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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.27848</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.27848</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>PEDIR M&#x00C1;S A LA UNIVERSIDAD EN L&#x00CD;NEA. &#x00BF;PODEMOS PENSAR JUNTOS ESTANDO SEPARADOS POR UNA PANTALLA?<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Asking More From the Online University. Can We Think Together While Separated By a Screen?</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>MARIN</surname>
<given-names>Lavinia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff>
<institution content-type="original">Delft University of Technology. Netherlands.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Delft University of Technology</institution>
<country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<aff>
<institution content-type="original">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Belgium.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</institution>
<country country="BE">Belgium</country>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-947X">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-947X</ext-link>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><email>L.Marin@tudelft.nl</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>108</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>30</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>27</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2022 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Licencia CC BY-NC-ND. Licencia de Creative Commons Atribuci&#x00F3;n-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional Universidad de Salamanca. Su comercializaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; sujeta al permiso del editor</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El cambio a la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea que se produjo durante la pandemia del coronavirus puso en primer plano las preguntas sobre el valor y la conveniencia de una universidad totalmente en l&#x00ED;nea. Este art&#x00ED;culo explora hasta qu&#x00E9; punto es deseable una universidad totalmente en l&#x00ED;nea desde una perspectiva educativa, en la que la educaci&#x00F3;n se considera una experiencia valiosa tomada en s&#x00ED; misma, independientemente de su resultado. Parto de la hip&#x00F3;tesis de que una dimensi&#x00F3;n fundamental de las pr&#x00E1;cticas de estudio en la universidad es la experiencia del pensamiento colectivo desencadenado por acuerdos materiales y sociales espec&#x00ED;ficos. Procedo a describir las condiciones materiales para desencadenar el pensamiento en t&#x00E9;rminos de lo que llamo desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico, que es una forma de integrar los medios en las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que permite un tipo de atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante. El art&#x00ED;culo concluye argumentando que necesitamos desarrollar nuevas tecnolog&#x00ED;as para la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea y entrenar nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n deliberadamente para los entornos en l&#x00ED;nea estableciendo nuevos protocolos para tratar la dispersi&#x00F3;n digital de la atenci&#x00F3;n.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The switch to online education that occurred during the Corona pandemic brought to the fore questions about the value and desirability of a fully online university. This article explores to what extent is a fully online university desirable from an educational perspective, whereby education is seen as a valuable experience taken in itself, regardless of its output. I start from the hypothesis that a fundamental dimension of study practices at the university is the experience of collective thinking triggered by specific material and social arrangements. I proceed to describe material conditions for triggering thinking in terms of what I call mediatic displacement, which is a way of integrating media into educational practices that enables a fluctuating type of attention. The paper concludes by arguing that we need to develop new technologies for online education and train our attention deliberately for online environments by establishing new protocols for dealing with the digital scattering of attention.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>universidad en l&#x00ED;nea</kwd>
<kwd>pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas</kwd>
<kwd>estudio</kwd>
<kwd>pensamiento colectivo</kwd>
<kwd>desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>online university</kwd>
<kwd>educational practices</kwd>
<kwd>study</kwd>
<kwd>collective thinking</kwd>
<kwd>mediatic displacement</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>Horizonte 2020 de la Uni&#x00F3;n Europea</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>n.&#x00BA; 707404</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>Informaci&#x00F3;n sobre la financiaci&#x00F3;n: Este proyecto ha recibido financiaci&#x00F3;n del programa de investigaci&#x00F3;n e innovaci&#x00F3;n <italic>Horizonte 2020 de la Uni&#x00F3;n Europea</italic> en el marco del acuerdo de subvenci&#x00F3;n <italic>Marie Sk&#x0142;odowska-Curie</italic> n.&#x00BA; 707404. Las opiniones expresadas en este documento reflejan &#x00FA;nicamente el punto de vista del autor. La Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea no es responsable del uso que pueda hacerse de la informaci&#x00F3;n que contiene.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-27848-es" sec-type="introduction">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc>: U<sc>n enfoque educativo de la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea</sc></bold></title>
<p>Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, varios intentos de transici&#x00F3;n de las clases universitarias al entorno en l&#x00ED;nea nos enfrentaron a la constataci&#x00F3;n de lo dif&#x00ED;cil que es instaurar una universidad en l&#x00ED;nea que sustituya por completo a la universidad f&#x00ED;sica. Algunos se preguntan si, despu&#x00E9;s de todo, es deseable una universidad en l&#x00ED;nea, bas&#x00E1;ndose en debates anteriores sobre la universidad digital<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Sin embargo, es injusto extraer tales conclusiones, ya que el experimento pand&#x00E9;mico de la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea fue una soluci&#x00F3;n de supervivencia, temporal en el mejor de los casos. Como se&#x00F1;alaron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-27848-es">Hodges y sus colaboradores (2020)</xref>, deber&#x00ED;amos abstenernos de sacar conclusiones sobre las posibilidades de la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea a partir de la situaci&#x00F3;n de emergencia de ense&#x00F1;anza en l&#x00ED;nea a distancia que tuvo lugar durante la pandemia. Sin embargo, despu&#x00E9;s de que todo el mundo tuviera una experiencia de primera mano con la ense&#x00F1;anza en l&#x00ED;nea en el a&#x00F1;o anterior, se ha abierto una pregunta: &#x00BF;puede una universidad en l&#x00ED;nea sustituir a la universidad f&#x00ED;sica, y es este, en &#x00FA;ltima instancia, un objetivo deseable? Para responder a esto, primero debemos aclarar qu&#x00E9; buscamos con una universidad en l&#x00ED;nea desde una perspectiva educativa.</p>
<p>A primera vista, parece que nos encontramos en un buen momento para responder a esta pregunta, dada la amplitud de la investigaci&#x00F3;n existente sobre las universidades digitales. Durante al menos una d&#x00E9;cada antes de la pandemia del coronavirus, la &#x0022;universidad digital&#x0022; era un tropo recurrente en el discurso pol&#x00ED;tico sobre la educaci&#x00F3;n superior. El discurso de la &#x0022;universidad digital&#x0022; lo interpret&#x00F3; como un objetivo deseable para los responsables pol&#x00ED;ticos y los administradores universitarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-27848-es">Bowen, 2013</xref>), parte de un movimiento ret&#x00F3;rico m&#x00E1;s amplio de modernizaci&#x00F3;n de las universidades dot&#x00E1;ndolas de un ap&#x00E9;ndice digital<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. A pesar de las pandemias, hay muchas razones por las que una universidad digital puede ser deseable. Algunas tienen que ver con el aumento de la base de estudiantes o la oferta de servicios m&#x00E1;s inclusivos para los estudiantes discapacitados. Adem&#x00E1;s, en las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas se ha investigado mucho sobre la eficacia del aprendizaje en l&#x00ED;nea, midiendo el rendimiento de los estudiantes en l&#x00ED;nea en comparaci&#x00F3;n con cohortes fuera de l&#x00ED;nea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-27848-es">Kimball, 2002</xref>). Sin embargo, el discurso sobre la universidad digital parece asumir que el objetivo de la educaci&#x00F3;n universitaria es principalmente el aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-27848-es">Lewin, 2016</xref>); de ah&#x00ED; que las m&#x00E9;tricas utilizadas para medir el &#x00E9;xito giren en torno al recuerdo de las cosas aprendidas por parte del estudiante y su adquisici&#x00F3;n de habilidades. Aunque reconozco que el aprendizaje es una parte importante de la vida universitaria, que a menudo se utiliza como justificaci&#x00F3;n principal del papel social de las universidades, en este art&#x00ED;culo adoptar&#x00E9; <italic>una perspectiva educativa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-27848-es">Masschelein &#x0026; Simons, 2013</xref>, p. 173) sobre la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea. La perspectiva educativa es un enfoque que conceptualiza las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias como dignas de ser realizadas en s&#x00ED; mismas, tomando impl&#x00ED;citamente distancia de los enfoques funcionales<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4"><sup>4</sup></xref> que conciben la universidad como primordialmente conducente a bienes externos a ella. Un enfoque educativo considera el valor de las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas como experiencias que merecen la pena en s&#x00ED; mismas y es casi id&#x00E9;ntico a un enfoque postcr&#x00ED;tico de la educaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-27848-es">Hodgson <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>, p. 17).</p>
<p>La posibilidad de tener una educaci&#x00F3;n digital ya ha sido abordada desde una perspectiva educativa por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-27848-es">Vlieghe (2014)</xref>, quien mostr&#x00F3; que existen fundamentos conceptuales en la obra de Agamben y Stiegler que permiten vislumbrar un uso educativo de las tecnolog&#x00ED;as digitales. Partiendo de esta base conceptual, pero adentr&#x00E1;ndome m&#x00E1;s en una direcci&#x00F3;n normativa, quiero examinar en particular los tipos de experiencias que suscitan las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias en l&#x00ED;nea y preguntar si se puede encontrar un significado en ellas y c&#x00F3;mo. A partir del enfoque educativo, indago sobre cu&#x00E1;les son las condiciones experienciales que debe proporcionar m&#x00ED;nimamente una universidad en l&#x00ED;nea para mantener intacta su forma educativa. Se trata de una pregunta normativa cuya respuesta implica una postura clara sobre lo que es valioso de la educaci&#x00F3;n universitaria y lo que hay que mantener en la transici&#x00F3;n a la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea, es decir, las experiencias distintivas que tienen los estudiantes mientras estudian en la universidad. Todas las formas de educaci&#x00F3;n dan lugar a experiencias distintivas, pero el rasgo caracter&#x00ED;stico de la universidad es la experiencia sensible del pensamiento colectivo<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. De esta manera, la cuesti&#x00F3;n de si la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea puede ejemplificar la misma forma educativa que la universidad f&#x00ED;sica se reduce a indagar sobre las experiencias del pensamiento colectivo. A mi entender, esta pregunta a&#x00FA;n no se ha planteado en la erudici&#x00F3;n sobre la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea, pero es fundamental si consideramos las universidades en l&#x00ED;nea como una alternativa seria a las f&#x00ED;sicas.</p>
<p>El pensamiento colectivo en la universidad se ha descrito como un acontecimiento en el que el pensamiento se hace real para los presentes que luego se ven obligados a estudiarlo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-27848-es">Simons &#x0026; Masschelein, 2018</xref>, p. 59). El aspecto colectivo del pensamiento no consiste en un estado mental compartido que todos los participantes experimentan al mismo tiempo (similar al contagio emocional en un grupo). Se trata m&#x00E1;s bien del efecto convincente de las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que nos hacen reflexionar de nuevo sobre un tema. Las reflexiones y conclusiones a las que lleguemos pueden ser diferentes, aunque habr&#x00E1; cierta coincidencia si discutimos lo que pensamos, en definitiva. Cuando entramos en una situaci&#x00F3;n de estudio, un tema que antes nos era indiferente se convierte de repente en un asunto de inter&#x00E9;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-27848-es">Masschelein y Simons, 2009</xref>, p. 240), lo que implica que no basta con recurrir a los conocimientos anteriores para resolver este nuevo problema, sino que debemos hacer alg&#x00FA;n esfuerzo nosotros mismos. Lo com&#x00FA;n del pensamiento colectivo consiste en instaurar algo parecido a un campo electromagn&#x00E9;tico que orienta a todos los sujetos hacia un tema de inter&#x00E9;s con tal fuerza que el pensamiento no puede ser evitado.</p>
<p>El pensamiento colectivo se entrelaza con el estudio: algo nos hace pensar y, como nos damos cuenta de que no lo entendemos lo suficiente, necesitamos estudiarlo m&#x00E1;s. Las pr&#x00E1;cticas de estudio tienen el efecto de sacarnos de nuestros propios intereses y patrones al tiempo que nos ponen delante un tema sobre el que debemos reflexionar con urgencia. El aspecto colectivo se manifiesta en la necesidad percibida de pensar, no en las conclusiones de esta reflexi&#x00F3;n. El pensamiento individual y el colectivo se parecen hasta cierto punto, ya que, mientras estamos solos, algo puede hacernos pensar (un libro, una pel&#x00ED;cula, una experiencia vivida), pero la marca distintiva de la universidad es que puede hacer que las personas piensen juntas sobre un tema com&#x00FA;n que se convierte en un asunto de inter&#x00E9;s para todos los involucrados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-27848-es">Schildermans <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-27848-es">Swillens &#x0026; Vlieghe, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-27848-es">Schildermans, 2021</xref>). Cuando algo nos hace pensar juntos mientras lo estudiamos, es se&#x00F1;al de que se han borrado las fronteras entre el mundo y la educaci&#x00F3;n, y entonces el mundo se convierte en una oportunidad educativa. Este enfoque del pensamiento colectivo en la universidad ayuda a reducir la pregunta inicial a lo siguiente: &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; condiciones se necesitan para promover el pensamiento colectivo en una universidad? En primer lugar, tenemos que analizar c&#x00F3;mo la universidad cl&#x00E1;sica promueve el pensamiento a trav&#x00E9;s de sus pr&#x00E1;cticas.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-27848-es">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>res ejemplos de pensamiento en la universidad</sc></bold></title>
<p>A continuaci&#x00F3;n, describir&#x00E9; c&#x00F3;mo el pensamiento en la universidad surge como una forma de pensamiento colectivo mientras se estudia. Para ilustrar esta experiencia, utilizar&#x00E9; tres pr&#x00E1;cticas pedag&#x00F3;gicas en la universidad. Una tradicional: la clase magistral; y dos pr&#x00E1;cticas experimentales muy nuevas: el <italic>Labo</italic> y los grupos de estudio PATHES-3. Al dilucidar c&#x00F3;mo surge el pensamiento en estos tres casos, estaremos m&#x00E1;s cerca de comprender qu&#x00E9; condiciones hacen posible la experiencia del pensamiento colectivo e incluso la desencadenan y, por lo tanto, tendremos un punto de comparaci&#x00F3;n con las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas en l&#x00ED;nea.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-27848-es">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>La clase magistral</italic></title>
<p>Las clases magistrales est&#x00E1;ndar en la universidad no parecen ser, <italic>a primera vista</italic>, lugares para pensar. La clase magistral ha sido descrita como un m&#x00E9;todo pasivo para la transmisi&#x00F3;n de conocimientos con p&#x00E9;simos resultados, lo que lleva a preguntarse por qu&#x00E9; sigue existiendo esta pr&#x00E1;ctica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-27848-es">Laurillard, 2002</xref>). Concebir la clase magistral como un medio de transmisi&#x00F3;n de conocimientos deber&#x00ED;a plantear, en efecto, un problema para impartirla: &#x00BF;por qu&#x00E9; querr&#x00ED;amos escuchar a alguien que nos <italic>habla</italic> del mismo tipo de informaci&#x00F3;n que podemos <italic>leer</italic> mucho m&#x00E1;s r&#x00E1;pido? Sin embargo, el aprendizaje no es el aspecto principal de la clase magistral, ni el motivo por el que la valoramos. Desde una perspectiva educativa, que consiste en considerar el acto educativo como valioso por ser experiencia en s&#x00ED; mismo, independientemente de sus resultados, habr&#x00ED;a que preguntarse qu&#x00E9; tiene de &#x00FA;nico la clase magistral como experiencia sensible que merece la pena en s&#x00ED; misma. Siguiendo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-27848-es">Masschelein y Simons (2013)</xref>, este valioso aspecto radica en la capacidad &#x00FA;nica de la clase magistral como forma pedag&#x00F3;gica para reunir a las personas en torno a un asunto de inter&#x00E9;s compartido y as&#x00ED; hacerlas reflexionar.</p>
<p>El pensamiento que se experimenta en la clase magistral podr&#x00ED;a concebirse como un acontecimiento solitario hasta cierto punto: el profesor que habla ante el aula puede obtener repentinos chispazos de inspiraci&#x00F3;n al ver las caras de incredulidad o fruncimiento de los estudiantes, ya que la presencia de estos act&#x00FA;a como catalizador de la lluvia de ideas al desencadenar sucesivas explicaciones y reformulaciones, tal y como explica Kleist en un famoso ensayo:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>El rostro humano que se enfrenta a un orador es una extraordinaria fuente de inspiraci&#x00F3;n para &#x00E9;l, y una mirada que nos informa de que un pensamiento que solo hemos expresado a medias ya ha sido captado nos ahorra a menudo la molestia de expresar toda la mitad restante. Creo que, en el momento de abrir la boca, muchos grandes oradores no sab&#x00ED;an lo que iban a decir (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-27848-es">Kleist, 1951 -1805-</xref>, p. 43).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Pero no se trata todav&#x00ED;a de una experiencia de pensamiento colectivo, sino de un pensamiento individual apoyado por un colectivo, similar al teatro de improvisaci&#x00F3;n y a los discursos pol&#x00ED;ticos que necesitan alg&#x00FA;n tipo de p&#x00FA;blico. El pensamiento colectivo es algo diferente y tiene como rasgo distintivo que tanto el p&#x00FA;blico como el orador se convierten en estudiantes, o como dicen Simons y Elen, &#x0022;el estudiante universitario no es un alumno, sino alguien que participa en la investigaci&#x00F3;n acad&#x00E9;mica&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-27848-es">Simons &#x0026; Elen, 2007</xref>, p. 624), es decir, el estudiante y el profesor son iguales en varios momentos clave en los que se quedan sin respuestas, y esto les obliga a pensar.</p>
<p>&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; ocurre concretamente en la clase magistral para suscitar esta experiencia de pensamiento colectivo? Para el profesor, es necesario asumir un cierto riesgo. Este no debe seguir demasiado de cerca sus notas o diapositivas. Es en esos momentos de alejamiento de las notas, cuando el profesor se dirige a la audiencia, cuando empieza a producirse el pensamiento adentr&#x00E1;ndose en temas no preparados, haciendo conexiones y reflexiones sobre la marcha. As&#x00ED;, para el profesor, dejar el plan de estudio preestablecido y seguir su intuici&#x00F3;n son condiciones previas para pensar.</p>
<p>Mientras tanto, para los estudiantes, la experiencia de tomar apuntes es fundamental para desencadenar el pensamiento. Al tomar apuntes, los estudiantes reestructuran el discurso del profesor, seleccionan lo que les interesa y lo reformulan con sus propias palabras. Podemos considerar los apuntes de los estudiantes como un sism&#x00F3;grafo de lo que les hizo pensar, seg&#x00FA;n lo que plasmaron en la p&#x00E1;gina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-27848-es">Marin &#x0026; Sturm, 2021</xref>). Al tomar notas, los estudiantes indican al profesor que est&#x00E1;n presentes, que siguen su hilo de pensamiento y que est&#x00E1;n atentos a los temas que se tratan. Cuando hacen garabatos o escriben distra&#x00ED;damente, los estudiantes siguen su tren de pensamiento que los lleva fuera del aula a su propio espacio privado para pensar. Estos acontecimientos pueden alternarse: un estudiante puede tomar notas sobre la clase magistral, seguirla y, de repente, salirse por la tangente y desconectarse del evento. Podemos reconocer f&#x00E1;cilmente los momentos de pensamiento colectivo cuando los estudiantes est&#x00E1;n entusiasmados por el discurso y toman notas fren&#x00E9;ticamente mientras est&#x00E1;n totalmente atentos a la materia que se est&#x00E1; tratando. Sin embargo, hay algo importante en los momentos de desconexi&#x00F3;n; no son eventos infrecuentes, sino que son necesarios para que los estudiantes centren su atenci&#x00F3;n en los momentos que realmente les importan. Desconectarse y concentrarse, estar atento a las palabras del profesor, imaginarse estas palabras y luego replegarse en sus propios pensamientos son etapas r&#x00ED;tmicas de la experiencia de la clase magistral que se asemejan a la inspiraci&#x00F3;n y la expiraci&#x00F3;n. La toma de notas es el salvavidas de la clase magistral, ya que garantiza que los estudiantes vuelvan a prestar atenci&#x00F3;n al momento presente de vez en cuando y participen en el evento colectivo.</p>
<p>En sentido estricto, no todo lo que ocurre en una clase magistral tiene que ver con provocar experiencias de pensamiento. Cuando un profesor presenta un nuevo tema y explica sus componentes, los estudiantes son principalmente pasivos, ya que no pueden hacer ninguna reflexi&#x00F3;n si no comprenden los conceptos b&#x00E1;sicos. Estos momentos expositivos son necesarios para la clase magistral porque, simplemente, al tener a alguien que los explique con su voz y dirigi&#x00E9;ndose a un p&#x00FA;blico concreto, los conceptos y las teor&#x00ED;as cobran vida de una forma que dif&#x00ED;cilmente se conseguir&#x00ED;a con la sola lectura de un texto<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Por lo tanto, las clases regulares no consisten &#x00FA;nicamente en una reflexi&#x00F3;n conjunta, pero tampoco solo en una exposici&#x00F3;n y explicaci&#x00F3;n de conceptos, sino en una combinaci&#x00F3;n de ambas. Si la clase magistral es solo explicativa y los conocimientos se tratan como algo fijo<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn7"><sup>7</sup></xref>, entonces no existe ninguna diferencia con una clase escolar. Lo que distingue a la clase magistral universitaria es esta posibilidad de ser interrumpida por momentos en los que a los estudiantes no se les habla simplemente, sino que se les llama a pensar con el profesor. Estos momentos no tienen por qu&#x00E9; ser frecuentes, pero la posibilidad de que aparezcan es importante y da valor a la experiencia de asistir a una clase magistral. Antes de entrar en un aula, los estudiantes no saben si ser&#x00E1; una experiencia que invite a la reflexi&#x00F3;n o ser&#x00E1; tediosa, pero s&#x00ED; saben que pensar es una posibilidad real en cada clase magistral.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-27848-es">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>El Labo</italic></title>
<p>El <italic>Labo</italic> (cuyo t&#x00ED;tulo oficial es &#x0022;Dise&#x00F1;o de pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas&#x0022;) es un curso optativo disponible para los estudiantes de los programas de grado y m&#x00E1;ster en educaci&#x00F3;n de la KU Leuven. El objetivo del curso es explorar una ciudad y luego cartografiarla con la ayuda de los estudiantes, siguiendo un estricto protocolo que dirige su atenci&#x00F3;n a determinados puntos de inter&#x00E9;s. Resumido en pocas palabas, los estudiantes viajan juntos a una nueva ciudad (como Atenas, Charleroi, Barcelona, Lovaina, etc.) y luego pasean solos o en parejas por un camino aleatorio (siempre el mismo) tomando nota de ciertos par&#x00E1;metros de lo que ven (perros callejeros, tiendas vac&#x00ED;as, gasolineras, grafitis). Por la tarde, los estudiantes se re&#x00FA;nen y a&#x00F1;aden en un mapa las cosas que han encontrado a lo largo del d&#x00ED;a. Desarrollado por Jan Masschelein junto con un equipo educativo y perfeccionado a lo largo de los a&#x00F1;os, el protocolo permite a los estudiantes aprender a ver (de nuevo) una ciudad y experimentarla a trav&#x00E9;s de sus cinco sentidos, sumergi&#x00E9;ndose en una experiencia de la ciudad y permaneciendo con esta experiencia durante horas, por la duraci&#x00F3;n de los paseos. Los puntos que deben registrar los estudiantes en sus paseos son de diversa &#x00ED;ndole:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>asentamientos informales, bancos, edificios abandonados, grafitis, etc., que se han desarrollado y cambiado a lo largo de los a&#x00F1;os, para centrarse en la cuesti&#x00F3;n de lo &#x0022;p&#x00FA;blico&#x0022; Los estudiantes hablan con la gente, toman fotograf&#x00ED;as, captan olores y sonidos, y comparten estados de &#x00E1;nimo. Como se ha se&#x00F1;alado, los recorridos eran arbitrarios y atravesaban toda Atenas, sin reflejar una intenci&#x00F3;n de visitar zonas, lugares, miradores o &#x0022;zonas&#x0022; particulares (por ejemplo, bellas o deprimidas) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-27848-es">Masschelein, 2019</xref>, p. 192).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Despu&#x00E9;s de pasear diariamente por estos caminos aleatorios durante una semana, los estudiantes llegan a ver la ciudad bajo una luz diferente, m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la fachada tur&#x00ED;stica y la publicidad oficial. A trav&#x00E9;s de un procedimiento tan sencillo como riguroso de &#x0022;ejercicios de cartograf&#x00ED;a, paseo, mirada, escucha y conversaci&#x00F3;n en diversos paisajes urbanos de todo el mundo&#x0022; (<italic>op. cit</italic>., p. 190), los estudiantes aprenden a &#x0022;&#x0027;situar&#x0027; sensorialmente el pensamiento&#x0022;, ya que, en la concepci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica del ejercicio, &#x0022;los ejercicios de paseo y cartograf&#x00ED;a&#x2026; se conciben como pr&#x00E1;cticas de atenci&#x00F3;n, investigaci&#x00F3;n y enredo&#x0022; (<italic>op. cit</italic>., p. 191). En otras palabras, los estudiantes aprenden a ver de nuevo y a experimentar realmente la ciudad por primera vez.</p>
<p>En el curso <italic>Labo</italic>, el pensamiento se desencadena mediante pr&#x00E1;cticas que permiten a los estudiantes prestar atenci&#x00F3;n a las cosas que normalmente no ver&#x00ED;an (una gran parte de facilitar su atenci&#x00F3;n es la regla de que no pueden usar sus tel&#x00E9;fonos durante el d&#x00ED;a para buscar cosas o revisar las redes sociales, solo pueden usar los tel&#x00E9;fonos para tomar fotos con el prop&#x00F3;sito de documentar los puntos de inter&#x00E9;s). De esta forma, el pensamiento se desencadena primero por una atenci&#x00F3;n intensificada al estar presente con todos los sentidos y, a continuaci&#x00F3;n, a trav&#x00E9;s de pr&#x00E1;cticas colectivas de elaboraci&#x00F3;n de mapas por las tardes y de comentar con los dem&#x00E1;s lo que vieron. Los estudiantes ven, sienten y piensan, pero su pensamiento se basa en las experiencias que han tenido en la ciudad, es un pensamiento localizado. No se trata de un pensamiento especulativo, sino de un pensamiento abstracto basado en experiencias reales, ya que la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de mapas y las conversaciones permiten a los estudiantes conceptualizar la ciudad a un alto nivel de abstracci&#x00F3;n que no excluye la atenci&#x00F3;n y la participaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>El pensamiento universitario comienza por aprender a prestar atenci&#x00F3;n a un asunto de inter&#x00E9;s, y el <italic>Labo</italic> es un sofisticado experimento para prestar atenci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s de protocolos dise&#x00F1;ados espec&#x00ED;ficamente para requerir &#x0022;una cierta disciplina f&#x00ED;sica y mental&#x0022; (<italic>op. cit</italic>., p. 200) que utiliza los sentidos para guiar la atenci&#x00F3;n del estudiante al momento presente. Sin embargo, prestar atenci&#x00F3;n por s&#x00ED; solo no es suficiente para lanzarnos a pensar. El pensamiento universitario en el <italic>Labo</italic> se perfila como una especie de pensamiento colectivo (no en el sentido de que todos los estudiantes mantengan el mismo pensamiento al mismo tiempo), lo que significa que est&#x00E1;n preocupados por la misma cuesti&#x00F3;n, que han conceptualizado en los mismos t&#x00E9;rminos, y que les impone su presencia por igual. Cuando algo nos llama la atenci&#x00F3;n y nos hace reflexionar como grupo, estamos participando en el pensamiento colectivo. Esta parte del <italic>Labo</italic> fue posible gracias a las conversaciones vespertinas en las que los estudiantes equipararon o cotejaron sus creencias sobre lo que vieron durante el d&#x00ED;a, y en esas conversaciones, tambi&#x00E9;n se&#x00F1;alaron los aspectos normativos m&#x00E1;s importantes de la situaci&#x00F3;n en cuesti&#x00F3;n (qu&#x00E9; asuntos son preocupantes y qu&#x00E9; necesita una mayor reflexi&#x00F3;n) de una manera m&#x00E1;s sistem&#x00E1;tica. El pensamiento colectivo no es lo mismo que el pensamiento de grupo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-27848-es">Janis, 2008</xref>), es decir, un modo de pensar en un grupo que busca el consenso por encima de la verdad y que, tras llegar al consenso, se resiste a su cambio. Porque, durante el <italic>Labo</italic>, si bien los estudiantes piensan en lo mismo desde la misma perspectiva, lo hacen de diferentes maneras. Encontramos puntos en com&#x00FA;n entre sus conclusiones, pero llegan a ellas de forma independiente (a trav&#x00E9;s de los paseos) y luego de forma dialogada (elaborando mapas y discutiendo lo que vieron entre ellos). A los estudiantes no se les dice lo que tienen que creer, sino que llegan a unas conclusiones y luego las refuerzan con las experiencias similares de sus compa&#x00F1;eros. Juntos dan sentido a la experiencia sin que un profesor les diga c&#x00F3;mo interpretar lo que han visto. El <italic>Labo</italic> es un curso inusual en el conjunto de cursos que los estudiantes de educaci&#x00F3;n realizan en la KU Leuven. Es un curso que se arriesga al realizar un experimento de formaci&#x00F3;n de la atenci&#x00F3;n. El <italic>Labo</italic> act&#x00FA;a como una lente para enfocar esta experiencia de pensamiento colectivo que se hace posible a trav&#x00E9;s de la prestaci&#x00F3;n com&#x00FA;n de atenci&#x00F3;n mientras se pasea y se elabora un mapa. Los profesores moderan algunos seminarios de lectura, y luego elaboran el protocolo orientativo para el paseo y la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de mapas, pero la ense&#x00F1;anza m&#x00ED;nima pasa a un segundo plano frente a la experiencia de la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de mapas vivida. Ninguna persona ense&#x00F1;a nada en este curso, sino que la ciudad ense&#x00F1;a a los estudiantes a mirar y pensar.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-27848-es">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title><italic>Grupos de estudio PATHES-3</italic></title>
<p>En oto&#x00F1;o de 2019, la <italic>Sociedad de Filosof&#x00ED;a y Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n Superior</italic> celebr&#x00F3; su tercera conferencia en Lovaina (abreviada aqu&#x00ED; como PATHES-3, por sus siglas en ingl&#x00E9;s). Los organizadores locales decidieron experimentar con un formato no est&#x00E1;ndar y dise&#x00F1;aron una conferencia formada &#x00ED;ntegramente por grupos de estudio. El formato resumido era el siguiente: se ped&#x00ED;a a los 70-80 participantes que se incorporaban a la conferencia que enviaran un resumen de 1.000 palabras como m&#x00E1;ximo sobre el tema de la conferencia de ese a&#x00F1;o, es decir, el tema de estudio. Todas las aportaciones se recopilaron en un cuadernillo con un formato especial para su impresi&#x00F3;n: 2/3 de la p&#x00E1;gina eran el texto, y el tercio restante era un margen blanco en la p&#x00E1;gina, un espacio para tomar notas a mano. Durante la conferencia, los participantes se dividieron en 8 grupos de estudio, y a cada grupo se le encarg&#x00F3; el desarrollo de un tema relacionado con la tem&#x00E1;tica de la conferencia. Cada grupo trabaj&#x00F3; en una sala separada durante un d&#x00ED;a y medio, manteniendo reuniones de estudio peri&#x00F3;dicas. En primer lugar, los miembros del grupo tuvieron un tiempo de lectura, en el que leyeron las aportaciones del cuadernillo e hicieron anotaciones en los m&#x00E1;rgenes. A continuaci&#x00F3;n, el grupo se reuni&#x00F3; en torno a una mesa y comenz&#x00F3; a debatir su tema y a cotejar las conclusiones del cuadernillo. Por &#x00FA;ltimo, bas&#x00E1;ndose en estas conversaciones, elaboraron un mapa conceptual con las principales cuestiones relativas a su tema, las direcciones de investigaci&#x00F3;n y las preguntas principales. El resultado de cada grupo fue un mapa conceptual visual. El segundo d&#x00ED;a, los grupos se reunieron en una sesi&#x00F3;n plenaria, mostraron sus mapas a los dem&#x00E1;s grupos, presentaron sus principales conclusiones y respondieron a las preguntas de los dem&#x00E1;s grupos.</p>
<p>PATHES-3 se concibi&#x00F3; como una inversi&#x00F3;n de la progresi&#x00F3;n habitual de una conferencia, seg&#x00FA;n la cual uno llega con una redacci&#x00F3;n ya escrita, lista para ser presentada, dando por sentado que la reflexi&#x00F3;n se ha producido antes de la conferencia. Al elegir el formato de los grupos de estudio, se pidi&#x00F3; a los participantes que reflexionaran durante la conferencia, en su grupo de estudio, partiendo de los borradores publicados en el cuadernillo como inspiraci&#x00F3;n. La conferencia fue un &#x00E9;xito en cuanto a la materializaci&#x00F3;n de las condiciones para pensar, como demuestran los comentarios de los participantes que mencionan expl&#x00ED;citamente c&#x00F3;mo les hizo pensar y lo inusual que hab&#x00ED;a sido esta experiencia para ellos. El formato foment&#x00F3; la reflexi&#x00F3;n colectiva a trav&#x00E9;s de la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de mapas y los debates, que confrontaron a todos los participantes con los l&#x00ED;mites de su propia interpretaci&#x00F3;n de las lecturas. Este formato tambi&#x00E9;n presupone un esp&#x00ED;ritu de igualdad entre los participantes: Doctores, profesores, catedr&#x00E1;ticos y postdoctorados hablaban entre s&#x00ED; en igualdad de condiciones, y todos contribu&#x00ED;an al debate y a la elaboraci&#x00F3;n del mapa. Todos se hab&#x00ED;an convertido en estudiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-27848-es">Simons &#x0026; Masschelein, 2018</xref>). PATHES-3 adopt&#x00F3; un formato cl&#x00E1;sico de presentaci&#x00F3;n de la investigaci&#x00F3;n: la conferencia universitaria, y lo convirti&#x00F3; en una ocasi&#x00F3;n de estudio y logr&#x00F3;, con &#x00E9;xito, promover el pensamiento colectivo en todas sus sesiones.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-27848-es">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>ondiciones medi&#x00E1;ticas para promover el pensamiento en las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias</sc></bold></title>
<p>Inspir&#x00E1;ndonos en los ejemplos anteriores, podemos sacar ahora algunas conclusiones sobre las condiciones materiales y afectivas que fomentan el pensamiento en la universidad. El pensamiento colectivo surge cuando se pide a los estudiantes y a los profesores que piensen en un fen&#x00F3;meno que estudian. El aspecto colectivo no radica simplemente en hacerlo juntos, sino en borrar las diferencias entre estudiantes y profesores: en los momentos de reflexi&#x00F3;n, todos son estudiantes del tema en cuesti&#x00F3;n, que buscan comprender y explorar el flujo de pensamientos que genera. El pensamiento iguala a quienes participan en &#x00E9;l. O, en palabras de Simons y Masschelein, todos nos convertimos en estudiantes:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Convertirse en estudiante significa sentir curiosidad por lo que un texto, o cualquier otra cosa, tiene que decir o hacer visible. (&#x2026;) Se trata de pr&#x00E1;cticas (por ejemplo, en un seminario, un laboratorio, un aula) en las que un texto, un gr&#x00E1;fico, una imagen empieza a alzar de repente su propia voz, dif&#x00ED;cil de ignorar, pero igualmente dif&#x00ED;cil de entender, al menos cuando se mantienen las formas establecidas de entender y mirar. Se convierte en una cosa, se hace real, interrumpe los discursos y las representaciones, provoca titubeos y vacilaciones, aparece como lo que no estaba calculado al presentar una posible objeci&#x00F3;n a nuestros enunciados e hip&#x00F3;tesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-27848-es">Simons &#x0026; Masschelein, 2018</xref>, p. 59).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Para poder pensar junto a los dem&#x00E1;s, hay que permanecer con la incomodidad de no saber y darse cuenta de los l&#x00ED;mites de los propios conocimientos. Cuando no sabemos algo, la tentaci&#x00F3;n espont&#x00E1;nea es recurrir a un conocimiento previo que sea similar, utilizar la heur&#x00ED;stica o las reglas generales para obtener una respuesta r&#x00E1;pida o aplazar la reflexi&#x00F3;n para pasar a la acci&#x00F3;n. Esto implica cierta disposici&#x00F3;n a asumir riesgos y experimentar para todas las partes implicadas.</p>
<p>El <italic>Labo</italic> y PATHES-3 experimentaban con la inversi&#x00F3;n de un formato educativo cl&#x00E1;sico y lo cuestionaban. El <italic>Labo</italic> propone un formato de curso sin profesor, una inversi&#x00F3;n radical de la clase magistral. La ciudad ense&#x00F1;a a los estudiantes mediante los paseos y la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de mapas, y luego los estudiantes piensan juntos, sin necesidad de que un profesor les marque lo que deben pensar. PATHES-3 fue una conferencia sin presentaciones individuales, en la que el pensamiento y la presentaci&#x00F3;n se hicieron por grupos, subvirtiendo la jerarqu&#x00ED;a orador/p&#x00FA;blico y mostr&#x00E1;ndonos c&#x00F3;mo podr&#x00ED;a ser una conferencia si todos los participantes pudieran hablar, situados en igualdad de condiciones. Esta inversi&#x00F3;n ayuda a que el pensamiento sea m&#x00E1;s tangible para los participantes al pedirles que se arriesguen; el formato cl&#x00E1;sico de la clase magistral puede desencadenar el pensamiento colectivo, pero, de nuevo, es necesario que el profesor y los estudiantes asuman alg&#x00FA;n riesgo, y esto es algo m&#x00E1;s dif&#x00ED;cil de conseguir. En los siglos transcurridos desde la invenci&#x00F3;n de la clase magistral como formato, hemos aprendido a domesticarla mediante planes de clase, diapositivas y notas de clase que minimizan los riesgos que asumimos como educadores.</p>
<p>Dado que la asunci&#x00F3;n de riesgos es necesaria para promover el pensamiento colectivo, se podr&#x00ED;an se&#x00F1;alar varias virtudes epist&#x00E9;micas necesarias en este caso, siendo las m&#x00E1;s importantes la humildad y la curiosidad intelectual. Estas dos virtudes epist&#x00E9;micas pueden adquirirse y entrenarse, pero no podemos asumir directamente que las personas tienen esas virtudes epist&#x00E9;micas cuando participan en pr&#x00E1;cticas de estudio. La universidad no se apoya en las virtudes epist&#x00E9;micas preexistentes, sino que crea entornos en los que se facilita el ejercicio de dichas virtudes y quiz&#x00E1;s contribuye a la formaci&#x00F3;n de las mismas a trav&#x00E9;s de las pr&#x00E1;cticas de estudio. En este art&#x00ED;culo, quiero aclarar hasta qu&#x00E9; punto la universidad puede favorecer entornos que llamen a nuestra propensi&#x00F3;n a pensar, independientemente de lo virtuosos o conocedores que fueran los participantes anteriormente. &#x00BF;Existe una forma sistem&#x00E1;tica de que la universidad consiga hacer reflexionar a sus participantes a trav&#x00E9;s de acuerdos materiales? La respuesta que doy a continuaci&#x00F3;n se&#x00F1;ala los acuerdos materiales necesarios para instaurar protocolos de atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante y el entorno afectivo favorecido por los participantes. Dejo abierta la posibilidad de que se necesiten m&#x00E1;s condiciones para promover el pensamiento colectivo, pero estas dos parecen necesarias y primordiales.</p>
<sec id="sec-7-27848">
<label>3.1</label>
<title><italic>Protocolos educativos para la atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante</italic></title>
<p>Cualquier pr&#x00E1;ctica universitaria puede describirse tanto en t&#x00E9;rminos de sus resultados (por ejemplo, una pr&#x00E1;ctica con vistas al aprendizaje) como en t&#x00E9;rminos de c&#x00F3;mo se desarrolla pr&#x00E1;cticamente, paso a paso; esta &#x00FA;ltima descripci&#x00F3;n se refiere a los protocolos que conforman una pr&#x00E1;ctica. Seamos o no conscientes de ello, los protocolos son la espina dorsal de las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas universitarias y, sin embargo, en la investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa no solemos utilizar este t&#x00E9;rmino para describir lo que ocurre en la educaci&#x00F3;n debido a la abrumadora atenci&#x00F3;n que se presta a los resultados deseados. Los protocolos se utilizan sobre todo en las disciplinas t&#x00E9;cnicas en las que intervienen actores no humanos, como las redes inform&#x00E1;ticas, o en las pr&#x00E1;cticas m&#x00E9;dicas, y en la investigaci&#x00F3;n cualitativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-27848-es">Jacob &#x0026; Furgerson, 2012</xref>). Un protocolo es una secuencia que describe las reglas para llevar a cabo una pr&#x00E1;ctica y el orden de los pasos. Seg&#x00FA;n la definici&#x00F3;n de Masschelein, &#x0022;un protocolo contiene algunos principios o reglas y tambi&#x00E9;n requiere una cierta disciplina f&#x00ED;sica y mental&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-27848-es">Masschelein, 2019</xref>, p. 200), por lo que la disciplina f&#x00ED;sica y mental estaba destinada espec&#x00ED;ficamente a captar la naturaleza educativa de este protocolo. Todas las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas se componen en gran medida de protocolos (algunos asumidos t&#x00E1;citamente por los participantes), pero lo que hace &#x00FA;nicas a las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias es que sus protocolos educativos consisten en mantener la atenci&#x00F3;n. Sin la atenci&#x00F3;n, es dif&#x00ED;cil imaginar c&#x00F3;mo ser&#x00ED;a una experiencia educativa; sin embargo, la forma en que facilitamos la atenci&#x00F3;n en diversas pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas depende en gran medida de los protocolos.</p>
<p>Conceptualizo la atenci&#x00F3;n como un bien interno de las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas. Los bienes internos, siguiendo la teor&#x00ED;a de la pr&#x00E1;ctica de Alasdair MacIntyre, son lo que resulta esencial para realizar una actividad y alcanzar niveles de excelencia en esa pr&#x00E1;ctica: &#x0022;Los bienes internos no deben estar subordinados a los externos, sino estos a los primeros&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-27848-es">Keat, 2008</xref>, p. 245). Como se ha mencionado anteriormente, una perspectiva educativa implica tomar las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas como experiencias valiosas en s&#x00ED; mismas, pero esto solo puede ocurrir cuando los actores persiguen los bienes internos de la pr&#x00E1;ctica. Si nos centramos en los protocolos instaurados en las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias, la cuesti&#x00F3;n central es &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; tipo de atenci&#x00F3;n debemos promover en la universidad? No todos los tipos de atenci&#x00F3;n que surgen en las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas son iguales. Seg&#x00FA;n la teor&#x00ED;a de Katherine Hayles, las dos formas principales de atenci&#x00F3;n son la atenci&#x00F3;n profunda y la hiperatenci&#x00F3;n. La atenci&#x00F3;n profunda se experimenta cuando nos concentramos en una tarea a la vez: &#x0022;La atenci&#x00F3;n profunda&#x2026; se caracteriza por concentrarse en un solo objeto durante largos periodos (por ejemplo, una novela de Dickens), ignorando los est&#x00ED;mulos externos mientras se est&#x00E1; ocupado, prefiriendo un solo flujo de informaci&#x00F3;n y teniendo una alta tolerancia a los tiempos de concentraci&#x00F3;n largos&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27848-es">Hayles, 2007</xref>, p. 187). Por el contrario, la hiperatenci&#x00F3;n es una &#x0022;atenci&#x00F3;n [que] sobresale en la negociaci&#x00F3;n de entornos que cambian r&#x00E1;pidamente en los que m&#x00FA;ltiples focos compiten por la atenci&#x00F3;n&#x0022; (<italic>op. cit</italic>., p. 188). Hayles argument&#x00F3; que, desde una perspectiva evolutiva, la hiperatenci&#x00F3;n es m&#x00E1;s antigua que la atenci&#x00F3;n profunda porque los primeros humanos necesitaban estar alerta ante peligros constantes. En cambio, la atenci&#x00F3;n profunda es &#x0022;un lujo relativo&#x0022; (<italic>op. cit</italic>., p. 188) de las civilizaciones desarrolladas que pueden permitirse crear entornos para concentrarse en una sola cosa a la vez.</p>
<p>Bas&#x00E1;ndome en la distinci&#x00F3;n de Hayles entre los modos de atenci&#x00F3;n, planteo la hip&#x00F3;tesis de que la atenci&#x00F3;n que se experimenta durante las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias es una atenci&#x00F3;n profunda que se experimenta al cambiar de medio mientras nos centramos en un tema o pensamiento. Llamo a este modo atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante y, aunque pueda parecer que es un modo de hiperatenci&#x00F3;n (debido al constante cambio), sostengo que es atenci&#x00F3;n profunda con otra apariencia. La atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante es una atenci&#x00F3;n profunda que sigue el mismo pensamiento a trav&#x00E9;s de m&#x00FA;ltiples instancias medi&#x00E1;ticas, a veces entrando en la enso&#x00F1;aci&#x00F3;n pero sin buscar la excitaci&#x00F3;n o el cambio de tema. Para ilustrar c&#x00F3;mo es esta atenci&#x00F3;n y c&#x00F3;mo los protocolos facilitan su trabajo, volver&#x00E9; a los tres ejemplos anteriores como casos ejemplares de atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante promovida a trav&#x00E9;s de protocolos educativos.</p>
<p>La clase magistral puede describirse como una serie de protocolos para mantener la atenci&#x00F3;n centrada en lo que ocurre en el aula: hay reglas impl&#x00ED;citas para guardar silencio, para sentarse, para tomar notas y para hacer preguntas o interrumpir. Tambi&#x00E9;n hay reglas integradas en la arquitectura de las aulas que atraen la mirada de los estudiantes hacia el profesor y la pizarra, manteniendo su atenci&#x00F3;n centrada en un punto. Los protocolos de la clase magistral pueden escribirse como una serie de &#x0022;deberes&#x0022; que no se enuncian expl&#x00ED;citamente hasta que alguien se excede y hace otra cosa: hay que escuchar con atenci&#x00F3;n, hay que tomar notas, hay que mirar la pizarra o las diapositivas cuando el profesor las se&#x00F1;ala, no hay que perturbar la concentraci&#x00F3;n de los compa&#x00F1;eros, etc. Las tutor&#x00ED;as o los seminarios se componen de protocolos de atenci&#x00F3;n similares, pero esta vez, en lugar de apoyar principalmente la escucha, el objetivo primordial es promover el di&#x00E1;logo entre los participantes. Como pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa no est&#x00E1;ndar, el <italic>Labo</italic> hizo una lista de todos sus protocolos destinados a los estudiantes. Durante las expediciones <italic>Labo</italic>, se anima a los estudiantes a percibir el mundo que les rodea a trav&#x00E9;s de todos sus sentidos, es decir, a estar presentes en el momento (lo que implica una regla especial para no utilizar sus tel&#x00E9;fonos), y luego, a transponerlo en mapas, visualizarlo e interpretarlo en conversaciones reunidos en torno a los mapas. Los protocolos de PATHES-3 consist&#x00ED;an en la lectura silenciosa, la toma de notas, el debate conjunto y la elaboraci&#x00F3;n de mapas. Estos protocolos se impusieron por la forma en que se estructur&#x00F3; el tiempo, permitiendo amplias discusiones y tiempo abierto para pensar mientras se elaboraba el mapa conceptual.</p>
<p>Los protocolos empleados durante las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas en la universidad mantienen la atenci&#x00F3;n del estudiante, pero no est&#x00E1;n pensados para crear una atenci&#x00F3;n ininterrumpida, fija en un punto. En este tipo de atenci&#x00F3;n radica la principal diferencia entre las pr&#x00E1;cticas escolares y las universitarias: la escuela pide a los estudiantes que escuchen y presten atenci&#x00F3;n constante, mientras que la universidad pide a los estudiantes que piensen; la diferencia entre ambas radica en la modulaci&#x00F3;n de esta atenci&#x00F3;n. La atenci&#x00F3;n en la universidad no puede ser una concentraci&#x00F3;n continua en el asunto que se est&#x00E1; tratando, ni tampoco puede ser meramente pasiva (como tratar de entender solo las palabras del orador). Por el contrario, en la universidad, esta atenci&#x00F3;n es activa, interroga a las palabras y saca sus propias conclusiones. Esto significa que la atenci&#x00F3;n debe fluctuar entre las orientaciones autodirigidas y las dirigidas a los dem&#x00E1;s<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. Cuando solo prestamos atenci&#x00F3;n a nuestros propios pensamientos mientras estudiamos, corremos el riesgo de volvernos ensimismados y, en &#x00FA;ltima instancia, insensibles al mundo, ya que este desaf&#x00ED;a nuestros modos de pensar sobre &#x00E9;l. El estudio comienza enf&#x00E1;ticamente con una postura de &#x0022;no s&#x00E9;&#x0022; y, para llegar a ella, necesitamos ser desafiados por el mundo, ya que no encaja n&#x00ED;tidamente en nuestros modelos conceptuales. Cuando solo prestamos atenci&#x00F3;n a lo que dicen los dem&#x00E1;s (como es el caso de la absorci&#x00F3;n pasiva de la informaci&#x00F3;n), corremos el riesgo de darlo todo por sentado y quedar inmersos en el pensamiento de los dem&#x00E1;s hasta el punto de que nuestro pensamiento no pueda despegar. De ah&#x00ED; que la fluctuaci&#x00F3;n de la atenci&#x00F3;n entre lo que dicen y hacen los dem&#x00E1;s y lo que pensamos nosotros mismos deba cambiar constantemente. Normalmente, esto se consigue en la universidad principalmente a trav&#x00E9;s de la pr&#x00E1;ctica de la toma de notas: cuando los estudiantes toman apuntes en un seminario o una clase magistral, no transcriben literalmente lo que escuchan, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n lo procesan y transforman las palabras en funci&#x00F3;n de su interpretaci&#x00F3;n, y lo que se escribe es una combinaci&#x00F3;n de lo que otros piensan y lo que uno piensa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-27848-es">Marin &#x0026; Sturm, 2021</xref>), un pensamiento h&#x00ED;brido que es colectivo por su propia naturaleza.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-27848-es">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>El desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico como condici&#x00F3;n material de la atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante</italic></title>
<p>En otro lugar he teorizado que la forma distintiva en que las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias hacen posible esta fluctuaci&#x00F3;n de la atenci&#x00F3;n es empleando los medios de determinadas maneras, a trav&#x00E9;s de lo que he llamado <italic>desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-27848-es">Marin, 2021</xref>). El desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico es un protocolo que consiste en cambiar constantemente de medio, sin permitir que ning&#x00FA;n medio domine la experiencia de estudio. El medio es el soporte de lo que nos hace pensar, y tambi&#x00E9;n el soporte del objeto de estudio, pero no debe absorber ineludiblemente nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n, por ejemplo, del modo en que el cine centra nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n en la gran pantalla, haciendo dif&#x00ED;cil apartar nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n de ella. A la luz de esta idea de que un medio captura el pensamiento y da estructura a nuestro pensamiento (v&#x00E9;ase <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-27848-es">Flusser, 2000</xref> para una teor&#x00ED;a de los medios como estructuradores del pensamiento), existe la necesidad de poder pensar m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del orden impuesto por un medio. Inspir&#x00E1;ndome en la t&#x00E9;cnica de Vil&#x00E9;m Flusser de las traducciones repetidas como transcodificaci&#x00F3;n del pensamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-27848-es">Flusser, 2011</xref>), por la que la estructura de una lengua se neutraliza mediante la traducci&#x00F3;n a una lengua posterior, he planteado la hip&#x00F3;tesis de que en la universidad se alcanza un efecto similar mediante el uso repetido de diversos medios, o lo que he denominado desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>El desplaamiento medi&#x00E1;tico en la universidad est&#x00E1; constituido por un doble movimiento: un objeto de estudio codificado en alguna forma medi&#x00E1;tica (ya sea un texto, una imagen, un sonido) llama nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n, pero no se le deja que ocupe el centro del escenario. Es desplazado inmediatamente a la periferia por otro medio, convirti&#x00E9;ndose as&#x00ED; en un pretexto para pensar. (&#x2026;) La voz del profesor desplaza el texto, la mirada del estudiante desplaza la voz, la mano que escribe desplaza el texto y la voz, y luego el texto vuelve a ser le&#x00ED;do y comentado desplazando la voz y la escritura, y as&#x00ED; sucesivamente, en interminables movimientos circulares de desplazamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-27848-es">Marin, 2021</xref>, p. 52).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias consiguen subvertir cada medio cambiando alternativamente de medio durante la misma pr&#x00E1;ctica. En el <italic>Labo</italic>, el medio era la propia ciudad. Al mismo tiempo, el protocolo del paseo era la lente que permit&#x00ED;a estudiarla met&#x00F3;dicamente, apegarse y desprenderse de ella (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-27848-es">Masschelein, 2010</xref>), es decir, apegarse mientras se pasea y desprenderse mientras se elabora el mapa y se comenta. En los protocolos del estudio PATHES-3, la atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante se aseguraba mediante la diagramaci&#x00F3;n visual, la toma de notas en los m&#x00E1;rgenes del cuadernillo y el debate en grupo. El desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico se produjo entre el cuadernillo, la toma de notas, la pizarra y las conversaciones.</p>
<p>&#x00BF;Podemos encontrar un desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico en las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias en l&#x00ED;nea? A primera vista, esto parece posible. Los protocolos de desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico en la universidad cl&#x00E1;sica utilizan una variedad de medios (texto, discurso, diapositivas, v&#x00ED;deos, objetos materiales); por lo tanto, no es necesario un determinado medio para promulgar la atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante, sino solo una variedad de medios. As&#x00ED;, el desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico en la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea parece factible cuando los protocolos aseguran una variedad de atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante entre lo que se da (la materia de estudio) y lo que se piensa. Esto es lo que ocurre con las clases magistrales por v&#x00ED;deo transmitidas en l&#x00ED;nea, en las que los estudiantes pueden cambiar sin problemas entre pesta&#x00F1;as y pausar el v&#x00ED;deo o ralentizarlo, cambiar de pesta&#x00F1;a para tomar notas o hacer preguntas en el chat si la clase magistral se transmite en directo. Sin embargo, es demasiado f&#x00E1;cil apartarse del v&#x00ED;deo. Los estudiantes tienen la tentaci&#x00F3;n de distraerse consultando su correo electr&#x00F3;nico, chateando con sus amigos y volviendo de vez en cuando a la experiencia educativa. Si bien la atenci&#x00F3;n de los estudiantes en l&#x00ED;nea fluct&#x00FA;a entre la experiencia educativa y otra cosa, esa otra cosa no es necesariamente su propio pensamiento, sino m&#x00E1;s bien algo externo que act&#x00FA;a la mayor&#x00ED;a de las veces como una distracci&#x00F3;n. Precisamente porque hay tantas cosas que podemos hacer en la pantalla digital, ya que se pueden ejecutar diversas aplicaciones simult&#x00E1;neamente, parece que no hay espacio para recoger nuestros propios pensamientos y estar con nosotros mismos. Los nuevos movimientos hacia el minimalismo digital ilustran c&#x00F3;mo aquellos que quieren pensar por s&#x00ED; mismos elegir&#x00E1;n sistem&#x00E1;ticamente apagar sus ordenadores y tel&#x00E9;fonos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-27848-es">Newport, 2019</xref>). La principal cuesti&#x00F3;n problem&#x00E1;tica sobre la pantalla digital que dirige nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n sin descanso fue teorizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-27848-es">Agamben (2017)</xref> como una falta de potencialidad: mientras que una p&#x00E1;gina en blanco es un lugar para descansar nuestros ojos e imaginar palabras potenciales, la pantalla digital est&#x00E1; siempre llena de signos. La pantalla digital est&#x00E1; siempre llena &#x0022;siempre ya pose&#x00ED;da por una infinidad de iconos, barras de herramientas, enlaces, ventanas, etc.&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-27848-es">Lewis &#x0026; Alirezabeigi, 2018</xref>) lo que hace que cualquier experiencia de potencialidad (o &#x0022;vac&#x00ED;o&#x0022; como dicen Lewis y Alirezabeigi) sea dif&#x00ED;cil de conseguir en la pr&#x00E1;ctica. Sin potencialidad, no hay pensamiento, como nos recuerda <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-27848-es">Agamben (2017)</xref>.</p>
<p>Cuando estamos en l&#x00ED;nea, nos sacan sistem&#x00E1;ticamente de nuestros pensamientos mientras navegamos sin sentido por internet, dejando que nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n sea acaparada por otras actividades no educativas, desplaz&#x00E1;ndonos por v&#x00ED;deos e im&#x00E1;genes. En este carrusel de dispositivos que dirigen la atenci&#x00F3;n, la experiencia educativa que se ofrece en la pantalla tiene que competir injustamente por nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n con otras distracciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27848-es">Aaron &#x0026; Lipton, 2018</xref>). Sin embargo, esto es un problema ya que las experiencias educativas mientras se estudia deben permitir pausas para pensar. Los estudiantes necesitan tomar distancia de los est&#x00ED;mulos que atraen la atenci&#x00F3;n y replegarse sobre s&#x00ED; mismos durante un breve tiempo. Cuando los usuarios de internet no pueden soportar la incomodidad de pensar, pueden empezar a cambiar de pesta&#x00F1;a o de aplicaci&#x00F3;n, buscando informaci&#x00F3;n relacionada con el tema, como si m&#x00E1;s informaci&#x00F3;n les diera un descanso de la tarea de pensar. La huida del pensamiento a trav&#x00E9;s de las distracciones digitales est&#x00E1; al alcance de cualquiera, y se necesita mucha autodisciplina para permanecer con la incomodidad del pensamiento.</p>
<p>En gran medida, se podr&#x00ED;a argumentar que todav&#x00ED;a no tenemos los h&#x00E1;bitos mentales que permiten una postura neutral hacia la pantalla digital para que otros medios puedan desplazarla, mientras que s&#x00ED; tenemos estos h&#x00E1;bitos con los medios en papel. Los h&#x00E1;bitos que requiere la lectura (como sentarse quieto y prestar atenci&#x00F3;n a un peque&#x00F1;o cuadrado de papel, seguir las l&#x00ED;neas con los ojos) se han desarrollado a lo largo de siglos de pr&#x00E1;ctica. La pantalla digital es demasiado nueva para nosotros, lo que dificulta su integraci&#x00F3;n en los protocolos de atenci&#x00F3;n propios de la universidad. Esto lo indica el hecho de que la distracci&#x00F3;n digital era un fen&#x00F3;meno observado mucho antes de la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea, con el mero uso de internet y las tecnolog&#x00ED;as de la comunicaci&#x00F3;n en la universidad. Cuando los estudiantes llevaban sus ordenadores port&#x00E1;tiles al aula y se dedicaban a hacer varias cosas a la vez mientras fing&#x00ED;an tomar notas sobre la clase magistral, quedaba poco espacio para pensar, incluso si la clase magistral ten&#x00ED;a lugar fuera de l&#x00ED;nea, ya que el car&#x00E1;cter de la atenci&#x00F3;n subyacente de la universidad se subvert&#x00ED;a digitalmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-27848-es">Marin, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Esto significa que tenemos que desarrollar no solo nuevas tecnolog&#x00ED;as para la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea, sino que tambi&#x00E9;n tenemos que entrenar nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n deliberadamente para la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea pensando en protocolos para permitir que permitan un tipo de atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante con la pantalla digital.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-27848-es">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>O<sc>bservaciones</sc> F<sc>inales</sc></bold></title>
<p>Antes del experimento pand&#x00E9;mico del cambio en l&#x00ED;nea para las universidades, exist&#x00ED;a una tendencia floreciente de investigaci&#x00F3;n sobre la universidad digital y sus pr&#x00E1;cticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-27848-es">Friesen &#x0026; Cressman, 2010</xref>). Algunas de estas investigaciones se han centrado en las experiencias colectivas que se han desarrollado en el &#x00E1;mbito digital. Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-27848-es">Hahn y Klein (2019)</xref> consiguieron demostrar que m&#x00FA;ltiples usuarios dispersos f&#x00ED;sicamente por todo el mundo pueden crear un espacio comunal contribuyendo al mismo objeto medi&#x00E1;tico, y concluyeron que la pantalla pod&#x00ED;a entenderse como &#x0022;un espacio comunal disperso&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-27848-es">Hahn &#x0026; Klein, 2019</xref>, p. 69). En un experimento pedag&#x00F3;gico con un MOOC basado en el arte, Nancy Vansieleghem demostr&#x00F3; que un objeto digital puede reunir a los estudiantes a su alrededor cuando lo anotan y comentan, promulgando as&#x00ED; una pr&#x00E1;ctica colectiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-27848-es">Vansieleghem, 2019</xref>, p. 146). Sobre la base de estos experimentos educativos, se puede concluir que los espacios comunales digitales en los que se puede experimentar el estudio colectivo son posibles y se pueden dise&#x00F1;ar deliberadamente. Esto nos da cierta esperanza para futuras instancias de la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea, pero esta esperanza debe ser moderada por la comprensi&#x00F3;n de que los experimentos digitales exitosos con la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea implican a&#x00F1;os de experimentos, dise&#x00F1;o y redise&#x00F1;o, y teorizaci&#x00F3;n educativa sobre c&#x00F3;mo aprender nuevos h&#x00E1;bitos con herramientas digitales que no subviertan nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>El repentino cambio a la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea durante la pandemia del coronavirus consisti&#x00F3; en apropiarse de plataformas que no estaban dise&#x00F1;adas para la educaci&#x00F3;n y tratar de hacerlas funcionar de alguna manera. Este experimento fue contraproducente, y esto fue visible especialmente en c&#x00F3;mo los estudiantes perdieron el control sobre su atenci&#x00F3;n y, en lugar de una atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante, experimentaron una hiperatenci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27848-es">Hayles 2007</xref>) visible a trav&#x00E9;s del cambio constante entre pesta&#x00F1;as y aplicaciones, dispersando su atenci&#x00F3;n mientras asist&#x00ED;an a las clases en l&#x00ED;nea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-27848-es">Smith &#x0026; Schreder, 2020</xref>). Aunque existe una diferencia entre la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea asincr&#x00F3;nica y sincr&#x00F3;nica (o entre la educaci&#x00F3;n digital y la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea), la diferencia parece residir m&#x00E1;s en el grado de actividad que se exige a los estudiantes y no tanto en la mediaci&#x00F3;n de la pantalla. El dise&#x00F1;o de actividades educativas con un componente asincr&#x00F3;nico suele implicar que los estudiantes tengan que realizar una acci&#x00F3;n concreta, como se ha visto tambi&#x00E9;n en los experimentos educativos anteriormente mencionados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-27848-es">Vansieleghem <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). Una de las conclusiones de los estudios emp&#x00ED;ricos sobre la educaci&#x00F3;n sincr&#x00F3;nica en l&#x00ED;nea fue que los estudiantes pod&#x00ED;an mantener su atenci&#x00F3;n concentrada con dificultad en las partes de clase magistral, mientras que el trabajo en grupo era mucho m&#x00E1;s f&#x00E1;cil de realizar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-27848-es">Smith &#x0026; Schreder, 2020</xref>, p. 205).</p>
<p>Los experimentos educativos pand&#x00E9;micos nos han demostrado que la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea es posible, pero que es menos probable que conduzca al pensamiento espont&#x00E1;neo. Hay que dise&#x00F1;ar el pensamiento colectivo, prestando especial atenci&#x00F3;n al dise&#x00F1;o de nuevos protocolos de atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante que puedan funcionar con las pantallas digitales y de nuevas aplicaciones para las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas exclusivamente. Hasta ahora, todos hemos utilizado nuestros tel&#x00E9;fonos, tabletas y ordenadores port&#x00E1;tiles tanto para actividades educativas como para el ocio y el trabajo. La separaci&#x00F3;n de pesta&#x00F1;as en una pantalla no es suficiente para propiciar una separaci&#x00F3;n de contextos necesaria para la aparici&#x00F3;n del pensamiento. Tal vez, como propuesta de intervenci&#x00F3;n inicial, necesitemos dispositivos separados para acceder a las actividades educativas, dispositivos que no permitan el cambio de pesta&#x00F1;as y la multitarea. Un segundo factor a tener en cuenta es garantizar que siempre haya suficientes experiencias sincr&#x00F3;nicas en la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea, junto con las asincr&#x00F3;nicas, y que estas se realicen con un enfoque de riesgo y vulnerabilidad.</p>
<p>La educaci&#x00F3;n siempre ha implicado, en cierta medida, la realizaci&#x00F3;n de una actuaci&#x00F3;n; como se&#x00F1;ala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-27848-es">Goffman (1981)</xref>, siempre que hablamos delante de otros, representamos una persona acad&#x00E9;mica, aunque esta actuaci&#x00F3;n no suele percibirse como alienante porque todos los asistentes est&#x00E1;n reunidos en la misma sala, f&#x00ED;sicamente. Cuando las pantallas digitales separan a los asistentes, de repente, esta actuaci&#x00F3;n se hace m&#x00E1;s visible en su artificialidad. Para compensar esta distancia que aleja, tanto los profesores como los estudiantes deben ser m&#x00E1;s vulnerables y espont&#x00E1;neos, asumir m&#x00E1;s riesgos en su pensamiento, por ejemplo, hablando m&#x00E1;s a menudo. Esto implicar&#x00E1; el desarrollo de nuevas pr&#x00E1;cticas de autodivulgaci&#x00F3;n y autodisciplina, todo ello desencadenado por el efecto mediador de la pantalla digital. Es alentador pensar que, aunque las pr&#x00E1;cticas universitarias son centenarias, siguen reinvent&#x00E1;ndose y cambiando su medialidad lentamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-27848-es">Friesen, 2017</xref>). El <italic>Labo</italic> y PATHES-3 fueron ejemplos vivos de pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas exitosas inventadas hace pocos a&#x00F1;os y lograron activar el pensamiento colectivo de forma sistem&#x00E1;tica y hacer que las experiencias de estudiar juntos volvieran a ser emocionantes. La educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea necesita de una inquietud similar para experimentar con los formatos educativos con vistas a desencadenar experiencias de pensamiento para los estudiantes. Sea como sea, la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea nos exige repensar nuestros h&#x00E1;bitos cognitivos desarrollados a trav&#x00E9;s de las pr&#x00E1;cticas de educaci&#x00F3;n presencial y dar el salto hacia el desarrollo de nuevas pr&#x00E1;cticas y h&#x00E1;bitos para el mundo en l&#x00ED;nea. Impartir educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea transponiendo las pr&#x00E1;cticas tradicionales en la pantalla no ser&#x00E1; suficiente a menos que empecemos a dise&#x00F1;ar protocolos y medios centrados expl&#x00ED;citamente en el pensamiento colectivo.</p>
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<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>1.</label> <p>Informaci&#x00F3;n sobre la financiaci&#x00F3;n: Este proyecto ha recibido financiaci&#x00F3;n del programa de investigaci&#x00F3;n e innovaci&#x00F3;n <italic>Horizonte 2020 de la Uni&#x00F3;n Europea</italic> en el marco del acuerdo de subvenci&#x00F3;n <italic>Marie Sk&#x0142;odowska-Curie</italic> n.&#x00BA; 707404. Las opiniones expresadas en este documento reflejan &#x00FA;nicamente el punto de vista del autor. La Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea no es responsable del uso que pueda hacerse de la informaci&#x00F3;n que contiene.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>2.</label> <p>En este art&#x00ED;culo distingo la &#x0022;universidad digital&#x0022; de la &#x0022;universidad en l&#x00ED;nea&#x0022; y me centrar&#x00E9; principalmente en la forma en l&#x00ED;nea. La universidad digital es una universidad a distancia que utiliza medios digitales en lugar de papel (por ejemplo, libros electr&#x00F3;nicos, documentos en pdf, cuestionarios digitales, clases pregrabadas, etc.), lo que significa que un plan de estudios completo podr&#x00ED;a caber en un CD o en una memoria extra&#x00ED;ble y entregarse a los estudiantes para que accedan a &#x00E9;l totalmente sin conexi&#x00F3;n. Aunque la universidad digital puede hacer uso de la conectividad a internet e impartir sus cursos en tiempo real, esto no es estrictamente necesario; una universidad digital puede ser, en principio, una universidad totalmente as&#x00ED;ncrona. Un ejemplo paradigm&#x00E1;tico de universidad digital son los cursos en l&#x00ED;nea masivos y abiertos (&#x0022;MOOC&#x0022;, por sus siglas en ingl&#x00E9;s) que se configuran de tal manera que los estudiantes pueden realizar los cursos y resolver los ex&#x00E1;menes en diferentes momentos, a su propio ritmo. En cambio, en la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea, las clases y los seminarios se imparten, en la medida de lo posible, en tiempo real, por ejemplo, a trav&#x00E9;s de plataformas de videoconferencia como se observa en las respuestas de la ense&#x00F1;anza superior a los confinamientos por la COVID-19. Aunque las clases puedan ser pregrabadas, los estudiantes reciben algunas tutor&#x00ED;as o sesiones interactivas que se producen en tiempo real para que puedan debatirlas (el modelo denominado &#x0022;aula invertida&#x0022; se ha utilizado mucho en la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea). La universidad digital estaba pensada para funcionar de forma aut&#x00F3;noma, como un paquete de informaci&#x00F3;n e instrucciones que, una vez recibido por el estudiante, no suele requerir m&#x00E1;s intervenci&#x00F3;n de los profesores. Por su parte, la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea solo puede sobrevivir porque los estudiantes y los profesores est&#x00E1;n conectados a internet, normalmente al mismo tiempo, desde espacios diferentes. La universidad digital y la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea tienen un punto en com&#x00FA;n en cuanto a la mediaci&#x00F3;n: a ambas se accede a trav&#x00E9;s de una pantalla digital, ya sea de un tel&#x00E9;fono, un port&#x00E1;til o una tableta, pero sus protocolos son algo diferentes. As&#x00ED;, mientras que la mediaci&#x00F3;n digital es la misma, las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas y los supuestos de lo que constituye la educaci&#x00F3;n son sorprendentemente diferentes. Los defensores de la universidad digital asumen que la educaci&#x00F3;n a distancia cuenta como una educaci&#x00F3;n completa, mientras que los defensores de la universidad en l&#x00ED;nea asumen que siempre es necesario el contacto entre estudiantes y profesores, aunque est&#x00E9; mediado por las tecnolog&#x00ED;as de internet y las pantallas digitales.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>3.</label> <p>Para un an&#x00E1;lisis exhaustivo del discurso sobre la modernizaci&#x00F3;n de la ense&#x00F1;anza superior, v&#x00E9;ase <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-27848-es">Custers &#x0026; Magalh&#x00E3;es, 2021</xref>.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><label>4.</label> <p>Estos enfoques funcionalistas son, por ejemplo, los sociol&#x00F3;gicos o econ&#x00F3;micos que atesoran la universidad en la medida en que crea una cultura uniforme o contribuye a crear una masa de trabajadores del conocimiento, altamente cualificados.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>5.</label> <p>Lo que yo llamo &#x0022;pensamiento colectivo&#x0022; es descrito por Masschelein y Simons como &#x0022;pensamiento p&#x00FA;blico&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-27848-es">Masschelein &#x0026; Simons 2013</xref>, p. 174), pero yo prefiero la palabra &#x0022;colectivo&#x0022; para designar la experiencia sensible de pensar juntos, mientras que ellos utilizan la palabra &#x0022;p&#x00FA;blico&#x0022; para hablar de las implicaciones pol&#x00ED;ticas de dicho pensamiento y de la formaci&#x00F3;n del p&#x00FA;blico como entidad.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>6.</label> <p>Estos momentos de explicaci&#x00F3;n y de ser hablado se considerar&#x00ED;an como un aprendizaje pasivo o una transmisi&#x00F3;n de conocimientos. Sin embargo, no considero que se trate de un aprendizaje pasivo, ya que los estudiantes deben &#x0022;esforzarse por captar lo que la boca del lector emite&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-27848-es">Illich, 1993</xref>, p. 54) y participar activamente en la construcci&#x00F3;n del significado siguiendo la l&#x00ED;nea de explicaci&#x00F3;n y pensando junto a su profesor.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><label>7.</label> <p>Como dijo Humboldt, &#x0022;una peculiaridad de las instituciones cient&#x00ED;ficas superiores es que siempre tratan la ciencia como un problema que a&#x00FA;n no se ha resuelto del todo y, por lo tanto, se dedican constantemente a la investigaci&#x00F3;n, mientras que la escuela solo trata y ense&#x00F1;a porciones de conocimiento acabadas y acordadas.&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-27848-es">Humboldt, 1810</xref>)</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><label>8.</label> <p>Aunque empleo palabras como &#x0022;externo&#x0022; e &#x0022;interno&#x0022;, no presupongo un teatro cartesiano de la mente, un lugar en nuestras mentes desconectado del mundo. M&#x00E1;s bien, estas palabras deben entenderse como vectores dirigidos: medios internos dirigidos hacia el yo, y externos dirigidos hacia los dem&#x00E1;s.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.27848</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.27848</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>ASKING MORE FROM THE ONLINE UNIVERSITY. CAN WE THINK TOGETHER WHILE SEPARATED BY A SCREEN?<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>Pedir m&#x00E1;s a la Universidad en l&#x00ED;nea. &#x00BF;Podemos pensar juntos estando separados por una pantalla?</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>MARIN</surname>
<given-names>Lavinia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
</contrib>
<aff>
<institution content-type="original">Delft University of Technology. Netherlands.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Delft University of Technology</institution>
<country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<aff>
<institution content-type="original">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Belgium.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</institution>
<country country="BE">Belgium</country>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-947X">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-947X</ext-link>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c01"><email>L.Marin@tudelft.nl</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>108</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>30</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>27</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2022 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>License CC BY-NC-ND. Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivate Works 4.0 International University of Salamanca. Its commercialization is subject to the permission of the publisher</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The switch to online education that occurred during the Corona pandemic brought to the fore questions about the value and desirability of a fully online university. This article explores to what extent is a fully online university desirable from an educational perspective, whereby education is seen as a valuable experience taken in itself, regardless of its output. I start from the hypothesis that a fundamental dimension of study practices at the university is the experience of collective thinking triggered by specific material and social arrangements. I proceed to describe material conditions for triggering thinking in terms of what I call mediatic displacement, which is a way of integrating media into educational practices that enables a fluctuating type of attention. The paper concludes by arguing that we need to develop new technologies for online education and train our attention deliberately for online environments by establishing new protocols for dealing with the digital scattering of attention.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El cambio a la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea que se produjo durante la pandemia del coronavirus puso en primer plano las preguntas sobre el valor y la conveniencia de una universidad totalmente en l&#x00ED;nea. Este art&#x00ED;culo explora hasta qu&#x00E9; punto es deseable una universidad totalmente en l&#x00ED;nea desde una perspectiva educativa, en la que la educaci&#x00F3;n se considera una experiencia valiosa tomada en s&#x00ED; misma, independientemente de su resultado. Parto de la hip&#x00F3;tesis de que una dimensi&#x00F3;n fundamental de las pr&#x00E1;cticas de estudio en la universidad es la experiencia del pensamiento colectivo desencadenado por acuerdos materiales y sociales espec&#x00ED;ficos. Procedo a describir las condiciones materiales para desencadenar el pensamiento en t&#x00E9;rminos de lo que llamo desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico, que es una forma de integrar los medios en las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que permite un tipo de atenci&#x00F3;n fluctuante. El art&#x00ED;culo concluye argumentando que necesitamos desarrollar nuevas tecnolog&#x00ED;as para la educaci&#x00F3;n en l&#x00ED;nea y entrenar nuestra atenci&#x00F3;n deliberadamente para los entornos en l&#x00ED;nea estableciendo nuevos protocolos para tratar la dispersi&#x00F3;n digital de la atenci&#x00F3;n.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>online university</kwd>
<kwd>educational practices</kwd>
<kwd>study</kwd>
<kwd>collective thinking</kwd>
<kwd>mediatic displacement</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>universidad en l&#x00ED;nea</kwd>
<kwd>pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas</kwd>
<kwd>estudio</kwd>
<kwd>pensamiento colectivo</kwd>
<kwd>desplazamiento medi&#x00E1;tico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>Horizonte 2020 de la Uni&#x00F3;n Europea</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>No 707404</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>Funding information: This project has received funding from the <italic>European Union&#x2019;s Horizon 2020</italic> research and innovation programme under the <italic>Marie Sk&#x0142;odowska-Curie</italic> grant agreement No 707404. The opinions expressed in this document reflect only the author&#x2019;s view. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-27848-Eng" sec-type="introduction">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc>: A<sc>n educational approach to the online university</sc></bold></title>
<p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, various attempts at transitioning university classes to the online environment confronted us with the realisation of how difficult it is to enact an online university as a complete replacement for the physical university. Some wondered if an online university is desirable after all, drawing on previous discussions on the digital university<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn02"><sup>2</sup></xref>. However, it is unfair to draw such conclusions since the pandemic experiment of the online university was a survival solution, temporary at best. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-27848-en">Hodges and colleagues (2020)</xref> pointed out, we should abstain from concluding about the capabilities of online education from the emergency situation of remote online teaching that happened during the pandemic. However, after everyone got a first-hand experience of online teaching in the previous year, a question has been opened up: can an online university replace the physical university, and is this a desirable goal after all? To answer this, we must first clarify what we are after with an online university from an educational perspective.</p>
<p>It seems, at first sight, that we are currently in a good place to answer this question, given the extent of existing research on digital universities. For at least a decade before the Corona pandemic, the &#x0027;digital university&#x0027; was a recurring trope in policy discourse on higher education. The &#x0027;digital university&#x0027; discourse construed it as a desirable goal for policymakers and university administrators (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-27848-en">Bowen, 2013</xref>), part of a broader rhetorical move of modernising the universities by giving them a digital appendage<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn03"><sup>3</sup></xref>. Notwithstanding pandemics, there are many reasons why a digital university might be desirable. Some have to do with increasing the student base or offering more inclusive services to disabled students. Furthermore, there has been a lot of research in the last decades about the effectiveness of online learning, measuring how well online students perform while compared with offline cohorts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-27848-en">Kimball, 2002</xref>). However, the discourse on digital university seems to assume that the goal of university education is primarily about learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-27848-en">Lewin, 2016</xref>); hence the metrics used to measure the success revolves around the student&#x0027;s remembering of things learned and their skills acquisition. While I acknowledge that learning is an important part of university life, often used as a primary justification for the societal role of universities, in this article, I will take <italic>an educational perspective</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-27848-en">Masschelein &#x0026; Simons, 2013</xref>, p. 173) on the online university. An educational perspective is an approach that conceptualises university practices as worthwhile of being done in themselves, implicitly taking a distance from functional approaches<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn04"><sup>4</sup></xref> that conceive the university as primarily conducive to goods outside itself. An educational approach sees the value of educational practices as being experiences worthwhile having in themselves and is almost identical with a post-critical approach to education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-27848-en">Hodgson <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>, p. 17).</p>
<p>The possibility of having a digital education has been tackled already from an educational perspective by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-27848-en">Vlieghe (2014)</xref>, who showed that there are conceptual foundations in the work of Agamben and Stiegler that allow us to envision an educational use of digital technologies. Starting from this conceptual groundwork but going more into a normative direction, I want to look particularly at the kinds of experiences that online university practices give rise to and ask whether and how one can find meaning in these. Based on the educational approach, I inquire what the experiential conditions an online university should minimally provide to keep its educational form intact. This is a normative question whose answer implies a clear stance on what is valuable about university education and what needs to be kept in the transition to the online university, namely the distinctive experiences students have while studying at the university. All forms of education give rise to distinctive experiences, but the university&#x0027;s characteristic feature is the felt experience of collective thinking<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn05"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Thus, the question of whether the online university can instantiate the same educational form as the physical university is narrowed down to inquiring about the experiences of collective thinking. To my knowledge, this question has not yet been asked in the online university scholarship, yet it is fundamental if we are considering online universities as a serious alternative to the physical ones.</p>
<p>Collective thinking at the university has been described as an event where thinking becomes real for those present who then become compelled to study it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-27848-en">Simons &#x0026; Masschelein, 2018</xref>, p. 59). The collective aspect of thinking is not about a shared mental state that all participants experience at the same time (similar to emotional contagion in a group). Rather it is about the compelling effect of educational practices which make us think anew about a topic. The thoughts and conclusions we arrive at may be different, although there will be some alignment if we discuss what we think, ultimately. Whenever we enter into a situation of study, a topic that previously used to be indifferent to us suddenly becomes a matter of concern (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-27848-en">Masschelein &#x0026; Simons, 2009</xref>, p. 240), entailing that reverting to previous knowledge to solve this new problem is not enough, we must do some effort ourselves. The commonality of collective thinking is about instating something akin to an electromagnetic field that orients all subjects towards an issue of concern with such force that thinking cannot be avoided.</p>
<p>Collective thinking is intertwined with studying: something makes us think and, because we realise that we do not understand it enough, we need to study it further. Study practices have the effect of drawing us out of our own interests and patterns while placing in front of us a topic on which we must reflect urgently. The collective aspect is instantiated by the felt need to think, not by the conclusions of this reflection. Individual thinking and the collective one are similar up a point since, while we are alone, something can make us think - a book, a movie, a lived experience - yet the distinctive mark of the university is that it can make people think together about a common theme which becomes a matter of concern for all those involved (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-27848-en">Schildermans <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-27848-en">Swillens &#x0026; Vlieghe, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-27848-en">Schildermans, 2021</xref>). When something makes us think together while studying it, this is a sign that the boundaries between the world and education have been erased, and then the world becomes an educational opportunity. This focus on collective thinking at the university helps narrow the initial question into the following: what conditions are needed to enact collective thinking at a university? First, we need to look at how the classical university enacts thinking through its practices.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-27848-en">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>hree exemplary instances of thinking at the university</sc></bold></title>
<p>Next, I will describe how thinking at the university emerges as a form of collective thinking while studying. To illustrate this experience, I will use three pedagogical practices at the university: a traditional one - the lecture, and two very new experimental practices: the Labo and the PATHES-3 study groups. By elucidating how thinking emerges in these three instances, we will be closer to understanding what conditions make the experience of collective thinking possible and even trigger it, and hence we will have a point of comparison with the online educational practices.</p>
<sec id="sec-3-27848-en">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>The lecture</italic></title>
<p>Standard academic lectures at the university do not appear to be, <italic>prima facie</italic>, sites for thinking. The academic lecture has been described as a passive method for knowledge transmission with appalling results, begging the question of why this practice is still around (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-27848-en">Laurillard, 2002</xref>). Conceiving the lecture as a means for knowledge transmission should indeed pose a problem for lecturing: why should we want to hear someone <italic>speak</italic> to us about the same kind of information that we can <italic>read</italic> much faster? Yet, learning is not the main aspect of the lecture, nor why we value it. From an educational perspective, which is about seeing the educational act as valuable of being experience in itself regardless of its outputs, one should ask what is unique about the lecture as a felt experience worthwhile in itself? Following <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-27848-en">Masschelein and Simons (2013)</xref>, this valuable aspect lies in the unique ability of the lecturing as a pedagogical form to gather people around a shared matter of concern and thus make them think about it.</p>
<p>Thinking experienced in the lecture could be conceived as a solitary event up to a point: the lecturer speaking in front of the classroom can get sudden sparks of inspiration from seeing the faces of the students in disbelief or frowning as the presence of students acts as a catalyst for brainstorming by triggering successive explanations and reformulations, as explained by Kleist in a famous essay:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>The human face confronting a speaker is an extraordinary source of inspiration to him and a glance which informs us that a thought we have only half expressed has already been grasped often saves us the trouble of expressing all the remaining half. I believe that, at the moment when he opened his mouth, many a great orator did not know what he was going to say (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-27848-en">Kleist, 1951 -1805-</xref>, p. 43).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>But this is not yet a collective thinking experience; rather, it is individual thinking supported by a collective, similar to improvisational theatre and political speeches that need some kind of audience. Collective thinking is somewhat different and has the distinctive features that both the audience and the lecturer are turned into students, or as Simons and Elen put it, &#x0022;the student at the university is not a pupil, but someone who participates in academic enquiry&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-27848-en">Simons &#x0026; Elen, 2007</xref>, p. 624), namely the student and the lecturer are equal in several key moments when they are left without answers, and this compels them to think.</p>
<p>What happens concretely in the lecture to call forth this experience of collective thinking? For the lecturer, a certain risk-taking is needed. The lecturer needs to not follow one&#x0027;s notes or slides too closely. It is in those moments of straying from the notes when the lecturer addresses the audience thinking starts to occur by going into unprepared topics, into making connections and reflections on the spot. Thus, for the lecturer, leaving the pre-established lesson plan and following one&#x0027;s intuition are preconditions for thinking.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, for the students, note-taking experience is fundamental for triggering thinking. In taking notes, the students reshape the lecturer&#x0027;s speech, select what interests them, and rephrase it in their words. We can look at the student&#x0027;s notes as a seismograph of what made them think, as laid down on the page (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-27848-en">Marin &#x0026; Sturm, 2021</xref>). In taking notes, the students signal to the lecturer that they are present, following her train of thoughts, being attentive to the matters at hand. When doodling or writing absent-mindedly, students follow their train of thought that takes them out of the lecture hall into their own private space for thoughts. These events can alternate: a student can take notes about the lecture, stay with it, and suddenly steer off into a tangent and zone out of the event. We can easily recognise the moments of collective thinking when students are electrified by the speech and take notes furiously while fully attentive to the matter at hand. Yet, there is something important about the moments of zoning out; these are not uncommon events but are needed for students to focus their attention on those moments that matter truly to them. Zoning out and zoning in, being attentive to the lecturer&#x0027;s words, imagining these words, and then withdrawing in one&#x0027;s own thoughts are rhythmic stages of the lecturing experience that resemble inspiration and expiration. The note-taking is the lifeline of the lecture, ensuring that students return their attention to the present moment from time to time and participate in the collective event.</p>
<p>Strictly speaking, not everything going on in a lecture is about triggering thinking experiences. When an instructor introduces a new topic and explains its components, the students are primarily passive since they cannot do any thinking if they do not grasp the basic concepts. These expositional moments are necessary for the lecture because simply by having someone explain these in one&#x0027;s voice and addressing a particular audience, the concepts and theories become alive in a way that would be hard to achieve through reading a text alone<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn06"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Thus, regular lectures are not solely thinking together but neither only exposition and explanations of concepts, rather a combination of both. If the lecture is only explanatory and the knowledge is treated as fixed<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn07"><sup>7</sup></xref>, then it is indistinguishable from a school-like class session. What makes the university lecture distinctive is this possibility of being punctured by moments when students are not merely spoken to but also called to think with the lecturer. These moments need not be frequent, but the possibility of their appearance is important and gives value to the experience of attending a lecture. Before entering a lecture hall, students do not know if it will be thought-provoking or a tedious experience, yet they do know that thinking is a genuine possibility with every lecture.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-27848-en">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>The Labo</italic></title>
<p>The Labo (officially titled &#x0022;Designing Educational Practices&#x0022;) is an optional course available for the students attending bachelor&#x0027;s and master&#x0027;s programmes in education at KU Leuven. The course aims to explore a city and then map it with the help of the students, following a strict protocol that directs their attention at certain points of interest. Briefly summarised, the students travel together to a new city (such as Athens, Charleroi, Barcelona, Leuven, etc.) and then walk alone or in pairs on a random path - always the same - taking note of certain parameters of what they see (stray dogs, empty shops, gas stations, graffiti). In the evenings, the students are reunited and add the things they found throughout the day on a map. Developed by Jan Masschelein together with an educational team and refined throughout years, the protocol enables students to learn to see (again) a city and experience it through their five senses by immersing themselves in an experience of the city and staying with this experience for hours, per the duration of the walks. The points that need to be recorded by students in their walks are of various kinds:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>informal settlements, benches, abandoned buildings, graffiti, and the like, which had developed and changed over the years &#x2014; in order to focus on the issue of the &#x0022;public.&#x0022; The students talked to people, took photographs, captured smells and sounds, and shared moods. As noted, the paths were arbitrary, crossing the whole of Athens, not translating an intention to visit particular (for example, beautiful or deprived) areas, places, viewpoints, or &#x0022;zones&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-27848-en">Masschelein, 2019</xref>, p. 192).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>After walking daily through these random paths for a week, the students come to see the city in a different light, beyond the touristy fa&#x00E7;ade and official advertising. Through such a simple yet rigorous procedure of &#x0022;mapping, walking, looking, listening, and conversation exercises in various city landscapes all over the world&#x0022; (op. cit., p. 190), students learn to &#x0022;sensorially &#x0027;situate&#x0027; thinking&#x0022; since, in the pedagogical conception of the exercise, &#x0022;walking and mapping exercises &#x2026; are conceived as practices of attention, investigation, and entanglement&#x0022; (op. cit., p. 191). In other words, students learn to see again and to really experience the city for the first time.</p>
<p>In the Labo course, the thinking is triggered by practices that allow students to pay attention to the things they would not normally see (a big part of enabling their paying attention is the rule that they cannot use their phones during the day to search for things or check social media, they can only use phones to take pictures to document the points of interest). Thinking is thus triggered first by the heightened attention of being in the moment with one&#x0027;s all senses and then through collective practices of map-making in the evenings and discussing with each other what they saw. Students see, feel and think, but their thinking is grounded in the experiences they had of the city, it is situated thinking. It is not speculative thinking but abstract thinking grounded in actual experiences since the map-making and the discussions allow students to conceptualise the city at a high level of abstraction that does not exclude care and involvement.</p>
<p>University thinking begins by learning to pay attention to a matter of concern, and the Labo is a sophisticated experiment in making attention through protocols designed specifically to require &#x0022;a certain discipline of mind and body&#x0022; (op. cit., p. 200) which uses the senses to orient the student&#x0027;s attention to the present moment. Yet, paying attention by itself is not enough by itself to launch us into thinking. The university thinking in the Labo is emerging as a kind of collective thinking - not in the sense that all students maintain the same thought at the same time - meaning that they are concerned by the same issue, which they have conceptualised in the same terms, and which imposes its presence to them equally. When something commands our attention and reflection as a group, we are engaging in collective thinking. This part of the Labo was made possible by the evening discussions in which students aligned or confronted their beliefs about what they saw during the day, and in those discussions, they also singled out the most important normative aspects of the situation at hand (what matters are of concern and what needs further reflection) in a more systematic way. Collective thinking is not groupthink (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-27848-en">Janis, 2008</xref>), namely a mode of thinking in a group that seeks consensus above the truth and, after arriving at consensus, becomes resistant to its change. Because, during the Labo, while students do think about the same thing from the same perspective, they do so in different ways. We find commonalities among their conclusions, but they reach them independently (through the walks) and then dialogically (map-making and discussing what they saw with each other). The students are not told what to believe by anyone; they reach some conclusions and then re-enforce these by their colleague&#x0027;s similar experiences. They make sense of the experience together without a teacher telling them how to interpret what they saw. The Labo is an unusual course in the array of courses that education students take at KU Leuven. It is a course that takes a risk by enacting an experiment of attention forming. The Labo acts as a lens to focus this experience of collective thinking enabled through the common paying of attention while walking and map-making. The teaching instructors moderate some reading seminars, and then they guide the protocol for the walking and map-making, but the minimal teaching takes a back seat to the experience of lived map-making. No person teaches anything in this course; rather, the city teaches the students to look and think.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-27848-en">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title><italic>PATHES-3 study groups</italic></title>
<p>In the autumn of 2019, the <italic>Philosophy and Theory of Higher Education Society</italic> held its 3rd conference in Leuven (abbreviated here as PATHES-3). The local organisers decided to experiment with a non-standard format and designed a conference made up entirely of study groups. The format was, briefly, this: the 70-80 participants who joined the conference were asked to send an abstract of 1000 words maximum concerning the topic of the conference in that year, namely the issue of study. All the contributions were gathered in a booklet with a special format for print: 2/3 of the page was the text, and the remaining third was a white margin on the page, a space to take handwritten notes. During the conference, the participants were split into 8 study groups, and each group was tasked with elaborating a theme related to the conference&#x0027;s topic. Each group worked in a separate room for one day and a half, holding regular study meetings. First, the group members had some reading time - in which they read the contributions from the booklet and made notes in the margins. Then, the group gathered around a table and started discussing their theme and confronting the findings from the booklet. Finally, based on these discussions, they made a conceptual map with the main issues concerning their theme, research directions, and major questions. The output of each group was a visual concept map. The groups convened on the second day in a plenary, showed their maps to the other groups, presented their main findings, and answered questions from other groups.</p>
<p>PATHES-3 was conceived as a reversal of the usual progression of a conference whereby one comes to the conference with a paper already written, ready to be presented, thus assuming the thinking to have happened before the conference. By choosing the format of the study groups, the conference asked participants to think during the conference, in their study group, while starting from the drafts published in the booklet as an inspiration. The conference was a success in respect to materialising conditions for thinking, as shown by the participants&#x0027; feedback explicitly mentioning how it made them think and how unusual this experience had been for them. The format encouraged collective thinking through map-making and discussions, which confronted all participants with the limits of their own interpretation of the readings. This format also presupposed an ethos of equality among participants: PHDs, lecturers, professors, postdocs were speaking to each other on an equal footing, all contributing to the discussion and the map-making. They had all become students (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-27848-en">Simons &#x0026; Masschelein, 2018</xref>). The PATHES-3 took a classic format for presenting research - the academic conference- and turned it into an occasion for studying and managed, successfully, to enact collective thinking in all its sessions.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-27848-en">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>M<sc>ediatic conditions for enacting thinking in university practices</sc></bold></title>
<p>Inspired by the previous examples, we can now draw some conclusions about the material and affective conditions that foster thinking at the university. Collective thinking emerges when students and instructors alike are asked to think about a phenomenon they study. The collective aspect lies not simply in doing it together but in the erasing of the differences between students and teachers: in the moments of thinking, everyone is a student of the topic at hand, seeking to understand and navigating the flow of thoughts stirred by it. Thought equalises those engaged in it. Or, in the words of Simons and Masschelein, we all become students:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Becoming a student means becoming curious about what a text, or any other thing, has to say or makes visible. (&#x2026;) These are practices &#x2013; for instance, in a seminar, laboratory, lecture hall &#x2013; where a text, a graph, an image suddenly starts to raise its own voice, difficult to ignore yet equally difficult to understand, at least when holding to established ways of understanding and looking. It becomes a thing, it becomes real, it interrupts discourses and representations, it causes stuttering and hesitation, it appears as what was not calculated as presenting a possible objection to our statements and hypotheses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-27848-en">Simons &#x0026; Masschelein, 2018</xref>, p. 59).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>To be able to think together with others, one needs to stay with the discomfort of not knowing and be sensitive to the limits of one&#x0027;s knowledge. When we do not know something, the spontaneous temptation is to revert to previous knowledge that is somewhat similar, to use heuristics or rules-of-thumb to derive a quick answer or to defer thinking in order to jump into action. This entails some willingness to take risks and experiment for all sides involved.</p>
<p>The Labo and the PATHES-3 were experimenting with reversing a classical educational format and questioning it. The Labo proposes a course format without a teacher, a radical reversal of the lecture. The city teaches the students through walking and map-making, and then students think together, without needing a teacher to highlight what to think. PATHES-3 was a conference without individual presentations, whereby thinking and presentation were done by groups, subverting the hierarchy speaker/audience and showing us how a conference could look if all participants would get to speak, placed on an equal footing. This reversal helps to make thinking more tangible for the participants by asking them to take a risk; the classical format of the lecture can trigger collective thinking, but, again, some risk taking is needed from the lecturer and the students, and this is somewhat harder to achieve. In the centuries that passed since the invention of the lecture as a format, we have learned to tame it through lesson plans, slides and lecture notes that minimise the risks we take as educators.</p>
<p>Given that risk-taking is needed to enact collective thinking, one could point to several epistemic virtues needed here, the most important being intellectual humility and curiosity. These two epistemic virtues can be acquired and trained, yet we cannot directly assume that people have those epistemic virtues when they participate in study practices. The university does not rely on pre-existing epistemic virtues, but rather it creates environments where such virtues are made easier to exercise and perhaps contribute to the formation of virtues through study practices. In this paper, I want to clarify to what extent can the university enact environments that call forth our propensity to think, regardless of how virtuous or knowledgeable the participants were before. Is there a systematic way in which the university manages to make its participants think through material arrangements? My answer below singles out the material arrangements needed to enact protocols for fluctuating attention and the affective environment enacted by participants. I leave open the possibility that more conditions are needed to enact collective thinking, but these two seem necessary and primary concerns.</p>
<sec id="sec-7-27848-en">
<label>3.1</label>
<title><italic>Educational Protocols for fluctuating attention</italic></title>
<p>Any university practice could be described either in terms of its outcomes (e.g. a practice in view of learning) or in terms of how it unfolds practically, step by step; the latter description is about the protocols that make up a practice. Whether we realise it or not, protocols are the backbone of university educational practices yet, in educational research, we do not frequently use this term to describe what is going on in education because of the overwhelming focus on desired outcomes. Protocols are used most in technical disciplines involving non-human actors such as computer networking, or in medical practices, and in qualitative research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-27848-en">Jacob &#x0026; Furgerson, 2012</xref>). A protocol is a sequence describing the rules for conducting a practice and the order of steps. As defined by Masschelein, &#x0022;a protocol contains some principles or rules and also requires a certain discipline of mind and body&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-27848-en">Masschelein, 2019</xref>, p. 200), whereby the discipline of mind and body was meant specifically to capture the educational nature of this protocol. All educational practices are made up of protocols largely (some tacitly assumed by participants), yet what makes university practices unique is that their educational protocols are about sustaining attention. Without attention, it is hard to imagine what an educational experience would look like, yet how we facilitate attention in various educational practices depends overwhelmingly on protocols.</p>
<p>I conceptualise attention as an internal good of educational practices. Internal goods, following Alasdair MacIntyre&#x0027;s theory of practice, are what is essential to perform an activity and to achieve standards of excellence in that practice: &#x0022;internal goods must not be subordinated to external goods, but the latter to the former&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-27848-en">Keat, 2008</xref>, p. 245). As mentioned previously, an educational perspective entails taking educational practices as valuable experiences in themselves, but this can only happen when actors are pursuing the internal goods in the practice. If we zoom in on the protocols enacted in university practices, the central question is what kind of attention do we need to enact at the university? Not all kinds of attention emerging in educational practices are equal. As theorised by Katherine Hayles, the two primary forms of attention are deep and hyper attention. Deep attention is experienced when we are focused on one task at a time: &#x0022;Deep attention &#x2026; is characterised by concentrating on a single object for long periods (say, a novel by Dickens), ignoring outside stimuli while so engaged, preferring a single information stream, and having a high tolerance for long focus times&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27848-en">Hayles, 2007</xref>, p. 187). By contrast, hyper attention is an &#x0022;attention [that] excels at negotiating rapidly changing environments in which multiple foci compete for attention&#x0022; (op. cit., p. 188). Hayles argued that, from an evolutionary perspective, hyper attention is older than deep attention because the first humans needed to be on the alert for constant dangers. In contrast, deep attention is &#x0022;a relative luxury&#x0022; (op. cit., p. 188) of developed civilisations that could afford to create environments for focusing only on one thing at a time.</p>
<p>Based on Hayles&#x0027; distinction between modes of attention, I hypothesise that the attention experienced during university practices is one of deep attention experienced while switching media while focusing on one topic or thought. I call this mode fluctuating attention and, although it may look as if it is a mode of hyper attention (due to the constant switching), I maintain that it is deep attention in another guise. Fluctuating attention is deep attention that follows the same thought through multiple media instantiations, sometimes going into daydreaming but not seeking excitement or the change of topic. To illustrate what this attention looks like and how protocols facilitate its work, I will go back to the previous three examples as exemplary cases of fluctuating attention enacted through educational protocols.</p>
<p>Lecturing can be described as a series of protocols for keeping the attention focused on what is happening in the lecture hall: there are implicit rules for keeping silent, for sitting down, for taking notes, and for asking questions or interrupting. There are also rules embedded in the architecture of the lecture halls that draw students&#x0027; gazes to the lecturer and to the blackboard, sustaining their attention focused on one point. The protocols of lecturing can be written down as a series of&#x0027; shoulds&#x0027; that are not stated explicitly until someone trespasses and does something else: one should listen attentively, one should take notes, one should look at the blackboard or the slides when the lecturer is pointing there, one should not disrupt the concentration of one&#x0027;s colleagues, etc. Tutorials or seminars are made up of similar protocols for attention, but this time, instead of being primarily supportive of listening, the enacting of dialogue among participants is a primary goal. As a non-standard educational practice, the Labo made a list of all its protocols meant for the students. During the Labo expeditions, the students are encouraged to perceive the world around them through all their senses - hence to be present in the moment (which entails a special rule for not using their phones), and then, to transpose it into maps, to visualise it, and to interpret it through discussions gathered around the maps. The protocols for PATHES-3 were about silent reading, taking notes, discussing together and map-making. These protocols were enforced by the way in which the time was structured, allowing for ample discussions and open time for thinking while conceptual map-making.</p>
<p>The protocols employed during educational practices at the university sustain the student&#x0027;s attention, but these are not meant to create uninterrupted attention, fixed on one point. In this kind of attention lies the main difference between school practices and university practices: the school asks pupils to listen and pay constant attention, whereas the university asks students to think; the difference between the two lies in the modulation of this attention. Attention in the university cannot be a continuous focus on the matter at hand, nor can it be merely passive (as in trying to understand the speaker&#x0027;s words alone). Rather, at the university, this attention is active; it interrogates the words, and it makes its own conclusions. This means that the attention needs to fluctuate between self-directed and other-directed orientations<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn08"><sup>8</sup></xref>. When we only pay attention to our own thoughts while studying, we risk becoming self-absorbed and ultimately insensitive to the world as it challenges our modes of thinking about it. Studying starts emphatically with a stance of &#x0027;I do not know&#x0027; and, in order to arrive at it, we need to be challenged by the world as it does not fit neatly into our conceptual models. When we only pay attention to what others say (as is the case with passive absorption of information), we run the risk of taking it all for granted and being immersed in others&#x0027; thinking to the extent that our thinking cannot lift off the ground. Hence the fluctuation of attention between what others say and do and what we think ourselves needs to be constantly shifting. Usually, this is achieved at the university primarily through the practice of note-taking: when students take notes in a seminar or a lecture, they do not transcribe verbatim what they hear, but they also process it and transform the words based on their interpretation, and what gets written down is a combination of what other thinks and what one thinks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-27848-en">Marin &#x0026; Sturm, 2021</xref>), a hybrid thought which is collective by its very nature.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-27848-en">
<label>3.2.</label>
<title><italic>Mediatic displacement as the material condition for fluctuating attention</italic></title>
<p>I have theorised elsewhere that the distinctive way university practices make this fluctuation of attention possible is by employing media in certain ways, through what I have called <italic>mediatic displacement</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-27848-en">Marin, 2021</xref>). Mediatic displacement is a protocol of constantly switching between media, not allowing any medium to dominate the study experience. The medium is the support for what makes us think, and also the support for the object of study, but it should not inescapably absorb our attention, for example in the way that cinema focuses our attention on the big screen, making it hard to switch our attention away from it. In light of this idea of one medium as capturing thought and giving structure to our thinking (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-27848-en">Flusser, 2000</xref> for a theory of media as structuring thought), there is a need to be able to think beyond the order imposed by one media. Inspired by Vil&#x00E9;m Flusser&#x0027;s technique of repeated translations as transcoding of thought (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-27848-en">Flusser, 2011</xref>), whereby the structure of a language is neutralised by the translation into a subsequent language, I have hypothesised that a similar effect is reached at the university through repeated use of various media, or what I have called mediatic displacement:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Mediatic displacement in the university is constituted by a double movement: an object of study encoded in some media form&#x2014;be it a text, an image, a sound&#x2014;is brought to our attention, but it is not left to take centre stage. It is immediately displaced to the periphery by another medium, thus turned into a pretext for thinking. (&#x2026;) The lecturer&#x0027;s voice displaces the text, the student&#x0027;s gaze displaces the voice, the writing hand displaces the text and the voice, and then the text again is read and commented while displacing voice and writing, and so on, in endless circular movements of displacement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-27848-en">Marin, 2021</xref>, p. 52).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>University practices manage to subvert each medium by switching alternatively between media during the same practice. In the Labo, the medium was the city itself. At the same time, the walking protocol was the lens that allowed one to study it methodically, attach and detach from it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-27848-en">Masschelein, 2010</xref>), namely attachment while walking and detachment while mapping and discussing it. In the PATHES-3 study protocols, the fluctuating attention was ensured by visual diagramming, note-taking on the margins of the booklet, discussing in the group. The mediatic displacement took place between the booklet, note-taking, the blackboard and the discussions.</p>
<p>Can we find mediatic displacement in online university practices? At first sight, this seems possible. Protocols for mediatic displacement in the classical university use a variety of media (text, speech, slides, videos, material objects); hence a certain medium is not necessary to enact fluctuating attention, only a variety of media. Thus, mediatic displacement at the online university seems feasible when protocols ensure a variety of fluctuating attention between what is given (the matter of study) and what one thinks. This is the with video lectures streamed online, whereby students can switch seamlessly between tabs and pause the video or slow it down, switch tabs to take notes or ask questions in the chat if the lecture is streamed live. However, it is too easy to switch away from the video. Students are tempted to self-distract by checking their email, chatting with friends, and then returning from time to time to the educational experience. While the online students&#x0027; attention fluctuates between the educational experience and something else, that something else is not necessarily their own thinking, but rather something external that acts more often than not as a distraction. Precisely because there are so many things we could do on the digital screen, since a variety of applications can be run simultaneously, there seems to be no space for us to recollect our own thoughts and be with ourselves. New movements towards digital minimalism illustrate how those who want to think for themselves will consistently choose to switch off their computers and phones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-27848-en">Newport, 2019</xref>). The main problematic issue about the digital screen that commands our attention relentlessly was theorised by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-27848-en">Agamben (2017)</xref> as a lack of potentiality: whereas a blank page is a place to rest our eyes and imagine potential words, the digital screen is always full of signs. The digital screen is always full &#x0022;always already possessed of and by an infinity of icons, toolbars, links, windows, and so on&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-27848-en">Lewis &#x0026; Alirezabeigi, 2018</xref>) which makes any experience of potentiality (or &#x0022;blankness&#x0022; as Lewis and Alirezabeigi put it) hard to achieve in practice. Without potentiality, there is no thinking, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-27848-en">Agamben (2017)</xref> reminds us.</p>
<p>When we are online, we are systematically drawn out of our thoughts while we mindlessly surf online, allowing our attention to be grabbed by other non-educational activities, scrolling through videos and pictures. In this carousel of attention-commanding devices, the educational experience delivered on the screen needs to compete unfairly for our attention with other distractions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27848-en">Aaron &#x0026; Lipton, 2018</xref>). However, this is a problem since the educational experiences while studying need to allow pauses to think. The students need to take a distance from the attention-grabbing stimuli and retreat into the self for a brief time. Whenever online users cannot stand the discomfort of thinking, they may start switching to a new tab or another app, looking for information related to the topic as if more information would give them a break from the task of thinking. The escape from thinking through digital distractions is readily available for anyone, and it takes a lot of self-discipline to stay with the discomfort of thinking.</p>
<p>To a large extent, one could argue that we do not yet have the habits of mind to allow for a neutral stance towards the digital screen so that other media can displace it while we do have these habits with paper-based media. The habits required by reading (such as sitting still and paying attention to a small square of paper, following lines with our eyes) have been developed through centuries of practice. The digital screen is too new for us, making it hard to integrate it into the attention flowing protocols characteristic of the university. This is indicated by the fact that digital distraction was a phenomenon observed well before the online university, with the mere usage of Internet and communication technologies at the university. When students would bring their laptops in the lecture hall and multitask while pretending to take notes about the lecture, there was little space left for thinking even if the lecture was taking place offline since the underlying ethos of attention of the university was digitally subverted (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-27848-en">Marin, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>This means that we need to develop not just new technologies for online education, but we also need to train our attention deliberately for online education by thinking of protocols for enabling a fluctuating kind of attention with the digital screen.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-27848-Eng" sec-type="conclusions">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>C<sc>oncluding remarks</sc></bold></title>
<p>Before the pandemic experiment with the online switch for universities, there was a flourishing trend of research concerning the digital university and its practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-27848-en">Friesen &#x0026; Cressman, 2010</xref>). Some of this research was preoccupied with collective experiences enacted digitally. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-27848-en">Hahn and Klein (2019)</xref> managed to show that multiple users scattered physically throughout the world can create a communal space by contributing to the same media object, and they concluded that the screen could be understood as &#x0022;a dispersed communal space&#x0022; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-27848-en">Hahn &#x0026; Klein, 2019</xref>, p. 69). In a pedagogical experiment with an art-based MOOC, Nancy Vansieleghem showed that a digital object can gather students around it when they annotate and comment on it, thus enacting a collective practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-27848-en">Vansieleghem, 2019</xref>, p. 146). Based on these educational experiments, one can conclude that digital communal spaces where one can experience collective study are possible and can be designed deliberately. This gives us some hope for future instantiations of the online university, but this hope needs to be tempered by the realisation that successful digital experiments with online education entail years of experiments, design and re-design, and educational theorising about how to learn new habits with digital tools that do not subvert our attention.</p>
<p>The sudden switch to online education during the Corona pandemic was about appropriating platforms that were not designed for education and trying to make them work somehow. This experiment backfired, and this was visible especially in how students lost control over their attention and, instead of fluctuating attention, they experienced hyper attention (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27848-en">Hayles 2007</xref>) visible through the constant switching between tabs and applications, scattering their attention while attending online lectures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-27848-en">Smith &#x0026; Schreder, 2020</xref>). While there is a difference between asynchronous and synchronous online education (or between digital and online education), the difference seems to lie more in how active the students are required to be and not so much in the mediation of the screen. Designing educational activities with an asynchronous component usually entails the students having to do a concrete action, as seen also in the educational experiments previously mentioned (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-27848-en">Vansieleghem <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). One of the findings of empirical studies on online synchronous education was that students could maintain their focused attention with difficulty for the lecturing portions, while the groupwork was much easier to engage in (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-27848-en">Smith &#x0026; Schreder, 2020</xref>, p. 205).</p>
<p>Pandemic educational experiments have shown us that online education is possible but less likely to lead towards thinking spontaneously. Collective thinking needs to be designed for, paying particular attention to designing new protocols for fluctuating attention that can work with the digital screens and designing new applications for educational practices alone. Until now, we have all used our phones, tablets, and laptops for educational activities just as well as for leisure and work. The separation of tabs on a screen is not enough to enact a separation of contexts needed for the emergence of thinking. Perhaps, as a proposed initial intervention, we need separate devices to access educational activities, devices that would not allow for tab-switching and multitasking. A second factor to account for is to ensure that there are always enough synchronous experiences in online education, alongside the asynchronous ones, and that these are made with an ethos of risk-taking and vulnerability.</p>
<p>Education has always entailed to some extent delivering performance; as pointed out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-27848-en">Goffman (1981)</xref>, whenever we speak in front of others, we play-act an academic persona, yet this performance is not usually perceived as alienating because all those attending are gathered in the same room, physically. When digital screens separate the attendants, suddenly, this performance becomes more visible in its artificiality. To compensate for this distance that alienates, instructors and students as well need to become more vulnerable and spontaneous, to take more risks in their thinking, for example, by speaking more often. This will entail developing new practices of self-disclosure and self-discipline, all triggered by the mediating effect of the digital screen. It is encouraging to think that, albeit university practices are centuries old, they continue to reinvent themselves and change their mediality slowly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-27848-en">Friesen, 2017</xref>). The Labo and PATHES-3 were living examples of successful educational practices invented only a few years ago and managed to trigger collective thinking systematically and make the experiences of studying together exciting again. Online education needs a similar concern for experimenting with educational formats in view of triggering experiences of thinking for students. No matter how we go around it, online education demands us to rethink our cognitive habits developed through physical education practices and to make the leap towards developing new practices and habits for the online world. Delivering online education by transposing traditional practices on the screen will not be enough unless we start designing protocols and media centred explicitly around collective thinking.</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn01"><label>1.</label> <p>Funding information: This project has received funding from the <italic>European Union&#x2019;s Horizon 2020</italic> research and innovation programme under the <italic>Marie Sk&#x0142;odowska-Curie</italic> grant agreement No 707404. The opinions expressed in this document reflect only the author&#x2019;s view. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn02"><label>2.</label> <p>In this article I distinguish &#x2018;digital university&#x2019; from the &#x2018;online university&#x2019; and will focus predominantly on the online form. The digital university is a distance university that uses digital media instead of paper (e.g. ebooks, pdf documents, digital quizzes, pre-recorded lectures, etc), meaning that an entire curriculum could be fitted on a CD or memory stick and given to students to access it fully offline. While the digital university can make use of the Internet connectivity and deliver its courses in real time, this is not strictly needed; a digital university can be, in principle, a fully asynchronous university. One paradigmatic example of a digital university are the MOOCs (massive open online courses) which are set up in such a way that students can take the courses and solve the exams at different times, at their own pace. By contrast, in the online university, lectures and seminars are delivered as much as possible in real time, for example through videoconferencing platforms - as seen in the higher education&#x2019;s responses to the COVID-19 lockdowns. Even if the lectures may be pre-recorded, the students get some tutorial or interactive sessions which happen in real time so that they can discuss these (the so called flipped-classroom model was used heavily in the online education). The digital university was meant to work as stand-alone, as a package of information and instructions that, once received by the student, do not usually need any more input from the teachers. Meanwhile, the online university can survive only because students and teachers are tethered to the Internet, usually at the same time, from different spaces. The digital and the online university have a commonality in terms of mediation: both are accessed through a digital screen- be it of a phone, laptop or tablet, but their protocols are somewhat different. Thus, while the digital mediation is the same, the educational practices and the assumptions of what makes education are strikingly different. The digital university proponents assume that long-distance education counts as a complete education, while the online university proponents assume that there is always a need for contact between students and instructors, even if it is mediated by Internet technologies and digital screens.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn03"><label>3.</label> <p>For a comprehensive discussion of the discourse on the modernisation of higher education, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-27848-en">Custers &#x0026; Magalh&#x00E3;es, 2021</xref>.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn04"><label>4.</label> <p>Such functionalist approaches are, for example, sociological or economic ones which treasure the university insofar as it creates a uniform culture or contributes to the creating of a mass of knowledge workers, highly skilled.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn05"><label>5.</label> <p>What I call &#x2018;collective thinking&#x2019; is described by Masschelein and Simons as &#x2018;public thinking&#x2019; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-27848-en">Masschelein and Simons 2013</xref>, p. 174) but I prefer the word &#x2018;collective&#x2019; to designate the felt experience of thinking together, whereas they use the word &#x2018;public&#x2019; to discuss the political implications of such thought and the formation of the public as an entity.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn06"><label>6.</label> <p>One would consider these moments of explanation and being spoken to as passive learning or knowledge transmission. However, I do not consider this passive learning since students need to &#x201C;strain to catch what the reader&#x2019;s mouth gives forth&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-27848-en">Illich, 1993</xref>, p. 54) and actively participate in the construction of meaning by following the line of explanation and by thinking alongside their instructor.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn07"><label>7.</label> <p>As Humboldt put it, &#x201C;it is a peculiarity of the higher scientific institutions that they always treat science as a problem that has still not been fully resolved and therefore remain constantly engaged in research, whereas the school deals with and teaches only finished and agreed-upon bits of knowledge.&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-27848-en">Humboldt, 1810</xref>)</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn08"><label>8.</label> <p>Even though I employ words such as &#x201C;external&#x201D; and &#x201C;internal&#x201D;, I do not presuppose a Cartesian theatre of mind, a place in our minds disconnected from the world. Rather, these words need to be understood as directed vectors: internal means directed towards the self, and external directed towards others.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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