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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.29361</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.29361</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>ULISES EN EL INSTITUTO. LIDERAZGO Y ESCUELA A PARTIR DEL MITO DE AQUILES<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1_Esp"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Ulysses in the High School. Leadership and School Based on the Myth of Achilles</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-532X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>REYERO GARC&#x00CD;A</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Esp"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Esp"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1_Esp">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Espa&#x00F1;a</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Esp"><email>reyero@edu.ucm.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>06</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>13</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" xml:lang="es">

<license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El objetivo de este texto es pensar el liderazgo educativo en la etapa adolescente en los centros educativos a trav&#x00E9;s de un mito cl&#x00E1;sico. A partir de la relaci&#x00F3;n existente entre Ulises y Aquiles. Aquiles en su etapa en el gineceo como figura de la adolescencia, y Ulises como el personaje necesario para sacar a Aquiles del estadio est&#x00E9;tico con el fin de adentrarse en el &#x00E9;tico y el combate de la vida adulta. Pretendemos descubrir en el an&#x00E1;lisis de esa relaci&#x00F3;n algunas obligaciones del profesor, en tanto que l&#x00ED;der, para una &#x00E9;poca concreta en la vida humana, la adolescencia, y partiremos esencialmente del an&#x00E1;lisis que Javier Gom&#x00E1; hace de ese mito. Gom&#x00E1; se centra sobre todo en la evoluci&#x00F3;n subjetiva de Aquiles como ejemplificaci&#x00F3;n de un camino que todo humano debe recorrer, mientras que aqu&#x00ED; pretendemos tambi&#x00E9;n reflexionar sobre el papel de Ulises en esa transformaci&#x00F3;n del adolescente en adulto. Una transformaci&#x00F3;n imposible sin la participaci&#x00F3;n ejemplificada en Ulises como arquetipo de liderazgo educativo. En los centros educativos esta relaci&#x00F3;n de liderazgo educativo puede observarse en dos planos distintos. El primero, el plano cercano de la relaci&#x00F3;n que se establece entre profesor y estudiante. El segundo, el papel de liderazgo del equipo directivo sobre el centro en general, y tambi&#x00E9;n, aunque m&#x00E1;s indirecto, sobre los estudiantes en particular. Los aspectos que se&#x00F1;alaremos en el texto pueden tener una traducci&#x00F3;n sobre ambos planos. Finalizamos con unas conclusiones resumiendo aquellas ideas que pueden ayudar a normativizar mejor el liderazgo en el contexto escolar.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The objective of this article is to think about educational leadership in the adolescent stage in educational centers through the analysis of a classic myth. From the relationship between Ulysses and Achilles. Achilles in his stage in the gynaeceum as a figure of adolescence, and Ulysses as the character necessary to remove Achilles from the aesthetic stage in order to enter the ethics and combat of adult life. We intend to discover in the analysis of that relationship some obligations of the educator for a specific time in human life, adolescence, and we will essentially start from the analysis that Javier Gom&#x00E1; makes of that myth. Gom&#x00E1; focuses above all on the subjective evolution of Achilles as an example of a path that every human must travel, while here we also intend to reflect on the role of Ulysses in that transformation from adolescent to adult. An impossible transformation without the participation exemplified in Ulises as an archetype of educational leadership. In schools, this relationship of educational leadership can be seen on two different levels. The first, the close shot of the relationship established between teacher and student. The second, the leadership role of the management team over the center in general, and also, although more indirect, over the students in particular. The aspects that we will point out in the text can have a translation on both planes. We end with some conclusions summarizing those ideas that can help to better normative leadership in the school context.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>liderazgo</kwd>
<kwd>mitolog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>instituto</kwd>
<kwd>transmisi&#x00F3;n cultural</kwd>
<kwd>adolescencia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>leadership</kwd>
<kwd>mythology</kwd>
<kwd>High School</kwd>
<kwd>cultural transmission</kwd>
<kwd>adolescence</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>Fundaci&#x00F3;n Porticus</institution>
<institution>Fundaci&#x00F3;n Europea Sociedad y Educaci&#x00F3;n</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>EFSE/020182022</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>El art&#x00ED;culo nace de un proyecto financiado por la Fundaci&#x00F3;n Porticus y su partner en Espa&#x00F1;a, la Fundaci&#x00F3;n Europea Sociedad y Educaci&#x00F3;n titulado &#x201C;<italic>Changing educational systems through a WCD Leadership programme in Portugal and Spain</italic>&#x201D; (REF. EFSE/020182022) que tuvo como fruto un curso de formaci&#x00F3;n de equipos directivos en contextos vulnerables. La utilizaci&#x00F3;n del mito sirvi&#x00F3; para repensar el liderazgo y existe una versi&#x00F3;n resumida y sin la carga acad&#x00E9;mica en la p&#x00E1;gina del curso <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.wcdleadership.com">https://www.wcdleadership.com</ext-link></funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-29361_Esp">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>l valor del mito para el conocimiento antropol&#x00F3;gico</sc></bold></title>
<p>En primer lugar, habremos de justificar por qu&#x00E9; partir de la mitolog&#x00ED;a para conocer, qu&#x00E9; tipo de conocimiento es el que obtendremos, y qu&#x00E9; podemos hacer con &#x00E9;l. La relaci&#x00F3;n entre la mitolog&#x00ED;a y la filosof&#x00ED;a es antigua. Plat&#x00F3;n comienza uno de los libros fundacionales de la filosof&#x00ED;a pol&#x00ED;tica no con un lenguaje te&#x00F3;rico sino con la narraci&#x00F3;n de una situaci&#x00F3;n y un encuentro. La rep&#x00FA;blica, como otros textos plat&#x00F3;nicos, remite constantemente a historias y mitos. En el seno de esas historias encontramos los argumentos. En este contexto se cuestiona Pieper si el continuo recurso a las historias es un recurso did&#x00E1;ctico que Plat&#x00F3;n utiliza para transmitir ideas abstractas o se trata de algo m&#x00E1;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-29361_Esp">Pieper, 1984</xref>, p. 13), y m&#x00E1;s adelante se preguntar&#x00E1; ret&#x00F3;ricamente,</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x00BF;No podr&#x00ED;a ocurrir adem&#x00E1;s que la realidad con verdadero alcance para el hombre no posea la estructura del contenido objetivo sino m&#x00E1;s bien la del suceso, y que en consecuencia no se pueda captar adecuadamente justo en una tesis, sino en una <italic>praxeos mimesis</italic>, en la imitaci&#x00F3;n de una acci&#x00F3;n, para decirlo con el lenguaje de Arist&#x00F3;teles, o lo que es lo mismo, en una historia? (pp. 14-15).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En efecto, las historias recogen matices en los sucesos humanos que son transmitidos de o&#x00ED;das y que expresan verdades en acci&#x00F3;n, verdades sobre el sentido, y por eso pueden seguir interpret&#x00E1;ndose en el seno de la cultura actual, pues reflejan algo esencial que resulta dif&#x00ED;cilmente explicable de otra manera. Cuando, como veremos luego, Javier Gom&#x00E1; utilice el mito de Aquiles en el gineceo para describir algunos rasgos esenciales de la adolescencia, el mito est&#x00E1; funcionando no a partir de la imaginaci&#x00F3;n pura del fil&#x00F3;sofo sino que es el fil&#x00F3;sofo, mediante su reflexi&#x00F3;n, el que est&#x00E1; captando en la historia m&#x00ED;tica un contenido antropol&#x00F3;gico universal, y el lector puede descubrir esta verdad porque es precisamente verdad reconocible en su propia historia de vida, a&#x00FA;n miles de a&#x00F1;os despu&#x00E9;s. En este sentido ese car&#x00E1;cter de historia recibida de o&#x00ED;das y no creada <italic>ex novo</italic> resulta relevante. Los mitos no son como cualquier otra historia, no es un puro ejercicio creativo. Su valor est&#x00E1; en su pervivencia en el tiempo. Esa pervivencia en el tiempo es, de alguna manera, garant&#x00ED;a de la verdad que transmiten. Si nosotros podemos &#x201C;o&#x00ED;r&#x201D; esencialmente lo mismo que Plat&#x00F3;n es porque los mitos se refieren a asuntos sustanciales, generalmente referidos al sentido &#x00FA;ltimo de la vida humana o de su praxis, no resueltos de otra manera. No transmiten una verdad material, pero pueden transmitir otro tipo de verdades imposibles de contar fuera de una narraci&#x00F3;n, o contarse sin la necesaria fuerza persuasiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-29361_Esp">Simmons, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, tampoco es ajena al &#x00E1;mbito de las organizaciones el uso de ficciones literarias como medio para la transmisi&#x00F3;n del conocimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-29361_Esp">Navarro y Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2012</xref>). En este sentido, el relato que proponemos para pensar la relaci&#x00F3;n educativa y el liderazgo puede servir para organizar un modelo coherente a partir del cual pensar las dimensiones de un liderazgo que, por su car&#x00E1;cter educativo, se pretende de alguna manera integral, aunque nazca de una transmisi&#x00F3;n parcial. Ciertamente todo educador, aunque se dedique a la transmisi&#x00F3;n de una parte de la cultura humana, la matem&#x00E1;tica, la literatura, las ciencias o lo que sea, tiene esa finalidad formativa que excede su materia aunque nazca de ella. La ficci&#x00F3;n funciona aqu&#x00ED; como arquetipo que nos obliga, adem&#x00E1;s, a presentar ese conocimiento en acci&#x00F3;n posibilitando definir las relaciones y los conflictos que en la realidad se dan entre las distintas dimensiones del modelo. La utilizaci&#x00F3;n de estos relatos, bien sean ficcionales, o recogidos de historias de vida en el &#x00E1;mbito del liderazgo espec&#x00ED;ficamente educativo tampoco es una novedad y han mostrado ya su valor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29361_Esp">Armstrong y McCain, 2021</xref>). Este valor est&#x00E1; muy relacionado con aspectos como la generaci&#x00F3;n de una narrativa que de sentido a la labor del l&#x00ED;der. Un sentido que ayude a comprender las propias experiencias. La experiencia de frustraci&#x00F3;n o de &#x00E9;xito habituales o propias de la labor de liderazgo, siempre, y seguramente a&#x00FA;n m&#x00E1;s si est&#x00E1;n reflejadas en relatos reconocibles como arquet&#x00ED;picos, ayudan a enfrentar esas experiencias. A trav&#x00E9;s de los relatos narrativos, tambi&#x00E9;n cuando son estimulados como parte de un proceso formativo de liderazgo, podemos aprender el valor educativo de la vulnerabilidad, generar autorreflexi&#x00F3;n, y promover la empat&#x00ED;a y la capacidad de escucha (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29361_Esp">Armstrong y McCain, 2021</xref>)</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-29361_Esp">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>L<sc>a literatura sobre el liderazgo educativo y sus actuales limitaciones</sc></bold></title>
<p>Antes de entrar en el an&#x00E1;lisis del mito concreto que pretendemos realizar en este texto, necesitamos explicar cu&#x00E1;l es el estado de la cuesti&#x00F3;n de la investigaci&#x00F3;n en esta materia, y explicar por qu&#x00E9; esta literatura tiene tantos problemas en la generaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento normativo. En la segunda mitad de los a&#x00F1;os 60 el gobierno estadounidense public&#x00F3; el famoso informe Coleman (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-29361_Esp">Coleman <italic>et al.</italic>, 1966</xref>). Este informe constituye el primer gran intento de realizar una evaluaci&#x00F3;n sistem&#x00E1;tica de las escuelas norteamericanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29361_Esp">Caraba&#x00F1;a, 2016</xref>), y ten&#x00ED;a entre sus pretensiones encontrar las claves que hacen de una escuela una buena escuela. Lo m&#x00E1;s interesante del estudio fue el descubrimiento, o m&#x00E1;s bien la constataci&#x00F3;n emp&#x00ED;rica, de que es el origen familiar y la capacidad individual la clave explicativa del buen desempe&#x00F1;o educativo, seg&#x00FA;n Julio Caraba&#x00F1;a m&#x00E1;s como correlaci&#x00F3;n que como causalidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29361_Esp">Caraba&#x00F1;a, 2016</xref>). Excluida esta variable, es el papel del profesor claramente lo m&#x00E1;s relevante, por encima de otras variables como el n&#x00FA;mero de alumnos por aula, o el equipamiento. Esta importancia del profesor ha sido ampliamente refrendada por la literatura emp&#x00ED;rica m&#x00E1;s actual y en todos los &#x00E1;mbitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-29361_Esp">Rivkin <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-29361_Esp">Fauth, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-29361_Esp">Liu y Loeb, 2021</xref>) as&#x00ED; como el efecto que tiene no poder acceder a buenos maestros, que es una manera inversa de demostrar lo mismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-29361_Esp">Lai <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>El asunto m&#x00E1;s complicado para este tipo de literatura es saber qu&#x00E9; es lo que hace de un profesor un buen profesor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-29361_Esp">Goldhaber, 2002</xref>). &#x00BF;Lo que ha estudiado sobre educaci&#x00F3;n? Pues no parece, o al menos parece claramente discutible, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-29361_Esp">Boyd <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>) &#x00BF;Quiz&#x00E1;s es la experiencia, el tiempo? Tambi&#x00E9;n parece discutible y la evidencia es poco clara (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-29361_Esp">Rivkin <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). A veces, el tiempo puede hacernos incluso peores docentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-29361_Esp">Graham, <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Si la buena docencia tiene sus fundamentos en otras causas que no son la formaci&#x00F3;n did&#x00E1;ctica ni el tiempo profesional es quiz&#x00E1;s, porque la buena docencia est&#x00E1; relacionada con aspectos m&#x00E1;s ligados al cultivo de intangibles dif&#x00ED;cilmente capturables por la literatura emp&#x00ED;rica. En este caso, aquellos que se ligan a la capacidad de liderazgo. Este ser&#x00ED;a el primer nivel del discurso de liderazgo, el liderazgo en el aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-29361_Esp">Gil Cantero <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Pero &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; es el liderazgo? Un reciente metaan&#x00E1;lisis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-29361_Esp">Nguyen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) explora la literatura emp&#x00ED;rica y llega a algunas conclusiones interesantes. En primer lugar, la falta de una definici&#x00F3;n precisa en las investigaciones emp&#x00ED;ricas de lo que es el liderazgo. Esa falta de precisi&#x00F3;n no es extra&#x00F1;a cuando estamos hablando de una dimensi&#x00F3;n que viene a englobar aspectos de la relaci&#x00F3;n humana muy poco precisos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-29361_Esp">Choi y Gil, 2017</xref>). Un l&#x00ED;der influye m&#x00E1;s que manda u ordena. Se vincula a influencia m&#x00E1;s que al concepto de autoridad formal. La autoridad formal permite establecer claramente la regulaci&#x00F3;n del poder de una persona sobre otra, mientras que el concepto de influencia es m&#x00E1;s dif&#x00ED;cil de precisar. La consecuencia es que el liderazgo dif&#x00ED;cilmente se puede pensar solo como un elemento ligado a una posici&#x00F3;n jer&#x00E1;rquica, sino que es una dimensi&#x00F3;n que se manifiesta de forma difusa en m&#x00FA;ltiples aspectos de la vida de un centro educativo. El liderazgo afecta al rendimiento, pero tambi&#x00E9;n a la autopercepci&#x00F3;n docente. Un buen l&#x00ED;der influye tambi&#x00E9;n en la actividad de los otros maestros que mejoran gracias a la influencia de sus compa&#x00F1;eros l&#x00ED;deres.</p>
    <p>Ciertamente el aula y el maestro constituyen el primer nivel de liderazgo del que podemos hablar, pero no es el &#x00FA;nico. Existe un segundo nivel, el centro y su direcci&#x00F3;n, sobre el que tambi&#x00E9;n existe abundante investigaci&#x00F3;n. Tambi&#x00E9;n en este nivel resulta ser un concepto dif&#x00ED;cil de precisar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-29361_Esp">Galindo-Dom&#x00ED;nguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). No resulta f&#x00E1;cil saber qu&#x00E9; hace un equipo directivo para conseguir una buena escuela. Aunque actualmente, podemos encontrar tambi&#x00E9;n mucha literatura que estudia el tipo de relaci&#x00F3;n que existe entre los distintos tipos de organizaci&#x00F3;n escolar y el rendimiento acad&#x00E9;mico, dichos estudios est&#x00E1;n lejos de ser precisos y son en muchas ocasiones contradictorios. As&#x00ED;, para Marzano y otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29361_Esp">Marzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>) Una escuela eficaz, una organizaci&#x00F3;n que aspira a la promoci&#x00F3;n del aprendizaje y la formaci&#x00F3;n de los j&#x00F3;venes, puede llegar a triplicar las expectativas de los estudiantes a la hora de superar un curso y en esa eficacia el liderazgo en la organizaci&#x00F3;n resulta un elemento crucial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29361_Esp">Marzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>, pp. 4-6). Pero como pasa en el caso de la buena docencia, la buena direcci&#x00F3;n es dif&#x00ED;cil de concretar m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de frases de sentido com&#x00FA;n. La raz&#x00F3;n hay que buscarla en el car&#x00E1;cter eminentemente pr&#x00E1;ctico y contextual de todo buen liderazgo. El an&#x00E1;lisis de esta literatura nos permite sacar al menos un par de conclusiones de inter&#x00E9;s.</p>
    <p>Primero, un estudio sobre el liderazgo se puede convertir tambi&#x00E9;n en un estudio sobre los fines de la escuela. En efecto, como la palabra liderazgo es un t&#x00E9;rmino neutro que pide orientaci&#x00F3;n, las teor&#x00ED;as del liderazgo terminan por orientar el sentido que debe tener esta influencia. Por ejemplo, la abundante literatura sobre liderazgo para la justicia social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-29361_Esp">Tintor&#x00E9;, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-29361_Esp">Navarro-Granados, 2017</xref>), lo que est&#x00E1; poniendo sobre el papel es la necesidad de enfrentar desde la direcci&#x00F3;n educativa de los centros, los problemas de inclusi&#x00F3;n, la gesti&#x00F3;n de la diferencia y la desigualdad. En definitiva, el liderazgo pretende ofrecer una determinada orientaci&#x00F3;n moral a la tarea educativa.</p>
<p>Segundo, los estudios sobre liderazgo se convierten en dependientes de teor&#x00ED;as antropol&#x00F3;gicas m&#x00E1;s profundas. No es casual que cuando la burocracia hija de la modernidad era a&#x00FA;n la corriente dominante, los estudios sobre liderazgo estuviesen ligados a la eficacia, el liderazgo gestor, jer&#x00E1;rquico, formalizado. Sin embargo, la actualidad postmoderna, d&#x00E9;bil y aparentemente lejana a la rigidez de la burocracia y la norma ha dado lugar a enfoques que defienden el liderazgo distribuido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-29361_Esp">Bush, 2019a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-29361_Esp">Moral <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-29361_Esp">Murillo, 2006</xref>) y, en cierto sentido, desdibujado, que huye de las figuras carism&#x00E1;ticas o heroicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-29361_Esp">Tintor&#x00E9;, 2019</xref>). As&#x00ED;, aunque el liderazgo puede partir de la visi&#x00F3;n de una persona es siempre deseable que r&#x00E1;pidamente se involucren muchos en su defensa y desarrollo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29361_Esp">Bush, 2019b</xref>). En esta misma l&#x00ED;nea, que podemos reconocer como postmoderna, emocional m&#x00E1;s que racional, se sit&#x00FA;an las teor&#x00ED;as del liderazgo transformacional. El ser humano debe ser persuadido emocionalmente m&#x00E1;s que convencido racionalmente, y la funci&#x00F3;n del liderazgo es influir sobre el clima, sobre la cultura mediante la gesti&#x00F3;n correcta de las emociones. No es con razones, &#x00F3;rdenes o informaci&#x00F3;n como se consigue involucrar a los otros sino con la persuasi&#x00F3;n, pues de lo que se trata es de cambiar creencias, motivaciones y actitudes para orientarlas a los objetivos propios de la instituci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29361_Esp">Anderson, 2017</xref>). As&#x00ED; a lo m&#x00E1;s que parece que podemos llegar es a definir cuatro funciones b&#x00E1;sicas en todo liderazgo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-29361_Esp">Slater, 2011</xref>). Primero, desarrollar personas, mejorar el propio desarrollo profesional. Segundo, contribuir en el establecimiento de una visi&#x00F3;n. Tercero, redise&#x00F1;ar la organizaci&#x00F3;n en funci&#x00F3;n de esa visi&#x00F3;n, y cuarto, facilitar las pr&#x00E1;cticas relacionadas con la ense&#x00F1;anza dentro de esa organizaci&#x00F3;n. En definitiva, movernos de las preocupaciones por la gesti&#x00F3;n a las preocupaciones por la ense&#x00F1;anza, al liderazgo pedag&#x00F3;gico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29361_Esp">Connolly <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; puede ofrecernos el mito frente a esta literatura? Esencialmente, una oportunidad de encontrar algunos principios normativos a partir de una reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre la naturaleza humana, las vinculaciones y dependencias propias de nuestra condici&#x00F3;n, y enfatizar la necesidad que todos tenemos en alg&#x00FA;n momento de ser empujados por otros. Todo a partir del an&#x00E1;lisis de un relato arquet&#x00ED;pico de formaci&#x00F3;n que se nos ofrece como contexto, de alguna manera, universalizable.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-29361_Esp">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>l mito</sc></bold></title>
<p>Aquiles es llevado por su madre Tetis a la Isla de Esciros para permanecer oculto a la mirada de Ulises. En el gineceo, entre mujeres y disfrazado de mujer, vive ajeno a la guerra de Troya hacia la que sin embargo est&#x00E1; destinado. Troya ejemplifica la gran epopeya griega y el paradigma del deber hacia la comunidad. El mito es le&#x00ED;do por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Esp">Gom&#x00E1; (2007)</xref> en clave de modelo de desarrollo humano que transita desde el estadio est&#x00E9;tico, propio de la infancia y la adolescencia, centrado en un yo sin obligaciones, con todas sus posibilidades, abiertas pero sin concretar, -en este sentido inmortal-, al estadio &#x00E9;tico que caracteriza la vida adulta que entra en la mortalidad de la decisi&#x00F3;n, y en la obligaci&#x00F3;n que dicha decisi&#x00F3;n genera. El mito resulta de innegable valor para la reflexi&#x00F3;n educativa por cuanto requiere pensar sobre los fines de la vida, y por tanto de la educaci&#x00F3;n, as&#x00ED; como sobre el camino necesario para su cumplimiento. Un camino que no se puede recorrer sin el necesario liderazgo de Ulises. Un arquetipo mod&#x00E9;lico para la escuela. Analizaremos ahora algunas caracter&#x00ED;sticas de este camino que el mito ofrece. Estructuraremos esas reflexiones en torno a tres nudos gordianos que se dan en los institutos. El primero lo llamaremos nudo antropol&#x00F3;gico. El ser humano es un ser esencialmente relacional, marcado por las relaciones originarias de filiaci&#x00F3;n y la necesidad de los otros en el proceso de maduraci&#x00F3;n. El segundo nudo girar&#x00ED;a en torno a los fines de la educaci&#x00F3;n. Lo llamaremos nudo teleol&#x00F3;gico. &#x00BF;Para qu&#x00E9; educar? El tercer nudo gordiano tiene que ver con los medios y estrategias necesarios para alcanzar el fin educativo. Lo llamaremos nudo estrat&#x00E9;gico. Pero antes de entrar en cada uno de esos nudos es necesario una reflexi&#x00F3;n previa sobre el car&#x00E1;cter heroico de Ulises para enfrentar esa tarea.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-29361_Esp">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>lises es un h&#x00E9;roe</sc></bold></title>
<p>Ulises es un h&#x00E9;roe para los griegos. Alguien que refleja algunas virtudes destacadas por la comunidad en grado pleno. El h&#x00E9;roe es una persona situada en una determinada encrucijada que, en sus decisiones y en su acci&#x00F3;n, vence las dificultades a las que tiene que hacer frente en su b&#x00FA;squeda de lo justo. Es un arquetipo de lo que podemos llegar a ser en la dimensi&#x00F3;n del liderazgo. Utilizar la figura de Ulises, un h&#x00E9;roe, para hablar del liderazgo educativo supone ya el reconocimiento de una cierta jerarqu&#x00ED;a necesaria en las tareas educativas, y reconocer el peso de la ejemplaridad.</p>
<p>El eje principal que vertebra el debate sobre el liderazgo que plantea la figura de Ulises recoge bien algunas de las tensiones relevantes que encontramos en los discursos actuales sobre el liderazgo. Actualmente se desconf&#x00ED;a de lo burocr&#x00E1;tico. Un l&#x00ED;der que se limitase a repartir &#x00F3;rdenes que atiendan las necesidades del d&#x00ED;a a d&#x00ED;a desde arriba y ce&#x00F1;ido al manual no ser&#x00ED;a un buen l&#x00ED;der. Le faltar&#x00ED;a flexibilidad, y capacidad para involucrar a m&#x00E1;s gente en el objetivo. Aspectos que est&#x00E1;n lejos de ser burocr&#x00E1;ticos. En el otro extremo estar&#x00ED;a el liderazgo distribuido que ve el liderazgo como un proceso interactivo continuo que engloba a toda la organizaci&#x00F3;n. El liderazgo individual tiende, idealmente, a la desaparici&#x00F3;n. Evidentemente entre los pares mandar - obedecer, horizontal - vertical, nuestra &#x00E9;poca privilegia aquello que no suponga mando ni jerarqu&#x00ED;a y s&#x00ED; horizontalidad y la colegiaci&#x00F3;n. El papel de Ulises, precisamente un h&#x00E9;roe, destaca de manera ejemplar aspectos como lo excelente, lo diferencial y en &#x00FA;ltimo t&#x00E9;rmino lo personal. Frente a los discursos en favor del liderazgo distribuido la praxis diaria matiza esa moda, o al menos la cuestiona. Es dif&#x00ED;cil pensar la funci&#x00F3;n de liderazgo sin hacer referencia a las capacidades del individuo y por lo tanto al necesario juicio diferenciado sobre el tipo de persona que debe tomar las decisiones en los momentos clave. Esas capacidades van a ser diferenciales, y por lo tanto virtuosas y en un horizonte de heroicidad. Sin embargo, no est&#x00E1; de moda hablar de heroicidad, la heroicidad es hoy un concepto negativo porque o nos conduce a la frustraci&#x00F3;n o nos lleva a la arrogancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-29361_Esp">Schweiger <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Hay en este rechazo a la heroicidad una err&#x00F3;nea concepci&#x00F3;n de la igualdad ontol&#x00F3;gica, que est&#x00E1; presente tambi&#x00E9;n en muchos discursos sobre la inclusi&#x00F3;n cuando se contrapone a excelencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-29361_Esp">Pozo-Armentia, Gil, y Reyero, 2020</xref>). Frente a ellas el concepto de h&#x00E9;roe es fundamental porque est&#x00E1; vinculado a la ejemplaridad, a la autoridad, y al juicio normativo sobre la consideraci&#x00F3;n de que hay vidas m&#x00E1;s deseables, con un sentido y un desempe&#x00F1;o m&#x00E1;s pleno. Sin esto no hay educaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Liderar es destacar y sobresalir, liderar es establecer distinciones y tomar decisiones. En 2015 el peri&#x00F3;dico el pa&#x00ED;s public&#x00F3; un interesante caso para la reflexi&#x00F3;n en este sentido. El peri&#x00F3;dico se hac&#x00ED;a eco del blog de Brandon Stanton. Este <italic>blogger</italic> fotograf&#x00ED;a personas que encuentra por las calles de New York, junto con algunas preguntas que permitan situarlos biogr&#x00E1;ficamente para luego publicar sus breves historias en internet. En enero de 2015 public&#x00F3; la historia de Vidal Chastanet, un muchacho de 13 a&#x00F1;os que viv&#x00ED;a en Brownsville, un deprimido barrio en Brooklyn. Cuando le pregunt&#x00F3;, como hac&#x00ED;a habitualmente, qui&#x00E9;n era la persona m&#x00E1;s influyente de su vida, Vidal contest&#x00F3;, la directora de mi colegio Nadia L&#x00F3;pez. &#x00BF;Por qu&#x00E9;?</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Cuando nos metemos en un l&#x00ED;o, nunca nos suspende o nos echa. Nos llama a su despacho y nos explica c&#x00F3;mo es la sociedad que nos rodea. Y nos dice que cada vez que alguien falla en el colegio, se construye una nueva celda. Y una vez hizo que todos nos pusi&#x00E9;ramos de pie a la vez y nos fue diciendo uno a uno por qu&#x00E9; &#x00E9;ramos importantes.</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Stanton quiso visitarla y la encontr&#x00F3; recaudando fondos para llevar a sus alumnos a Harvard con el fin de que lo viesen como un objetivo posible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-29361_Esp">Marcos, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>No sabemos mucho m&#x00E1;s de su estilo directivo, no sabemos c&#x00F3;mo es de horizontal o distribuido. Sabemos que fund&#x00F3; una escuela en un barrio dif&#x00ED;cil, que tiene un objetivo claro, determinaci&#x00F3;n, estrategia y una dosis no menor de heroicidad. Es Ulises entrando en el gineceo de Esciros.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-29361_Esp">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>lises frente al nudo antropol&#x00F3;gico</sc></bold></title>
<p>Lo primero que podemos destacar en el mito es que refleja bien algunos riesgos derivados del car&#x00E1;cter y contenido de la filiaci&#x00F3;n humana. Destaca en este aspecto el papel de Tetis, la madre de Aquiles. Esta se presenta como un interesante arquetipo de las relaciones paterno filiales marcadas por el amor. Unas relaciones que manifiestan en su historia algunas limitaciones que pueden funcionar como ejemplo de los l&#x00ED;mites estructurales de la relaci&#x00F3;n familiar para la educaci&#x00F3;n, y la necesidad de otras influencias distintas, la escolar, por ejemplo, como una ayuda diferente para la formaci&#x00F3;n humana. No queremos decir que la familia no juegue un importante papel educativo, que s&#x00ED; lo juega (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-29361_Esp">Fontana <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), sino reflejar que tiene caracter&#x00ED;sticas propias precisas, y que estas caracter&#x00ED;sticas tienen consecuencias para la formaci&#x00F3;n del sujeto. En primer lugar, por la condici&#x00F3;n afectiva originaria que la propia relaci&#x00F3;n tiene, y que, en cierto sentido, conlleva m&#x00E1;s dificultades para enfrentar el sufrimiento de los hijos. En efecto, Tetis quiere evitar a toda costa que Aquiles muera en la batalla de Troya cumpliendo el or&#x00E1;culo del que ella misma es conocedora. La madre de Aquiles trata de sortear ese acontecimiento esencial en la vida de su hijo encerr&#x00E1;ndole en el gineceo y disfraz&#x00E1;ndole de mujer para que Ulises no pueda encontrarlo. Tetis ejemplifica con esta actitud dos cosas. Primero, que el aprendizaje de la mortalidad, que es el aprendizaje del sufrimiento, del dolor y de la frustraci&#x00F3;n, se hace muchas veces de espaldas a la familia pues los padres no pueden f&#x00E1;cilmente y sin ayuda transitar por ese camino<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2_Esp"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Segundo, que la relaci&#x00F3;n entre Ulises y Tetis ser&#x00E1; siempre conflictiva pues es Ulises, ejemplo de la vida para la ciudad, el encargado de sacar a Aquiles de esa vida familiar para s&#x00ED;, introduci&#x00E9;ndole en las exigencias de la polis.</p>
<p>Sin reconocer esa conflictividad de origen es dif&#x00ED;cil que las instituciones educativas puedan afrontar una relaci&#x00F3;n correcta reclamando un espacio propio en el que los padres no pueden ni deben entrar del todo. Ambos personajes, ambos espacios son necesarios para la vida de Aquiles y ambos son a su vez insuficientes. Los discursos que no tienen en cuenta esa esencial dificultad antropol&#x00F3;gica no podr&#x00E1;n dar cumplida respuesta a las dificultades que experimentan en la vida real las relaciones familia escuela. No cabe duda de que los discursos educativos actuales enfatizan la necesaria participaci&#x00F3;n de la familia en la vida escolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-29361_Esp">Bol&#x00ED;var, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29361_Esp">Calvo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) Sin embargo, tambi&#x00E9;n es habitual la queja de los colegios en torno a la dificultad que tienen los padres para articular dicha participaci&#x00F3;n. &#x201C;En los &#x00FA;ltimos tiempos, los profesores se quejan, con raz&#x00F3;n, de c&#x00F3;mo ante determinadas situaciones conflictivas, la actitud m&#x00E1;s com&#x00FA;n de los padres es la de apoyar a sus hijos, en vez de colaborar&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-29361_Esp">Bol&#x00ED;var, 2006</xref>, p. 133). La conversi&#x00F3;n de los padres en clientes y consumidores acent&#x00FA;a una relaci&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica entre ambos mundos y favorece una creciente desconfianza entre padres y profesores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29361_Esp">Calvo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Esta desconfianza no puede romperse desvirtuando los fines propios de la instituci&#x00F3;n escolar ni los de la familia sino m&#x00E1;s bien explicando unas diferencias que son complementarias. Ning&#x00FA;n espacio puede por s&#x00ED; s&#x00F3;lo ofrecer una educaci&#x00F3;n integral y ambos deben respetar sus diferencias esenciales, espacios y tiempos. Pero el peligro de un liderazgo que se pretenda educativo es no reconocer las limitaciones y oportunidades que ofrece su particular posici&#x00F3;n. Por seguir con la met&#x00E1;fora, Ulises no es Tetis y tiene objetivos y papeles diferentes a Tetis. Pretender el desarrollo integral de la persona exige cierta humildad al reconocer que un sujeto no &#x201C;solo&#x201D; se desarrolla en las instituciones educativas, sino que &#x201C;tambi&#x00E9;n&#x201D; se forma en otros espacios.</p>
<p>Entendiendo el mito de Aquiles y reflexionando sobre la relaci&#x00F3;n Tetis-Ulises podemos <italic>pensar el liderazgo de Ulises en esa tensi&#x00F3;n con el de la casa</italic>. Baste decir aqu&#x00ED; que Ulises lidera la salida al espacio de la ciudadan&#x00ED;a, de lo p&#x00FA;blico, y este es un espacio con fines espec&#x00ED;ficos. La escuela no es otra familia.</p>
<p>Pero el nudo antropol&#x00F3;gico no se agota en la relaci&#x00F3;n familia-escuela, tiene tambi&#x00E9;n que ver con esa dimensi&#x00F3;n procesual del adolescente marcado por lo que a&#x00FA;n no es.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Esp">Gom&#x00E1; (2007)</xref> al analizar el mito del Aquiles adolescente en el gineceo comienza por describir los rasgos esenciales de la adolescencia. Esta descripci&#x00F3;n no es ajena a la labor que deber&#x00E1; realizar Ulises. <italic>El liderazgo educativo est&#x00E1; por lo tanto ajustado al sujeto a qui&#x00E9;n debemos educar, ajustado a la din&#x00E1;mica humana y no es el mismo en cualquier etapa de la vida</italic>.</p>
<p>Pero &#x00BF;por qu&#x00E9; centrarnos en la adolescencia? La adolescencia es un nudo gordiano en la evoluci&#x00F3;n de la vida humana, un momento clave. Sin duda la infancia es importante y dir&#x00ED;amos que incluso m&#x00E1;s fundamental. Sin embargo, as&#x00ED; como las intervenciones en educaci&#x00F3;n infantil requieren de una pol&#x00ED;tica estructural que favorezca la escolarizaci&#x00F3;n temprana, especialmente en determinados grupos poblacionales, en el caso adolescente no es ese el problema. Nuestros adolescentes est&#x00E1;n ya escolarizados pr&#x00E1;cticamente al 100 %. El problema al que nos enfrentamos es qu&#x00E9; hacer con ellos una vez los hemos llevado a la escuela y se encuentran en un periodo vital tan complicado.</p>
<p>Hay algunas caracter&#x00ED;sticas importantes que deberemos destacar para liderar educativamente la vida humana en un periodo convulso situado entre otros dos m&#x00E1;s estables.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>En la infancia el ni&#x00F1;o vive en armon&#x00ED;a con el cosmos sinti&#x00E9;ndose seguro y protegido como parte natural de &#x00E9;l. En la edad madura el sujeto se haya ya integrado en la eticidad social, donde funda su casa y desarrolla sus capacidades productivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Esp">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, p. 83)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>El mito nos presenta un adolescente que vislumbra ya las exigencias de la vida adulta a la que a&#x00FA;n no quiere acudir porque no quiere morir, y la vida adulta consiste, en cierto sentido, en aprender a morir. El adolescente intuye en la vida adulta, la vida de sus padres, un futuro aburrido y rutinario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Esp">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, p. 121) As&#x00ED; la vida adolescente, la &#x00E9;poca del yo absoluto, es ajena a las exigencias de la ciudad, aunque se encuentre tambi&#x00E9;n en tensi&#x00F3;n hacia ella, porque el ser humano nace en la polis y es a la polis a la que se debe y en donde tiene que ganarse la vida mientras la pierde.</p>
<p>En ese salir de esta &#x00E9;poca de &#x201C;ociosidad subvencionada&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Esp">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, p. 87) el enamoramiento adolescente juega un papel importante en la maduraci&#x00F3;n<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3_Esp"><sup>3</sup></xref>. Dice Gom&#x00E1; que, si los griegos hubieran llegado antes de que Aquiles hubiese conocido a Deidam&#x00ED;a, con seguridad no hubiese estado preparado para escuchar el sonido de las armas al entrar Ulises en el gineceo. El gineceo conten&#x00ED;a el germen de la evoluci&#x00F3;n de Aquiles porque &#x201C;al enamorarse de la hija del rey, Aquiles fue entrando en la esfera del tiempo, en lo que nace y se corrompe, lo que le sirvi&#x00F3; de anticipo o proped&#x00E9;utica de su propia opci&#x00F3;n posterior por la finitud&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Esp">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, pp. 58-59). Frente a la inmortalidad adolescente, absorto en sus posibilidades no estrenadas, es a trav&#x00E9;s de esas primeras relaciones amorosas como conoce de primera mano las consecuencias de la elecci&#x00F3;n. Es en la elecci&#x00F3;n de Deidam&#x00ED;a primero y en el compromiso con su destino en Troya despu&#x00E9;s, donde Aquiles consigue la mortalidad y su individualidad ejemplar pues, como dice Gom&#x00E1;, &#x201C;ser ciudadano de la polis es ser mortal, porque para entrar en la ciudad debemos renunciar a la propia autodivinizaci&#x00F3;n. Pero, parad&#x00F3;jicamente, cuando lo hacemos, hallamos en el mundo finito nuestra aut&#x00E9;ntica individualidad&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Esp">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, p. 67). Nos hacemos en el compromiso con los deberes que impone la polis y hacia ellos hay que conducir al adolescente, lo que no ser&#x00E1; f&#x00E1;cil.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-29361_Esp">
<label><bold>6.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>lises frente al nudo teleol&#x00F3;gico</sc></bold></title>
<p>En esta historia de Aquiles, Ulises es un personaje esencial. No llegar&#x00E1; Aquiles a ser el mejor de los aqueos sin la llamada de Ulises cuya acci&#x00F3;n leeremos aqu&#x00ED; como el prototipo del liderazgo educativo, y <italic>lo primero que caracteriza a Ulises como l&#x00ED;der es que tiene un objetivo</italic>. No es un objetivo que Ulises invente. Ulises recibe un encargo de la comunidad. Tienen que conseguir que Aquiles se involucre en la guerra. Sabe lo que quiere y organiza su acci&#x00F3;n en funci&#x00F3;n de ese objetivo &#x00FA;ltimo. Ulises quiere llevar a Aquiles a una guerra y no una guerra cualquiera, la guerra de Troya, el episodio fundacional para los griegos, sacarlo de su c&#x00F3;moda adolescencia en el gineceo entretenido entre doncellas y juegos infantiles. Lo hemos visto muchas veces. La aspiraci&#x00F3;n a algo grande resulta indispensable como motor educativo. En la pel&#x00ED;cula &#x201C;<italic>cadena de favores</italic>&#x201D; sorprende la tarea del profesor, &#x201C;piensa en algo que cambie el mundo y ponlo en pr&#x00E1;ctica&#x201D;, ciertamente no todos los estudiantes de su peque&#x00F1;a clase entrar&#x00E1;n en el desaf&#x00ED;o pero el que entra no volver&#x00E1; ser el mismo. La pedagog&#x00ED;a de la exigencia de la que nos hablan George Steiner y C&#x00E9;cile Ladjali resulta crucial. No renunciar a lo mejor es importante. Esta aspiraci&#x00F3;n a lo mejor no necesariamente implica empezar por lo m&#x00E1;s dif&#x00ED;cil, pero s&#x00ED; proponerse objetivos importantes. Cuando Anne Sullivan conoci&#x00F3; a Hellen Keller no vio lo que ve&#x00ED;an los dem&#x00E1;s. Los dem&#x00E1;s ve&#x00ED;an una ni&#x00F1;a sorda, ciega y muda que s&#x00F3;lo pod&#x00ED;a inspirar compasi&#x00F3;n, mientras que ella, remont&#x00E1;ndose por encima del sentimentalismo, vio posibilidades que otros, que sin duda tambi&#x00E9;n la quer&#x00ED;an, como sus padres, no pod&#x00ED;an ver. No hay pues aventura formativa, no hay necesidad de sacar a los adolescentes de ning&#x00FA;n sitio si no es para llevarlos a alg&#x00FA;n otro mejor. Pensar la educaci&#x00F3;n desde el mito que recorremos es pensar en las finalidades de la instituci&#x00F3;n escolar y sobre todo sus finalidades p&#x00FA;blicas. El liderazgo educativo propio de la escuela est&#x00E1; dirigido al desarrollo del yo con la finalidad de la participaci&#x00F3;n en el espacio p&#x00FA;blico. La escuela se entiende en la dimensi&#x00F3;n de la formaci&#x00F3;n para la ciudadan&#x00ED;a. Una cita de Meirieu en este sentido:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>La escuela es una instituci&#x00F3;n en la cual las relaciones entre las personas, el conjunto de la gesti&#x00F3;n diaria y todo el entorno material conspiran -desde el punto de vista etimol&#x00F3;gico &#x2018;respiran juntos&#x2019;- para instituir una forma particular de actividad humana basada en valores espec&#x00ED;ficos: reconocimiento de la alteridad, la exigencia de precisi&#x00F3;n, de rigor y de verdad, el aprendizaje conjunto de la construcci&#x00F3;n del bien com&#x00FA;n y de la capacidad de pensar por uno mismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-29361_Esp">Meirieu, 2006</xref>, p. 95).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Pero no solo la ciudadan&#x00ED;a tiene cabida en la escuela y le da sentido. Tambi&#x00E9;n las visiones trascendentes, aunque sean en la escuela p&#x00FA;blica deber&#x00ED;an tener posibilidad de encontrar acomodo. Porque como bien dice Meirieu la escuela exige verdad y tambi&#x00E9;n raz&#x00F3;n, pero una raz&#x00F3;n que se da cuenta de sus l&#x00ED;mites y de sus diferentes planos, una raz&#x00F3;n que no se automutila, como hacen los racionalistas ilustrados que expulsan las preguntas por el sentido del &#x00E1;mbito de las preguntas valiosas, sino que se enfrenta al conocimiento de lo m&#x00E1;s importante sin importarle ni prejuzgar las armas necesarias para afrontarlo. En un ensayo de Chesterton titulado &#x201C;<italic>El objetivo religioso de la educaci&#x00F3;n</italic>&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-29361_Esp">Chesterton, 1997</xref>, pp. 17-21) el autor lo expresa as&#x00ED;:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>el m&#x00E1;s profundo de todos, en cuanto a conocimientos, es saber cu&#x00E1;l es la finalidad del mundo y cu&#x00E1;l es nuestra propia finalidad. A los que creen que pueden contestar esta pregunta, debe permit&#x00ED;rseles, por lo menos, que lo hagan como la primera de todas las cuestiones que pueden plantearse y no como la &#x00FA;ltima. El hombre que puede contestarla tiene derecho a negarse a hacerlo, aunque quiz&#x00E1; se sienta excesivamente inclinado a consolarse con el dogma muy dogm&#x00E1;tico de que si &#x00E9;l no puede hacerlo, no hay nadie que sea capaz de contestar la pregunta. Pero a lo que ning&#x00FA;n hombre tiene derecho es a contestarla o, incluso, hacer que sea contestada por otros como si fuera una especie de pregunta privativa y pedante, que s&#x00F3;lo podr&#x00ED;a ser contestada por cierta clase de alumnos pedantes y escogidos (p. 18).</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-29361_Esp">
<label><bold>7.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>lises frente al nudo estrat&#x00E9;gico</sc></bold></title>
<p>Arrastrar a Aquiles hacia Troya no es tarea f&#x00E1;cil, adem&#x00E1;s de su evidente inmadurez adolescente su entorno jugaba en contra de Ulises. Escondido y disfrazado de mujer no era reconocible. El rey Licomedes no ayudaba. Negaba que estuviera all&#x00ED; y dio permiso a los aqueos para que lo buscasen sin &#x00E9;xito. Es entonces cuando Ulises dise&#x00F1;a una estrategia y viaja a Esciros disfrazado de comerciante. Todos los grandes reformadores educativos han dise&#x00F1;ado estrategias pero antes que sobre la direcci&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n, lo han hecho sobre la propia pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa, De Pestalozzi a Montesori, de Lancaster a Dewey todos han pensado o adaptado alg&#x00FA;n modelo educativo. Los problemas educativos no se solucionan f&#x00E1;cilmente. Requieren modelos y estudio, pero tambi&#x00E9;n estrategia.</p>
<p>La estrategia nace de una reflexi&#x00F3;n contextualizada que incluye fines y medios, que no se limitan a la adopci&#x00F3;n de un &#x00FA;nico enfoque. Tambi&#x00E9;n requiere del conocimiento de la persona objeto de la estrategia. Ulises sabe el efecto que las armas mostradas tendr&#x00E1;n sobre Aquiles. En el disfrazarse de comerciante Ulises no deja de ser guerrero, pero su ser guerrero toma una forma no prevista y no recogida entre sus competencias m&#x00E1;s formales. Ulises se disfraza como parte de su misi&#x00F3;n y su objetivo como soldado griego. Tiene que conducir a Aquiles a la batalla y har&#x00E1; lo que sea necesario. En el instituto tambi&#x00E9;n hay estrategia, tambi&#x00E9;n hay disfraz sin dejar nunca lo que se es, profesor, director, la finalidad obliga a adoptar distintos roles.</p>
<p>Pero &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; estrategia seguir? &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo reconocer a uno entre muchos? &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo llamar su atenci&#x00F3;n para reconocerlo o una vez reconocido? Recordemos que Ulises disfrazado llega a Esciros y se presenta frente al gineceo con regalos para mujeres. Entre ellos ha colocado un escudo y una lanza. Manda hacer sonar la trompeta de la guerra y Aquiles, creyendo en la llegada del enemigo y a la vista de las armas se descubre. El interesante episodio nos invita a pensar en algunas caracter&#x00ED;sticas del liderazgo educativo. Primero, requiere un mecanismo de acercamiento que no viene dado y unos instrumentos para facilitar tal acercamiento. En el caso de los institutos esas armas son las materias que se ense&#x00F1;an. Los profesores son educadores a trav&#x00E9;s de la materia. En eso consiste el oficio de educar en las instituciones escolares. El liderazgo educativo que no centre su objetivo, o parta de lo acad&#x00E9;mico, estar&#x00E1; pensando los institutos de manera distorsionada. La funci&#x00F3;n principal de la escuela es la transmisi&#x00F3;n cultural y esta transmisi&#x00F3;n claro que tiene relaci&#x00F3;n con lo cognitivo, pero tambi&#x00E9;n con la dimensi&#x00F3;n afectiva de varias formas, los resultados por ejemplo, mejoran el autoconcepto y las propias relaciones familiares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-29361_Esp">Giofr&#x00E8; <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s el placer, la motivaci&#x00F3;n, el cultivo de la virtud, o la definici&#x00F3;n del sentido que se quiera dar a la vida, surgen y crecen con el trabajo intelectual y con la pr&#x00E1;ctica del estudio. La propia conciencia de lo que somos y sentimos mejora gracias a las aportaciones de la cultura. Por eso, renunciar al arma de la transmisi&#x00F3;n cultural exigente es renunciar a mejorar al otro enga&#x00F1;&#x00E1;ndolo con se&#x00F1;uelos que exigen menos y aunque quiz&#x00E1;s son m&#x00E1;s c&#x00F3;modos, dan menos de s&#x00ED;. Cuando se den cuenta para quejarse, el profesor estar&#x00E1; lejos para o&#x00ED;r sus lamentos. Desheredados, sin cultura, su conocimiento de s&#x00ED; mismos ser&#x00E1; pobre. Bellamy lo deja bien claro con un ejemplo.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Cuando amar, estimar, apreciar, admirar, son invariablemente reemplazados por molar, el problema no es solamente que la expresi&#x00F3;n pierda su precisi&#x00F3;n sino sobre todo que la emoci&#x00F3;n pierde su riqueza. No es la comunicaci&#x00F3;n; el coraz&#x00F3;n y la mirada se hacen incapaces de sentir los matices y de percibir la singularidad; se estrechan, se repiten y quedan finalmente aplastados bajo el peso de la uniformidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-29361_Esp">Bellamy, 2018</xref>, p. 111).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>El liderazgo integral en el nivel del equipo directivo del centro pasar&#x00E1; como siempre por mejorar el desempe&#x00F1;o del profesorado en su tarea principal, por vincularlo con los objetivos del centro prestigiando su labor docente y no necesariamente sobrecargando esa labor con otras aparentemente importantes, pero en el fondo superfluas. En eso consiste lo que ahora se denomina un liderazgo pedag&#x00F3;gico o para el aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-29361_Esp">Moral, 2018</xref>) que cree las condiciones para lo importante, la transmisi&#x00F3;n cultural. Las armas del docente son su materia y su capacidad de conexi&#x00F3;n con los estudiantes (Pennac, Meirieu, &#x2026;.). Pero decir esto es decir poco. Cualquier reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre el liderazgo educativo en esta dimensi&#x00F3;n de los contenidos tendr&#x00E1; que tomar postura frente a algunos problemas propios de nuestra &#x00E9;poca. El primero tiene que ver con la conexi&#x00F3;n entre contenidos y competencias. Cuando se contraponen competencias y conocimiento no se cae en la cuenta de que no hay competencia sin un profundo conocimiento concreto de cosas y &#x00A1;cu&#x00E1;ntas cosas!</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Guste o no, para pensar necesitamos conocer hechos. Y no solo porque se necesite algo sobre lo que pensar, sino porque las competencias que la ortodoxia m&#x00E1;s aprecia -pensamiento cr&#x00ED;tico, autonom&#x00ED;a y creatividad- se encuentran &#x00ED;ntimamente relacionadas con el conocimiento factual acumulado en la memoria a largo plazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-29361_Esp">Luri, 2020</xref>, p. 36).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Buscar la competencia directamente por encima de la transmisi&#x00F3;n del contenido es confundir el sentido de la escuela con sus beneficios y es similar al error del que ya nos hablaba Bellamy con el ejemplo del arquitecto y la felicidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-29361_Esp">Bellamy, 2018</xref>, p. 153). En efecto, sabemos que una buena casa proporciona felicidad a sus habitantes, pero el objetivo del arquitecto seguir&#x00E1; estando en hacer buenos planos y seleccionar buenos materiales. De igual manera el objetivo del profesor sigue estando ligado al amor y a la transmisi&#x00F3;n de un contenido concreto para que el alumno se apropie de &#x00E9;l con la mayor profundidad posible. La competencia, como la felicidad es un destilado de esa apropiaci&#x00F3;n o de ese tipo de vida.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-29361_Esp" sec-type="conclusion">
<label><bold>8.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>onclusi&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>La literatura sobre el liderazgo actual recoge de manera indirecta, algunas consideraciones sobre la naturaleza humana que circulan habitualmente en lo que podr&#x00ED;amos denominar cultura dominante. Estudiar la literatura sobre liderazgo, sobre todo la que pretende ser normativa, se convierte as&#x00ED; en un excelente campo desde el que hacer antropolog&#x00ED;a. Pasa en todas las disciplinas blandas de ciencias sociales, incluyendo la pedagog&#x00ED;a. En la evoluci&#x00F3;n sobre los modelos predominantes en cada &#x00E9;poca descubrimos los rasgos de la antropolog&#x00ED;a dominante del momento. En la actualidad, una sociedad postmoderna, l&#x00ED;quida, emocional, el liderazgo dominante es tambi&#x00E9;n l&#x00ED;quido, distribuido, blando, al menos en el &#x00E1;mbito del discurso. En la pr&#x00E1;ctica las cosas cambian porque las dificultades y los problemas a los que se enfrentan las organizaciones, especialmente las organizaciones educativas, necesitan jerarqu&#x00ED;a, coraje y toma de decisiones ante los graves problemas que enfrentamos.</p>
<p>En este sentido afrontar el liderazgo a trav&#x00E9;s de los recursos que ofrecen modelos narrativos puede dar m&#x00E1;s juego y ofrecer posibilidades de an&#x00E1;lisis m&#x00E1;s profundo. Es lo que hemos probado a realizar aqu&#x00ED; a trav&#x00E9;s de una lectura del episodio m&#x00ED;tico de Aquiles en el gineceo y partiendo de la lectura que Javier Gom&#x00E1; hace del mismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Esp">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>). El mito es un relato probado por el paso del tiempo y nos ofrece un modelo de car&#x00E1;cter de un l&#x00ED;der en juego. &#x00BF;Y qu&#x00E9; podemos aprender?</p>
<p>1. El liderazgo es el ejercicio de una forma de relacionarnos con el resto de miembros de un equipo o grupo en pos de un objetivo que nace de la comunidad y que obliga a desarrollar capacidades espec&#x00ED;ficas que no todos poseen, que distinguen y fundan jerarqu&#x00ED;as y que tienen vocaci&#x00F3;n de perfecci&#x00F3;n y por tanto est&#x00E1;n abiertas a una mirada her&#x00F3;ica sobre ellas. M&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de que se pueda distribuir obligaciones y tareas entre muchos no pueden excluirse la existencia de funciones espec&#x00ED;ficas y con mayor peso y responsabilidad en los encargados de dirigir empresas u organizaciones, en este caso educativas.</p>
<p>2. La misi&#x00F3;n de Ulises, rescatar a Aquiles del gineceo adolescente y llevarlo a la guerra de Troya, marca el fin pero no el camino. Es Ulises, &#x201C;f&#x00E9;rtil en recursos&#x201D;, quien se las ingeniar&#x00E1;, estudiando el contexto y la situaci&#x00F3;n, para dise&#x00F1;ar una estrategia y conseguir llevar a Aquiles a aquello para lo que estaba llamado. Aunque el fin no marca el camino, no lo define por completo, tampoco es indiferente. Sirve de motivaci&#x00F3;n para Ulises y le orienta oblig&#x00E1;ndole a ir al grano utilizando los medios, las armas, que van a enlazar el destino de Aquiles con su situaci&#x00F3;n vital ya preparada en el gineceo. En educaci&#x00F3;n es importante definir bien el objetivo para dise&#x00F1;ar las estrategias.</p>
<p>3. La escuela tiene una finalidad clara, la transmisi&#x00F3;n de aquellos aspectos de la cultura que consideramos dignos de permanecer. Si extraviamos los fines de la escuela hacia otros, leg&#x00ED;timos pero que no conectan ni con la formaci&#x00F3;n que los profesores han recibido, ni con la historia de la instituci&#x00F3;n, corremos el riesgo de no conseguir ni los unos ni los otros. La escuela no es la &#x00FA;nica instituci&#x00F3;n educativa, puede haber otras, pero la escuela no puede entenderse sin el contacto con la cultura y el aprendizaje lento y gradual de la cultura, la cultura es el modo mediante el que la escuela ayuda a los j&#x00F3;venes a conocerse, conocer el mundo que van a heredar y afrontar los retos morales y t&#x00E9;cnicos que se dar&#x00E1;n en ese mundo. La escuela puede confundir el objetivo cuando la obligamos a pensar en los retos morales que los j&#x00F3;venes tendr&#x00E1;n en el futuro y dise&#x00F1;amos tareas como si ya tuvieran la formaci&#x00F3;n suficiente para afrontarlos. No podemos conocer esos retos ni debemos siquiera intentarlo. El objetivo de la escuela es transmitir aquellos conocimientos que la historia de las distintas disciplinas ha considerado como m&#x00E1;s excelentes o dignos de permanecer. Confiamos que esos conocimientos les ayuden con retos que no podemos conocer del todo.</p>
<p>4. El mito de Aquiles nos habla de un joven que es introducido en el gineceo por su madre Tetis y es sacado del gineceo por Ulises. La escuela tiene que contar con la familia, son las familias las que llevan a los ni&#x00F1;os a la escuela, pero los fines de la familia y los fines de la escuela puede que no siempre coincidan, sus visiones sobre los j&#x00F3;venes son distintas y a veces pueden entrar en conflicto. Ulises no se queja de Tetis y su deseo de protecci&#x00F3;n, se limita a tenerlo en cuenta para buscar a Aquiles sabiendo que responder&#x00E1; a algo m&#x00E1;s grande que lo que su propia familia pueda pensar como bueno para &#x00E9;l.</p>
<p>5. La educaci&#x00F3;n es un asunto p&#x00FA;blico, por p&#x00FA;blico no nos estamos refiriendo a la titularidad, sino que nos referimos a que es un asunto de la comunidad, un asunto que responde a las preguntas que la propia comunidad formal o informalmente se puede cuestionar leg&#x00ED;timamente. No hay temas prohibidos para las instituciones educativas porque no hay temas que sean ajenos al marco cultural en el que vivimos, y menos aun los que resultan ser los m&#x00E1;s conflictivos y los que m&#x00E1;s enfrentamiento generan, la naci&#x00F3;n, el cuerpo o la religi&#x00F3;n, por ejemplo. Igual que era un intento absurdo condenado al fracaso abstraer a Aquiles de la gran epopeya griega del momento sac&#x00E1;ndole del mundo c&#x00ED;vico, y fue papel de Ulises devolverle a &#x00E9;l, es obligaci&#x00F3;n de las instituciones escolares poner sobre la mesa lo que la cultura ha generado sobre esos asuntos. La cultura no es solo la formaci&#x00F3;n intelectual, tambi&#x00E9;n la sensibilidad, el dominio del cuerpo, la pertenencia o la trascendencia religiosa tienen cabida pues es enorme el legado cultural disponible sobre esos asuntos y explican muchos de los problemas sociales a los que nos enfrentamos.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1_Esp" fn-type="financial-disclosure"><label>1.</label> <p>El art&#x00ED;culo nace de un proyecto financiado por la Fundaci&#x00F3;n Porticus y su partner en Espa&#x00F1;a, la Fundaci&#x00F3;n Europea Sociedad y Educaci&#x00F3;n titulado &#x201C;<italic>Changing educational systems through a WCD Leadership programme in Portugal and Spain</italic>&#x201D; (REF. EFSE/020182022) que tuvo como fruto un curso de formaci&#x00F3;n de equipos directivos en contextos vulnerables. La utilizaci&#x00F3;n del mito sirvi&#x00F3; para repensar el liderazgo y existe una versi&#x00F3;n resumida y sin la carga acad&#x00E9;mica en la p&#x00E1;gina del curso <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.wcdleadership.com">https://www.wcdleadership.com</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn2_Esp" fn-type="other"><label>2.</label> <p>No podemos leer esta afirmaci&#x00F3;n de manera totalizadora. Evidentemente hay padres que manifiestan con su trayectoria una actitud incluso heroica en el fortalecimiento de los hijos frente a la adversidad (ver el ejemplo de George Steiner en la relaci&#x00F3;n con su madre -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-29361_Esp">Steiner, 2016</xref>, p. 12), pero no se puede negar la relaci&#x00F3;n entre la vinculaci&#x00F3;n afectiva y el miedo al sufrimiento, especialmente de aquellos a quienes m&#x00E1;s se quiere.</p></fn>
<fn id="fn3_Esp" fn-type="other"><label>3.</label> <p>El mito de Ulises nos recuerda las profundas relaciones entre la afectividad y el desarrollo humano y nos lo recuerda en la edad adolescente. Lo afectivo y emocional no es un aspecto marginal y menos a&#x00FA;n en la &#x00E9;poca de la confusi&#x00F3;n en torno a la identidad sexual y donde la pornograf&#x00ED;a es ya un problema de importantes dimensiones. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-29361_Esp">Reyero, 2021</xref>)</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.29361</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.29361</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>ULYSSES IN THE HIGH SCHOOL. LEADERSHIP AND SCHOOL BASED ON THE MYTH OF ACHILLES<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1_Eng"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>Ulises en el Instituto. Liderazgo y escuela a partir del mito de Aquiles</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-532X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>REYERO GARC&#x00CD;A</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_Eng"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1_Eng"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1_Eng">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1_Eng"><email>reyero@edu.ucm.es</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>06</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>13</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" xml:lang="en">

<license-p>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The objective of this article is to think about school leadership in the adolescent stage in educational centres through the analysis of a myth from classical studies: the relationship between Ulysses and Achilles. Achilles in his stage in the gynaeceum as a figure of adolescence, and Ulysses as the character necessary to remove Achilles from the aesthetic stage of his life to enter the ethics and combat of adult life. We intend to discover in the analysis of that relationship some obligations of the educator for a specific time in human life - adolescence - and we will essentially start from the analysis that Javier Gom&#x00E1; makes of that myth. Gom&#x00E1; focuses above all on the subjective evolution of Achilles as an example of a pathway that every human must travel, while here we also intend to reflect on the role of Ulysses in that transformation from adolescent to adult. An impossible transformation without the participation exemplified in Ulysses as an archetype of school leadership. In schools, this relationship of school leadership can be seen on two different levels. The first, the close view of the relationship established between teacher and student. The second, the leadership role of the management team over the centre in general, and also, although more indirect, over the students in particular. The aspects that we will point out in the text can have a translation on both planes. We end with some conclusions summarizing those ideas that can help to improve normative leadership in the school context.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El objetivo de este texto es pensar el liderazgo educativo en la etapa adolescente en los centros educativos a trav&#x00E9;s de un mito cl&#x00E1;sico. A partir de la relaci&#x00F3;n existente entre Ulises y Aquiles. Aquiles en su etapa en el gineceo como figura de la adolescencia, y Ulises como el personaje necesario para sacar a Aquiles del estadio est&#x00E9;tico con el fin de adentrarse en el &#x00E9;tico y el combate de la vida adulta. Pretendemos descubrir en el an&#x00E1;lisis de esa relaci&#x00F3;n algunas obligaciones del profesor, en tanto que l&#x00ED;der, para una &#x00E9;poca concreta en la vida humana, la adolescencia, y partiremos esencialmente del an&#x00E1;lisis que Javier Gom&#x00E1; hace de ese mito. Gom&#x00E1; se centra sobre todo en la evoluci&#x00F3;n subjetiva de Aquiles como ejemplificaci&#x00F3;n de un camino que todo humano debe recorrer, mientras que aqu&#x00ED; pretendemos tambi&#x00E9;n reflexionar sobre el papel de Ulises en esa transformaci&#x00F3;n del adolescente en adulto. Una transformaci&#x00F3;n imposible sin la participaci&#x00F3;n ejemplificada en Ulises como arquetipo de liderazgo educativo. En los centros educativos esta relaci&#x00F3;n de liderazgo educativo puede observarse en dos planos distintos. El primero, el plano cercano de la relaci&#x00F3;n que se establece entre profesor y estudiante. El segundo, el papel de liderazgo del equipo directivo sobre el centro en general, y tambi&#x00E9;n, aunque m&#x00E1;s indirecto, sobre los estudiantes en particular. Los aspectos que se&#x00F1;alaremos en el texto pueden tener una traducci&#x00F3;n sobre ambos planos. Finalizamos con unas conclusiones resumiendo aquellas ideas que pueden ayudar a normativizar mejor el liderazgo en el contexto escolar.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>leadership</kwd>
<kwd>mythology</kwd>
<kwd>High School</kwd>
<kwd>cultural transmission</kwd>
<kwd>adolescence</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>liderazgo</kwd>
<kwd>mitolog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>instituto</kwd>
<kwd>transmisi&#x00F3;n cultural</kwd>
<kwd>adolescencia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>Porticus Foundation</institution>
<institution>European Foundation for Society and Education</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>EFSE/020182022</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>This article is born out of a project financed by the Porticus Foundation and its partner in Spain, the Fundaci&#x00F3;n Europea Sociedad y Educaci&#x00F3;n [European Foundation for Society and Education] titled &#x201C;<italic>Changing educational systems through a WCD Leadership programme in Portugal and Spain</italic>&#x201D; (REF. EFSE/020182022) which gave rise to a management team training course in disadvantaged contexts. The use of the myth served to provide a different outlook on leadership and there is a summarised version without the academic details on the course page at the following link <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.wcdleadership.com">https://www.wcdleadership.com</ext-link></funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-29361_Eng">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>he value of the myth in anthropological studies</sc></bold></title>
<p>Firstly, we need to justify why mythology can be used as a base for learning, what type of knowledge we will obtain, and how it can be used. The relationship between mythology and philosophy goes back a long time. Plato does not begin one of the founding books on political philosophy with theoretical language, rather by narrating a situation and meeting. Plato&#x2019;s Republic, like other Plato texts, constantly refers to stories and myths. The rationale can be found at the heart of these stories. In this context, Pieper questions if continuously recurring to stories is a didactic resource which Plato used to transmit abstract ideas or whether there is much more to it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-29361_Eng">Pieper, 1984</xref>, p. 13), something which we will ask rhetorically further on.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Could it not also occur that the reality with true extent for man does not possess the objective content structure, rather of the event. As a consequence, it cannot be suitably understood in a thesis, rather in a <italic>praxeos mimesis</italic> (the imitation of action), to use the language of Aristotle, or in other words, a story? (p. 14-15).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In fact, the stories include subtleties in human events, transmitting them through hearsay which express truths through actions imbued with meaning. Therefore, they can continue to be interpreted in the light of current culture as they reflect something essential which would be hard to express in any other way. When, as we shall later see, Javier Gom&#x00E1; uses the myth of <italic>Aquiles en el gineceo (Achilles in the gynaeceum)</italic> to describe some essential traits of adolescence, the myth does not function purely from the philosopher&#x0027;s imagination. Instead, it is the philosopher, through reflection, who sees a universal anthropological perspective in the mythical story, and readers can discover this truth because it is one which is particularly recognisable in their own life story, although thousands of years later. As a result, that character in the story, received through hearsay and not created ex novo, becomes relevant. Myths are not like any other story &#x2013; they are not simple exercises in creativity. Their value lies in how they remain relevant throughout time. In some way, this continuity is a guarantee of the truth they transmit. If we can &#x201C;hear&#x201D; essentially the same as Plato, it is because the myths refer to matters of substance, generally related to the ultimate meaning of human life or its practice, which cannot be resolved any other way. They do not share a material truth, but can convey other types of truths impossible to define outside of a narrative, or be told without the need for persuasive force (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-29361_Eng">Simmons, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Nor is it outside the scope of organisations to use literary fiction as a way of sharing knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-29361_Eng">Navarro &#x0026; Rodr&#x00ED;guez, 2012</xref>). In this regard, the story we propose as a way of considering the relationship between school and leadership may serve to create a coherent model from which the dimensions of a leadership may be considered. This leadership, dues to its educational nature, is sought to be integral, even if it derives from a partial transfer. Certainly every educator, whether they are dedicated to the transfer of a part of human culture, mathematics, literature, science or whatever else, has that educational goal which goes beyond their subject even though it has its origins in it. Fiction works here as an archetype, which also forces us to present this knowledge in action enabling us to define the relationships and conflicts which occur in reality between the different dimensions of the model. The use of these stories, whether they be fictional or collected from true life stories in the field of leadership in an educational context, is not a new topic and has already demonstrated its value (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29361_Eng">Armstrong, &#x0026; McCain, 2021</xref>). This value is closely linked to aspects such as the generation of a narrative which gives meaning to the work of the leader. A meaning which helps to understand the experiences themselves. The experience of frustration or success, which are typical in leadership, always help to confront these situations, surely even more so if they are reflected as archetypes in well-known stories. When they are also promoted as part of the leadership training process, these narrative texts can teach us the educational value of vulnerability, enhance self-reflection, and encourage empathy and the ability to listen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-29361_Eng">Armstrong, &#x0026; McCain, 2021</xref>)</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-29361_Eng">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>he literature on school leadership and its current limitations</sc></bold></title>
<p>Before we begin to analyse the particular myth, which is the subject of this paper, we need to describe the state of research in this field, and explain why this literature has so many problems in enhancing normative knowledge. During the latter part of the 60s, the US government published the famous Coleman report (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-29361_Eng">Coleman <italic>et al.</italic>, 1966</xref>). This report constitutes the first serious attempt to perform a systematic review of schools in North America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29361_Eng">Caraba&#x00F1;a, 2016</xref>), and among its objectives, it aimed to discover the key factors behind running a good school. The most interesting aspect of the study was the discovery, or rather the empirical finding, that it is the family background and the individual ability which are guiding factors to good educational performance, which Julio Caraba&#x00F1;a sees more as a correlation than causality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-29361_Eng">Caraba&#x00F1;a, 2016</xref>). Excluding this variable, the role of the teacher is clearly the most significant, above other variables such as the number of students per classroom or equipment available. This importance of the teacher has been widely analysed by the most up-to-date empirical literature and in all environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-29361_Eng">Rivkin <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-29361_Eng">Fauth <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-29361_Eng">Liu &#x0026; Loeb, 2021</xref>) as well as the effect not having good teachers has, which is an inverse way of proving the same (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-29361_Eng">Lai <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>The most complicated issue in this type of literature is understanding what makes a teacher a good teacher (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-29361_Eng">Goldhaber, 2002</xref>). Is it what this teacher has studied about education? This does not appear to be the case, or it is at least clearly up for debate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-29361_Eng">Boyd <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). Perhaps it has more to do with experience &#x2013; time teaching? This also seems to be debatable and evidence is unclear (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-29361_Eng">Rivkin <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). Sometimes teachers can become worse over the passage of time (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-29361_Eng">Graham <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). If good teaching is based on other factors which are not training or time in the profession, maybe good teaching is associated with matters which are more closely linked to the nurturing of intangible qualities which are not easily perceived in empirical literature. In this case, those which tie themselves to leadership ability. This would be the first level of leadership discourse &#x2013; leadership in the classroom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-29361_Eng">Gil Cantero <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>However, we must ask what leadership is. A recent meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-29361_Eng">Nguyen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) analyses the empirical literature and reaches some interesting conclusions. Firstly, there is a lack of a precise definition in the empirical research of what leadership actually is. This lack of precision is not surprising when we are talking about a dimension which encompasses aspects of human relationships which are poorly defined (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-29361_Eng">Choi y Gil, 2017</xref>). A leader influences much more than gives orders. Influence is much more significant than the concept of formal authority. Formal authority permits the clear establishment of the power one person has over another, while the concept of influence is much more difficult to define. The outcome is that leadership cannot be easily considered as just one element linked to a hierarchical position, rather it is a dimension which is diffusely manifest in multiple aspects of life in an educational centre. Leadership affects performance, but also how teachers see themselves. A good leader also influences in the activity of other teachers who improve thanks to the influence of colleagues who act as leaders.</p>
    <p>The classroom and the teacher undoubtedly make up the first level of leadership we can address, but there are more. On a second level, we find the centre and its management, about which there is also a significant amount of research. This level is also a very difficult concept to define (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-29361_Eng">Galindo-Dom&#x00ED;nguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). It is not easy to know what a management team does to make the school a good one. Although we can also currently find a lot of literature which studies the type of relationship between different types of school organisation and academic performance, these studies are somewhat inaccurate and on many occasions, contradictory. Thus, for Marzano and others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29361_Eng">Marzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>) an effective school - an organisation which aspires to enhance learning and the education of young people - can manage to triple its expectations for students passing a school year and the leadership in the organisation is key to that success (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-29361_Eng">Marzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>, pp. 4-6). Although as with good teaching, good management is difficult to define beyond phrases which appear to be mere common sense. The reasoning must be sought in the particularly practical and contextual character of all good leadership. The analysis of this literature allows us to at least glean some conclusions of interest.</p>
    <p>In the first instance, a leadership study can also become a study about the school objectives. In effect, as leadership is a neutral term which requires orientation, leadership theories end up guiding the direction this influence should have. For instance, the abundant literature regarding leadership for social justice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-29361_Eng">Tintor&#x00E9;, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-29361_Eng">Navarro-Granados, 2017</xref>) addresses the need for school management to face the problems of inclusion, cultural difference and inequality. In short, leadership attempts to offer a certain moral guidance in the educational field.</p>
<p>Secondly, leadership studies become dependent on deeper anthropological theories. It is no coincidence that when the bureaucracy born out of the modern age was still the mainstream, leadership studies were tied to effectiveness and hierarchical and formal management leadership. However, post-modern reality, weak and apparently remote from bureaucratic rigidity and regulations, has given rise to approaches which defend distributed leadership (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-29361_Eng">Bush, 2019a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-29361_Eng">Moral <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-29361_Eng">Murillo, 2006</xref>) and has become blurred to a certain extent, eschewing charismatic or heroic figures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-29361_Eng">Tintor&#x00E9;, 2019</xref>). Thus, although leadership may originate from one person&#x2019;s vision, it is always preferable for many people to quickly become involved in its defence and development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-29361_Eng">Bush, 2019b</xref>). Along similar lines, recognised as post-modern and more emotional than rational, are the theories behind transformational leadership. Human beings must be emotionally persuaded rather than rationally convinced, and the role of leadership is to influence the climate and culture through the correct handling of emotions. It is not with reasoning, orders or information that we can manage to involve others, rather with persuasion, as what is involved is changing beliefs, motivations and attitudes to align them with the goals of the institution itself (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-29361_Eng">Anderson, 2017</xref>). So what appears to be the best we can do is to define the four basic functions in all leadership (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-29361_Eng">Slater, 2011</xref>). Firstly, develop people and improve professional development itself. Secondly, contribute to establishing a vision. Thirdly, restructure the organisation to meet this vision; and finally, enable teaching practice within that organisation. To sum up, move away from worrying about management to worrying about teaching and pedagogical leadership (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-29361_Eng">Connolly <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>So what can the myth offer us against this literature? Essentially, the opportunity to discover some normative principles based on a reflection of human nature, the associations and dependencies of our condition itself, and highlight the need we all have at some time to be pushed by others. All starting from the analysis of an archetypal teaching story which offers us a somewhat generalised context.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-29361_Eng">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>he myth</sc></bold></title>
<p>Achilles is taken by his mother Thetis to the island of Skyros where he will remain hidden from the eyes of Ulysses. In the gynaeceum, among women and dressed as one, he lives remote from the war of Troy which nevertheless, he is destined to join. Troy exemplifies the epic Greek saga and the paradigm of duty to the community. The myth is read by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Eng">Gom&#x00E1; (2007)</xref> in terms of the model for human development with a transition from the aesthetic stage to the ethical phase. The former is typical of childhood and adolescence, with a focus on the &#x201C;self&#x201D; free from obligations and full of possibilities, open and yet undefined (in this sense immortal). The latter refers to the phase which characterises adult life which considers mortality, decision making, and the obligations involved after making the decision. The myth is undoubtedly valuable in an educational context due to how much it requires thinking about aims in life, and therefore education, as well as the pathway required to achieve them. A pathway which cannot be taken without the necessary leadership of Ulysses. An archetypal role model for the school. We consider some characteristics of this pathway the myth offers. We will structure these reflections around three Gordian knots taught in schools. The first we will call the &#x2018;anthropological knot&#x2019;. Human beings are essentially relational beings, marked by relationships originating from affiliation and dependency on others in the maturing process. The second knot revolves around educational purposes. This will be known as the &#x2018;theological knot&#x2019;. Why do we teach? The third Gordian knot involves the methods and strategies necessary for achieving the school objective. This will be called the &#x2018;strategical knot&#x2019;. However, before we analyse each of these knots, we must first reflect on the heroic nature of Ulysses to help us address this topic.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-29361_Eng">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>lysses is a hero</sc></bold></title>
<p>Ulysses is a hero to the Greeks. Someone who reflects some virtues which are highly significant to the community. The hero is a person situated at a certain crossroads which, through their decisions and action, overcomes the difficulties they have to face in search of what is right. It is an archetype we can aim to be within the leadership dimension. Using the figure of Ulysses, a hero, to speak about school leadership presupposes the recognition of a certain necessary hierarchy in educational work, and understands the weight of exemplariness.</p>
<p>The principal axis which provides the backbone to the debate on leadership Ulysses proposes effectively encompasses some of the relevant conflicts we find in current discourse on leadership. Currently, we do not trust bureaucracy. Leaders who limit themselves to giving orders from above to address day-to-day needs and cling to the manual would not make a good leader. They would lack flexibility, and the ability to get more people involved in achieving goals. Aspects which are far from being bureaucratic. On the other extreme, we find distributed leadership, which sees leadership as a continuous interactive process which encompasses the entire organisation. Individual leadership here ideally tends to disappear. Evidently, between the order/obey, horizontal/vertical relationships, our current era favours a more horizontal and collegial approach over command or hierarchy. The role of Ulysses, as a hero, is exemplary in highlighting aspects such as what is excellent, differential and ultimately, personal. In contrast to discourse which favours distributed leadership, daily practice distorts this trend, or at least questions it. It is difficult to consider the function of leadership without referring to individual abilities and therefore, the necessary distinguishing judgement about the type of people who should take decisions at key moments. These abilities will be differential, and therefore virtuous and in line with heroism. However, it is unfashionable to talk about heroism. Nowadays, heroism is a negative concept because it leads us to frustration or encourages arrogance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-29361_Eng">Schweiger <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>This rejection of heroism contains an erroneous understanding of ontological equality which is present in many discourses about inclusion as opposed to excellence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-29361_Eng">Pozo-Armentia, Gil &#x0026; Reyero, 2020</xref>). In the face of these, the concept of hero is fundamental because it is associated with exemplariness, authority, and normative judgement in considering there are more desirable lives, with a more fulfilling meaning and accomplishment. Without this, there is no education.</p>
<p>Leading is standing out, establishing differences and making decisions. In 2015, the newspaper <italic>El Pais</italic> published an interesting article reflecting on this matter. The newspaper echoed the blog by Brandon Stanton. This blogger took photos of people he met in the streets of New York and asked a few questions about their background to subsequently publish in short stories on the Internet. In January 2015, he published the story of Vidal Chastanet, A 13-year-old boy who lived in Brownsville, a deprived area of Brooklyn. When he asked him the typical question about the most important influence on their life, Vidal cited the head of his school, Nadia L&#x00F3;pez. When asked why, this was his reply:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>When we get into trouble, she never suspends us or throws us out. She calls us into her office and explains the society which surrounds us. And she tells us that every time somebody behaves in this way at school, a new cell is built. And one time, she made us all stand up together and she told us one by one why we were important.</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Stanton wanted to visit her and he found her collecting funds to take her pupils to Harvard so that they could see that it was an achievable objective (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-29361_Eng">Marcos, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>We do not know much more about her management style &#x2013; whether it is horizontal or distributed. We know that she founded a school in a poor neighbourhood, with a clear objective, together with determination, strategy, and a pretty large dose of heroism. She is Ulysses entering the gynaeceum on Skyros.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-29361_Eng">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>lysses and the anthropological knot</sc></bold></title>
<p>The first thing we can highlight in the myth is that it accurately reflects some risks deriving from character and content of human affiliation. The role of Thetis, the mother of Achilles, stands out in this regard. She comes across as an interesting archetype of the parent-child relationships marked by love. These relationships in her story show some limitations which may serve as an example of the structural limits of the family relationship in education and the need for additional influences, such as from the school, to assist in raising the child. This does not mean the family does not play an important educational role &#x2013; of course it does (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-29361_Eng">Fontana <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). However, we wish to expose its own particular characteristics and show how these are consequential in how the subject is educated. Firstly, due to the original sentimental status inherent in the relationship which, to a certain degree, brings about more difficulties in dealing with the suffering of children. In fact, Thetis wants to ensure that no matter what, Achilles will not die in the battle of Troy and fulfil the oracle she herself is aware of. Achilles&#x2019; mother tries to prevent this key moment in her son&#x2019;s life by hiding him in the gynaeceum and dressing him up as a woman so Ulysses will never find him. Thetis exemplifies two things with this attitude. Firstly, that learning mortality leads to suffering, pain and frustration, and is often done without input from family because parents cannot easily go down this path without help<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2_Eng"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Secondly, that there will always be a conflictive relationship between Ulysses and Thetis as it is Ulysses, the example of living for the community, who is the person responsible for removing Achilles from that family life to enter the community and meet the demands of the polis.</p>
<p>Without recognising this source of conflict, it is difficult for school institutions to have a suitable relationship and establish their own space where parents cannot and should not fully enter. In the life of Achilles, both characters and both spaces are necessary but at the same time insufficient. Discourse which does not take this key anthropological problem into account will not be adequately able to respond to the difficulties the family-school relationship throws up in real life. There is no doubt that current educational discourse highlights the fundamental participative role of the family in school life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-29361_Eng">Bol&#x00ED;var, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29361_Eng">Calvo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). However, it is also common for schools to complain about the difficulty parents have in participating in an effective way. &#x201C;Recently, teachers complain, justifiably so, about how in certain situations of conflict, the most common attitude of parents is to support their children rather than collaborate&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-29361_Eng">Bol&#x00ED;var, 2006</xref>, p. 133). Turning parents into clients and consumers exacerbates a relationship of criticism between both worlds and favours growing distrust between parents and teachers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-29361_Eng">Calvo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). This distrust cannot boil over undermining the objectives of the school or the family, rather it should highlight some differences which are complementary. No space can offer integral education by itself and both must respect their inherent differences and spaces and times. However, the danger of a leadership which aims to be educational lies in not recognising the limits and opportunities this particular position offers. To continue the metaphor, Ulysses is not Thetis and he has different objectives and roles to her. Aspiring to the complete development of a person requires certain humility in recognising that the subject does not only develop in educational institutions, but also in other spaces.</p>
<p>Understanding the myth of Achilles and reflecting on the relationship between Thetis and Ulysses, we can consider the leadership of Ulysses&#x2019; in conflict with that of the home. Suffice to say that Ulysses leads the entry to the space of the community and public, and this is a space with particular purposes. The school is not another family.</p>
<p>But the anthropological knot goes beyond the family-school relationship. It also has much to do with the process of being an adolescent framed by what they are yet to be.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Eng">Gom&#x00E1; (2007)</xref>, when analysing the myth of the adolescent Achilles in the gynaeceum, starts by describing essential traits of adolescence. This description is not far removed from the work Ulysses must perform. School leadership is therefore adapted to the subject whom we must educate, adjusting to the human dynamic which is not the same at any given time in life.</p>
<p>But why do we focus on adolescents? Adolescence is a Gordian knot in the evolution of human life &#x2013; a key moment. Without doubt childhood is important. We would say it is even more fundamental. However, just as interventions in infant education require a structural policy which enhances early schooling, particularly in certain population groups, in the case of the adolescent, this is not the problem. Our adolescents our already practically 100% schooled. The problem we are facing is what to do with them once they have entered school and find themselves in such a complicated time of their life.</p>
<p>There are some important characteristics we should highlight for school leadership of human life in such a turbulent period which falls between two much more stable ages.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>During childhood, the child lives in harmony with the Cosmos feeling naturally safe and protected. At the age of maturity, the subject has already become integrated in social ethnicity, where they established their home and develop their productive capabilities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Eng">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, p. 83)</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>The myth shows us an adolescent who envisions the demands of an adult life to which he does not yet want to go because he does not want to die. Adult life consists, to a certain extent, in learning to die. The adolescent senses in adult life, such as the life of their parents, boredom and a future of routine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Eng">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, p. 121). Therefore, adolescent life, the period of absolute self, is distanced from the demands of the community, even though it also finds itself in conflict with it. This is because the human being is born in the polis and owes its life to it, and must make a living there while at the same time losing it.</p>
<p>On coming out of this period of &#x201C;subsidised idleness&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Eng">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, p. 87) the adolescent love affair plays an important role in maturity<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3_Eng"><sup>3</sup></xref>. Gom&#x00E1; comments that, if the Greeks had arrived before Achilles met Deidamia, it is safe to say he would not have been prepared to hear the sound of the arms as Ulysses entered the gynaeceum. The gynaeceum contained the seed of the Achilles&#x2019; evolution because &#x201C;by falling in love with the King&#x2019;s daughter, Achilles was entering in the sphere of time, in which one is born and corrupted, which served him as a foretaste or propaedeutic of his own subsequent option for finitude&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Eng">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, pp. 58-59). Faced with adolescent immortality, absorbed in his unfulfilled possibilities, it is through these first love affairs that he learns first hand the consequences of choice. It is first of all, by choosing Deidamia and later, in committing to his destiny in Troy where Achilles achieves mortality and his exemplary individuality given that, as Gom&#x00E1; says, &#x201C;being a citizen of the polis is being mortal, because to enter in the community, we must renounce self-divinisation itself. However, paradoxically, when we do it, we find in the finite world our true individuality&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Eng">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>, p. 67). We form ourselves in the commitment with the duties imposed by the polis and adolescents must be guided towards them; something which will not be easy.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-29361_Eng">
<label><bold>6.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>lysses and the theological knot</sc></bold></title>
<p>In the story of Achilles, Ulysses is a key character. Achilles would not be the greatest of the Achaeans had it not been for the call from Ulysses whose action we read here as the prototype of school leadership. The first thing to characterise Ulysses as a leader is that he has an objective. This is not a goal Ulysses simply invents. Ulysses receives a request from the community. He has to get Achilles involved in the war. He knows what he wants and organises his actions to fulfil this ultimate objective. Ulysses wants to take Achilles to a war and not just any war at that. This is the war of Troy, a founding moment in Greek history. He has to remove him from his adolescent comfort zone in the gynaeceum where he entertains himself among maidens and children&#x2019;s games. We have seen it many times. Aspiring to something great is an indispensable educational driver. In the film <italic>Pay It Forward</italic>, the teacher surprises his pupils with the following homework: &#x201C;think about something which changes the world and put it into practice&#x201D;. While not all the students in his small class take up the challenge, the ones who do will not be the same again. The pedagogy of demand addressed by George Steiner and C&#x00E9;cile Ladjali becomes crucial. It is important not to give up on the best. Aspiring to the best does not necessarily imply starting with the most difficult, but it does mean setting oneself important objectives. When Anne Sullivan met Hellen Keller, she did not see what everyone else did. Everybody else saw a deaf, blind and dumb child who could only inspire compassion. However, she went further than pure sentimentalism and saw possibilities which others, including her parents, could not see even though they undoubtedly wanted to. So there is no formative adventure. There is no need to remove adolescents from anywhere unless you are taking them to a better place. Thinking about education from the myth we are dealing with is thinking about the aims of the school institution and above all, its public objectives. School leadership specific to the school is directed towards developing the self so it can enter the public sphere. The school understands its role in the dimension of education for the community. A quote by Meirieu along these lines is:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>The school is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, all the daily management and the whole material environment conspire together. From an etymological perspective they &#x201C;breathe as one,&#x201D; in order to create a particular form of human activity, based on specific values: recognition of otherness, the need for precision, rigour and truth, the joint learning for the construction of the common good and the ability to think for oneself (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-29361_Eng">Meirieu, 2006</xref>, p. 95).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>It is not just the community which has its place in the school and gives it significance. Transcendental visions, even though they might be in the public school, should have the chance to be accommodated. Because as Meirieu correctly states, the school demands truth and reason. However, it should be a reason aware of its limits and different levels. A reason which does not self-mutilate, like enlightened rationalists do who exclude questions because of the meaning of the field of the valuable questions. It should instead be reason which faces up to the knowledge of what is most important without being concerned or prejudicing the weapons necessary to deal with it. In an essay by Chesterton titled &#x201C;The religious aim of education&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-29361_Eng">Chesterton, 1997</xref>, pp. 17-21) the author posits:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>The deepest of all desires for knowledge is the desire to know what the world is for and what we are for. Those who believe they can answer that question must at least be allowed to answer it as the first question and not as the last. A man who cannot answer it has a right to refuse to answer it; though perhaps he is rather too prone to comfort himself with the very dogmatic dogma that nobody else can answer it if he can&#x2019;t. But no man has a right to answer it, or even to arrange for it being answered, as if it were a sort of peculiar and pedantic additional question, which only a peculiar and pedantic sort of pupil would be likely to ask (p. 18).</p>
</disp-quote>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-29361_Eng">
<label><bold>7.</bold></label>
<title><bold>U<sc>lysses and the strategical knot</sc></bold></title>
<p>Dragging Achilles to Troy is not easy. Besides his clear adolescent immaturity, the surroundings also counted against Ulysses. Hidden and dressed up as a woman, he could not be recognised. King Lycomedes was not helping. He denied he was there and gave permission to the Achaeans to search for him without success. It is then when Ulysses comes up with a strategy and travels to Skyros dressed as a trader. All great educational reforms have designed strategies. However, before considering the direction of education, they focused on educational practice itself. From Pestalozzi to Montesori, Lancaster to Dewey, all have come up with or adapted some educational model. Educational problems are not easily solved. They require models and study, but also strategy.</p>
<p>Strategy is born out of a contextualised reflection which includes aims and means, not limited on a single focus. It also depends on the knowledge of the person who is the object of the strategy. Ulysses understands the effect the weapons shown will have on Achilles. Dressing as a trader, Ulysses does not cease to be a warrior, but his warrior self takes on an unforeseen persona which is not included among his most formal skills. Ulysses disguises himself as part of his mission and his objective as a Greek soldier. He has to lead Achilles to the battle and he will do whatever it takes. There is also strategy in the school, and there are also disguises we can take without ceasing to be teacher or director. The purpose obliges us to take different roles.</p>
<p>But what strategies should we follow? How do we recognise one among so many? How do we draw attention to it to recognise it or deal with it once recognised? Remember that Ulysses arrives in disguise on Skyros and appears in front of the gynaeceum with gifts for women. Among these gifts, he has hidden a shield and a spear. He orders for the trumpet of war to sound and Achilles, believing the enemy has arrived and seeing the weapons, finally discovers himself. This interesting episode invites us to consider some characteristics of school leadership. Firstly, it requires a method of approximation which does not come ready-made, together with some instruments to enable this approximation. In the case of schools, these weapons are the subjects to be taught. Teachers are educators through the subject. This is what educating in schools is about. School leadership which does not focus its objective, or draw from academic matters, will be considering schools in a distorted way. The main function of the school is cultural transfer and it is clear this transfer, associated with cognitive matters (reflected for example in results) but also with the affective dimension in various ways, improves self-awareness and the family relationships themselves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-29361_Eng">Giofr&#x00E8; <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Furthermore, pleasure, motivation, enhancing virtue, or defining the significance one wishes to give life, arise and grow with intellectual work and study. Our own conscience of what we are and we notice improvement thanks to contributions from culture. Therefore, renouncing the weapon of demanding cultural transfer is eschewing improving the other, cheating them with decoys which demand less and despite being more comfortable, provide much less When they realise and complain, the teacher will be too far away to hear their gripes. Disinherited, with no culture, their knowledge of themselves will be poor. Bellamy accurately reflected on this with an example.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>When loving, valuing, appreciating, admiring, are invariably replaced by pleasing, the problem is not just that the expression loses its accuracy, rather that above all, the emotion loses its richness. It is not communication; the hearts and gaze are made incapable of feeling the subtleties and perceiving the singularity; they narrow, repeat themselves and finally end up crushed under the weight of uniformity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-29361_Eng">Bellamy, 2018</xref>, p. 111).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Integral leadership on the centre management team level will always involve improving the performance of the teachers in their main task, by linking it with the objectives of the centre giving importance to their teaching work and not necessarily overloading this work with other apparently important matters but which are deep down, superfluous. This is what is now known as pedagogical leadership or leadership for learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-29361_Eng">Moral, 2018</xref>), which creates the conditions for what is important &#x2013; cultural transfer. The weapons of the teacher are the subjects and their ability to connect with the students (Pennac, Meirieu). But this is not the whole story. Any reflection on school leadership in this content dimension will have to take a stance against some problems inherent in our age. The first has to do with the connection between content and skills. When skills and knowledge are opposed, they do not realise that there is no skill without profound specific knowledge of things and this means many things.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Whether we like it or not, to be able to think, we need to know facts. And not just because we need something to think about, rather because the skills that orthodoxy appreciates the most &#x2013; critical thinking, autonomy and creativity &#x2013; are intimately associated with factual knowledge accumulated in the memory in the long term (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-29361_Eng">Luri, 2020</xref>, p. 36).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Looking for the skill directly above the transfer of content is confusing the significance of the school with its benefits and is similar to the error which Bellamy comments with the example of the architect and happiness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-29361_Eng">Bellamy, 2018</xref>, p. 153). In effect, we know that a good home provides happiness to the people who live there, but the aim of the architect will still be in drawing up good plans and choosing good materials. In the same way, the aim of the teacher remains linked to love and transfer of a specific content so that the student makes it their own to the greatest extent possible. The skill, as with happiness, is a distillation of that ownership or that type of life.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-29361_Eng" sec-type="conclusion">
<label><bold>8.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>onclusion</sc></bold></title>
<p>Current literature on leadership indirectly addresses some considerations about human nature which habitually circulate in what we could call a dominant culture. Studying literature on leadership, particularly that on a normative level, thus becomes an excellent field from which we can learn about anthropology. This occurs in all soft social sciences, including pedagogy. In the evolution of the predominant models in each time period, we can observe the features of the dominant anthropology of the time. Currently, in a post-modern society which is liquid and emotional, the dominant leadership is also liquid, distributed, and soft, at least in the realm of the discourse. In practice, things change because the difficulties and problems organisations are faced with, particularly educational organisations, need hierarchy, courage and decision making to deal with the serious problems we face.</p>
<p>In this regard, regarding leadership through the resources narrative models offer can give more options and offer the possibility of more profound analysis. This is what we have observed here by reading the mythical episode of Achilles in the gynaeceum and starting from the observations Javier Gom&#x00E1; takes from it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-29361_Eng">Gom&#x00E1;, 2007</xref>). A myth is a story that has stood the test of time and offers us a character model of a leader in action. And what can we learn?</p>
<p>1. Leadership is exercising a way of relating to the rest of the members of a team or group in pursuit of an objective which arises from the community. It obliges us to develop specific abilities not everybody possess, which distinguish and found hierarchies and which tend towards perfection and therefore can be seen with a certain element of heroism. Beyond being able to distribute obligations and tasks among many, the existence of specific functions cannot be excluded and with greater weight of responsibility on the people responsible for managing companies or organisations, which in this case are educational.</p>
<p>2. Ulysses&#x2019; mission to rescue Achilles from the adolescent gynaeceum and take him to the battle of Troy marks the objective but does not show the pathway. It is Ulysses, clever in his use of resources, who through his ingenuity and by studying the context and situation, designs a strategy to take Achilles to fulfil his destiny. Although the aim does not mark the pathway or define it completely, it is not indifferent. It serves as motivation for Ulysses and guides him, forcing him to get what he wants using the means - the weapons - which will connect Achilles&#x2019; destiny to his life situation which he is already ready for after life in the gynaeceum. It is important in education to accurately define the objective so strategies can be defined.</p>
<p>3. The school has a clear aim, the transfer of those cultural aspects we consider stand the test of time. If we divert the goals of the school to others, which may be legitimate but do not connect with the education that the teachers have received nor with the background of the institution, we run the risk of not achieving any of them. The school is not the only educational institution &#x2013; there may be others. However, the school cannot be understood without contact with the culture and the slow and gradual learning of culture. Culture is the means by which the school helps youngsters to become aware of themselves, learn about the world they will inherit and how to face up to moral and technical challenges this world offers. The school can confuse the objective when we oblige it to think of moral challenges that the young people will have in the future and we design tasks as if they already had sufficient education to deal with them. We cannot understand these challenges, nor should we even try to. The aim of the school is to transmit that knowledge history in the different disciplines has considered as best or worthy of enduring. We trust this knowledge will help them with challenges we cannot fully comprehend.</p>
<p>4. The myth of Achilles tells us about a young boy who is brought into the gynaeceum by his mother Thetis and taken out by Ulysses. The school has to depend on the family. The families of those who take their children to school, but the objectives of the family and the school may not always coincide. Their visions for the children are different and sometimes can come into conflict. Ulysses does not complain about Thetis and her desire to protect her son. He simply bears it in mind when he searches for Achilles, knowing that he will respond to something greater than what his own family may think is best for him.</p>
<p>5. Education is a public matter. By public, we are not referring to the ownership, rather to it being part of the community. An issue which responds to the questions that the community itself, formally or informally, may legitimately ask. There are no forbidden topics for educational institutions because there are no topics which are beyond the cultural framework in which we live. Even less those which are the most conflicted and which most controversy generate &#x2013; the nation, our body, or religion, for example. Just as it was an absurd attempt destined to failure to detach Achilles from the epic Greek saga of the time by removing him from the community Ulysses ultimately returned him to, it is wrong for educational institutions to try to hide what culture has generated on these matters. Culture is not only intellectual education. It is also awareness, controlling one&#x2019;s body, belonging, or religious transcendence - all these also have a place given they have an immense cultural legacy and explain many of the social problems we currently face.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1_Eng" fn-type="financial-disclosure"><label>1.</label> <p>This article is born out of a project financed by the Porticus Foundation and its partner in Spain, the Fundaci&#x00F3;n Europea Sociedad y Educaci&#x00F3;n [European Foundation for Society and Education] titled &#x201C;<italic>Changing educational systems through a WCD Leadership programme in Portugal and Spain</italic>&#x201D; (REF. EFSE/020182022) which gave rise to a management team training course in disadvantaged contexts. The use of the myth served to provide a different outlook on leadership and there is a summarised version without the academic details on the course page at the following link <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.wcdleadership.com">https://www.wcdleadership.com</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn id="fn2_Eng" fn-type="other"><label>2.</label> <p>We cannot read this statement in a totalising way. Evidently, there are parents who manifest what can even be considered a heroic attitude on their journey as they strengthen their children against adversity (see the example of George Steiner in the relationship with his mother -<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-29361_Eng">Steiner, 2016</xref>, p. 12), but the relationship between emotional connection and the fear of suffering cannot be denied, especially in those we love the most.</p></fn>
<fn id="fn3_Eng" fn-type="other"><label>3.</label> <p>The myth of Ulysses reminds us of the profound relationships between affectivity and human development and its presence in the adolescent age. What is affective and emotional is not a marginal aspect and even less during the period of confusion regarding sexual identity and where pornography is already a significant problem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-29361_Eng">Reyero, 2021</xref>).</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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