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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.29418</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.29418</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>EL EDUCADOR, INTERRUMPIDO</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>The Educator, Interrupted</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4648-8358</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>O&#x2019;BRIEN</surname>
<given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Esp"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1_Esp">
<institution content-type="original">University College Dublin. Irlanda.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">University College Dublin</institution>
<country country="IR">Irlanda</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Esp"><email>elizabeth.obrien@ucdconnect.ie</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>11</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" xml:lang="es">

<license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Partiendo de la propuesta de cambio de la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del personal docente en Irlanda hacia una versi&#x00F3;n del modelo pedag&#x00F3;gico cl&#x00ED;nico, me pregunto c&#x00F3;mo podemos pensar en la experiencia en la escuela de los futuros profesores en lo que respecta a aquellas capacidades que promueven la subjetividad. En este art&#x00ED;culo comparto una perspectiva filos&#x00F3;fica sobre el valor educativo de la experiencia en escuelas durante la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del profesorado. En mi opini&#x00F3;n, la presencia de la universidad en la escuela deber&#x00ED;a examinarse detenidamente. Una relaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s estrecha repercute en la amplitud y la posibilidad de la experiencia escolar de los futuros profesores, y como tal, en el desarrollo de la percepci&#x00F3;n del educador de su propia importancia y de la importancia de los otros. Lo hago recurriendo a la filosof&#x00ED;a de Hannah Arendt sobre la pluralidad y los comienzos, y de Gert Biesta sobre la subjetivaci&#x00F3;n y la &#x00AB;des-subjetivaci&#x00F3;n&#x00BB;, para considerar la importancia de la naturaleza de la existencia en el mundo para el desarrollo del individuo como un sujeto de libertad y responsabilidad.</p>
<p>La Interrupci&#x00F3;n se propone como una capacidad educativa, que contribuye de manera significativa a la vida como educador en el mundo de la escuela y precisa de una aut&#x00E9;ntica experiencia abierta en el mundo real para prosperar. Podemos ser interrumpidos desde fuera, interrumpir a otra persona o un momento, o interrumpirnos a nosotros mismos desde nuestro interior. Es un llamamiento a la desaceleraci&#x00F3;n, a la escucha y a la atenci&#x00F3;n. La Interrupci&#x00F3;n se repite. Adem&#x00E1;s, el educador puede ser quien interrumpe, quien resiste. El educador con capacidad de Interrupci&#x00F3;n valora la pausa y la consideraci&#x00F3;n, enfatizando una resistencia reflexiva y ocupando su lugar como sujeto en el mundo.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Emerging from the suggestion that initial teacher education in Ireland shift to a version of the clinical school model, I ask how can we think about the in-school experience of student teachers in terms of those capabilities which promote subjectivity? In this paper I share a philosophical perspective on the educational value of the in-school experience during initial teacher education. I suggest that the university&#x2019;s presence in school ought to be carefully considered. A closer relationship has implications for the breadth and possibility of the in-school experience of student teachers, and as such the development of the educator&#x2019;s sense of their own significance and the significance of others. I do so by engaging with the philosophy of Hannah Arendt on plurality and beginnings, and Gert Biesta on subjectification and &#x2018;subject-ness&#x2019;, to consider the significance of the nature of existence in the world to the development of the individual as a subject of freedom and responsibility.</p>
<p>Interruption is proposed as an educational capability, which contributes in a meaningful way to life as an educator in the world of the school and requires open authentic real-world experience to flourish. We can be interrupted from outside, interrupt another person or a moment, or interrupt ourselves from within. It calls for a slowing down, for listening and attention. Interruption recurs. Furthermore, the educator may be the one who interrupts, who resists. The educator capable of Interruption values pause and consideration, foregrounding thoughtful resistance, and taking their place as a subject in the world.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>formaci&#x00F3;n docente</kwd>
<kwd>filosof&#x00ED;a educativa</kwd>
<kwd>escuela secundaria</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n superior</kwd>
<kwd>Irlanda</kwd>
<kwd>reforma educativa</kwd>
<kwd>profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>teacher education</kwd>
<kwd>educational philosophy</kwd>
<kwd>secondary school</kwd>
<kwd>higher education</kwd>
<kwd>Ireland</kwd>
<kwd>educational reform</kwd>
<kwd>student teacher</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-29418_Esp" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>En Irlanda, la experiencia en la escuela de los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n es normalmente receptiva al mundo acad&#x00E9;mico. El futuro profesor procura sus propias pr&#x00E1;cticas en la escuela y ocupa su lugar en la vida escolar seg&#x00FA;n viene determinado por las oportunidades particulares de pr&#x00E1;ctica y contribuci&#x00F3;n all&#x00ED; presentes. El programa de acreditaci&#x00F3;n de formaci&#x00F3;n inicial de personal docente (ITE, por sus siglas en ingl&#x00E9;s) desempe&#x00F1;a un papel limitado durante la experiencia en la escuela. Sirve de ayuda al futuro docente, aprobando la elecci&#x00F3;n de centro escolar, la propuesta de horario y la duraci&#x00F3;n de las pr&#x00E1;cticas. En la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, los tutores establecen contacto con la escuela y el profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n para organizar tutor&#x00ED;as con el objetivo de guiar y evaluar al alumno. Adem&#x00E1;s de estas funciones log&#x00ED;sticas y cualificadoras, la universidad va m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; y facilita la inmersi&#x00F3;n del futuro docente en la vida de la escuela.</p>
<p>La diversidad natural de experiencias que surge a trav&#x00E9;s de este modelo ha sido calificada de problem&#x00E1;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Esp">Sahlberg, 2018</xref>). El Panel Internacional de Revisi&#x00F3;n sobre la ITE en el contexto irland&#x00E9;s se&#x00F1;al&#x00F3; que es deseable que todos los alumnos tengan una experiencia uniforme, pero esto todav&#x00ED;a no puede garantizarse (<italic>ibid.</italic>). Este art&#x00ED;culo toma como punto de partida una inquietante propuesta para abordar esta diversidad de experiencias cambiando del modelo actual a un modelo pedag&#x00F3;gico cl&#x00ED;nico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-29418_Esp">Sahlberg, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Esp">2018</xref>). Seg&#x00FA;n esta visi&#x00F3;n, la universidad dirigir&#x00ED;a y gestionar&#x00ED;a el aspecto escolar de la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del profesorado de una manera &#x00AB;similar a como se imparte la formaci&#x00F3;n a pie de cama en las facultades de medicina modernas&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Esp">Sahlberg, 2018</xref>, p. 27).</p>
<p>Es fundamental considerar filos&#x00F3;ficamente las potenciales ramificaciones de estos cambios para el desarrollo de los futuros docentes como educadores. Mi postura al respecto es que las escuelas cl&#x00ED;nicas &#x2014;escuelas de formaci&#x00F3;n de docentes &#x00AB;cl&#x00ED;nicamente supervisadas&#x00BB; y &#x00AB;gestionadas por la universidad&#x00BB;&#x2014; se caracterizan por una experiencia as&#x00E9;ptica. Son el ep&#x00ED;tome de la &#x00AB;fuerza&#x00BB;, donde los resultados deseables son predecibles y mensurables, y la experiencia est&#x00E1; libre de riesgos. Por otro lado, &#x00AB;la debilidad, verdaderamente crucial, crea las condiciones para que los j&#x00F3;venes prueben y exploren las m&#x00FA;ltiples versiones de s&#x00ED; mismos, para identificar lo que est&#x00E1; exactamente en juego en su ejercicio de libertad y responsabilidad&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-29418_Esp">Mahon y O&#x2019;Brien, 2018</xref>, p. 182). Para examinar el impacto potencial de lo cl&#x00ED;nico sobre el surgimiento del educador me bas&#x00E9; en la filosof&#x00ED;a de Hannah Arendt y Gert Biesta, considerando una vida bien vivida en libertad y responsabilidad hacia la apreciaci&#x00F3;n de la propia importancia de uno mismo y la importancia de los otros.</p>
<p>Suscita especial preocupaci&#x00F3;n la posibilidad de constricci&#x00F3;n de la experiencia en la escuela por parte de la universidad o la adopci&#x00F3;n de una visi&#x00F3;n funcional de la escuela por parte del profesorado en formaci&#x00F3;n. Cualquiera de ellas mermar&#x00ED;a la escuela como un espacio en el que los futuros docentes experimentan el mundo educativo y se desarrollan como sujetos de acci&#x00F3;n y responsabilidad. Para ilustrar mi argumento, en este art&#x00ED;culo el lector se encontrar&#x00E1; con un profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n de Ciencias y con sus entusiastas, si bien dispersos, alumnos. Estos momentos han sido extra&#x00ED;dos de mi propia experiencia y estar&#x00E9; siempre en deuda con dicha clase por interrumpirme con su &#x00AB;novedad y otredad, de modo que [tuve] que dedicar tiempo a descifrar si, y c&#x00F3;mo, esto podr&#x00ED;a modificar o contradecir [mis] conocimientos y comprensi&#x00F3;n existentes&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Esp">English, 2013</xref>, p. 23).</p>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n como compromiso interpersonal puede o no acontecer y depende de la apertura tanto de las personas como de los sistemas a lo impredecible y lo real. A trav&#x00E9;s de la filosof&#x00ED;a de Hannah Arendt y Gert Biesta veo al docente en formaci&#x00F3;n como un principiante, que entra por primera vez como educador en el mundo diverso y vibrante de la escuela. Esta es una experiencia clave en su educaci&#x00F3;n para la subjetivaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2013</xref>) y la emergencia de capacidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-29418_Esp">Nussbaum, 2011</xref>) que respaldar&#x00E1;n su libertad en el futuro.</p>
<p>En este contexto surge una pregunta fundamental: &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo podemos pensar en la experiencia en la escuela de los docentes en formaci&#x00F3;n en lo que respecta a aquellas capacidades que promueven la subjetividad?</p>
<p>En este art&#x00ED;culo sugiero la Interrupci&#x00F3;n como una capacidad esencialmente arriesgada, abierta e impredecible que contribuye de manera significativa a la vida del educador como sujeto en el mundo. La Interrupci&#x00F3;n se explora en tres sentidos: ser interrumpido, interrumpir a otro e interrumpirse a uno mismo. Tener capacidad de Interrupci&#x00F3;n es valorar la pausa, el compromiso y la resistencia. Aqu&#x00ED; har&#x00E9; referencia de nuevo al estudio de Andrea English sobre discontinuidad y sorpresa, y al innovador enfoque de Cara Furman sobre la integraci&#x00F3;n del pensamiento filos&#x00F3;fico en la pr&#x00E1;ctica de formaci&#x00F3;n de los futuros profesores. Su enfoque respecto a la resistencia ayuda al futuro docente a mostrar una actitud de apertura hacia lo impredecible que llega desde el exterior y desde el interior de uno mismo, creciendo y desarroll&#x00E1;ndose a trav&#x00E9;s de la experiencia.</p>
<p>Creo que la experiencia en la escuela es un punto clave para ayudar a los futuros profesores a contar con la capacidad de Interrupci&#x00F3;n. Gracias a la naturaleza amparadora de la experiencia en la escuela, el profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n tiene la oportunidad de &#x00AB;existir en di&#x00E1;logo con el mundo&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 15) para ir m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la aseveraci&#x00F3;n de s&#x00ED; mismo o del plan de estudios y, en su lugar, escuchar y responder. Al hacerlo, el educador con capacidad de Interrupci&#x00F3;n a menudo se presenta ante el mundo de la escuela de una forma diferente. Esta es una forma de aprender lenta, dif&#x00ED;cil y frustrante, que hace un llamamiento a la apertura y la pausa. Y como tal, la experiencia en la escuela deber&#x00ED;a posibilitar la experiencia de la incertidumbre y el surgimiento de la creatividad, para escuchar y responder a la propia des-subjetivaci&#x00F3;n cuando surge en el mundo de la escuela.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-29418_Esp">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>&#x00BF;Q<sc>u&#x00E9; podr&#x00ED;a significar un enfoque cl&#x00ED;nico para la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del profesorado?</sc></bold></title>
<p>Existe abundante bibliograf&#x00ED;a multidisciplinar sobre lo cl&#x00ED;nico en t&#x00E9;rminos pedag&#x00F3;gicos, especialmente en lo relacionado con las tensiones y los obst&#x00E1;culos presentes al abordar la formaci&#x00F3;n de los educadores de un modo cl&#x00ED;nico. La adopci&#x00F3;n de un enfoque cl&#x00ED;nico en la formaci&#x00F3;n de profesores se mencion&#x00F3; por primera vez en el contexto irland&#x00E9;s en los dos informes de Sahlberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-29418_Esp">Sahlberg, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Esp">2018</xref>), y el modelo finland&#x00E9;s se cita por haber sido &#x00AB;especialmente influyente a la hora de perfilar algunas de las reformas que se produjeron en Irlanda&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-29418_Esp">Hall <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>, p. 18). As&#x00ED; pues, poner la mirada en Irlanda y Finlandia puede arrojar luz sobre lo que podr&#x00ED;a significar adoptar un enfoque cl&#x00ED;nico en la escuela.</p>
<p>El modelo cl&#x00ED;nico de formaci&#x00F3;n docente en Finlandia se caracteriza por tres elementos clave. El primero es la implicaci&#x00F3;n de la universidad a lo largo de la experiencia en la escuela. Los futuros profesores realizan pr&#x00E1;cticas en escuelas de formaci&#x00F3;n de profesorado en las que la universidad organiza y supervisa directamente su experiencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-29418_Esp">Sahlberg, 2010</xref>). En Finlandia, la universidad tiene un alto grado de control sobre la experiencia en la escuela de los docentes en formaci&#x00F3;n, ya que &#x00AB;la opini&#x00F3;n general en Finlandia es que la formaci&#x00F3;n de profesores se imparte mejor a trav&#x00E9;s de las universidades, que organizan y controlan la pr&#x00E1;ctica docente sobre el terreno o desde cerca [escuelas de formaci&#x00F3;n de profesores]&#x00BB; (cita de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-29418_Esp">Raiker, 2011</xref>, p. 6 en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-29418_Esp">Hall, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>, p. 56). Los futuros profesores reciben parte de la formaci&#x00F3;n cl&#x00ED;nica en la propia universidad, poniendo en pr&#x00E1;ctica sus habilidades en seminarios, pero la mayor&#x00ED;a de su experiencia en la escuela tiene lugar en &#x00AB;escuelas de formaci&#x00F3;n de profesorado especiales regidas por las universidades, con planes de estudio y pr&#x00E1;cticas similares a las de las escuelas p&#x00FA;blicas normales&#x00BB;, pero con un perfil de personal y cometidos educativos diferentes a los de las &#x00AB;escuelas p&#x00FA;blicas normales&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-29418_Esp">Sahlberg, 2010</xref>, p. 5).</p>
<p>Mientras que en Irlanda los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n pueden esperar pasar al menos un 40 % de su tiempo en las aulas, ya sea como formaci&#x00F3;n en grupo o educador principal, en Finlandia este porcentaje se reduce a un tercio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-29418_Esp">Sahlberg, 2010</xref>). Este es el segundo elemento clave del modelo cl&#x00ED;nico de formaci&#x00F3;n docente en Finlandia. La cantidad de tiempo pasado en la escuela es inferior y el &#x00E9;nfasis sobre la experiencia en la escuela como parte especialmente valiosa de la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del profesorado no es tan pronunciado como lo es en Irlanda. El horario de los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n tambi&#x00E9;n est&#x00E1; fragmentado y se conforma en periodos de tiempo en una escuela de formaci&#x00F3;n de profesorado de acuerdo con lo determinado por los requisitos de la universidad (<italic>ibid.</italic>). De este modo, la experiencia en escuelas en Finlandia durante la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del personal docente es el ep&#x00ED;tome de &#x00AB;pr&#x00E1;cticas&#x00BB;.</p>
<p>El tercer y &#x00FA;ltimo elemento clave del modelo cl&#x00ED;nico de formaci&#x00F3;n docente en Finlandia es la naturaleza de las relaciones profesionales y la supervisi&#x00F3;n. Se puede argumentar que la fortaleza de sistemas como el finland&#x00E9;s se basa en su consideraci&#x00F3;n del maestro mentor o maestro cooperador en la escuela. El personal docente de las escuelas de formaci&#x00F3;n de profesores finlandesas encargados de la tutor&#x00ED;a y supervisi&#x00F3;n de los futuros maestros est&#x00E1; altamente formado como educadores y como educadores de profesores. La universidad reconoce la centralidad de los profesores cooperadores y asume la responsabilidad de los encuentros educativos que median. Adem&#x00E1;s, en Finlandia los niveles de formaci&#x00F3;n inicial y continua del profesorado est&#x00E1;n muy integrados. Todos los educadores finlandeses realizan una formaci&#x00F3;n continua anual financiada por el Estado &#x00AB;principalmente en &#x00E1;reas importantes para implementar pol&#x00ED;ticas y reformas en materia de educaci&#x00F3;n&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-29418_Esp">Council for Creative Education Finland [Online], 2021</xref>). A esta cohesi&#x00F3;n es a la que aluden las publicaciones cuando explican el &#x00E9;xito de la formaci&#x00F3;n docente cl&#x00ED;nica en Finlandia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-29418_Esp">Burn y Mutton, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; significa este modelo en el contexto irland&#x00E9;s? &#x00BF;Es posible, necesario o deseable aplicar el modelo finland&#x00E9;s de formaci&#x00F3;n docente cl&#x00ED;nica? El primer aspecto que hay que evaluar es la intervenci&#x00F3;n de la universidad durante la experiencia en la escuela. Se sostiene que introducir la pr&#x00E1;ctica cl&#x00ED;nica es estar <italic>sobre</italic> el terreno, m&#x00E1;s que ser un especialista <italic>de</italic> ello (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-29418_Esp">Warner <italic>et al.</italic>, 1977</xref>). Esto diferencia, por ejemplo, a un m&#x00E9;dico en ejercicio de los investigadores m&#x00E9;dicos a los que hacen referencia para comunicar el tratamiento recomendado. Las escuelas de formaci&#x00F3;n de profesorado tienen acceso a los recursos y el apoyo de los departamentos de ense&#x00F1;anza universitaria, y est&#x00E1;n limitadas por su enfoque sistem&#x00E1;tico y funcional de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Sahlberg reconoce que es posible que los graduados de este sistema no hayan adquirido necesariamente la experiencia de participar en una &#x00AB;comunidad de educadores, adquiriendo la responsabilidad completa de un aula de alumnos o interactuando con los padres&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-29418_Esp">Burn y Mutton, 2015</xref>, p. 224).</p>
<p>La tutor&#x00ED;a en la escuela de futuros docentes por parte de profesionales que habitan las esferas del aula y la formaci&#x00F3;n de profesorado simult&#x00E1;neamente suena ideal en la teor&#x00ED;a. Tambi&#x00E9;n suena costoso en t&#x00E9;rminos de tiempo y planificaci&#x00F3;n, inversi&#x00F3;n financiera y requisitos estructurales. Despu&#x00E9;s del primer informe de Sahlberg se puso en marcha una versi&#x00F3;n del modelo de docente cooperador en Irlanda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-29418_Esp">The Teaching Council, 2013</xref>). Fue una interpretaci&#x00F3;n laxa de la idea finlandesa, que cambi&#x00F3; la relaci&#x00F3;n entre el tutor en la escuela y el futuro profesor con una inversi&#x00F3;n escasa o nula en el profesor tutor y sin v&#x00ED;nculos formales con la universidad. Incluso en esta forma reducida se consider&#x00F3;, al revisarla, que contaba con recursos insuficientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-29418_Esp">Hall <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>) y recientemente ha sido marginada en favor de un retorno al tutor en la escuela como &#x00AB;gu&#x00ED;a&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-29418_Esp">The Teaching Council, 2020</xref>, p. 6). Esto fue desafortunado. El modelo de docente cooperador es de gran riqueza, pero est&#x00E1; socavado por un enfoque fragmentado y por la infravaloraci&#x00F3;n del mentor en la escuela.</p>
<p>La segunda caracter&#x00ED;stica del modelo cl&#x00ED;nico de formaci&#x00F3;n docente finland&#x00E9;s es el enfoque de &#x00AB;pr&#x00E1;cticas&#x00BB; en la experiencia en la escuela. Cuando en 2013 se decidi&#x00F3; ampliar el t&#x00ED;tulo de posgrado de profesores de ense&#x00F1;anza secundaria en Irlanda de un Diploma de un a&#x00F1;o a un programa M&#x00E1;ster de dos a&#x00F1;os, se adopt&#x00F3; este modelo de pr&#x00E1;cticas. Los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n hacen pr&#x00E1;cticas en dos escuelas a lo largo de un periodo de dos a&#x00F1;os durante un m&#x00ED;nimo de veinticuatro semanas, donde imparten cien horas de ense&#x00F1;anza en el aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-29418_Esp">The Teaching Council, 2020</xref>). Las pr&#x00E1;cticas que realizan durante el segundo a&#x00F1;o deben tener una duraci&#x00F3;n m&#x00ED;nima de diez semanas (<italic>ibid.</italic>). Adem&#x00E1;s de estos m&#x00ED;nimos, la experiencia var&#x00ED;a entre centros y alumnos en el mismo programa. Por ejemplo, puede que un alumno no sea capaz de asegurarse una &#x00FA;nica pr&#x00E1;ctica que satisfaga los requisitos del primer a&#x00F1;o. En ese caso, puede completar sus pr&#x00E1;cticas en varios centros escolares mientras realice 3 semanas consecutivas en una misma escuela. Otro alumno puede asegurarse el m&#x00ED;nimo requerido de dos escuelas, pero puede que estas escuelas no sean especialmente diferentes entre s&#x00ED;, aunque la intenci&#x00F3;n es que a trav&#x00E9;s de este enfoque los alumnos tengan una experiencia m&#x00E1;s diversa. &#x00BF;Deber&#x00ED;a la universidad adoptar un papel m&#x00E1;s activo a la hora de organizar las pr&#x00E1;cticas en centros escolares? Quiz&#x00E1;s. &#x00BF;Significa esto que la universidad debe involucrarse m&#x00E1;s en la organizaci&#x00F3;n de la experiencia en la escuela? En lugar de preguntarnos d&#x00F3;nde se pone el l&#x00ED;mite, sugiero que nos preguntemos por qu&#x00E9;, y nos centremos en la experiencia del futuro docente antes de preocuparnos por la log&#x00ED;stica.</p>
<p>Antes de acercarnos o alejarnos m&#x00E1;s del modelo cl&#x00ED;nico de formaci&#x00F3;n docente de la experiencia en la escuela, aquellos interesados y que participan en la reforma educativa docente inicial deben hacer una pausa y considerar qu&#x00E9; significa todo esto para el profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n como educador. Como escribe Biesta, un enfoque sobre lo que la educaci&#x00F3;n debe <italic>hacer</italic> en lugar de lo que la educaci&#x00F3;n <italic>es</italic> o debe <italic>ser</italic>, proporciona &#x00AB;una &#x0022;dieta&#x0022; educativa bastante restrictiva, quiz&#x00E1;s eficaz en t&#x00E9;rminos de lo que puede medirse, pero no muy nutritiva&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 11). Definitivamente, la fortaleza del sistema cl&#x00ED;nico de formaci&#x00F3;n docente radica en los dominios de la cualificaci&#x00F3;n y la socializaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2013</xref>). Estos son valiosos atributos, en los que es muy dif&#x00ED;cil encontrar defectos, y sin embargo sigue habiendo una sensaci&#x00F3;n subyacente de constricci&#x00F3;n y fragmentaci&#x00F3;n. Una experiencia funcional como esta &#x00AB;no es capaz de abordar la complejidad de la convivencia humana&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29418_Esp">Osberg y Biesta, 2021</xref>, p. 58). Queda por determinar el impacto que tiene este modelo sobre el tercer y probablemente m&#x00E1;s crucial de los dominios educativos de Biesta: el de la subjetivaci&#x00F3;n, o el del docente en formaci&#x00F3;n que se hace valer como persona de individualidad, voluntad y segura de s&#x00ED; misma.</p>
<p>El control de la experiencia en la escuela por parte de la universidad coloca al profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n en la escuela en una posici&#x00F3;n dirigida hacia un &#x00FA;nico objetivo, concretamente la finalizaci&#x00F3;n de un programa de estudio en un entorno dise&#x00F1;ado para sus necesidades. No obstante, dir&#x00ED;a que la singularidad de esta orientaci&#x00F3;n es problem&#x00E1;tica en t&#x00E9;rminos educativos, ya que limita una gran apertura. Al eliminar el desorden y la imprevisibilidad de la vida escolar cotidiana se limita la educaci&#x00F3;n del educador hacia su propia subjetividad y, por ende, socava la naturaleza pedag&#x00F3;gica del programa. Hace que nos cuestionemos c&#x00F3;mo entendemos la educaci&#x00F3;n durante la experiencia en la escuela de los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n. &#x00BF;Se trata de una &#x00AB;propuesta sociopol&#x00ED;tica (normativa) externa confeccionada a priori o &#x0022;ya definida&#x0022;? &#x00BF;O podemos pensar en educaci&#x00F3;n en t&#x00E9;rminos de s&#x00ED; misma, como &#x00AB;una entidad emergente que no sirve &#x00FA;nicamente para un prop&#x00F3;sito, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n trae consigo el prop&#x00F3;sito para el que sirve&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29418_Esp">Osberg y Biesta, 2021</xref>, p. 58)? &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo se puede aprender a estar preparado y tambi&#x00E9;n a esperar y ver? Aunque tiene ventajas, como el gran valor depositado en la tutor&#x00ED;a y la diversidad de la experiencia, lo primero tiene un coste y lo &#x00FA;ltimo no puede garantizarse.</p>
<p>Sencillamente, el modelo docente cl&#x00ED;nico es demasiado constrictivo para el profesor principiante. A pesar de las mejores intenciones del educador y los alumnos, su compromiso puede permanecer en un nivel funcional de transferencia de informaci&#x00F3;n y en ning&#x00FA;n caso reconocerse como una interrupci&#x00F3;n, una intervenci&#x00F3;n o relaci&#x00F3;n educativa. Richard Rorty lo describe como la diferencia entre lo metodol&#x00F3;gico y lo inspirador, la distinci&#x00F3;n &#x00AB;entre saber de antemano lo que quieres obtener de una persona o cosa o texto&#x00BB; en oposici&#x00F3;n a &#x00AB;esperar que la persona o cosa o texto te ayude a querer algo diferente, que &#x00E9;l o ella o ello te ayuden a cambiar tus prop&#x00F3;sitos y, por tanto, a cambiar tu vida&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-29418_Esp">Rorty, 1999</xref>, p. 145). Rorty escrib&#x00ED;a sobre la lectura, pero en lugar del lector nos imaginaremos al profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n. Esta perspectiva de ir a la escuela por primera vez como educador abierto al mundo escolar que te ayuda a cambiar tus prop&#x00F3;sitos de alumno a profesor &#x00AB;y por tanto a cambiar tu vida&#x00BB;, es inmensamente poderosa. Puede que suceda o no, de modo que la experiencia en la escuela como acontecimiento educativo avanza a trav&#x00E9;s del riesgo y siempre est&#x00E1; en riesgo. La tarea educativa es fomentar entre los alumnos una perspectiva mundana y no interponerse en su camino.</p>
<p>Promover esta perspectiva es un desaf&#x00ED;o enorme para la formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial. Insta a los futuros profesores a aceptar su vida con otros como una existencia en di&#x00E1;logo con el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-29418_Esp">Naughton y Cole, 2018</xref>). Vivir como un sujeto en el mundo plantea preguntas sobre libertad y relaci&#x00F3;n. Se insta a los educadores a ser capaces de apreciar, realmente valorar, que &#x00AB;los individuos surgen en y a trav&#x00E9;s de procesos educativos de maneras &#x00FA;nicas e impredecibles&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2010a</xref>, p. 6), que la educaci&#x00F3;n hacia la subjetividad es educaci&#x00F3;n hacia la libertad. Los riesgos para la educaci&#x00F3;n como relaci&#x00F3;n consisten en no reconocer que el acontecimiento educativo precisa &#x00AB;respuesta antes que aseveraci&#x00F3;n e inquietud antes que triunfo&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-29418_Esp">Mahon, 2016</xref>, p. 49). Es un desaf&#x00ED;o pr&#x00E1;ctico y existencial para nuestro profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n, que le exhorta a considerar los informes de control como fundamentalmente no educativos y a esforzarse por vivir abiertamente en el mundo de la escuela.</p>
<p>La experiencia en la escuela posee un potencial educativo excepcional para la subjetivaci&#x00F3;n del educador, para su desarrollo como persona de presencia y significancia en el mundo. La educaci&#x00F3;n como subjetivaci&#x00F3;n alienta a los alumnos a desear una existencia no resuelta en el mundo, donde permanecen en contacto con la resistencia dentro y fuera, comprometi&#x00E9;ndose a reconocer esta fricci&#x00F3;n, y desarrollar una curiosidad instintiva hacia estas frustraciones. Andrea English escribe sobre la interrupci&#x00F3;n en una experiencia marcada por momentos de &#x00AB;perplejidad, duda, confusi&#x00F3;n, incertidumbre o dificultad&#x00BB; que surgen antes de la identificaci&#x00F3;n de un problema o, sugerir&#x00ED;a, una idea, informaci&#x00F3;n o revelaci&#x00F3;n, si el individuo elige comprometerse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Esp">English, 2013</xref>, pp. 72&#x2013;73). Para English, inspir&#x00E1;ndose en John Dewey, se trata de un momento de reflexi&#x00F3;n previa, &#x00AB;la situaci&#x00F3;n de estar atrapado en las aguas turbias de la experiencia, donde las cosas no est&#x00E1;n claras porque no estamos seguros de c&#x00F3;mo hemos llegado ah&#x00ED; ni tampoco de c&#x00F3;mo salir&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p. 73). Para el educador con capacidad de Interrupci&#x00F3;n esta frustraci&#x00F3;n es la chispa que le lleva a indagar de manera consciente y reflexiva si la interrupci&#x00F3;n se reconoce como indicativo de &#x00AB;algo m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de los l&#x00ED;mites de nuestro conocimiento y capacidad presentes&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p. 74). En otras palabras, si el interrumpido est&#x00E1; abierto a aprender y ser ense&#x00F1;ado. Insta al educador a utilizar sus capacidades de Atenci&#x00F3;n, incluyendo la reflexi&#x00F3;n, y de Incertidumbre (que est&#x00E1;n fuera del alcance de este art&#x00ED;culo) para comprenderse mejor a s&#x00ED; mismo y a su mundo. English contin&#x00FA;a debatiendo la interrupci&#x00F3;n identificada como &#x00AB;el problema&#x00BB;, siguiendo el pensamiento de Dewey, pero me atrever&#x00ED;a a sugerir que se trata de un recordatorio. Ya sea positivo o negativo, este momento de discontinuidad posee potencial para vivir mejor en relaci&#x00F3;n. Como escribe English:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x2026; la interrupci&#x00F3;n previa a la reflexi&#x00F3;n en la experiencia es tan necesaria para que se produzca el aprendizaje como la indagaci&#x00F3;n reflexiva sobre la propia interrupci&#x00F3;n. Solo a consecuencia de la experiencia interrumpida y prerreflexiva se abre la posibilidad de reconocer los l&#x00ED;mites de nuestra experiencia y conocimientos previamente adquiridos. En otras palabras, reconocemos que nuestras experiencias anteriores y la capacidad y conocimientos acumulados no bastan, pero seguimos sin saber qu&#x00E9; debemos cambiar o incluso c&#x00F3;mo averiguar lo que es necesario cambiar. Cuando se interrumpen nuestras experiencias, este espacio se abre y afloran oportunidades para explorar y experimentar de manera reflexiva e intersubjetiva nuevas ideas y nuevos modos de pr&#x00E1;ctica (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p. 76).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>La formaci&#x00F3;n de los futuros docentes en la escuela consiste tanto en la experiencia del di&#x00E1;logo con el mundo como en la exploraci&#x00F3;n de sus deseos en el mundo. Aprender e intentar vivir como sujeto en el mundo &#x00AB;se caracteriza por el deseo de dar a los deseos de uno mismo una &#x0022;visi&#x00F3;n realista&#x0022;, por as&#x00ED; decir, para establecer una relaci&#x00F3;n con qu&#x00E9; y qui&#x00E9;n es el otro, y no simplemente anularlo&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2020</xref>, p. 97). La experiencia en la escuela durante la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del personal docente es un momento clave en el est&#x00ED;mulo de este deseo.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-29418_Esp">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>&#x00BF;Q<sc>u&#x00E9; significa relaci&#x00F3;n para el educador que surge como un sujeto en el mundo</sc>?</bold></title>
<p>Para expresar la importancia que tiene ser un sujeto en relaci&#x00F3;n para el propio sujeto, Biesta ha acu&#x00F1;ado el concepto &#x00AB;unicidad como irremplazabilidad&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2010b</xref>, p. 85). Propone la unicidad como una inquietud pedag&#x00F3;gica que distingue al individuo por su responsabilidad con el mundo, una llamada a la que solo &#x00E9;l puede responder, si as&#x00ED; lo elige. En lugar de destacar al sujeto por ser diferente, su unicidad como irremplazable en relaci&#x00F3;n con los otros es indicativo de su importancia. En esta secci&#x00F3;n analizar&#x00E9; las implicaciones de &#x00AB;salir al mundo&#x00BB; y &#x00AB;unicidad como irremplazabilidad&#x00BB; para la formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial. Concretamente examinar&#x00E9; c&#x00F3;mo poner en primer plano este concepto nos puede ayudar a desarrollar una comprensi&#x00F3;n rica y llena de matices de por qu&#x00E9; es importante para la formaci&#x00F3;n de los educadores vivir una experiencia en la escuela totalmente inmersiva.</p>
<p>Para explicar la importancia del entorno en el que se sit&#x00FA;a el sujeto, Biesta se basa en la afirmaci&#x00F3;n de Hannah Arendt de que &#x00AB;la pluralidad es la condici&#x00F3;n de la acci&#x00F3;n humana&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1958</xref>, p. 8) y que la responsabilidad de esta pluralidad constituye &#x00AB;la condici&#x00F3;n de la acci&#x00F3;n humana y la libertad humana&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2010b</xref>, p. 90). Para Arendt, acci&#x00F3;n comprende nuestros comienzos y de qu&#x00E9; forma son aceptados por otras personas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1958</xref>). La acci&#x00F3;n depende de la pluralidad y avanza a trav&#x00E9;s de ella. As&#x00ED; pues, el entorno del sujeto importa, ya que la subjetividad solo es posible &#x00AB;en un mundo poblado por otros seres humanos que no son como nosotros&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2006</xref>, p. 32). Esta perspectiva reconoce al sujeto como un individuo en constante di&#x00E1;logo con alguien que no es &#x00E9;l. Este es un enfoque centrado en el mundo, que se orienta hacia la apreciaci&#x00F3;n del mundo entero de la educaci&#x00F3;n o la escuela. Valora el &#x00AB;espacio completamente mundial&#x00BB; abierto y arriesgado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 16) y resiste poniendo el foco de la educaci&#x00F3;n en un aspecto de ese mundo, como es el alumno, el plan de estudios o los requisitos de un programa de formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial.</p>
<p>Si aplicamos este pensamiento, podemos considerar que estos programas tienen una doble responsabilidad para sus alumnos: abrir nuevas v&#x00ED;as en el mundo y conservar &#x00AB;una particular calidad &#x0022;mundana&#x0022; de los espacios y lugares en que los reci&#x00E9;n llegados pueden entrar en escena&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2010b</xref>, p. 90). Las experiencias escolares breves y fragmentadas ponen en peligro la subjetividad del profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n. No hay tiempo ni obligatoriedad para establecer relaciones significativas y comprometerse con el di&#x00E1;logo, de modo que la importancia del educador no tiene oportunidad de emerger.</p>
<p>Dir&#x00ED;a que los programas modernos de formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial tienden hacia una experiencia en la escuela &#x00AB;sin fricci&#x00F3;n&#x00BB; para el profesorado en formaci&#x00F3;n, donde la posibilidad de sorpresa se reduzca al m&#x00ED;nimo y sus expectativas se cumplan de una forma clara y obvia. Esta experiencia escolar suave y segura actuar&#x00ED;a, en t&#x00E9;rminos biestianos, <italic>contra</italic> la subjetivaci&#x00F3;n de los futuros docentes, eliminando estas esenciales confrontaciones de resistencia e interrupci&#x00F3;n mediante las cuales sabr&#x00ED;an que est&#x00E1;n en el mundo. De hecho, &#x00AB;la cuesti&#x00F3;n clave en relaci&#x00F3;n con lo que significa existir en el mundo es lo que hacemos cuando encontramos resistencia&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 16). Si el objetivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n es, como sostiene Biesta, alentar a cada individuo a desear la existencia como sujeto, la resistencia nos ense&#x00F1;a sobre nuestros deseos y c&#x00F3;mo existen en el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2018</xref>). La educaci&#x00F3;n como subjetivaci&#x00F3;n alienta &#x00AB;un apetito&#x00BB; para intentar vivir la vida de uno mismo en el mundo, por as&#x00ED; decir; se trata de provocar un deseo para querer intentar vivir la propia vida en el mundo, sin pensar en uno mismo como centro del mundo&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2020</xref>, p. 98). Esto convierte a la tarea educativa en una tarea que hace posible esa existencia o, como m&#x00ED;nimo, no se interpone en el camino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2017</xref>). Aquellos interesados y comprometidos en la formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial realizan esta tarea como un imperativo, una responsabilidad particular para este mundo educativo.</p>
<p>La resistencia, como la interrupci&#x00F3;n, puede adoptar muchas formas y manar de muchas fuentes. Adem&#x00E1;s de experimentar la resistencia externa, la propia educaci&#x00F3;n tambi&#x00E9;n puede ofrecer resistencia. De hecho, Cara Furman afirma que la resistencia deber&#x00ED;a y, de hecho, tendr&#x00ED;a que figurar en la descripci&#x00F3;n de la tarea del educador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-29418_Esp">Furman, 2020</xref>). Habla acerca de ejemplos donde ante momentos de injusticia un profesor habla expl&#x00ED;citamente o se mantiene callado en el momento, pero ofrece resistencia de manera encubierta. Para ayudar al docente en formaci&#x00F3;n a adquirir la capacidad de Interrupci&#x00F3;n, Furman y su colega Shannon Larson desarrollaron una pr&#x00E1;ctica denominada Interrupciones que &#x00AB;ofrece un modelo de discurso resistente&#x00BB; o, bas&#x00E1;ndose en Foucault y Arendt, &#x00AB;decir la verdad&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p. 2). Ella admite que &#x00AB;aunque resistir puede ser necesario desde una perspectiva &#x00E9;tica&#x2026; puede resultar muy dif&#x00ED;cil para el profesor&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p 3), de modo que los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n necesitan apoyo para poder ejercer una resistencia reflexiva a la &#x00AB;reglas o normas&#x2026; directrices oficiales y la cultura de un lugar&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>). Plantea &#x00AB;&#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; podr&#x00ED;amos hacer para que haya m&#x00E1;s docentes en formaci&#x00F3;n a los que se &#x0022;invite a preguntar&#x0022;&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p. 4) durante la formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial?</p>
<p>El enfoque se centra en alentar a los futuros profesores a preguntar por qu&#x00E9;, cuestionar y sugerir perspectivas alternativas desde las primeras etapas de su formaci&#x00F3;n. De esta manera, utilizando el estudio de Hannah Arendt sobre el discurso en p&#x00FA;blico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1958</xref>), los alumnos est&#x00E1;n invitados a ver su mundo compartido desde m&#x00FA;ltiples perspectivas, y atender las limitaciones de su propio punto de vista. Supone un riesgo, ya que no hay ninguna exigencia de hablar ni garant&#x00ED;a de ser escuchado abierta y receptivamente, pero es una preparaci&#x00F3;n educativa para el mundo del d&#x00ED;a a d&#x00ED;a en la escuela a muchos niveles. En la pr&#x00E1;ctica, Furman y Larsen se sentaban de vez en cuando uno en el aula del otro e interrump&#x00ED;an preguntando, por ejemplo, por qu&#x00E9; el educador actuaba de cierta forma o hac&#x00ED;a determinadas elecciones. Animaban a los alumnos a participar en las interrupciones, a&#x00F1;adiendo un &#x00AB;componente de apoyo&#x00BB;(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-29418_Esp">Furman, 2020</xref>, p. 15) a la hora de alentar a los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n a practicar el ser capaces de interrumpirse a s&#x00ED; mismos y a su mundo educativo. En unas ocasiones la interrupci&#x00F3;n hab&#x00ED;a sido provocada de antemano para animar a los alumnos a pensar sobre un aspecto particular y en otras, se trataba de algo espont&#x00E1;neo. Las preguntas normalmente eran aclaratorias, a veces inquietantes o &#x00AB;estresantes&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p. 11), pero siempre estaban dirigidas hacia a un fin educativo extraordinario. Los comentarios propon&#x00ED;an alternativas, o compart&#x00ED;an historias de experiencias que interrump&#x00ED;an el flujo &#x00AB;de procedimientos&#x00BB; de la instrucci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica permitiendo que los &#x00AB;alumnos vieran una perspectiva y luego otra&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>). La iniciativa de las Interrupciones cambi&#x00F3; el preguntar de &#x00AB;plantear de un reto&#x00BB; a &#x00AB;algo de lo uno podr&#x00ED;a aprender&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p. 13). Muestra que la interrupci&#x00F3;n entre docentes de futuros profesores, modelando la Interrupci&#x00F3;n como una capacidad del docente, puede dar vida a la finalidad y pr&#x00E1;ctica de la resistencia.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-29418_Esp">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>&#x00BF;Q<sc>u&#x00E9; significa libertad para el educador que surge como sujeto en el mundo</sc>?</bold></title>
<p>Las cuestiones en torno a la libertad que surgen en la formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial est&#x00E1;n impregnadas con la responsabilidad de una vida de significancia en relaci&#x00F3;n. Se refieren a la libertad necesaria para ser un sujeto de acci&#x00F3;n en el mundo y la naturaleza fundamentalmente existencial de dicha libertad.</p>
<p>Es importante poner &#x00E9;nfasis en la libertad porque diferencia al futuro profesor que pasa a formar parte de una comunidad, a trav&#x00E9;s de la socializaci&#x00F3;n, del futuro profesor que se convierte en una persona &#x00FA;nica de significancia a trav&#x00E9;s de la subjetivaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2013</xref>). Aqu&#x00ED; vuelvo a Hannah Arendt y a sus escritos sobre las modalidades de vida, principalmente labor, trabajo y acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1958</xref>). Mientras que labor y trabajo hacen referencia a la estructura, la acci&#x00F3;n es la libertad constante y personal de crear, y la posibilidad de conseguir libertad a trav&#x00E9;s de la creaci&#x00F3;n (<italic>ibid.</italic>). En este sentido, acci&#x00F3;n es tomar la iniciativa, comenzar algo, y abordar la capacidad de cada persona para ser un principio y un principiante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1977</xref>).</p>
<p>Esto es especialmente pertinente en el caso de los futuros docentes, que comienzan como principiantes de una forma muy p&#x00FA;blica a trav&#x00E9;s de sus palabras y sus actos. La interrupci&#x00F3;n o discontinuidad de la experiencia marca un comienzo, y &#x00AB;los comienzos provocan el encuentro del aprendiz [consigo mismo] en una esfera de aprendizaje intermedia&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Esp">English, 2013</xref>, p. 77) donde lo que pensaba que sab&#x00ED;a no es suficiente y todav&#x00ED;a no sabe qu&#x00E9; hacer al respecto. El profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; en &#x00AB;un espacio exploratorio de aprendizaje, entre ideas nuevas y viejas&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p. 60), y entra en relaci&#x00F3;n con el mundo de una forma nueva. A partir de este encuentro no elegido surgen &#x00AB;oportunidades nuevas e imprevistas que permiten al aprendiz descubrir nuevas opciones de pensamiento y acci&#x00F3;n&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid.</italic>, p. 77). Al enfatizar los comienzos se abre la libertad de ser un principiante, y tambi&#x00E9;n la libertad de cometer errores y necesitar ayuda.</p>
<p>Esto tambi&#x00E9;n es pertinente para sus alumnos en la escuela. Para el profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n, el hecho de aproximarse a una clase de Ciencias de distintos niveles, reconociendo que todos, sin importar su nivel, en alg&#x00FA;n momento se enfrentar&#x00E1;n a un desaf&#x00ED;o, es un momento liberador. El educador es el responsable de ofrecer a sus alumnos esta concepci&#x00F3;n de libertad, la libertad de esforzarse y titubear, de actuar como un principiante. Para nuestro educador en ciernes, esto significa estar c&#x00F3;modo en una clase abierta, creativa y honesta donde asume la responsabilidad de dejar que los alumnos tomen la iniciativa. Puede que haya menos actividades estructuradas y m&#x00E1;s momentos de participaci&#x00F3;n escasa y frustrante, pero esta es la manera did&#x00E1;ctica.</p>
<p>Esta libertad es del individuo en comunidad. Cuando cada persona puede iniciar algo &#x00FA;nico, se vuelve irreemplazable para el mundo y libre en &#x00E9;l. No es una libertad de la voluntad o el intelecto, sino una libertad de elecci&#x00F3;n, &#x00AB;la libertad de hacer que algo que antes no exist&#x00ED;a, exista&#x2026; ni siquiera como un objeto de cognici&#x00F3;n o imaginaci&#x00F3;n y que, por lo tanto&#x2026; no pod&#x00ED;a conocerse&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1977</xref>, p. 150). Al igual que Cara Furman sostiene que el educador que resiste lo hace por deber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-29418_Esp">Furman, 2020</xref>), para Hannah Arendt la libertad es un acontecimiento, presente cuando las personas act&#x00FA;an guiadas por principios como &#x00AB;el honor o la gloria, el amor por la igualdad&#x2026; o la distinci&#x00F3;n o la excelencia&#x2026; o la desconfianza o el odio&#x00BB;, lo que se origina fuera de s&#x00ED; mismas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1977</xref>, p. 151). Es una suerte de confianza, que combinada con un compromiso con la competencia profesional puede convertirse en capacidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-29418_Esp">Nussbaum, 2011</xref>). El profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n aprende a ser inspirado por sus alumnos, a responder en lugar de imponer. Es un cambio desde la libertad como soberan&#x00ED;a a la libertad como comienzo, y hace que la libertad y la aparici&#x00F3;n del sujeto sean un asunto pedag&#x00F3;gico.</p>
<p>Seg&#x00FA;n Arendt, la acci&#x00F3;n a&#x00FA;na ser libre y la capacidad de hacer algo. La capacidad de acci&#x00F3;n del sujeto depende de que los dem&#x00E1;s, tambi&#x00E9;n principiantes, asuman sus comienzos y los hagan suyos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1958</xref>). Esto es arriesgado y depende de la capacidad del educador para trabajar <italic>con</italic> riesgo. Dejar que sus comienzos sean asumidos en el mundo es la libertad del sujeto, y la capacidad de hacerlo es su capacidad de actuar. El profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n puede intentar aplicar nuevos enfoques en su desafiante clase y algunos no funcionar&#x00E1;n. Tratar de entender exactamente por qu&#x00E9;, en lugar de atribuir culpas o insistir en que tiene su propio m&#x00E9;todo, sit&#x00FA;a al educador en el mundo como un sujeto de responsabilidad. As&#x00ED; pues, la libertad y la acci&#x00F3;n son capacidades &#x00FA;nicamente cuando se manifiestan en relaci&#x00F3;n, y esta es la condici&#x00F3;n para la surgimiento del sujeto en el mundo.</p>
<p>La relaci&#x00F3;n funciona en ambos sentidos. Cualquier intento de controlar nuestros comienzos a medida que pasan a formar parte del mundo no solo vulnerar&#x00E1; nuestra propia subjetividad, sino tambi&#x00E9;n la subjetividad de los otros. Asimismo, un mundo limitado no responder&#x00E1; de manera enriquecedora y genuina. Por ejemplo, si nuestro profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n pasara un mes con esa clase de Ciencias para probar la pedagog&#x00ED;a &#x00AB;piensa-empareja-comparte&#x00BB;, las restricciones a su experiencia la har&#x00ED;an no educativa. El tiempo es demasiado corto, el espacio no es libre y el profesor no est&#x00E1; teniendo capacidad de respuesta ante sus alumnos. Es el ejercicio acad&#x00E9;mico de las &#x00AB;pr&#x00E1;cticas&#x00BB; el que pone en juego la educaci&#x00F3;n del profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n y los alumnos de la escuela.</p>
<p>Arendt sostiene que la limitaci&#x00F3;n del mundo es una forma de aislamiento y &#x00AB;estar aislado es verse privado de la capacidad de actuar&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1958</xref>, p. 188). Para Arendt el dominio p&#x00FA;blico reside en la naturaleza de la interacci&#x00F3;n humana, un atributo mundial en el espacio donde las personas viven en relaci&#x00F3;n. Es &#x00AB;donde me presento ante otros como otros se presentan ante m&#x00ED;&#x00BB;, donde las personas se presentan de manera expl&#x00ED;cita (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Esp">Arendt, 1958</xref>, p. 198). As&#x00ED;, el futuro docente no solo se basa en la relaci&#x00F3;n, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n lo hace en la pluralidad y la diferencia, en la apertura y el desorden, si quiere aparecer como un sujeto libre y de acci&#x00F3;n en el mundo. La aparici&#x00F3;n de la subjetividad depende fundamentalmente de su actitud ante la dificultad, de si afrontarla, erradicarla o evadirla. Las ricas experiencias en la escuela durante la formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial ofrecen una valiosa oportunidad para encontrar dificultad en un sentido libre pero respaldado.</p>
<p>Se trata de un encuentro arriesgado donde la libertad insta al individuo a hacerse espacio en el mundo, a desarrollarse en relaci&#x00F3;n en lugar de introducirse irreflexivamente. Volvamos a nuestro profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n y su clase de Ciencias. Un aula de diferentes niveles suele plantear muchas preguntas, no siempre pertinentes, pero aun as&#x00ED;, manifestaciones de inter&#x00E9;s y compromiso. &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo responder&#x00E1; nuestro profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n? &#x00BF;Vivir&#x00E1; en di&#x00E1;logo o rechazar&#x00E1; su singular responsabilidad?</p>
<p>La libertad es, en este sentido, existencial, y no algo que el sujeto posea o pueda reclamar. Se exhorta al sujeto a ser capaz de arriesgarse para poder entender la posibilidad que representa el dar sentido y a valorar la alteridad esencial del otro, en lugar de verlo como una amenaza a su propia libertad. Como compromiso radicalmente abierto, el educador tiene la opci&#x00F3;n de resistir de manera irreflexiva y rechazar surgir como sujeto en su propia vida. Puede optar por centrarse &#x00FA;nicamente en promulgar pedagog&#x00ED;as reproducibles y satisfacer las expectativas instrumentales de su programa. O puede reconocer las responsabilidades que tiene consigo mismo y con sus alumnos m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del t&#x00ED;tulo, llamando a la apertura y la confianza. El inter&#x00E9;s educativo consiste en animar a todos y cada uno de los individuos a vivir en el mundo como un sujeto, asumir libremente su responsabilidad en el mundo y aprender su propia significancia.</p>
<p>Pensando en el profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n en el contexto de la escuela, sus comienzos como educador est&#x00E1;n siendo asumidos por los alumnos, compa&#x00F1;eros y la vida de la escuela. Son interpretados por los dem&#x00E1;s en un contexto determinado y esto siempre supone un riesgo si son genuinos y libres. Restringir los comienzos de un futuro docente a trav&#x00E9;s de, por ejemplo, &#x00AB;pr&#x00E1;cticas&#x00BB; breves y fragmentadas o especificando las pedagog&#x00ED;as que debe emplear, inhibe su aparici&#x00F3;n como sujeto en el mundo. Limita los comienzos del profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n y limita c&#x00F3;mo puede responder el mundo de la escuela a esos comienzos, bloqueando las oportunidades de otros de participar en el mundo como sujetos en su sentido m&#x00E1;s amplio. Retomando nuestra clase de Ciencias, los alumnos de la escuela pueden cumplir todo lo que el profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n sugiera, ya que saben que se trata de una clase a la semana durante un mes. No existe la necesidad de reconocer al educador o relacionarse con &#x00E9;l; pueden &#x00AB;simplemente seguirle la corriente&#x00BB; y esperar que su profesor &#x00AB;real&#x00BB; vuelva a tiempo completo.</p>
<p>En experiencias cl&#x00ED;nicas y altamente controladas en la escuela, el profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n no puede existir como sujeto; no tiene la oportunidad de descubrir c&#x00F3;mo es en el mundo de la escuela. El profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n necesita la oportunidad de vivir en el mundo de la escuela y llegar gradualmente a un entendimiento de su presencia en dicho mundo. Necesita la oportunidad de &#x00AB;reconocer y aceptar la realidad de qu&#x00E9; y qui&#x00E9;n se encuentra en el mundo&#x2026; <italic>como mundo</italic>&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 15) para comprender su significancia, para ver surgir su des-subjetivaci&#x00F3;n en relaci&#x00F3;n, y llegar a ser libre.</p>
<p>Con tiempo, espacio y apoyo, nuestro futuro profesor llegar&#x00E1; a conocer su clase de Ciencias como un mundo en s&#x00ED; mismo, uno con integridad y riqueza. Esta experiencia en la escuela permite al futuro profesor llegar a entender lo que significa la libertad y la responsabilidad en un contexto educativo. Asimismo, el desarrollo de los alumnos de la escuela se inhibe si no pueden responder con autenticidad a su profesor. Con tiempo y espacio comenzar&#x00E1;n a ver al profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n como parte de su mundo escolar, para mejor o para peor. De esta forma, el educador y los alumnos participan en los comienzos de cada uno, libres para encontrarse con el mundo de la escuela.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-29418_Esp">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>&#x00BF;C<sc>&#x00F3;mo podemos pensar en la interrupci&#x00F3;n como una condici&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n y una capacidad educativa</sc>?</bold></title>
<p>Pensar en discontinuidad como una condici&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n y en la Interrupci&#x00F3;n como una capacidad esencial del educador confiere valor a esos encuentros que desaceleran, paralizan y sorprenden. Andrea English escribe que</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>la noci&#x00F3;n de sorpresa en particular ayuda a entender el significado de interrupci&#x00F3;n en la experiencia. Llama la atenci&#x00F3;n sobre aquellos momentos en los que pasa algo inesperado y nuestra experiencia dada por sentado del mundo se ve interrumpida&#x2026; No podemos escapar por completo de la experiencia de la sorpresa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Esp">English, 2013</xref>, p. 58).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Pero podemos esforzarnos para ser capaces de sorprendernos. Aunque no necesariamente c&#x00F3;moda o bienvenida, la interrupci&#x00F3;n tiene el potencial de introducir algo nuevo y mundial. Aqu&#x00ED; exploro el valor de la interrupci&#x00F3;n y la amenaza que representan los modelos cl&#x00ED;nicos al encuentro pausado e impredecible durante la experiencia en la escuela de los docentes en formaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>La formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial debe ser consciente del riesgo que los incipientes educadores pueden asumir para avanzar en su carrera en su propio mundo. Para atenuarlo, los programas de formaci&#x00F3;n docente inicial deben permitir la cotidianidad de la educaci&#x00F3;n para romper las rutinas e interrumpir, planteando si las ideas y suposiciones llevadas al aula son realmente deseables, &#x00FA;tiles o verdaderas. Esto puede planearse de dos maneras: el tiempo invertido y la calidad/cualidades de la experiencia en la escuela. En lugar de predefinir las expectativas, la atenci&#x00F3;n debe ponerse primero en garantizar que ning&#x00FA;n acontecimiento o encuentro en el mundo de la escuela se vea obstaculizado.</p>
<p>&#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo podemos saber que estamos en el mundo? Biesta sugiere que &#x00AB;el encuentro con el mundo&#x2026; se manifiesta como la experiencia de la <italic>resistencia</italic>&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 16). La resistencia es una forma de interrupci&#x00F3;n experimentada como fricci&#x00F3;n, una fuerza que nos ralentiza y que nos impide fluir sin problemas a nuestro ritmo. Puede manifestarse como una resistencia indirecta (&#x00AB;el mundo est&#x00E1; intentado ense&#x00F1;arnos algo&#x00BB;), como una resistencia directa externa (una pregunta que se nos ha planteado directamente en relaci&#x00F3;n) o como una resistencia directa interna (&#x00AB;una pregunta en nuestras propias vidas&#x00BB;) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2017</xref>, p. 16). Estas formas de resistencia tienen una cosa en com&#x00FA;n: requieren tiempo y atenci&#x00F3;n para manifestarse. Si nuestro docente en formaci&#x00F3;n ha emprendido un programa que le suelta en medio de la escuela durante cuatro semanas, dos veces al a&#x00F1;o con una agenda predefinida que cumplir, como sugieren los modelos cl&#x00ED;nicos de formaci&#x00F3;n de profesorado, no se valora ni la oportunidad para el mundo de reaccionar y ense&#x00F1;arle algo ni la llegada natural de preguntas fuera de su competencia. Sin embargo, dada la implacable realidad del mundo de la escuela, surgir&#x00E1;n interrupciones.</p>
<p>Por tanto, la cuesti&#x00F3;n educativa clave sobre la interrupci&#x00F3;n como resistencia suscita inquietud sobre lo que sucede <italic>cuando</italic> se presenta. Una experiencia positiva de apertura e interrupci&#x00F3;n durante la experiencia en la escuela, donde el docente en formaci&#x00F3;n tiene tiempo y es apoyado de varias maneras, es inestimable, ya que llega a considerar una existencia como un sujeto en el mundo. Dicha existencia insta al educador a ver su deseo de que la clase sea disciplinada o los alumnos tengan un nivel alto, en el contexto del mundo. A trav&#x00E9;s de la subjetivaci&#x00F3;n, los deseos cambian de tener un objetivo individualista a tener un enfoque en c&#x00F3;mo nos situamos y orientamos nosotros mismos en relaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Al encontrar resistencia siempre hay riesgo de que se bloquee. Solo hay que pensar en el docente en formaci&#x00F3;n con que nos encontramos antes. Frente a un aluvi&#x00F3;n de preguntas aleatorias relacionadas con la ciencia, &#x00BF;c&#x00F3;mo debe responder? &#x00BF;Reaccionar&#x00E1; como un sujeto de libertad y responsabilidad en el mundo? Si el educador da un paso atr&#x00E1;s en sus intenciones, muestra una falta de respeto por la integridad de la fuente de resistencia. Al hacerlo, el contexto que permiti&#x00F3; que surgiera la resistencia se bloquea, lo que Biesta denomina &#x00AB;destrucci&#x00F3;n del mundo&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2020</xref>, p. 97). En este caso, el entorno del aula se vuelve t&#x00F3;xico para las intervenciones de los alumnos. Una segunda reacci&#x00F3;n posible al encontrar resistencia es retirarse uno mismo como sujeto y rehusar participar. Biesta llama a este abandono de las iniciativas y ambiciones del educador en el mundo &#x00AB;autodestrucci&#x00F3;n&#x00BB;, ya que este deja de existir en el mundo como sujeto (<italic>ibid.</italic>). El profesor deja claro aqu&#x00ED; que no est&#x00E1; interesado o no est&#x00E1; escuchando, apart&#x00E1;ndose del mundo del aula y del di&#x00E1;logo con sus alumnos. En la primera, el mundo se retrae de la participaci&#x00F3;n educativa y en la segunda es el educador quien pasa a un modo funcional. Permanecer en el mundo y proteger su arriesgada naturaleza educativa es la opci&#x00F3;n dif&#x00ED;cil, frustrante y pausada en comparaci&#x00F3;n. Por ejemplo, nuestro educador puede dedicar tiempo en clase a preguntas cient&#x00ED;ficas que interesen a los alumnos, pero que no est&#x00E9;n relacionadas directamente con el tema. Quiz&#x00E1;s tambi&#x00E9;n dedicar espacio f&#x00ED;sico para exponer estas cuestiones e invitar a los alumnos a investigar las respuestas. De este modo, nuestro profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n aprende de sus alumnos a ser una persona de importancia, libre y responsable, y a garantizar la apertura del mundo de la escuela.</p>
<p>Desde mi punto de vista, los modelos cl&#x00ED;nicos de formaci&#x00F3;n docente introducen un elemento de destrucci&#x00F3;n del mundo al eliminar los elementos d&#x00E9;biles e impredecibles de la experiencia en la escuela, y fomentan la autodestrucci&#x00F3;n promoviendo la conveniencia y la seguridad. Lo cl&#x00ED;nico establecido de este modo socava el compromiso educativo como una exploraci&#x00F3;n continuada del encuentro con qu&#x00E9; y qui&#x00E9;n es el otro, de lo que podr&#x00ED;a significar una existencia en y con el mundo. Por tanto, las oportunidades de que el docente en formaci&#x00F3;n experimente de una manera positiva la vida de la escuela en su pluralidad y diferencia se rechazan en favor de la &#x00AB;pr&#x00E1;ctica cl&#x00ED;nica sistem&#x00E1;tica&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-29418_Esp">Sahlberg, 2012</xref>, p. 18) en las &#x00AB;escuelas de formaci&#x00F3;n cl&#x00ED;nica dirigidas por la universidad&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Esp">Sahlberg, 2018</xref>, p. 33). Al minimizar el riesgo, la interrupci&#x00F3;n y la resistencia, se priva al alumno de ense&#x00F1;anzas fundamentales acerca de sus deseos educativos y c&#x00F3;mo estos deseos existen en el mundo.</p>
<p>Estos dos extremos no son inevitables y, en realidad, son fabulosos. No es posible conseguir un mundo o a uno mismo sin fricciones. Los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n encontrar&#x00E1;n resistencia durante su experiencia en la escuela y a lo largo de su carrera. El desaf&#x00ED;o, una vez se ha adquirido el compromiso de existir como sujeto en el mundo, es que el educador reconozca la resistencia, la suya o la de otros, como algo diferente de la rebeli&#x00F3;n o la insurrecci&#x00F3;n. La resistencia es un gesto educativo dubitativo y como tal, la respuesta a la resistencia es la pausa, en lugar de la intervenci&#x00F3;n. Estar en el &#x00AB;estado de di&#x00E1;logo&#x00BB; de Biesta o en la &#x00AB;esfera intermedia&#x00BB; de English significa que el educador elige vivir en dificultad, equilibrando su unicidad con su deseo de existir en el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2017</xref>, p. 15; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Esp">English, 2013</xref>, p. 77). Estar en di&#x00E1;logo &#x00AB;no es un lugar de autoexpresi&#x00F3;n pura, sino m&#x00E1;s bien un lugar donde nuestra autoexpresi&#x00F3;n encuentra l&#x00ED;mites, interrupciones, respuestas&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2017</xref>, p. 15). Vivir con resistencia equivaldr&#x00ED;a a la combinaci&#x00F3;n de destrucci&#x00F3;n del mundo y autodestrucci&#x00F3;n, una especie de respuesta sin sentido o una forma de complacencia. Volviendo una vez m&#x00E1;s a nuestro profesor de Ciencias principiante, vivir con resistencia podr&#x00ED;a asemejarse a responder gritando a las preguntas de los alumnos. Puede que decida que los adolescentes est&#x00E1;n distra&#x00ED;dos y son alborotadores, y que no puede hacer otra cosa que tomar medidas disciplinarias. Puede plantear preguntas como &#x00AB;&#x00BF;te crees muy listo, cambiando as&#x00ED; el tema?&#x00BB; en un esfuerzo por ganar superioridad. El di&#x00E1;logo en respuesta a la resistencia no es un concurso o un problema que debe resolverse. Es un desaf&#x00ED;o persistente y permanente inherente a una existencia comprometida en el mundo como sujeto.</p>
<p>La interrupci&#x00F3;n es la c&#x00FA;spide de la resistencia, pregunt&#x00E1;ndonos si lo que deseamos es realmente deseable e interrumpi&#x00E9;ndonos en el camino hacia ese deseo. &#x00BF;Es educativo desear control? &#x00BF;Silencio? &#x00BF;Conformidad? La interrupci&#x00F3;n es la resistencia que encontramos cuando acordamos vivir en el mundo con otros, la resistencia que nos modela, nos da la vuelta, altera nuestra velocidad, a veces casi imperceptiblemente y a veces completamente. La interrupci&#x00F3;n nos para en nuestro camino, nos insta a detenernos y pensar, pero primero a escuchar. Ser interrumpido de este modo es haber registrado algo en relaci&#x00F3;n. Esta llamada, esta pregunta, nos interrumpe, de modo que debemos existir completamente en el mundo.</p>
<p>Tambi&#x00E9;n necesitamos pensar en los mensajes y las normas que nuestros sistemas nos env&#x00ED;an impl&#x00ED;cita y expl&#x00ED;citamente. Biesta utiliza el ejemplo del capitalismo prefiriendo una poblaci&#x00F3;n infantil motivada por deseos personales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2017</xref>). &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; mensaje env&#x00ED;a a los futuros profesores la experiencia escolar breve y orientada a uno mismo del modelo cl&#x00ED;nico? &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; dice de nuestro aprecio por la vida en la escuela? Introducir al futuro profesor en la realidad de la vida escolar y permitirle practicar durante un periodo de tiempo razonable le brinda la oportunidad de experimentar la interrupci&#x00F3;n con apoyo y adquirir la capacidad de Interrupci&#x00F3;n en un sentido educativo.</p>
<p>Desatender la interrupci&#x00F3;n tampoco es educativo. Las ideas incontestables y preconcebidas de buen alumno, mal comportamiento o alto nivel, as&#x00ED; como qu&#x00E9; recursos est&#x00E1;n disponibles incluyendo la ayuda en casa, permiten al profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n hacerse una idea de manera independiente de lo que puede asumir, depender o conseguir no pensar. Es un juego peligroso que enfatiza la necesidad de una tutor&#x00ED;a de alta calidad en la escuela. Los tutores en modo de profesores cooperadores conocen el contexto de la escuela y sus alumnos y se dedican a la educaci&#x00F3;n de los futuros profesores. Adoptar un enfoque minimalista de las tutor&#x00ED;as en la escuela socava todo lo que implica.</p>
<p>Otras interrupciones pueden percibirse como no educativas, pueden parecer una imposici&#x00F3;n. Tomemos el ejemplo de nuestro profesor de Ciencias que realmente participa en las preguntas que plantean sus alumnos en clase. Debe saber c&#x00F3;mo interrumpir el plan de estudios acad&#x00E9;micamente, en el modo de di&#x00E1;logo. Esto ser&#x00E1; diferente para cada clase y depende del tiempo que tarda el educador en desarrollarse en relaci&#x00F3;n con sus alumnos. &#x00AB;Pr&#x00E1;cticas&#x00BB; breves en la escuela o tutores prepotentes pueden interponerse en el camino del profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n. Biesta advierte contra &#x00AB;sacar toda la resistencia de la educaci&#x00F3;n haci&#x00E9;ndola flexible, personalizada y a medida&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Esp">Biesta, 2017</xref>, p. 19) o higienizada, predefinida y mensurable. En estos casos, la educaci&#x00F3;n se vuelve receptiva solo para uno mismo, perdiendo su relacionalidad con el mundo. La alternativa ser&#x00ED;a una experiencia educativa donde ser apoyado estando en el mundo, experimentando resistencia y aprendiendo su valor, y al hacerlo, despertar el deseo de existir dial&#x00F3;gicamente, en el &#x00AB;intermedio&#x00BB;.</p>
<p>Pueden aparecer interrupciones educativas no solicitadas como actos de poder desde la perspectiva del alumno. Deborah Britzman escribe sobre la creencia de Anna Freud de que la educaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; compuesta por todo tipo de interferencias y que comienza en el individuo, y no cuando se le hace algo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-29418_Esp">Britzman, 2003</xref>). Freud describe estas relaciones como &#x00AB;caracterizadas por el tira y afloja de la dependencia y autonom&#x00ED;a, inmadurez y madurez e interferencia mutua e influencia&#x2026; tener que aprender y tener que ense&#x00F1;ar se siente como interferencia&#x2026; La significancia, o mejor, la educaci&#x00F3;n, se construye a partir de este conflicto&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-29418_Esp">Britzman, 2003</xref>, p. 8).</p>
<p>El trabajo del profesor y por extensi&#x00F3;n de aquellos que participan en la educaci&#x00F3;n del profesorado, incluye ser capaz de introducir interrupci&#x00F3;n, suspense y subsistencia de un modo pedag&#x00F3;gico. Bien establecida, esta relaci&#x00F3;n educativa tiene potencial para pasar de una relaci&#x00F3;n de poder e intrusi&#x00F3;n a una de agradecimiento, donde el educador es llamado profesor restrospectivamente por su alumno. Esto traslada el centro de poder al educador naciente, permiti&#x00E9;ndole hablar en respuesta a la interrupci&#x00F3;n de una manera apreciativa. La interrupci&#x00F3;n se convierte en contribuci&#x00F3;n, y son capaces de establecer una relaci&#x00F3;n rec&#x00ED;proca.</p>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.29418</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.29418</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>THE EDUCATOR, INTERRUPTED</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>El educador, interrumpido</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4648-8358</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>O&#x2019;BRIEN</surname>
<given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Eng"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1_Eng">
<institution content-type="original">University College Dublin. Ireland.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">University College Dublin</institution>
<country country="IE">Ireland</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Eng"><email>elizabeth.obrien@ucdconnect.ie</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>01</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>11</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" xml:lang="en">

<license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Emerging from the suggestion that initial teacher education in Ireland shift to a version of the clinical school model, I ask how can we think about the in-school experience of student teachers in terms of those capabilities which promote subjectivity? In this paper I share a philosophical perspective on the educational value of the in-school experience during initial teacher education. I suggest that the university&#x2019;s presence in school ought to be carefully considered. A closer relationship has implications for the breadth and possibility of the in-school experience of student teachers, and as such the development of the educator&#x2019;s sense of their own significance and the significance of others. I do so by engaging with the philosophy of Hannah Arendt on plurality and beginnings, and Gert Biesta on subjectification and &#x2018;subject-ness&#x2019;, to consider the significance of the nature of existence in the world to the development of the individual as a subject of freedom and responsibility.</p>
<p>Interruption is proposed as an educational capability, which contributes in a meaningful way to life as an educator in the world of the school and requires open authentic real-world experience to flourish. We can be interrupted from outside, interrupt another person or a moment, or interrupt ourselves from within. It calls for a slowing down, for listening and attention. Interruption recurs. Furthermore, the educator may be the one who interrupts, who resists. The educator capable of Interruption values pause and consideration, foregrounding thoughtful resistance, and taking their place as a subject in the world.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Partiendo de la propuesta de cambio de la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del personal docente en Irlanda hacia una versi&#x00F3;n del modelo pedag&#x00F3;gico cl&#x00ED;nico, me pregunto c&#x00F3;mo podemos pensar en la experiencia en la escuela de los futuros profesores en lo que respecta a aquellas capacidades que promueven la subjetividad. En este art&#x00ED;culo comparto una perspectiva filos&#x00F3;fica sobre el valor educativo de la experiencia en escuelas durante la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del profesorado. En mi opini&#x00F3;n, la presencia de la universidad en la escuela deber&#x00ED;a examinarse detenidamente. Una relaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s estrecha repercute en la amplitud y la posibilidad de la experiencia escolar de los futuros profesores, y como tal, en el desarrollo de la percepci&#x00F3;n del educador de su propia importancia y de la importancia de los otros. Lo hago recurriendo a la filosof&#x00ED;a de Hannah Arendt sobre la pluralidad y los comienzos, y de Gert Biesta sobre la subjetivaci&#x00F3;n y la &#x00AB;des-subjetivaci&#x00F3;n&#x00BB;, para considerar la importancia de la naturaleza de la existencia en el mundo para el desarrollo del individuo como un sujeto de libertad y responsabilidad.</p>
<p>La Interrupci&#x00F3;n se propone como una capacidad educativa, que contribuye de manera significativa a la vida como educador en el mundo de la escuela y precisa de una aut&#x00E9;ntica experiencia abierta en el mundo real para prosperar. Podemos ser interrumpidos desde fuera, interrumpir a otra persona o un momento, o interrumpirnos a nosotros mismos desde nuestro interior. Es un llamamiento a la desaceleraci&#x00F3;n, a la escucha y a la atenci&#x00F3;n. La Interrupci&#x00F3;n se repite. Adem&#x00E1;s, el educador puede ser quien interrumpe, quien resiste. El educador con capacidad de Interrupci&#x00F3;n valora la pausa y la consideraci&#x00F3;n, enfatizando una resistencia reflexiva y ocupando su lugar como sujeto en el mundo.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>teacher education</kwd>
<kwd>educational philosophy</kwd>
<kwd>secondary school</kwd>
<kwd>higher education</kwd>
<kwd>Ireland</kwd>
<kwd>educational reform</kwd>
<kwd>student teacher</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>formaci&#x00F3;n docente</kwd>
<kwd>filosof&#x00ED;a educativa</kwd>
<kwd>escuela secundaria</kwd>
<kwd>educaci&#x00F3;n superior</kwd>
<kwd>Irlanda</kwd>
<kwd>reforma educativa</kwd>
<kwd>profesor en formaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-29418_Eng" sec-type="intro">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>In Ireland, the in-school experience of student teachers is typically responsive to the world of the school. The student teacher sources their own school placement and takes their place in school life as determined by the particular opportunities to practise and to contribute that are present there. The accrediting programme of initial teacher education (ITE) plays a limited role during the in-school experience. They support the student teacher, approving the choice of school, proposed timetable, and duration of placement. Higher Education-based tutors liaise with the school and the student teacher to arrange supervisions in order to guide and assess the student. Apart from these logistical and qualifying roles, the university steps out and allows the student teacher to be immersed in the life of the school.</p>
<p>The natural variety of experience which arises through this model has been raised as problematic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Eng">Sahlberg, 2018</xref>). The International Review Panel on ITE in in the Irish context noted that a uniform experience for all students is desirable and yet cannot be assured (Ibid.). This paper takes as its starting point a concerning proposal to address this diversity of experience by shifting the current model to a clinical school model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-29418_Eng">Sahlberg, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Eng">2018</xref>). On this view, the university would lead and operate the in-school element of initial teacher education in a manner &#x201C;similar to how bedside training occurs in modern medical schools&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Eng">Sahlberg, 2018</xref>, p. 27).</p>
<p>It is essential to consider philosophically the potential ramifications of such changes for the development of student teachers as educators. My position here is that clinical schools &#x2013; &#x201C;clinically supervised&#x201D;, &#x201C;university-operated&#x201D; teacher training schools &#x2013; describe a sanitised experience. They are the epitome of the &#x201C;strong&#x201D;, where desirable outcomes are predictable and measurable, and the experience risk-free. On the other hand, &#x201C;weakness, crucially, creates the conditions for young people to test and to explore their multiple versions of self&#x2014;to identify what precisely is at stake in their exercise of freedom and responsibility&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-29418_Eng">Mahon &#x0026; O&#x2019;Brien, 2018</xref>, p. 182). To explore the potential impact of the clinical on the educator&#x2019;s emergence I draw on the philosophy of Hannah Arendt and Gert Biesta, considering a life well lived in freedom and responsibility towards appreciating one&#x2019;s own significance and the significance of others.</p>
<p>Of particular concern is the potential for constriction of the in-school experience by the university or the adoption of a functional view of the school by student teachers. Either would diminish the school as a space for student teachers to experience the educational world and to develop as subjects of action and responsibility. To illustrate my point, in this paper the reader will encounter a student teacher of Science and their enthusiastic, if unfocussed, students. These moments are drawn from my own experience and I am forever indebted to that class for interrupting me with their &#x201C;newness and otherness, so that [I had] to take the time to figure out whether or not, and how, it might modify or contradict [my] existing knowledge and understanding&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Eng">English, 2013</xref>, p. 23).</p>
<p>Education as an interpersonal engagement may or may not happen and depends on the openness of both people and systems to the unpredictable and the real. Through the philosophy of Hannah Arendt and Gert Biesta I look to the student teacher as a beginner, stepping into the diverse and vibrant world of the school as an educator for the first time. This is a key experience in their education for subjectification (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2013</xref>) and for the emergence of capabilities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-29418_Eng">Nussbaum, 2011</xref>) which will support their freedom into the future.</p>
<p>A central question arises here: How can we think about the in-school experience of student teachers in terms of those capabilities which promote subjectivity?</p>
<p>In this paper I suggest Interruption as an essentially risky, open, and unpredictable capability which contributes in a meaningful way to the educator&#x2019;s life as a subject in the world. Interruption is explored in three senses: to be interrupted, to interrupt another, and to interrupt oneself. To be capable of Interruption is to value pause, engagement, and resistance. Here I turn to the scholarship of Andrea English on discontinuity and surprise, and Cara Furman&#x2019;s innovative approach in bringing philosophical thinking to bear on initial teacher education in practice. Her approach to resistance supports the student teacher in becoming open to the unpredictable from outside and from within oneself, growing and developing through the experience.</p>
<p>I suggest that the in-school experience is a key locus for supporting student teachers to become capable of Interruption. Through the supported nature of the in-school experience the student teacher is afforded the opportunity to &#x201C;exist in dialogue with the world&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 15) to move beyond assertion of the self or the curriculum and instead listen and respond. In doing so the educator capable of Interruption comes to the world of the school anew, often. This is a slow, difficult, and frustrating way to learn, calling for openness and pause. As such, the in-school experience should allow for the experience of uncertainty and the emergence of creativity, for listening and response to one&#x2019;s own subject-ness as it emerges in the world of the school.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-29418_Eng">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>W<sc>hat might a clinical approach to initial teacher education mean?</sc></bold></title>
<p>There is extensive multidisciplinary literature on the clinical in educational terms, particularly regarding the tensions and challenges in approaching the education of educators in a clinical way. Taking a clinical approach to teacher education was first mentioned in the Irish context in the two Sahlberg reports (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-29418_Eng">Sahlberg, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Eng">2018</xref>), and the Finnish model is cited as having been &#x201C;especially influential in shaping some of the reforms that occurred in Ireland&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-29418_Eng">Hall <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>, p. 18). As such, turning to Finland and Ireland can shed light on what adopting a clinical in-school approach might look like.</p>
<p>There are three key features to the clinical teacher training model in Finland. The first is involvement of the university during the in-school experience. Student teachers go on placement to Teacher Training Schools where their experience is organised and overseen directly by the university (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-29418_Eng">Sahlberg, 2010</xref>). In Finland the university has a high degree of control over the in-school experience of student teachers as &#x201C;the general view in Finland is that teacher education is best delivered through universities organizing and controlling teaching practice through on-site or proximal [Teacher Training Schools]&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-29418_Eng">Raiker, 2011</xref>, p. 6 quoted in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-29418_Eng">Hall <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>, p. 56). Student teachers do some clinical training in the university itself, practicing skills in seminar settings, but the majority of their in-school experience occurs in &#x201C;special Teacher Training Schools governed by the universities, which have similar curricula and practices as normal public schools&#x201D; but a different staff profile and educational remit to &#x201C;normal public schools&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-29418_Eng">Sahlberg, 2010</xref>, p. 5).</p>
<p>Where student teachers in Ireland can expect to spend at least 40% of their time in classrooms either team-teaching or as the primary educator, in Finland this is lower at one third (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-29418_Eng">Sahlberg, 2010</xref>). This is the second key feature of the clinical teacher training model in Finland. The amount of time spent in school is less and the emphasis on in-school experience as a particularly valuable part of initial teacher education is not as pronounced as it is in Ireland. The time of the student teacher is also fragmented, taking place in blocks of time in a Teacher Training School as determined by the university&#x2019;s requirements (Ibid.). As such, the Finnish in-school experience during initial teacher education is the epitome of &#x2018;placement&#x2019;.</p>
<p>The third and final key feature of the clinical teacher training model in Finland is the nature of professional relationships and supervision. It is arguable that the strength of such systems as the Finnish one lies in their consideration of the in-school co-operating or mentor teacher. The teaching staff in Finnish Teacher Training Schools tasked with mentoring and supervising student teachers are highly trained as educators and as teacher educators. The university recognises the centrality of co-operating teachers and takes responsibility for the educational encounters they mediate. Furthermore, in Finland the levels of initial and continuing teacher education are highly integrated. State-funded annual in-service training &#x201C;primarily in areas important for implementing education policy and reforms&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-29418_Eng">Council for Creative Education Finland [Online], 2021</xref>) is undertaken by all Finnish educators. It is this cohesiveness to which the literature turns when accounting for the success of clinical teacher training in Finland (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-29418_Eng">Burn &#x0026; Mutton, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>What does this model mean in the Irish context? Is clinical teacher training in the Finnish mode possible, necessary, or desirable? The first consideration is the intervention of the university during the in-school experience. It is argued that entering into clinical practice is to be <italic>in</italic> the field, rather than a specialist <italic>of</italic> it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-29418_Eng">Warner <italic>et al.</italic>, 1977</xref>). This differentiates, for example, a practising physician from the medical researchers they refer to in order to inform their treatment recommendations. Teacher Training Schools both have access to the resources and support of university education departments, and are limited by their systematic, functional approach to education. Sahlberg concedes that graduates of this system may not necessarily have acquired experience of participating in a &#x201C;community of educators, taking full responsibility for a classroom or students, or interacting with parents&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-29418_Eng">Burn &#x0026; Mutton, 2015</xref>, p. 224).</p>
<p>In-school mentoring of student teachers by professionals who inhabit the classroom and teacher education spheres simultaneously sounds ideal in theory. It also sounds expensive, in terms of time and planning, financial investment and structural requirements. After the first Sahlberg report, a version of the co-operating teacher model was launched in Ireland (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-29418_Eng">The Teaching Council, 2013</xref>). This was a slimmed down interpretation of the Finnish idea, which shifted the relationship between the in-school mentor teacher and the student teacher with little or no investment in the mentor teacher and no formal link to the university. Even in this minimal form it was deemed on review to be under-resourced (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-29418_Eng">Hall <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>) and has recently been side-lined in favour of a return to the in-school mentor as &#x201C;guide&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-29418_Eng">The Teaching Council, 2020</xref>, p. 6). This was unfortunate. There is a considerable richness to the co-operating teacher model, undermined by a piecemeal approach and the undervaluing of the in-school mentor.</p>
<p>The second feature of the Finnish clinical teacher training model is the &#x2018;placement&#x2019; approach to in-school experience. When it was decided in 2013 to expand the postgraduate qualification of second-level educators in Ireland from a one-year Diploma to a two-year Masters programme this placement model was adopted. Student teachers are placed in two schools over two years for a minimum of twenty-four weeks, where they engage in one hundred hours of in-class teaching (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-29418_Eng">The Teaching Council, 2020</xref>). The placement in Year 2 must be at least ten weeks long (Ibid.). Apart from these minima the experience varies between institutions and between students on the same programme. For example, a student might not be able to secure a single placement which fulfils the requirements for Year 1. In that case they can complete their placement across multiple schools as long as at some point they spend 3 consecutive weeks in one school. Another student may secure the required minimum of two schools but those schools may not be particularly different from each other, even though the intention is that students have a more diverse experience through this approach. Should the university take a more active role in organising school placements? Perhaps. Does that mean the university should be more involved in the organisation of the in-school experience? Rather than asking where the line is drawn I suggest we ask why, and focus on the experience of the student teacher prior to logistical concerns.</p>
<p>Before moving any further into or away from the clinical teacher training model of in-school experience, those interested and engaged in initial teacher education reform should pause and consider what all this means for the student teacher as an educator. As Biesta writes, a focus on what education should <italic>do</italic> rather than what education <italic>is</italic> or should <italic>be</italic>, provides &#x201C;a rather narrow educational &#x2018;diet&#x2019; &#x2013; perhaps effective in terms of what can be measured but not very nourishing&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 11). Certainly, the strength of the clinical teacher training system lies in the domains of qualification and socialisation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2013</xref>). These are invaluable attributes, difficult to find fault in, and yet there is an underlying sense of both constriction and fragmentation. A functional experience such as this &#x201C;is unable to do justice to the complexity of human togetherness&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29418_Eng">Osberg &#x0026; Biesta, 2021</xref>, p. 58). What remains in question is the impact this model has on the third and arguably most crucial of Biesta&#x2019;s educational domains: that of subjectification, or the student teacher&#x2019;s coming into their own as a person of individuality, agency, and confidence.</p>
<p>The control of the in-school experience by the university places the student teacher in school towards a single end, namely completion of a programme of study in an environment designed for their needs. I would argue however, that this singularity of orientation is problematic in educational terms, as it restricts an important open-endedness. Removing the messiness and unpredictability of everyday school life restricts the education of the educator towards their own subjectivity and so undermines the educational nature of the programme. It raises questions of how we understand education during the in-school experience of student teachers. Is it towards &#x201C;an external, priori or &#x2018;ready-made&#x2019; socio-political (normative) purpose&#x201D; or can we think about education in terms of itself, as &#x201C;an emergent entity that does not simply serve a purpose, but also brings with it the purpose it serves&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29418_Eng">Osberg &#x0026; Biesta, 2021</xref>, p. 58)? How can it learn to both be prepared and also wait and see? While there are merits, such as greater value placed on mentorship and diversity of experience, the former comes at a cost and the latter cannot be assured.</p>
<p>Simply put, the clinical school model is overly constrictive for the beginning teacher. Even given the best intentions of the educator and the students, their engagement may stay at the functional level of information transfer and never be acknowledged as an interruption, an educational intervention or relation. Richard Rorty describes it as the difference between the methodological and the inspiring, the distinction &#x201C;between knowing what you want to get out of a person or thing or text in advance&#x201D; as opposed to &#x201C;hoping that the person or thing or text will help you want something different &#x2013; that he or she or it will help you to change your purposes and thus to change your life&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-29418_Eng">Rorty, 1999</xref>, p. 145). Rorty was writing about reading, but in place of the reader we might imagine the student teacher. Such a perspective, going to school as an educator for the first time open to the world of the school helping to change your purposes from student to teacher &#x201C;and thus to change your life&#x201D;, is immensely powerful. It may or may not happen, and as such the in-school experience as educational event proceeds through risk and is always at risk. The educational task is to encourage students towards such a worldly perspective and not get in their way.</p>
<p>Promoting such a perspective is deeply challenging for initial teacher education. It calls on student teachers to accept their life with others as an existence in dialogue with the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-29418_Eng">Naughton &#x0026; Cole, 2018</xref>). Living as a subject in the world raises questions of freedom and relation. Educators are called to become capable of appreciating, really valuing, that &#x201C;individuals emerge in and through educational processes in unique and unpredictable ways&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2010a</xref>, p. 6), that education towards subjectivity is education towards freedom. The risks to education as a relationship lie in not recognising that the educational event requires &#x201C;response before assertion and anxiety before triumph&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-29418_Eng">Mahon, 2016</xref>, p. 49). It is a practical and existential challenge to our student teacher, calling on them to see narratives of control as fundamentally uneducational and strive to live openly in the world of the school.</p>
<p>In-school experience holds a unique educative potential for the subjectification of the educator, for their development as a person of presence and significance in the world. Education as subjectification encourages students to desire an unresolved existence in the world, where they stay in touch with the resistance within and without, committing to acknowledging this friction, and developing an instinctive curiosity towards these frustrations. Andrea English writes of the interruption in experience marked by moments of &#x201C;perplexity, doubt, confusion, uncertainty, or trouble&#x201D; which come prior to the identification of a problem or, I would suggest, an idea, insight or revelation, if the individual chooses to engage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Eng">English, 2013</xref>, pp. 72&#x2013;73). It is for English, drawing on John Dewey, a pre-reflective moment, &#x201C;the situation of being stuck in the muddy waters of experience, where things are not clear because we are not sure how we got there and are not sure how to leave&#x201D; (Ibid., p. 73). For the educator capable of Interruption this frustration is the spark for conscientious and thoughtful enquiry, if the interruption is recognised as indicative of &#x201C;something beyond the limits of our present knowledge and ability&#x201D; (Ibid., p. 74). In other words, if the one interrupted is open to learning and being taught. It calls on the educator to draw on their capabilities of Attention, including reflection, and Uncertainty (which are outside the scope of this paper) to better understand themselves and their world. She goes on to discuss the identified interruption as &#x201C;the problem&#x201D;, following Dewey&#x2019;s thinking, but I would suggest it is a prompt. Whether positive or negative, this moment of discontinuity holds potential to live better in relation. As English writes:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x2026; the prereflective interruption in experience is as necessary for learning to take place as the reflective inquiry into the interruption itself. It is only on account of the prereflective, interrupted experience that the possibility opens up of recognizing the limits of our previously acquired knowledge and experience. In other words, we recognize that our previous experiences and accrued knowledge and ability do not suffice, yet we do not yet know what to change or even how to find out what needs to be changed. When our experiences are interrupted, this space opens up and opportunities arise for reflectively and intersubjectively exploring and experimenting with new ideas and new modes of practice (Ibid., p. 76).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>The education of student teachers in school is both the experience of dialogue with the world and the exploration of their desires in the world. Learning and trying to live as a subject in the world &#x201C;is characterized by the desire to give one&#x2019;s desires a &#x201C;reality check,&#x201D; so to speak, so as to come into a relationship with what and who is other, not simply overrule it.&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2020</xref>, p. 97). The in-school experience during initial teacher education is a key moment in the encouragement of this desire.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-29418_Eng">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>W<sc>hat does relation mean to the educator emerging as a subject in the world?</sc></bold></title>
<p>To express how being a subject in relation matters to the subject themselves Biesta has coined the concept &#x201C;uniqueness-as-irreplaceability&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2010b</xref>, p. 85) He suggests that uniqueness as an educational concern sets the individual apart through their responsibility to the world, a call to which only they can respond, should they choose to. Instead of setting the subject apart as different, their uniqueness as irreplaceable in relation to others is indicative of their significance. In this section I will consider the implications of coming-into-the-world and uniqueness-as-irreplaceability for initial teacher education. Specifically, I will consider how a foregrounding of this concept can help us develop a rich and nuanced understanding of why a fully immersive in-school experience is important to the education of educators.</p>
<p>To explain the importance of the environment in which the subject is situated, Biesta draws on Hannah Arendt&#x2019;s assertion that &#x201C;plurality is the condition of human action&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1958</xref>, p. 8) and that responsibility for this plurality constitutes &#x201C;the condition of human action and human freedom&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2010b</xref>, p. 90). Action for Arendt comprises both our beginnings and how they are taken up by other people (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1958</xref>). Action depends on and proceeds through plurality. As such, the environment of the subject matters, as subjectivity is only possible &#x201C;in a world populated by other human beings who are not like us&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2006</xref>, p. 32). This perspective recognises the subject as continually emerging in dialogue with that which is other. This is a world-centred approach, orienting itself in appreciation of the whole world of education or the school. It values the open, risky &#x201C;thoroughly worldly space&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 16), and resists placing the focus of education on one aspect of that world such as the student, the curriculum or the requirements of an initial teacher education programme.</p>
<p>If we apply this thinking, we might consider that such programmes have a dual responsibility to their students: to open avenues into the world and to preserve &#x201C;a particular &#x201C;worldly&#x201D; quality of the spaces and places in which newcomers can come into presence&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2010b</xref>, p. 90). Brief fragmented in-school experiences put the subjectivity of the student teacher at stake. There is neither the time nor their imperative to form meaningful relationships and commit to dialogue, so the significance of the educator doesn&#x2019;t have the chance to emerge.</p>
<p>I would argue that modern programmes of initial teacher education work towards a &#x2018;friction-less&#x2019; in-school experience for student teachers, one where the possibility of surprise is minimised and their expectations are met in a clear and obvious way. Such a smooth and sure in-school experience would, in Biestian terms, work <italic>against</italic> the subjectification of student teachers, removing those essential encounters of resistance and interruption by which they would know they were in the world at all. In fact &#x201C;the key question in relation to what it means to exist in the world is what we do when we encounter resistance&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 16). If the aim of education, as Biesta holds, is to encourage each individual to desire existence as a subject, resistance teaches us about our desires and how they exist in the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2018</xref>). Education as subjectification encourages &#x201C;an &#x201C;appetite&#x201D; for trying to live one&#x2019;s life in the world, so to speak; it is about arousing a desire for wanting to try to live one&#x2019;s life in the world, without thinking oneself in the centre of the world&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2020</xref>, p. 98). This makes the educational task one of making that existence possible or, at the very least, not getting in the way (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2017</xref>). Those interested and engaged in initial teacher education carry this task as an imperative, a responsibility particular to this educational world.</p>
<p>Resistance, like interruption, can take many forms and spring from many sources. As well as experiencing resistance from without, the educational self can resist too. In fact, Cara Furman claims that it must, that resistance should, in fact, feature in the educator&#x2019;s job description (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-29418_Eng">Furman, 2020</xref>). She discusses examples where in the face of injustice a teacher speaks out explicitly or keeps silent in the moment but mounts their resistance in an underground way. To support the student teacher in becoming capable of Interruption, Furman and her colleague Shannon Larson developed a practice named Interruptions which &#x201C;provides a model for resistant speech&#x201D; or, drawing on Foucault and Arendt, &#x201C;Truth-Telling&#x201D; (Ibid., p. 2). She concedes that &#x201C;though resisting can be ethically necessary&#x2026; it can be very difficult for the teacher&#x201D; (Ibid., p 3) and as such student teachers need support to become capable of thoughtful resistance to &#x201C;rules or norms&#x2026; official guidelines and the culture of a place&#x201D; (Ibid.). She asks &#x201C;what might we do so that more student teachers get an &#x201C;invitation to ask&#x201D;&#x201D; (Ibid., p. 4) during initial teacher education?</p>
<p>The approach lies in encouraging student teachers to ask why, to question and to suggest alternative perspectives from the very beginning of their education. In this way, drawing on Hannah Arendt&#x2019;s account of public speech (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1958</xref>), students are invited to see their shared world from multiple perspectives, and attend to the limitations of their own view. It is a risk &#x2013; there is no requirement to speak up and no guarantee of being listened to openly and receptively &#x2013; thus it is an educative preparation for the ordinary world of the school on many levels. In practice, Furman and Larsen sat in on each other&#x2019;s classes occasionally and interrupted, asking, for example, why the educator proceeded in a certain way or made particular choices. They encouraged students to join in the interruptions, adding an &#x201C;advocacy component&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-29418_Eng">Furman, 2020</xref>, p. 15) in encouraging student teachers to practice towards becoming capable of interrupting themselves and their educational world. Sometimes the interruption had been invited in advance, to encourage the students to dwell on a particular point, oftentimes it was spontaneous. Questions were typically clarifying, sometimes unsettling or &#x201C;stressful&#x201D; (Ibid., p. 11), but always towards a greater educative end. Comments proposed alternatives, or shared stories of experience which interrupt the &#x2018;how-to&#x2019; flow of pedagogical instruction allowing &#x201C;students to see one way and then another&#x201D; (Ibid.). The Interruptions initiative repositioned questioning from &#x201C;posing a challenge&#x201D; to &#x201C;something one could learn from&#x201D; (Ibid., p. 13). It shows that teacher educators interrupting each other, modelling Interruption as a capability of the educator, can bring to life the purpose and practice of resistance.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-29418_Eng">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>W<sc>hat does freedom mean to the educator emerging as a subject in the world?</sc></bold></title>
<p>The questions of freedom which arise in initial teacher education are imbued with the responsibility of a life of significance in relation. They concern the freedom needed to be a subject of action in the world and the fundamentally existential nature of that freedom.</p>
<p>An emphasis on freedom is important because it differentiates the student teacher becoming part of a community, through socialisation, from the student teacher becoming a unique person of significance, via subjectification (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2013</xref>). Here I turn to Hannah Arendt and her writing on the modalities of life, namely labour, work, and action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1958</xref>). While labour and work are concerned with structure, action is the personal ongoing freedom to create, and the possibility to achieve freedom through creation (Ibid.). Action in this sense is to take initiative, to begin something, and addresses the capability of each person to be a beginning and a beginner (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1977</xref>).</p>
<p>This is particularly pertinent for student teachers, beginning as a beginner in a very public way through their words and their deeds. Interruption or discontinuity of experience marks a beginning, and &#x201C;beginnings result in the learner finding [themselves] in an in-between realm of learning&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Eng">English, 2013</xref>, p. 77) where what they thought they knew will not suffice and they don&#x2019;t yet know what to do about it. The student teacher is in &#x201C;an exploratory space for learning, between new and old ideas&#x201D; (Ibid., p. 60), drawn into relation with the world in a new way. From this unchosen encounter &#x201C;new and unforeseen opportunities for the learner to discover new choices for thought and action&#x201D; arise (Ibid., p. 77). By emphasising beginnings, the freedom to be a beginner, and so the freedom to make mistakes and need help, is opened up.</p>
<p>It is also pertinent to their students in school. For the student teacher approaching a mixed-ability Science class, recognising that everyone no matter their standard will at some point meet with challenge is a liberating moment. It is the educator&#x2019;s responsibility to give their students this conception of freedom, the freedom to strive and to falter, to act as a beginner. For our nascent educator, this means becoming comfortable with an open, honest creative classroom where they take responsibility for letting students take initiative. There may be fewer structured activities and more moments of slow, frustrating engagement, but this is the educational way.</p>
<p>This freedom is of the individual in community. Where each person can initiate something unique they become both irreplaceable to the world and free in it. It is not a freedom of the will or intellect but a freedom of choice, &#x201C;the freedom to call something into being which did not exist before&#x2026; not even as an object of cognition or imagination and which therefore&#x2026; could not be known&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1977</xref>, p. 150). As Cara Furman holds that the educator who resists does so out of duty (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-29418_Eng">Furman, 2020</xref>), so too for Hannah Arendt freedom is an event, present when people act guided by principles such as &#x201C;honour or glory, love of equality&#x2026; or distinction or excellence&#x2026; or distrust or hatred&#x201D; which originate outside of themselves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1977</xref>, p. 151). It is a sort of confidence, which married with a commitment to professional competence can develop into capability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-29418_Eng">Nussbaum, 2011</xref>). The student teacher learns to be inspired by their students, to respond rather than assert. It is a shift from freedom as sovereignty to freedom as beginning, and makes freedom and the appearance of the subject a concern of education.</p>
<p>According to Arendt, action brings together being free and the capability to do something. The subject&#x2019;s capability for action depends on other people, also beginners, taking up their beginnings and making their own of them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1958</xref>). This is risky and depends on the capability of the educator to work <italic>with</italic> risk. Letting their beginnings be taken up in the world is the freedom of the subject, and the capability to do so is their capability to act. The student teacher may try new approaches with their challenging class and some will not work out. Coming to understand exactly why, rather than attributing blame or insisting on having their own way, brings the educator into the world as a subject of responsibility. Thus, freedom and action are capabilities only when they are committed to in relation, and this is the condition for the emergence of the subject into the world.</p>
<p>Relation works both ways. Any attempt to control our beginnings as they move into the world will not only impinge on our own subjectivity but the subjectivity of others. Likewise, a diminished world will not respond in a rich and authentic way. For example, if our student teacher were to spend a month with that Science class in order to trial the &#x201C;think-pair-share&#x201D; pedagogy, the constraints put on their experience make it uneducational. The time is too short, the space is not free and the educator is not being responsive to their students. It is an academic exercise of &#x2018;placement&#x2019;, one that puts the education of the student teacher and the school students at stake.</p>
<p>Arendt holds that diminution of the world is a form of isolation and &#x201C;to be isolated is to be deprived of the capacity to act&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1958</xref>, p. 188). For Arendt the public domain lies in the nature of human interaction, a quality of worldliness in the space where people live in relation. It is &#x201C;where I appear to others as others appear to me&#x201D;, where people make their appearance explicitly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29418_Eng">Arendt, 1958</xref>, p. 198). Thus, not only does the student teacher rely on relation, they rely on plurality and difference, openness and messiness, if they are to emerge as a free subject of action in the world. The emergence of subjectivity depends crucially on their attitude to difficulty, whether to engage, eliminate or evade. Rich in-school experiences during initial teacher education offer an invaluable opportunity to encounter difficulty in a free but supported sense.</p>
<p>A risky encounter, this freedom calls on the individual to make a space in the world, developing in relation rather than thoughtlessly slotting in. Let us turn again to our student teacher and their Science class. A mixed ability class is often rich in questions, not always pertinent but expressions of interest and engagement nonetheless. How will our student teacher respond? Will they live in dialogue or refuse their unique responsibility?</p>
<p>Freedom in this sense is existential, not something the subject owns or can claim. The subject is called upon to become capable of risk so that they can understand the possibility sense-making represents and to value the essential alterity of the other, rather than seeing either as a threat to their own freedom. As a radically open engagement the educator has the option to resist thoughtlessly and refuse to emerge as a subject in their own life. They may choose to focus only on enacting repeatable pedagogies and fulfilling the instrumental expectations of their programme. Or they may recognise the responsibilities they hold to themselves and to their students go beyond qualification, calling for openness and trust. The educational concern is in encouraging each and every individual to desire to live in the world as a subject, to freely take up their responsibility in the world and learn their own significance.</p>
<p>Thinking of the student teacher in the context of the school, their beginnings as an educator are being taken up by students, colleagues and the life of the school. They are interpreted by other people in a given context, and as such are always at risk if they are to be authentic and free. Constricting the beginnings of a student teacher through, for example, short fragmented &#x2018;placements&#x2019; or by specifying the pedagogies they employ, inhibits their emergence as a subject in the world. It restricts the student teacher&#x2019;s beginnings, and it restricts how the world of the school can respond to those beginnings so blocking the opportunities of others to come into the world as subjects in the fullest sense. Thinking of our Science class again, the school students may comply with whatever the student teacher suggests as they know this will be for one class per week for a month. There is no need to acknowledge the educator or to relate to them; they may as well &#x2018;just go along with it&#x2019; and look forward to having their &#x2018;real&#x2019; teacher back fulltime.</p>
<p>In highly-controlled, clinical in-school experiences the student teacher cannot exist as a subject; they do not have the opportunity to find out how they are in the world of the school. The student teacher needs the opportunity to live in the world of the school and come gradually to an understanding of their presence in that world. They need the opportunity to &#x201C;acknowledge and come to terms with the reality of what and who we encounter in the world&#x2026; <italic>as world</italic>&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 15) in order to understand their significance, to see their subject-ness emerge in relation, and to become free.</p>
<p>Given time, space and support our student teacher will come to know their Science class as a world of its own, one with integrity and richness. Such an in-school experience allows the student teacher to come to understand what freedom and responsibility mean in an educational context. Likewise the development of school students is inhibited if they cannot respond authentically to their teacher. Given time and space they will start to see the student teacher as part of their school world, for better or for worse. In this way the educator and the school students engage with each other&#x2019;s beginnings, free to encounter the world of the school.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-29418_Eng">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>H<sc>ow can we think of interruption as a condition of education and an educational capability?</sc></bold></title>
<p>To think of discontinuity as a condition of education and Interruption as an essential capability of the educator places value on those encounters which slow, stall and surprise. Andrea English writes that</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>the notion of surprise in particular helps get at the meaning of interruption in experience. It draws attention to those moments when something unexpected happens and our taken-for-granted experience of the world is interrupted&#x2026; We cannot altogether escape the experience of surprise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Eng">English, 2013</xref>, p. 58).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>But we can endeavour to become capable of it. Though not necessarily comfortable or welcome, interruption has the potential to introduce something new and worldly. Here I explore the value of interruption and the threat posed by clinical models to slow, unpredictable encounter during the in-school experience of student teachers.</p>
<p>Initial teacher education should be mindful of the risk that nascent educators may choose to proceed through their career in a world of their own. To mitigate against this, initial teacher education programmes should allow the everydayness of education to break through routines and interrupt, asking whether the ideas and assumptions brought to the classroom are indeed desirable, useful or true. This can be planned for in two ways &#x2013; the time invested and the quality/qualities of the in-school experience. Rather than predefining expectations, the prior focus should be on ensuring that no event or encounter in the world of the school is foreclosed.</p>
<p>How can we know that we are in the world? Biesta suggests that &#x201C;the encounter with the world&#x2026; manifests itself as the experience of <italic>resistance</italic>&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2018</xref>, p. 16). Resistance is a form of interruption experienced as friction, a force which slows us down by refusing to go smoothly with our flow. It can manifest as indirect resistance (&#x201C;the world is trying to teach us something&#x201D;), direct external resistance (a question posed directly to us in relation), or direct internal resistance (&#x201C;a question in our own lives&#x201D;) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2017</xref>, p. 16). These forms of resistance have one thing in common &#x2013; they require time and attention in order to manifest. If our student teacher has embarked on a programme which parachutes her into schools for four weeks at a time, twice a year with a pre-defined agenda to fulfil, as clinical teacher training models suggest, neither the opportunity for the world to rise up and teach them something nor the natural arrival of questions outside of their remit are valued. Though, given the relentless realness of the world of the school, interruptions will arise.</p>
<p>Thus, the key educational question interruption-as-resistance raises concerns what happens <italic>when</italic> it is encountered. A positive experience of openness and interruption during the in-school experience, where the student teacher has time and is supported in multiple ways, is invaluable as they come to consider an existence as a subject in the world. Such an existence calls on the educator to view their desires, such as an orderly classroom or high-attaining students, in the context of the world. Through subjectification desires shift from singular pursuits to an aspect of how we situate and orient ourselves in relation.</p>
<p>In encountering resistance there is always the risk that it will be shut down. Think of the student teacher we encountered earlier. Faced with a barrage of random science-related questions, how do they respond? Will they act as a subject of freedom and responsibility in the world? If the educator pushes back with their intentions they exhibit a lack of respect for the integrity of the source of resistance. In so doing the context which allowed resistance to emerge is shut down, what Biesta terms &#x201C;world-destruction&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2020</xref>, p. 97). In this case the classroom environment becomes toxic to the students&#x2019; interventions. A second possible reaction to encountering resistance is to withdraw oneself as subject and refuse to engage. Biesta terms this abandonment of the educator&#x2019;s ambitions and initiatives in the world &#x201C;self-destruction&#x201D; as the self ceases to exist in the world as a subject (Ibid.). Here the teacher makes it clear that they are not interested or listening, withdrawing from the world of the classroom and dialogue with their students. In the former the world retreats from educational engagement, and in the latter it is the educator who shifts to a functional mode. Staying in the world and protecting its risky educational nature are the difficult, frustrating and slow option by comparison. For example, our educator may allocate some time in class to scientific questions which interest the students but are not directly related to the topic. Perhaps they also dedicate physical space to displaying these questions and inviting the students to research answers. In this way, our student teacher is being taught by their students to be a responsible, free person of significance and to ensure the openness of the world of the school.</p>
<p>In my view, clinical teacher training models introduce an element of world-destruction by removing the weak and unpredictable elements from in-school experience, and they encourage self-destruction by promoting expedience and surety. The clinical enacted in this way undermines educational engagement as an ongoing exploration of the encounter with what and who is other, of what an existence in and with the world might mean. As such, opportunities for the student teacher to experience in a meaningful way the life of the school in its plurality and difference is turned down in favour of &#x201C;systematic clinical practice&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-29418_Eng">Sahlberg, 2012</xref>, p. 18) in &#x201C;university-operated clinical training schools&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29418_Eng">Sahlberg, 2018</xref>, p. 33). Minimising risk, interruption and resistance deprives the student of key teachings about their educational desires and how those desires exist in the world.</p>
<p>These two extremes are not inevitable, and in reality they are fantastical. No frictionless world or self is possible to achieve. Student teachers will encounter resistance during their in-school experience and throughout their career. The challenge, once a commitment to exist as subject in the world has been made, is for the educator to recognise resistance, their own or by others, as different from rebellion or insurrection. Resistance is a hesitant educational gesture, and as such the response to resistance is pause rather than intervention. It is to be in Biesta&#x2019;s &#x201C;state of dialogue&#x201D; or English&#x2019;s &#x201C;realm of the in-between&#x201D; where the educator chooses to live in difficulty, balancing their uniqueness with their desire to exist in the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2017</xref>, p. 15; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29418_Eng">English, 2013</xref>, p. 77). Being in dialogue is &#x201C;not a place of pure self-expression, but rather a place where our self-expression encounters limits, interruptions, responses&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2017</xref>, p. 15). Living with resistance would amount to world-destruction and self-destruction combined, a sort of senseless response or a form of complacency. Turning once more to our beginning Science teacher, living with resistance for them might look like shouting over the students&#x2019; questions. They might decide that teenagers are distracted and disruptive, and other than disciplinary measures there is nothing that can be done. They might ask questions like &#x201C;do you think you&#x2019;re smart, changing the topic like that?&#x201D; in an effort to gain superiority. Dialogue in response to resistance is not a contest or a problem to be solved. Rather, it is an ongoing, lifelong challenge inherent to a committed existence in the world as a subject.</p>
<p>Interruption is the pinnacle of resistance, asking us whether what we desire is actually desirable and so interrupting us on the path of that desire. Is it educational to desire control? Silence? Conformity? Interruption is the resistance we encounter once we agree to live in the world with other, the resistance that shapes us, turns us around, alters our velocity, sometimes almost imperceptibly and sometimes completely. Interruption stops us in our tracks, calls us to stop and think, but first to listen. To be interrupted in this way is to have registered something in relation. This call, this question, interrupts us so that we might fully exist in the world.</p>
<p>We also need to think about the messages and norms our systems implicitly and explicitly send out. Biesta uses the example of capitalism preferring an infantile population motivated by personal desires (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2017</xref>). What message does clinical schooling, brief, self-oriented in-school experience, send to student teachers? What does it say of our regard for life in school? Introducing the student teacher into the reality of school life and allowing them to practice there for a reasonable period of time gives the opportunity to experience interruption in a supported way and become capable of Interruption in an educational sense.</p>
<p>Neglecting to interrupt is also un-educational. Unchallenged, preconceived ideas of the good student, poor behaviour or high standards, as well as what resources are available including support at home, allow the student teacher to independently form an impression of what they can assume, depend on, or afford not to think about. This is a dangerous game and emphasises the need for high-quality in-school mentorship. Mentors in the mode of co-operating teachers know the context of the school and its students and are invested in the education of the student teacher. Taking a minimalist approach to in-school mentorship undermines all involved.</p>
<p>Other interruptions may feel un-educational, they may seem like an imposition. Take for example our Science teacher who really engages with the questions their class poses. They need to figure out how to interrupt the curriculum educationally, in the mode of dialogue. This will be different for every class and relies on the educator taking the time to develop in relation to their students. Brief &#x2018;placements&#x2019; in school or overbearing mentors can get in the student teacher&#x2019;s way. Biesta warns against &#x201C;taking all resistance out of education by making it flexible, personalised and tailored&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29418_Eng">Biesta, 2017</xref>, p. 19) or sanitised, predefined and measurable. In these instances education becomes responsive only to the self, losing its relationality to the world. The alternative would be an educational experience, one of being supported towards being in the world, experiencing resistance and learning its value, and in so doing arousing the desire to exist dialogically, in the &#x201C;in-between&#x201D;.</p>
<p>Unsolicited educational interruptions may appear as acts of power from the perspective of the student. Deborah Britzman writes of Anna Freud&#x2019;s belief that education is composed from all types of interference and that it begins in the individual rather than when something is done to them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-29418_Eng">Britzman, 2003</xref>). Freud describes these relations as &#x201C;qualified by the push and pull of dependency and autonomy, immaturity and maturity, and mutual interference and influence&#x2026; having to learn and having to teach is felt as interference&#x2026; Significance, or better, education, is made from this conflict&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-29418_Eng">Britzman, 2003</xref>, p. 8).</p>
<p>The work of the teacher, and by extension those engaged in teacher education, then includes being capable of introducing interruption, suspension and sustenance in an educational way. Done well, this educational relation has the potential to move from one of power and intrusion to appreciation, where the educator is named as teacher retrospectively by their student. This shifts the locus of power to the nascent educator, letting them speak in response to interruption in an appreciative way. Interruption becomes contribution, and they become capable of moving into a reciprocal relation.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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