,</italic> no solo la &#x00E9;lite. Los sofistas sosten&#x00ED;an que la ense&#x00F1;anza pod&#x00ED;a conducir a una <italic>aret&#x00E9;</italic> encarnada en toda la ciudad-Estado, y para ellos <italic>cualquiera</italic> pod&#x00ED;a ser ense&#x00F1;ado para encarnar la <italic>aret&#x00E9;</italic> como una expresi&#x00F3;n de cultura democr&#x00E1;tica, es decir, para encarnar la igualdad como primer principio de una vida pol&#x00ED;tica y &#x00E9;tica.</p>
<p>La ense&#x00F1;anza sofista era la voz de la pr&#x00E1;ctica <italic>en</italic> la pr&#x00E1;ctica y, por tanto, improvisacional en su esencia. La <italic>improvisaci&#x00F3;n</italic> en la ense&#x00F1;anza, tal como la practicaban los sofistas, <italic>ejemplifica</italic> as&#x00ED; la posibilidad de la diferencia y la pluralidad mediante la desestabilizaci&#x00F3;n del orden dado de desigualdad &#x00AB;ontol&#x00F3;gica&#x00BB;. Adem&#x00E1;s, como representaci&#x00F3;n de <italic>le partage du sensible</italic>, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n problematiza la desigualdad como condici&#x00F3;n necesaria para la educaci&#x00F3;n. Nos saca de la dominaci&#x00F3;n del pensamiento educativo cient&#x00ED;fico plat&#x00F3;nico/aristot&#x00E9;lico mediante la pr&#x00E1;ctica diaria de una ense&#x00F1;anza en la que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n es una necesidad. Por tanto, sugerimos que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n debe entenderse como <italic>autot&#x00E9;lica</italic> en sus expresiones y, de este modo, como algo que rompe con los &#x00F3;rdenes fijos al portar su propia finalidad. La improvisaci&#x00F3;n siempre anuncia lo nuevo. Se&#x00F1;ala un nuevo comienzo que depende necesariamente de la relacionalidad. Tambi&#x00E9;n se&#x00F1;ala el estar en un momento que porta su propio prop&#x00F3;sito, despleg&#x00E1;ndose sucesivamente en el presente. De este modo, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n rompe con la educaci&#x00F3;n cient&#x00ED;fica plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica, que no puede tolerar un cambio que no est&#x00E9; incluido ya en el <italic>telos</italic> de predictibilidad. Para los sofistas, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n se&#x00F1;ala m&#x00E1;s bien la experiencia est&#x00E9;tica de la <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic>; se&#x00F1;ala lo nuevo, y ofrece un nuevo comienzo en el presente que conduce a la aparici&#x00F3;n del <italic>kair&#x00F3;s</italic>. El <italic>kair&#x00F3;</italic>s es &#x00AB;el momento de la apertura de posibilidades&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin, 2014</xref>, p. 93), reconocible en la ense&#x00F1;anza como el momento en el que uno aborda al alumno como una persona m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de su identidad o como un alumno de un orden particular. Este momento se caracteriza al mismo tiempo por &#x00AB;la apertura y el corte&#x00BB; (p. 93) en el orden en el que el alumno se identifica como perteneciente a un lugar particular en el orden jer&#x00E1;rquico de desigualdad. Es un momento en la ense&#x00F1;anza en el que una persona habla de una manera de la que nunca antes hab&#x00ED;a hablado, sin repetir lo que ya se ha dicho ni responder a los deseos de la instituci&#x00F3;n, y por tanto crea algo nuevo que no exist&#x00ED;a antes. Un momento que se despliega desde dentro del acto de la ense&#x00F1;anza.</p>
<p><italic>Techn&#x00EA;</italic> en la ense&#x00F1;anza es el arte de escuchar y verificar que alguien est&#x00E1; hablando (en su sentido m&#x00E1;s completo) y guiando el desarrollo de la novedad del momento. No obstante, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente no puede y no debe estar encadenada al aqu&#x00ED; y el ahora del momento &#x00FA;nico <italic>singular</italic>. Por supuesto, la ense&#x00F1;anza se basa en una cierta atenci&#x00F3;n al aqu&#x00ED; y el ahora, pero es tambi&#x00E9;n una pr&#x00E1;ctica que atiende a una pluralidad de momentos. Por tanto, no se trata de buscar la unidad con la forma de estar, sino de explorar otras formas posibles de estar, en concierto con una pluralidad de personas y sus contribuciones a la escena. La importancia de la ense&#x00F1;anza como una serie de momentos o acontecimientos en desarrollo es tambi&#x00E9;n la raz&#x00F3;n por la que los efectos de la ense&#x00F1;anza son &#x00FA;nicos en su <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> y singularidad y no pueden generalizarse. Al mismo tiempo, la <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> en la ense&#x00F1;anza es el arte de mantener el proceso en movimiento, y la ense&#x00F1;anza se convierte en <italic>praxis,</italic> un proceso de democratizaci&#x00F3;n de los acontecimientos que se desarrollan mediante la participaci&#x00F3;n de otros.</p>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica act&#x00FA;a contra la democratizaci&#x00F3;n y el acto po&#x00E9;tico en la ense&#x00F1;anza, en el momento exacto en el que la singularidad del que habla se generaliza y conceptualiza, para volver a trav&#x00E9;s de la Teor&#x00ED;a (ciencia, cient&#x00ED;fico, cientificismo) a <italic>dominar</italic> el habla de todos los implicados. Esta educaci&#x00F3;n y esta ense&#x00F1;anza dominan a trav&#x00E9;s de c&#x00F3;mo una persona hablante se convierte en una cosa (concepto) en la escolarizaci&#x00F3;n, a trav&#x00E9;s del establecimiento de un <italic>telos</italic> fuera de la singularidad del momento y al que todos tienen que adaptarse, &#x00AB;y todo lo que tenemos que hacer es seguir la ruta predeterminada&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin, 2014</xref>, p. 94). Este <italic>telos</italic> cierra y restringe la actividad po&#x00E9;tica en la educaci&#x00F3;n. Controla la <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> a trav&#x00E9;s de la <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> cuando esta &#x00FA;ltima se convierte en una ciencia, controlando la ense&#x00F1;anza y vincul&#x00E1;ndola a una ruta predeterminada hacia un objetivo establecido. La improvisaci&#x00F3;n, la actividad po&#x00E9;tica en la ense&#x00F1;anza, abre una pluralidad de posibilidades en esos momentos en los que se desarrollan continuamente m&#x00FA;ltiples comienzos y prop&#x00F3;sitos. Comparar esos comienzos y vincularlos es una manera de ampliar qui&#x00E9;n puede ser visto y o&#x00ED;do y de introducir m&#x00FA;ltiples maneras en las que uno puede moverse <italic>con</italic> otras personas diferentes en el aula (y en el mundo en general). As&#x00ED;, la naturaleza improvisacional de la ense&#x00F1;anza impide que la ense&#x00F1;anza sea una actividad que asegura la <italic>stasis</italic> de una escena original de lo social. En lugar de buscar la reproducci&#x00F3;n de la organizaci&#x00F3;n del Estado, alude a una escena social diferente en la que la democratizaci&#x00F3;n se sit&#x00FA;a precisamente en el desarrollo de nuevos comienzos, que tienen lugar en la multitud de voces y momentos improvisacionales en el aula concreta. La ense&#x00F1;anza democr&#x00E1;tica de los sofistas y su naturaleza improvisacional permiten la presencia de los alumnos como seres &#x00FA;nicos, y sus posibilidades para ocupar un lugar en el mundo de otros seres &#x00FA;nicos.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-30155_esp">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>LA ENSE&#x00D1;ANZA COMO IMPROVISACI&#x00D3;N</bold></title>
<p>Cada clase es &#x00FA;nica en cada situaci&#x00F3;n nueva debido al contexto, a sus participantes y a sus diferentes respuestas al tema tratado, que el profesor presenta de manera diferente cada vez. No obstante, si un prop&#x00F3;sito espec&#x00ED;fico de la ense&#x00F1;anza es investigar y buscar gestos improvisacionales, uno debe entrenar la propia capacidad de actuar conforme a lo nuevo e inesperado, es decir, desarrollar &#x00AB;&#x2026;la disciplina de conciencia mutua, consideraci&#x00F3;n, escucha y voluntad para ser sutil&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_esp">Nachmanovitch, 1990</xref>, p. 97). En la m&#x00FA;sica improvisada, el sentido y la importancia de una nota particular siempre aparecen en relaci&#x00F3;n con las notas que se han tocado antes y las que se tocar&#x00E1;n despu&#x00E9;s. De igual modo, el proceso de la ense&#x00F1;anza depende de la capacidad del profesor para dejar que el momento lo gu&#x00ED;e en su encuentro con los alumnos. La ense&#x00F1;anza no existe con independencia de los alumnos o del tema particular. Se basa en el desarrollo constante de momentos y situaciones puestos en movimiento en un juego din&#x00E1;mico entre situaciones, objetos y personas en el aula vivida, as&#x00ED; como en la vida cotidiana. En este art&#x00ED;culo hemos abordado la centralidad de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n para la ense&#x00F1;anza, contrastando la noci&#x00F3;n de la ense&#x00F1;anza sofista con la ense&#x00F1;anza plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-30155_esp">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_esp">Cassin, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-30155_esp">2020</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, al combinar esta cr&#x00ED;tica con una comprensi&#x00F3;n est&#x00E9;tica y pol&#x00ED;tica de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n, tanto como pr&#x00E1;ctica musical como educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_esp">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_esp">2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_esp">DiPiero, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey, 1992</xref>), hemos destacado las especificidades <italic>educativas</italic> de la ense&#x00F1;anza sofista, en la que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n act&#x00FA;a como un elemento integral y fundamental de &#x00AB;colectividad&#x00BB;. En la noci&#x00F3;n plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica de la educaci&#x00F3;n, el objetivo o finalidad de la ense&#x00F1;anza nunca es una sorpresa, al menos no por parte del profesor, puesto que la <italic>virtud</italic> que adquieren los alumnos es una <italic>virtud</italic> externa perteneciente a ciertas personas que ya exist&#x00ED;a en ellas o en la cultura a la que pertenecen. As&#x00ED;, se mide, clasifica y jerarquiza a los alumnos en relaci&#x00F3;n con la <italic>virtud</italic> definitiva del noble, el hombre capaz, reproduciendo en &#x00FA;ltima instancia una desigualdad absoluta. Por tanto, esta noci&#x00F3;n no puede ser la base de una ense&#x00F1;anza que busque el desarrollo de personas &#x00FA;nicas en una comunidad democr&#x00E1;tica basada en la igualdad. Adem&#x00E1;s, no puede funcionar como una respuesta &#x00E9;tica y pol&#x00ED;tica a la pluralidad de la condici&#x00F3;n humana; en cambio, trata de superar dicha pluralidad.</p>
<p>Para poder reconocer la improvisaci&#x00F3;n que tiene lugar en cualquier aula, en cualquier situaci&#x00F3;n de ense&#x00F1;anza, y hacerla concebible y comprensible como un elemento necesario en la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente, debemos alejarnos de la concepci&#x00F3;n plat&#x00F3;nica/aristot&#x00E9;lica de la educaci&#x00F3;n. En su lugar, debemos seguir la ense&#x00F1;anza de los primeros sofistas, que no se centraba en la reproducci&#x00F3;n de un determinado orden de desigualdad que solo ten&#x00ED;a sentido para algunos, a costa de otros. Siguiendo a los sofistas, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n es lo que convierte a la ense&#x00F1;anza en una pr&#x00E1;ctica de democratizaci&#x00F3;n. La improvisaci&#x00F3;n para los sofistas significaba ser capaz de hablar de todo y con todos, y trabajar con lo que se da en cada situaci&#x00F3;n educativa particular. La improvisaci&#x00F3;n significa reconocer la igualdad en el habla, as&#x00ED; como la posibilidad de que todos tengan una voz. La <italic>virtud</italic> sofista es la igualdad, y la ense&#x00F1;anza es necesariamente verificar la igualdad. La improvisaci&#x00F3;n del profesor sofista era una <italic>virtud</italic> intelectual y corporal que requer&#x00ED;a tanto disciplina como <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic>, y tanto <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> como <italic>praxis</italic>. Por lo tanto, esta ense&#x00F1;anza hace pr&#x00E1;ctica de la pr&#x00E1;ctica para conectar mundos diferentes a trav&#x00E9;s de la diferencia; la ense&#x00F1;anza se convierte en un acto de democratizaci&#x00F3;n. De este modo, ampl&#x00ED;a el abanico del espacio y el lugar democr&#x00E1;ticos, y ampl&#x00ED;a la posibilidad de aparecer en una escena social que se renueva constantemente a s&#x00ED; misma.</p>
<p>La conexi&#x00F3;n necesaria entre <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> y <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> en la improvisaci&#x00F3;n queda bien reflejada en las palabras del m&#x00FA;sico afroamericano Leo Wadada Smith, que afirma: &#x00AB;&#x2026;para el improvisador, la t&#x00E9;cnica no es un consumo arbitrario de un m&#x00E9;todo estandarizado abstracto, sino una sintonizaci&#x00F3;n directa con la energ&#x00ED;a mental, espiritual y mec&#x00E1;nica necesaria para expresar un impulso creativo completo&#x00BB; (entrevistado por Derek Bailey, en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey, 1992</xref>, p. 99). Por tanto, el profesor improvisacional habilidoso es alguien que ha desarrollado una sensibilidad elevada hacia lo concreto y hacia la naturaleza espiritual de la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente, ya que cobra vida en un despliegue relacional y din&#x00E1;mico en el presente. Esto requiere una capacidad creativa en consonancia con las palabras de Stephen Nachmanovitch:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>No hay caos; hay un vasto mundo vivo en el que las reglas para especificar el patr&#x00F3;n son tan complicadas que, despu&#x00E9;s de ver algunas de ellas, quedas agotado. El acto creativo extrae una forma o una progresi&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s inclusivas que re&#x00FA;nen una inmensa cantidad de complejidad en una noci&#x00F3;n sencilla y satisfactoria. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_esp">Nachmanovitch, 1990</xref>, p. 106).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Sostenemos que la naturaleza improvisacional de la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente puede entenderse como una especie de vigilancia creativa. El profesor improvisacional siempre llega preparado, se mantiene alerta y presta atenci&#x00F3;n al despliegue de la colectividad del presente. En lugar de conectar pasado y futuro en t&#x00E9;rminos de una reproducci&#x00F3;n de ciertas posturas en lo social, vigila y nutre el despliegue sucesivo de la novedad de cada momento singular. La improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza consiste en atender espec&#x00ED;ficamente a la delicadeza de los acontecimientos educativos a medida que se despliegan de un momento a otro (cf. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-30155_esp">McGuirk, 2021</xref>). Se trata de abrir caminos y posibilidades para todos los implicados que ni el profesor ni los alumnos sab&#x00ED;an que exist&#x00ED;an. La ense&#x00F1;anza, como improvisaci&#x00F3;n, consiste en gran medida en la tarea de la rendici&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_esp">Bailey, 1992</xref>), en afirmar el riesgo de la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-30155_esp">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m, 2003</xref>); consiste en aceptar la premisa de actuar en el lapso temporal de una inspiraci&#x00F3;n. Se trata de saber qu&#x00E9; podr&#x00ED;a ocurrir, pero no qu&#x00E9; <italic>ocurrir&#x00E1;</italic> realmente. Se trata de desarrollar una actitud de comodidad con el desconocimiento. Se trata de atreverse a ir a por ello y ser capaz de fallar y luego continuar desde donde uno se perdi&#x00F3;. El profesor improvisacional es responsable de la inserci&#x00F3;n y de la exclusi&#x00F3;n del &#x00AB;centro tonal&#x00BB; del evento de la ense&#x00F1;anza.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-30155_esp">
<label><bold>6.</bold></label>
<title><bold>FINAL</bold></title>
<p>Con el profesor sofista en mente, la ense&#x00F1;anza improvisacional es la delicada pr&#x00E1;ctica de responder a, situar y sintonizar con sucesos dentro de los encuentros educativos que no pueden preverse, sino que requieren constantemente nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n y acci&#x00F3;n aplicando la m&#x00E1;s refinada virtud de nuestro intelecto. Requiere, como sostiene <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_esp">Nachmanovitch (1990</xref>, p. 97), &#x00AB;la voluntad de ser sutil&#x00BB;. Por tanto, implica democratizaci&#x00F3;n al ser una pr&#x00E1;ctica colectiva que hace la pr&#x00E1;ctica, una praxis en la que todos los participantes ocupan su lugar a lo largo del momento en desarrollo, y en el que aparecen como seres hablantes en escena. Permite la liberaci&#x00F3;n de un orden pol&#x00ED;tico dado para explorar nuevas formas de estar con otros en las que entra en juego la igualdad impl&#x00ED;cita del momento est&#x00E9;tico en lo colectivo. Hace que los nuevos territorios resulten concebibles y comprensibles, le da sentido a la ense&#x00F1;anza, o m&#x00E1;s bien, es ense&#x00F1;anza con sentido.</p>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.30155</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.30155</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>TEACHING AS IMPROVISATION</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>La ense&#x00F1;anza como improvisaci&#x00F3;n</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1517-9819</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>S&#x00C4;FSTR&#x00D6;M</surname>
<given-names>Carl Anders</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_eng"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_eng"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9518-4089</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>RYTZLER</surname>
<given-names>Johannes</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2_eng">**</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2_eng"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1_eng">
<label>*</label>
<institution content-type="original">Maynooth University. Ireland.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Maynooth University</institution>
<country country="IE">Ireland</country>
<institution content-type="original">University of Southern. Australia.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">University of Southern</institution>
<country country="AU">Australia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2_eng">
<label>**</label>
<institution content-type="original">M&#x00E4;lardalen University. Sweden.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">M&#x00E4;lardalen University</institution>
<country country="SE">Sweden</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_eng"><email>carlanders.safstrom@mu.ie</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2_eng"><email>johannes.rytzler@mdu.se</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.2023352</issue-id>
    <fpage>139</fpage>
    <lpage>155</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>23</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>08</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
    <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
        <license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</license-p>
    </license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>In this article, we discuss the centrality of improvisation for teaching, based particularly on readings of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin (2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-30155_eng">2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re (1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_eng">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_eng">2020</xref>), and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey (1992)</xref>. Our starting point is that there simply can be no teaching without improvisation, i.e., the delicate practice of responding to, situating, and attuning to events within educational encounters that cannot be foreseen, but constantly call for attention and action through the finest virtue of our intellect at play. In the article, we go along with the early Sophists for whom improvisation meant to be able to speak about everything by allowing oneself to be led by opportunity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin, 2014</xref>). We will be claiming that improvisation of the Sophist teacher is both an intellectual and bodily virtue, requiring discipline as well as <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> and <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> as well as <italic>praxis</italic>. In short, improvisation as a specific form of educational performativity. Together with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re (1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_eng">2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero (2020)</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey (1992)</xref> we intend to show how improvisation in teaching speaks to our senses and sets into motion simultaneously the sharing and uniqueness of sensing as such, captured by Ranci&#x00E8;re&#x2019;s understanding of <italic>le partage du sensible</italic>. Improvisation, we conclude, can be understood as the product of contingent encounters between subjects, objects, and environments, where it emerges in the rupture between form and content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). As such, it allows for other ways of speaking and being in the world than those desired by the institutionalisation of a certain <italic>police order</italic> (fixing a particular and non-negotiable <italic>partage du sensible</italic>) and therefore becomes, we suggest, a central element in a democratic realization of teaching practice.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>En este art&#x00ED;culo discutimos la centralidad de la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza, bas&#x00E1;ndonos en particular en lecturas de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin (2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-30155_eng">2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re (1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_eng">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_eng">2020</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey (1992)</xref>. Nuestro punto de partida es que no puede haber ense&#x00F1;anza sin improvisaci&#x00F3;n, es decir, la delicada pr&#x00E1;ctica de responder a, situar y sintonizar con sucesos dentro de los encuentros educativos que no pueden preverse, sino que requieren constantemente nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n y acci&#x00F3;n aplicando la m&#x00E1;s refinada virtud de nuestro intelecto. En el art&#x00ED;culo seguimos las premisas de los primeros sofistas, para los que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n implicaba la capacidad de hablar sobre cualquier cosa dej&#x00E1;ndose guiar por la oportunidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin, 2014</xref>). Afirmaremos que la improvisaci&#x00F3;n del profesor sofista es una virtud intelectual y corporal que requiere tanto disciplina como <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic>, y tanto <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> como <italic>praxis</italic>. En resumen, la improvisaci&#x00F3;n como una forma espec&#x00ED;fica de performatividad educativa. De la mano de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re (1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_eng">2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero (2020)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey (1992)</xref>, tratamos de mostrar c&#x00F3;mo la improvisaci&#x00F3;n en la ense&#x00F1;anza conecta con nuestros sentidos y pone en marcha simult&#x00E1;neamente la compartici&#x00F3;n y la unicidad de la sensaci&#x00F3;n como tal, reflejada en el concepto de Ranci&#x00E8;re de <italic>le partage du sensible</italic> (la divisi&#x00F3;n de lo sensible). La improvisaci&#x00F3;n, concluimos, puede entenderse como el producto de encuentros contingentes entre sujetos, objetos y entornos, donde emerge en la ruptura entre forma y contenido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). De este modo, permite otras formas de hablar y estar en el mundo que las que desea la institucionalizaci&#x00F3;n de un determinado <italic>orden pol&#x00ED;tico</italic> (fijando un <italic>partage du sensible</italic> particular e innegociable) y por tanto se convierte, sugerimos, en un elemento central en una realizaci&#x00F3;n democr&#x00E1;tica de la pr&#x00E1;ctica de la ense&#x00F1;anza.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>teaching</kwd>
<kwd>improvisation</kwd>
<kwd>democratization</kwd>
<kwd>sophist</kwd>
<kwd>platonian-aristotelian</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Partage du Sensible</italic></kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>ense&#x00F1;anza</kwd>
<kwd>improvisaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>democratizaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>sofista</kwd>
<kwd>plat&#x00F3;nico-aristot&#x00E9;lico</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Partage du Sensible</italic></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-30155_eng" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>INTRODUCTION</bold></title>
<p>Teaching cannot exist without improvisation. Teaching practice and its success are simply predicated on teachers&#x2019; ability to balance the planned course of events with sudden ruptures and unforeseen responses on part of both the students and the overall dynamic of any classroom situation. In short, teachers need to be able to improvise, and the longer their experience, the greater becomes their competence in this delicate art of responding to, situating, and attuning to events within educational encounters that cannot be foreseen, but constantly call for attention and immediate action. Improvisation in teaching and other educational practices is not a new topic within educational research and educational philosophy. When approaching improvisation in education, there are several discussions that point towards the significance of, for example, educational tact, educational listening, and educational sensibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-30155_eng">Caranfa, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-30155_eng">McGuirk, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-30155_eng">van Manen, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-30155_eng">Todd, 2003</xref>). In addition, in literature on improvisation, one finds references to the practice of teaching. A popular book among musicians who wants to explore the creative aspects of music is <italic>Free Play</italic>, by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_eng">Stephen Nachmanovitch (1990)</xref>. In the book, Nachmanovitch states that</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Planning an agenda of learning without knowing who is going to be there, what their strengths and weaknesses are, how they interact, prevents surprises and prevents learning. The teacher&#x2019;s art is to connect, in real time, the living bodies of the students with the living body of the knowledge (1990, p. 20).</p>
</disp-quote>
    <p>Even if improvisation is considered to be an important element in teaching practice the very notion of improvisation <italic>itself</italic> is seldom theorized. In this article, we make the argument that improvisation is not something extra that adds flavour to teachers&#x2019; repertoire or a method for the expert teacher. Rather, we claim, it is an integral and <italic>essential</italic> part of teaching practice. As such, improvisation is &#x2018;a practice that makes practice&#x2019; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-30155_eng">Britzman, 1991</xref>), cutting through the sometimes distancing and blurring effects of theory. In literature on improvisation as on teaching practice, one can find several accounts of their <italic>Kairos</italic>-nature, i.e., the experience of flow, and the ability to stay in and harness a specific creative moment in time. However, improvisation itself is seldom theorized as an educational art, but is rather discussed more or less explicitly as part of the ethical-practical side of teaching practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-30155_eng">Saugstad, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-30155_eng">van Manen, 2015</xref>) or as integral to the aesthetic nature of educational phenomena and processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-30155_eng">Caranfa, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-30155_eng">English &#x0026; Doddington, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-30155_eng">Lewis, 2012</xref>). In recent years, attempts have been made to incorporate improvisation as part of the necessary part of teaching skills (see e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-30155_eng">Aadland <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). In addition, there are attempts to build a professional and theoretically grounded understanding of improvisation in teaching. For example, a literature review by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-30155_eng">Holdhus <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, with the ambition to reach an educational contextualization of improvisation, explores the roots of improvisational practices and attends specifically to the domains of music, theatre, and rhetoric. Based on these roots and the following literary review, the writers point towards four major and essential categories of approaches to improvisation in teaching: dialogue/communication, structure/design, repertoire, and context. However, even if these categories sum up the basic tenets of improvisation they tend to lean towards a teleological understanding of education, where teaching needs improvisation to reach some predefined goals. This understanding of education and improvisation is somewhat problematic, and risks reducing improvisation into a method for teaching rather than something of further educational importance. As improvisation mostly is understood from aesthetic points of view, we would like to make clear that aesthetics and politics are very closely connected, and that this connection has bearing on a democratic understanding of education and teaching (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-30155_eng">McGuirk, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-30155_eng">Rytzler, 2017</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-30155_eng">2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-30155_eng">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>In this article, we attempt to discuss specifically the meaning, significance and centrality of improvisation for <italic>democratic</italic> teaching practices and their central role in public education (see e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-30155_eng">Biesta, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-30155_eng">Thoilliez, 2022</xref>). Our discussion is based particularly on, on the one hand, a critique of what we refer to as a Platonian/Aristotelian notion of education and, on the other hand, a re-evaluation of the pedagogy of the Sophists and its dependence on the art of improvisation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-30155_eng">2020</xref>). Improvisation of the Sophist teacher was both an intellectual and bodily virtue, requiring discipline as well as <italic>po&#x00EA;sis,</italic> and <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> as well as <italic>praxis</italic>. As such, improvisation becomes a specific form of educational performativity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_eng">2020</xref>). Improvisation in teaching speaks to our senses and sets into motion simultaneously the sharing and uniqueness of sensing as such, captured by Ranci&#x00E8;re&#x2019;s understanding of <italic>le partage du sensible</italic>. Following the teaching methods of the early Sophists, we can understand improvisation as that which not only disrupts the orthodoxy of the Platonian/Aristotelian philosophy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin, 2014</xref>), but also as that, which brings forth something vital in teaching practice. This helps us formulate a notion of teaching that breaks away from the ongoing and accelerating instrumentalization and un-democratization of public education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-30155_eng">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m &#x0026; M&#x00E5;nsson, 2021</xref>). Improvisation, we will conclude, can be understood as the product of contingent encounters between subjects, objects, and environments, where it emerges in the rupture between form and content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). As such, it allows for other ways of speaking and being in the world than those desired by the institutionalisation of a certain <italic>police order</italic>, i.e., a specific and fixed distribution of our sensible realm that makes some things possible (and other things impossible) to be heard, said, and thought (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-30155_eng">2006</xref>). Improvisation thus becomes a central element in a democratic realization of the teaching practice.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-30155_eng">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>PLATONIAN/ARISTOTELIAN TEACHING</bold></title>
<p>The split between Sophist teaching and Platonian/Aristotelian teaching is to be found in their two fundamentally different understandings of the purpose of education. On the one hand, Sophist teaching concerns the way in which we live our everyday life together with other people. On the other hand, Platonian/Aristotelian teaching strives to educate the aristocratic man as means for perfecting the state, resulting in an absolute distinction between an elite and the life of ordinary people. Teaching in such a universe is located as that which is to purify the noble, i.e., the able and capable man, and only him. He who is able to act out his eternal destiny in perfecting the state (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-30155_eng">Jaeger, 1939</xref>). There are especially two aspects of Platonian/Aristotelian teaching that we find problematic. The first aspect is their way of linking past and future (2.1.). The second aspect is their way of linking man [sic!] and state (2.2.). We will briefly discuss these aspects below.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-30155_eng">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>Linking past and future</italic></title>
<p>Important for our argument is that <italic>arete&#x2019;</italic> for Plato and Aristoteles is firmly an expression of the noble man, the able man, which per definition only could mean the aristocrat (for Homer as well as for them). For Plato and Aristoteles, education is the process through which the aristocrat reaches his potential, which he and only he has the ability to do. Ability, being able to act, is central for all Greek culture but is owned by the aristocracy. Teaching is the process through which the given abilities of the aristocrat are refined in order to be reproduced over time. Education is construed as that which unities the past with the future by reproducing those abilities, which are considered to be founded on &#x201C;the permanent truths&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-30155_eng">Jaeger 1939</xref>, p.11) and through which the aristocracy, the elite, distinguishes itself from the ordinary man (all the way from blood and honour of the battle field to moral perfection).</p>
<p>Implanted within the very conception of Platonian/Aristotelian scientific educational thought then, is a particular understanding of educational time as that of reproduction of certain people as being able already to act, necessarily binding the time of education with the reproduction of the inequality of the aristocratic social order. Thus, teaching is a practice that inescapably orders the social and cultural sphere through a fundamental inequality between those who by definition has the ability to act and those who do not; between those who decides on the destiny of society and history and those who passively endure its consequences. <italic>Time</italic> in education here becomes the perpetual circular reproduction of a structure based on inequality. This particular understanding of temporality, as already signalling inequality, fixes education as that which guarantees a <italic>status quo</italic> in terms of social development. Education becomes the process through which the aristocrats are sharply distinguished them from the plant like life, as such life was defined by Aristotle, of common men, &#x2018;women, child, animal and slave&#x2019; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin, 2014</xref>, p. 6) who rather than being subjects of their own acts are objects of others acting out their <italic>arete&#x2019;</italic>. The dominant Platonian/Aristotelian education and teaching works, in other words, as a performativity of dehumanisation. This performativity is founded on an absolute distinction of who and what is and is not human, a distinction that confirms an absolute inequality of the human (the able noble man) and the inhuman (all and everyone else). Teaching is to be understood as the process of reproducing privilege and as exercising certain power structures, rather than to destabilise them in order for something new to appear. There can be no improvisation here since the meaning of the process is given, its aim, outcome as well as its content reproduced, it generate more of the same.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-30155_eng">
<label><italic>2.2.</italic></label>
<title><italic>Linking man and state</italic></title>
<p>The original social scene, to be reproduced through education and teaching, is for Plato also an image of a perfect state to come. This image of the perfect state is something of an organism that joints past, present, and future. Its parts all strive to fulfil this whole of perfection through education and teaching. The state organism can only accept diversity if and only if this diversity already is defined as a part of the whole and understood in relation to this whole, i.e., through a centre of power. It can only create diversity in so far as this diversity is defined as such from a given starting-point, from a fixed centre of power that reproduces itself as a necessary inequality. Platonian/Aristotelian education is not to disturb neither this inequality nor this image, and is rather valued in relation to how well it reproduces the possibilities of its realization. The success of education is here bound to how well it guarantees social stability by reproducing the <italic>arete&#x2019;</italic> of the able man, the acting man, the aristocrat, the elite. How well it reproduces the same business as usual. Therefore, education cannot be about change, and teaching cannot be funded on improvisation, but about how to reproduce and to fixate the social order to ensure stability over time. That is, education itself has to be an expression of a fixed reality minimising surprises, while simultaneously performing teaching by reproducing and fixating the social as in and of itself as essentially unequal and unchangeable.</p>
<p>The highly systematised educational endeavour of Plato and Aristotle is given a clear aim: To control the everyday life, and all in it, by elevating a section of the people to be representing the highest aim of the social, and who therefore have the natural right to dominate all others through the acting out of their <italic>arete&#x2019;</italic>, refined through education and teaching. Such education naturalises inequality rather than politicising it by excluding change, and minimising unpredictability, uncertainty and ambiguity. The socio-psychological theory of education is hereafter to be uniting all citizens in a common organism of the state, which simultaneously incorporates as it divides within the image of its own superiority. That is, Platonian/Aristotelian educational thought relies on and establishes a certain ontology of domination, diversification as well as fixation of inequality as its fundament. Such educational reality excludes improvisation by definition since improvisation instantiates the possibility of change and new beginnings.</p>
<p>Framed by the ontology given by a fixed educational science, it is not surprising that improvisation so seldom is discussed within the educational sciences. To understand properly the role of improvisation in teaching, and particularly what makes teaching into a process of democratization, we need to be moving away from a purely scientific understanding of education and its way of producing fixed relations between history and future (2.1.) as well as between man and state (2.2.). That does not mean that improvisation should be seen as an expression of randomness in education, but rather a necessary <italic>intervention</italic> into the inequalities produced by the fixing of these relations. More specifically, improvisation in education is a discursive performing intervention into an ontology of inequality. Therefore, it is also a celebration of the <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> of the moment and thus autotelic in its aesthetic expressions. To properly understand improvisation in teaching, we suggest, one need to embrace a Sophist insight of teaching as the making of practice in practice, as an art, and as <italic>techn&#x00EA; and po&#x00EA;sis</italic> both. In order to explore the Sophist understanding of teaching, and how this understanding relates to improvisation, we need to turn to the contemporary field of Aesthetics. There, we can find notions of improvisation that resonate with the democratic teaching practice of the Sophists.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-30155_eng">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>IMPROVISATION. IN LIFE, IN MUSIC, AND IN EDUCATION</bold></title>
<p>In contemporary Aesthetics, improvisation seems to be an elusive concept, which needs to defend itself from the point of theory. According to Derek <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey (1992)</xref> the lack of theory on improvisation in music has to do with the nature of improvisation itself, as it concerns the practice of practice, rather than the theory of practice. Bailey notices that most books on improvisation seem to delve into musical theory, specific practices, and curious accounts of particular improvisers, rather than improvisation itself. This has to do with some obvious difficulties in approaching an exclusively practical phenomenon. As improvisation is a particular form of practice of practice it can only be mediated in or through practice. Therefore, it cannot be theorized in an intelligible way, in terms of <italic>theoria,</italic> as it does not exist outside of itself; it exists only in so far as it is being performed <italic>in situ</italic>: &#x201C;In all its roles and appearances, improvisation can be considered as the celebration of the moment&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey, 1992</xref>, p. 142). Improvisation starts and ends in practice, in the moment. The result is that &#x201C;improvisation is rendered invisible as a phenomenon of action, and something close to inconceivable as a concern of theory&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-30155_eng">Preston, 2012</xref>, p. 44). Hence, talking about improvisation tends to lean heavily on abstract reasoning and metaphorical discourse. Yet, adapting an aesthetic approach, especially in line with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re&#x2019;s (1999)</xref> understanding of aesthetics and his notion of <italic>le partage du sensible,</italic> opens up for fruitful thinking. This approach can help inform teaching practice in ways that help setting up a territory for thinking education in which its unpredictable and uncertain nature as well as its ethically vulnerable territories become <italic>thinkable and graspable</italic>.</p>
<p>Teaching, like musical performances, can be anything from completely planned in advanced to totally improvised, as it enfolds through the interplay and interactions between its participants. Important for our argument here, though, is that there is no contradiction between a planned course of events and the emergence of unexpected turns and shifts as these events unfold in teaching practice. We would even suggest that it is those moments of improvisation that identifies teaching as a practice of democratization regardless of how well a teaching event is planned. All performances contain elements of improvisation. Thus, the distinguishing mark of an improvisation is not to be found in discriminating between the planned/composed and the improvised. Rather, according to Dan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero (2020)</xref>, improvisation concerns a specific attitude towards the potentiality of the new. It signals a new beginning. As such, it concerns the emergence of a &#x201C;singular constellation of possibilities and impossibilities, virtualities and actualizations that is incommensurate with every other improvisation&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>, p. 209). DiPiero claims that improvisation, when disconnected from the cultural or hierarchical presuppositions of a specific genre (or discourse), can be understood as a contingent encounter. Improvisation to him &#x201C;&#x2026;is properly singular each and every time it is enacted even within the same genre or discursive paradigm &#x201C;(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>, p. 208). This notion of improvisation speaks to education as such, as educational practices involve humans who, in their unique individuality, bring something new into an existing order, and challenges this order through their mere appearance.</p>
<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-30155_eng">Bertram (2021)</xref>, improvisations are characterized by a specific being that is never static. He states that improvisations work through the dialectics between the expected and the unexpected, in a collective interplay of impulses and responses. Therefore, there is no real beginning of an improvisation. Every impulse is also a response. As such, improvisation unfolds through a collective creation of expectations, where the skillful improviser can acknowledge and affirm the unexpected in order to incorporate it in the course of events unfolding from moment to moment. Improvisation thus concerns the instant application of norms, constructed themselves through practice. However, it also acknowledges the possibility of changing norms when needed, through the active responsiveness of its participants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-30155_eng">Bertram, 2021)</xref>. Therefore, improvisation, as something that unfolds collectively in the present, is not predicated upon the attending to the present, but rather on the attending to the intersection, or breach, between past and future. As such, it enacts <italic>un partage du sensible,</italic> a partitioning of our sensible realm, that interrupts the telos of predictability, of social organization, and of the reproduction of the same hierarchical order over time (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1999</xref>). So, in <italic>democratic</italic> education, improvisation works as an intervention in the realm of senses that interrupts the psycho-social hegemony of Aristotelian/Platonian education. Instead of reproducing inequality as its condition of possibility, it makes possible other ways of thinking, speaking, and acting, i.e., it enacts democracy.</p>
<p>To understand further the improvisational nature of democratic education it is important to connect improvisation to something that goes beyond one individual&#x2019;s actions. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-30155_eng">Massumi (2015</xref>, as referenced in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>), improvisation is rather a framework of affective and relational techniques that are directly collective. They are fundamentally participatory because they are activated in situations of encounter. As such, they are to be seen as event-factors rather than intentions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). Teaching as improvisation, we claim, should always strive for this collectivity, by addressing and responding to plurality as well as uniqueness. Teaching thus becomes a form of being with, in which you do not unfold your own &#x201C;genius&#x201D; but strive for a continuous enfolding of moments in and through the collective. Bailey has stated that:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>An ability to improvise can&#x2019;t be forced and it depends, firstly, on an understanding, developed from complete familiarity, of the musical context in which one improvises, or wishes to improvise. As this understanding develops, so the ability to improvise can develop (1992, p. 7).</p>
</disp-quote>
    <p>Improvisation within teaching practice concerns the delicate art of identifying new territories and new spaces for perceptions. It therefore concerns the liberation of our senses and provides opportunities for the concrete experience of sharing and sensing the materiality of the moment (<italic>i.e.,</italic> the aesthetic unfolding of <italic>le partage du sensible</italic>; c.f., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-30155_eng">Bertrand, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1999</xref>). Improvising in music as well as in teaching is the ability to attend to that which escapes contours, surfaces, and ideal forms&#x2014;i.e., noises, sounds, and textures &#x2013; that which is the true material of any educational practice worthy of the name. It is, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_eng">Nachmanovitch (1990)</xref> states, about going from competence to presence. To <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-30155_eng">Bertrand (2020)</xref>, improvisation can be understood as a normative practice that is grounded in performative, perceptual, and evaluative skills.</p>
<p>These above notions of improvisation harmonize with critical discussions that explore ways of thinking that can help us break away from those circles of stultification, identification, and domination that constantly are reproduced in the Aristotelian/Platonian ideal of education. In particular, the aesthetics of Ranci&#x00E8;re sets into motion a performativity through which we can approach improvisation in teaching in terms of creative confrontations rather than in terms of striving for intelligible development. Instead of letting learning, i.e., learning to adapt to the status quo of an unequal order, be the ultimate goal of teaching, teaching practice as improvisation would then be about being constantly aware of the possibilities for everyone that participates to bring or to add something relevant to the course of events. Teaching, in the Aristotelian/Platonian sense, affirms and reproduces a police order (i.e., a fixed <italic>partage du sensible</italic>), by ignoring everything that deviates from this order or is made invisible and unthinkable through the order itself. However, teaching as improvisation must always seek to confront a certain &#x201C;splendor of the insignificant&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-30155_eng">Kaltenecker, 2020</xref>, p. 103), as it emerges in the event of a sudden re-partitioning of the sensible realm. Only then, in the event of a reconfiguration of the senses and sensibilities, can that which did not have a place and those who did not have a voice take part in the collective plurality of improvisation within the democratic teaching event. This is possible if we move away from the scientific paradigm of teaching and turn to the improvisation based teaching of the Sophists.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-30155_eng">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>SOPHIST IMPROVISATION AND TEACHING AS DEMOCRATIZATION</bold></title>
<p>Improvisation, as integral to teaching practice, cannot be understood by means of the theoretical ideals of Platonian/Aristotelian education. In this scientific and idealistic version of education, improvisation would be entangled with the instrumentalism of a certain <italic>telos</italic>, in which each moment leads to the next in order for the final whole of fulfilment to give meaning to the whole chain of events that precedes it (i.e., fixing the links between history and future, man and state). The steps are already given in relation to the end goal and, in teaching, need to have a set goal to be reproduced outside of the moment itself. This goal gives meaning to each moment of improvisation and therefore already fixes the act as imperative for a certain goal outside of itself. Such understanding of improvisation seems to be taking some very important aspects away from the act, by reducing it to an instrument for given ends, rather than as a play in the moment. It places improvisation as a tool for a teacher to act in relation to a set goal rather than being dependent on play and on a sense of heightened collective relationality, implied by play that breaks away from the constant reproduction of the same. Improvisation in democratic education must always signal a kind of heightened presence of relationality, of being <italic>with</italic> others (c.f., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-30155_eng">McGuirk, 2021</xref>) beyond them being fixed as others. As such, it belongs to a way of thinking and being in the world as established by the Sophists, in which education concerns how to be moving among and with others in the spatial-temporal everydayness of the world, and ultimately embodying the virtues of democracy.</p>
<p>Improvisation is not a particular way of doing things but rather an ability to navigate in the interactive entanglement of subjects, objects, and environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>). It is a non-discriminatory ability, not owned only by certain people, but shared equally among humans, and thus seems to be the fundamental modus of Sophist teaching. Sophist teaching was not an application of an ideal theory that replicated the eternity of ideas and from which practice was to be derived. This collective relationality was dependent on the ability to act in concert with others and without striving for a goal that exists outside of the moment of improvisation itself. The teaching of the Sophists did not intend to purify the essence of man as a reflection of a certain state (and mind) to be perfected, but about how to live well with other people across difference in the here and now. The Sophists were democrats for which equality was foundational. As such, Sophist teaching was a specific practice, enacted from within the practice itself as well as speaking to practice as such. This was made possible through their delicate use of improvisational skills performed in concert with everyone participating in the teaching practice, &#x2018;led by opportunity&#x2019;(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin 2014</xref>, p.92) rather than by a pre-set map. This improvisation based teaching was about being &#x2018;wide awake&#x2019;, to use Maxine <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-30155_eng">Greene&#x2019;s (1995)</xref> expression, as well as being attuned to the unfolding of the present, in which people lived their life. Thus, as a teacher, one needed to be fully &#x2018;aware&#x2019; of one&#x2019;s own situation and of the situation of others. The content of Sophist teaching concerned how to move in concert with those others with whom one lived, regardless if they were common men, women, child animal or slave. The improvisational skills of the Sophists, together with the aesthetic functions of improvisation itself, thus introduced an opening in the &#x2018;business as usual&#x2019; of elitist education by emphasising the <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> of the teaching event, as the very characteristics of teaching. This <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> was that which could signal something new within the teaching event and thus introduce a possibility, for those taking part in the event, to &#x201C;dis-identify&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1991</xref>, p. 98) with the set order of inequality. The message from Sophist teaching was that <italic>anyone</italic> could be <italic>taught,</italic> not only the elite. The Sophists held that teaching lead to an embodied <italic>arete&#x2019;</italic> through all of the city-state, and for them <italic>anyone</italic> could be taught to embody <italic>arete&#x2019;</italic> as an expression of democratic culture, that is to embody equality as the first principle of a political and ethical life.</p>
<p>Sophist teaching was the voice of practice <italic>in</italic> practise, and as such improvisational at its core. <italic>Improvisation</italic> in teaching, as practiced by the Sophists, thus <italic>instantiates</italic> the possibility of difference and plurality through destabilising the given order of &#x2018;ontological&#x2019; inequality. Furthermore, as an enactment of <italic>le partage du sensible</italic>, improvisation problematises inequality as a necessary condition for education. It brings us out of the domination of Platonian/Aristotelian scientific educational thought over the everyday practice of teaching in which improvisation is a necessity. Improvisation, therefore, we suggest, is to be understood as <italic>autotelic</italic> in its expressions and as such, something that breaks away from fixed orders by carrying its own aim. Improvisation is always announcing the new. It signals a new beginning that necessarily is dependent on relationality. It also signals the being within a moment, which carries its own purpose successively unfolding in the present. As such, improvisation breaks away from Platonian/Aristotelian scientific education, which cannot tolerate change which is not already accounted for in the <italic>telos</italic> of predictability. For the Sophists, improvisation is rather signalling the aesthetic experience of <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic>; it signals the new, and offers a new beginning in the present, which leads to the emergence of the <italic>Kairos</italic>. <italic>Kairo</italic>s is &#x201C;the moment of the opening of possibilities&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin, 2014</xref>, p. 93), recognisable in teaching as the moment in which one addresses the student as a person beyond his or her identity or as a student of a particular order. This moment is characterized by &#x201C;both opening and cutting&#x201D; (p. 93) into the order in which the student is identified as already belonging to a particular place in the hierarchical order of inequality. It is a moment in teaching in which a person speaks in a way that they have never spoken before, neither repeating what was already said nor responding to the desires of the institution, and thus brings something into existence that did not exist before. A moment that unfolds from within the act of teaching.</p>
<p><italic>Techn&#x00EA;</italic> in teaching is the art of hearing and verifying someone as speaking (in its most total sense) and guiding the unfolding of the newness of the moment. However, improvisation in teaching practice cannot and should not be fettered to the here and now of the <italic>singular</italic> unique moment. Teaching is of course predicated upon a certain attention to the here and now, but it is also a practice that attends to a plurality of moments. Therefore, it is not about becoming one with being, but about exploring possible and other ways of being, in concert with a plurality of other people and their contributions to the scene. The significance of teaching as a series of unfolding of moments or events is also the reason why the effects of teaching are unique in their <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> and singularity and not possible to generalise. At the same time, <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> in teaching is the art of keeping the process moving, and teaching becomes <italic>praxis,</italic> a democratization-process of the events that unfold through the participation of others.</p>
<p>Platonian/Aristotelian education works against democratization and the poetic act in teaching, in the exact moment when the singularity of the one speaking is generalised and conceptualised, in order to return through Theory (science, scientific, scientism) to <italic>dominate</italic> the speech of all involved. Such education and teaching dominate through how a speaking person becomes a thing (concept) in schooling, through setting up a <italic>telos</italic> outside the singularity of the moment and to which all have to adapt; &#x201C;and all we have to do is to follow the predetermined route&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin, 2014</xref>, p. 94). Such <italic>telos</italic> closes and restricts the poetic activity in education. It controls <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> through <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> when the latter is made into a science, controlling teaching and linking it to a predetermined route to a given goal. Improvisation, the poetic activity in teaching, opens a plurality of possibilities in those moments in which multiple beginnings and purposes continuously unfold. To compare those beginnings and to link them is a way of expanding who can be seen and heard and of introducing multiple ways in which one can move <italic>with</italic> others across difference in the classroom (and in the world at large). The improvisational nature of teaching, then, hinders teaching from being an activity that secures the <italic>stasis</italic> of an original scene of the social. Instead of striving for the reproduction of the organisation of the state, it speaks to a different social scene in which democratization is located precisely in the unfolding of new beginnings, as they take place in the manifold of voices and improvisational moments in the concrete classroom. The democratic teaching of the Sophists and its improvisational nature make room for the coming into presence of students as unique beings, and their possibilities for taking place in the world of other unique beings.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-30155_eng">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>TEACHING AS IMPROVISATION</bold></title>
<p>Every lesson is unique to every new situation because of the context, because of its participants, and because of their different responses to the subject matter, as presented by the teacher differently each time. However, if a specific purpose to teaching is to investigate and to seek improvisational gestures, one should train one&#x2019;s ability to act upon the new and unexpected, i.e., to develop &#x201C;&#x2026;the discipline of mutual awareness, consideration, listening, willingness to be subtle&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_eng">Nachmanovitch, 1990</xref>, p. 97). In improvised music, the meaning and significance of a singular note always appears in relation to which notes that have been played before and which notes that will be played next. As such is the process of teaching dependent on teachers&#x2019; ability to let the moment guide them in their encounter with the students. Teaching does not exist independently from students or from a particular subject. It is predicated upon the constant unfolding of moments and situations set to motion in a dynamic interplay between situations, things, persons in the lived classroom as well as in everyday life. In this article, we have addressed the centrality of improvisation for teaching, by contrasting the notion of Sophist teaching with Platonian/Aristotelian teaching (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-30155_eng">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-30155_eng">Cassin, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-30155_eng">2020</xref>). Furthermore, by combining this critique with an aesthetic and political understanding of improvisation, both as a musical and educational practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-30155_eng">Ranci&#x00E8;re, 1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-30155_eng">2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-30155_eng">DiPiero, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey, 1992</xref>), we have highlighted the <italic>educational</italic> specificities of Sophist teaching, where improvisation works as an integral and fundamental element of &#x2018;collectivity&#x2019;. In the Platonian/Aristotelian notion of education, the goal or end of teaching never comes as a surprise, at least not on part of the teacher, since the <italic>virtue</italic> that students gain is an eternal <italic>virtue</italic> belonging to certain people that already existed within them or within the culture to which they belong. Students are then measured, sorted, and hierarchized in relation to the ultimate <italic>virtue</italic> of the noble, able, man, ultimately reproducing an absolute inequality. Therefore, this notion cannot be the basis of any teaching that strives for the becoming of unique subjects in a democratic community founded on equality. Furthermore, it cannot function as an ethical and political response to the plurality of the human condition; it rather strives to overcome such plurality.</p>
<p>In order to be able to acknowledge the improvisation that takes place in any classroom, in any situation of teaching, and to make it graspable and thinkable as a necessary element in teaching practice, we must turn away from the Platonian/Aristotelian conception of education. Instead, we need to go along with the teaching of the early Sophists, which did not focus on the reproduction of a given order of inequality in which only some made sense at the cost of others. Following the Sophists, improvisation is that which makes teaching into a practice of democratization. Improvisation for the Sophists meant to be able to speak about everything and with anyone, and to work with what is given in each particular educational situation. Improvisation means to acknowledge the equality in speech as well as the possibility of all having a voice. Sophist <italic>virtue</italic> is equality, and teaching by necessity is to verify equality. The improvisation of the Sophist teacher was an intellectual and a bodily <italic>virtue</italic> that required discipline as well as <italic>po&#x00EA;sis, techn&#x00EA;</italic> as well as <italic>praxis</italic>. Therefore, such teaching makes practice of practice in order to link different worlds across difference &#x2013; teaching becomes an act of democratization. As such, it expands the range of democratic space and place, and it expands the possibility to appear on a social scene that constantly renews itself.</p>
<p>The necessary connection between <italic>po&#x00EA;sis</italic> and <italic>techn&#x00EA;</italic> in improvisation has been captured nicely by the Afro-American musician, Leo Wadada Smith who claims that: &#x201C;&#x2026;technique for the improviser is not an arbitrary consumption of abstract standardized method but rather a direct attunement with the mental, spiritual and mechanical energy necessary to express a full creative impulse&#x201D; (interviewed by Derek Bailey, in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey, 1992</xref>, p. 99). The skilled improvising teacher is therefore someone who has developed a heightened sensibility to the concrete as well as the spiritual nature of teaching practice, as it comes to life in a relational and dynamic unfolding in the present. This calls for a creative ability that follows the words of Stephen Nachmanovitch who has stated that:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>There is no chaos; there is a vast, living world in which the rules for specifying the pattern are so complicated that after you look at a few of them you become tired. The creative act pulls out some more inclusive shape or progression that gathers an immense amount of complexity into a simple, satisfying notion. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_eng">Nachmanovitch, 1990</xref>, p. 106).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>We claim that the improvisational nature of teaching practice can be understood as a creative vigilance of sorts. The improvising teacher always comes prepared, stays on their toes, and pays attention to the unfolding of the collectivity of the present. Instead of linking past and future in terms of reproduction of certain positions in the social, they attend to and nurture the successive unfolding of the newness of each singular moment. Improvisation in teaching is about a specific attending to the delicacy of the educational events as they unfold from moment to moment (c.f., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-30155_eng">McGuirk, 2021</xref>). It is about opening paths and possibilities for all involved, that neither the teacher nor the students were aware existed. Teaching, as improvisation, is very much about being in the surrender business (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-30155_eng">Bailey, 1992</xref>), about affirming the risk of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-30155_eng">S&#x00E4;fstr&#x00F6;m, 2003</xref>); it is about accepting the premise of acting within the time scope of a single breath. It is about knowing what might happen but not what actually <italic>will</italic> happen. It is about developing a comfortable attitude towards not knowing. It is about daring to go for it and to be able to fail and then pick up from where you got lost. The improvising teacher is responsible for the insertion as well as the exclusion of the &#x2018;tonal center&#x2019; of the teaching event.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-30155_eng">
<label><bold>6.</bold></label>
<title><bold>FINALE</bold></title>
<p>With the Sophist teacher in mind, improvisational teaching is the delicate practice of responding to, situating, and attuning to events within educational encounters that cannot be foreseen, but constantly call for attention and action through the finest virtue of our intellect at play. It requires, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-30155_eng">Nachmanovitch (1990</xref>, p. 97) says &#x2018;a willingness to be subtle&#x2019;. As such, it performs democratization by being a collective practice that makes practice, a praxis in which all participants take their place through the unfolding moment, and in which they appear as speaking beings on the scene. It allows for the liberation from a given police order to the exploration of new ways of being with others, in which the implicit equality of the aesthetic moment in the collective is set into play. It makes new territories thinkable and graspable, it makes sense of teaching, or rather, it is teaching as making sense.</p>
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<back>
<ref-list>
<title><bold>REFERENCES</bold></title>
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