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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.27819</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.27819</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>LA UNIVERSIDAD COMO ALBOROTADORA</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>The University as Troublemaker</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>FULFORD</surname>
<given-names>Amanda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff>
<institution content-type="original">Edge Hill University. Reino Unido.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Edge Hill University</institution>
<country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-0022">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-0022</ext-link>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><email>fulforda@edgehill.ac.uk</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>22</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>29</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>14</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2022 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Licencia CC BY-NC-ND. Licencia de Creative Commons Atribuci&#x00F3;n-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional Universidad de Salamanca. Su comercializaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; sujeta al permiso del editor</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo comienza considerando las afirmaciones de que, en muchos aspectos, el sector universitario tiene problemas y que hay una variedad de posibles razones para que se d&#x00E9; esta circunstancia. Bas&#x00E1;ndose en las nociones etimol&#x00F3;gicas de la palabra inglesa &#x00AB;trouble&#x00BB; (problema o dificultad), el art&#x00ED;culo sugiere que podemos situar la universidad de forma muy diferente: podemos verla no como una instituci&#x00F3;n <italic>con</italic> problemas, sino m&#x00E1;s bien como un lugar que crea problemas y que agita la mente. Es una alborotadora. Sostiene que la universidad es, <italic>ipso facto</italic>, un lugar para la agitaci&#x00F3;n y la perturbaci&#x00F3;n de las mentes de tres maneras distintas. En primer lugar, partiendo de la idea del fil&#x00F3;sofo estadounidense Stanley Cavell sobre la expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada, considera el lugar donde se imparten las clases magistrales y explora c&#x00F3;mo, en el encuentro de esta forma pedag&#x00F3;gica, la universidad es una alborotadora. En segundo lugar, apoy&#x00E1;ndose en las ideas de Cavell sobre la invitaci&#x00F3;n al di&#x00E1;logo, el art&#x00ED;culo ofrece un relato extenso de la universidad c&#x00ED;vica y, al hacerlo, muestra c&#x00F3;mo esta instituci&#x00F3;n es una alborotadora pol&#x00ED;tica. En tercer lugar, se basa en la evocadora novela de John Williams, <italic>Stoner</italic> (1965), para demostrar c&#x00F3;mo, a trav&#x00E9;s de las relaciones entre el profesor y el alumno, la universidad puede ser vista como una instituci&#x00F3;n que alborota a las personas. El art&#x00ED;culo concluye con el esbozo de dos relatos influyentes sobre la manera en que los acad&#x00E9;micos y los alumnos pueden sobrevivir y prosperar en la universidad, dadas las presiones cada vez m&#x00E1;s evidentes en el sector. Muestra que ambas cuestiones son problem&#x00E1;ticas, y que la esperanza para la universidad, y para la reimaginaci&#x00F3;n de su prop&#x00F3;sito como alborotadora, puede encontrarse en la propia cotidianidad de las formas en que hablamos entre nosotros.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>This paper begins by considering the claims that in many ways, the university sector is in trouble, and that there are a variety of potential reasons for this state of affairs. Drawing on the etymological insights of the word &#x2018;trouble&#x2019;, the paper suggests that we can situate the university very differently: we can see it not as an institution <italic>in</italic> trouble, but rather as a place that troubles and that agitates the mind. It is a troublemaker. It argues that the university is &#x2013; <italic>ipso facto</italic> &#x2013; a place for the agitation and troubling of minds in three distinct ways. First, drawing on the American philosopher, Stanley Cavell&#x2019;s, idea of passionate utterance, it considers the place of the lecture, and explores how in the encounter of this pedagogical form, the university is a troublemaker. Second, in drawing on Cavell&#x2019;s ideas of invitation to dialogue, the paper offers a thick account of the civic university, and by doing this, shows how the university is a political troublemaker. Third, it draws on John Williams&#x2019; evocative (1965) novel, <italic>Stoner</italic>, to demonstrate how &#x2013; through the relationships between lecturer and student &#x2013; the university can be seen as personal troublemaker. The paper concludes by outlining two influential accounts of the way that academics and students can survive and flourish in the university given the pressures that are increasingly evident in the sector. It shows how these are both problematic, and that hope for the university &#x2013; and for re-imagining its purpose as troublemaker &#x2013; can be found in the very ordinariness of the ways in which we talk together.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>universidad</kwd>
<kwd>problema</kwd>
<kwd>alborotadora</kwd>
<kwd>agitaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>compromiso</kwd>
<kwd>crisis</kwd>
<kwd>esperanza</kwd>
<kwd>transformaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>university</kwd>
<kwd>trouble</kwd>
<kwd>troublemaker</kwd>
<kwd>agitation</kwd>
<kwd>engagement</kwd>
<kwd>crisis</kwd>
<kwd>hope</kwd>
<kwd>transformation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-27819-es">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>L<sc>a universidad con problemas</sc></bold></title>
<p>Al hojear los titulares del peri&#x00F3;dico o al ver o escuchar el creciente n&#x00FA;mero de noticias y medios de comunicaci&#x00F3;n, no cuesta mucho encontrar relatos preocupantes sobre el estado de nuestras universidades contempor&#x00E1;neas, y sobre el sistema de educaci&#x00F3;n superior en general.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Muchos de estos titulares que subrayan la decadencia de la universidad est&#x00E1;n vinculados a dos grandes crisis: por un lado, los efectos prolongados de la quiebra de 2008 de <italic>Lehman Brothers Holdings</italic> en los Estados Unidos, que dieron lugar a la aparici&#x00F3;n de una crisis financiera mundial, y, por otro lado, la pandemia m&#x00E1;s reciente de la COVID-19.</p>
    <p>Los problemas se&#x00F1;alados en el sector de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior no se limitan a una regi&#x00F3;n geogr&#x00E1;fica concreta, sino que son cada vez m&#x00E1;s globales. En Europa, la tendencia hacia una mayor cooperaci&#x00F3;n entre los Estados miembros, como se observa, por ejemplo, en el Plan Bolonia iniciado en 1999 para trabajar a favor de sistemas de educaci&#x00F3;n superior m&#x00E1;s coherentes y comparables, y en la idea de 2021 de crear un Espacio Europeo de Educaci&#x00F3;n para aumentar el acceso a la educaci&#x00F3;n terciaria y establecer una red de universidades europeas<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, ha llevado a que cada uno de los pa&#x00ED;ses est&#x00E9; m&#x00E1;s expuesto, no solo a posibles beneficios significativos, sino tambi&#x00E9;n a problemas compartidos. Un an&#x00E1;lisis de la Asociaci&#x00F3;n de Universidades Europeas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-27819-es">EUA, 2020</xref>) sugiere que todav&#x00ED;a se sienten los importantes recortes presupuestarios a la educaci&#x00F3;n superior en toda Europa que siguieron a la crisis financiera que empez&#x00F3; en 2008. En su Informe del Observatorio de Financiaci&#x00F3;n P&#x00FA;blica, basado en los datos recogidos de las asociaciones nacionales de universidades miembros durante el segundo semestre de 2020 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-27819-es">Pruvot <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), la EUA se&#x00F1;ala que todav&#x00ED;a hay estad&#x00ED;sticas preocupantes que exponen c&#x00F3;mo la recuperaci&#x00F3;n de la crisis financiera mundial avanza de manera desigual en los Estados miembros europeos. Citan el caso extremo de Irlanda, donde, a pesar del fuerte crecimiento del n&#x00FA;mero de estudiantes, se han producido graves recortes en la financiaci&#x00F3;n (p. 20). El informe pone de manifiesto c&#x00F3;mo Lituania, Ruman&#x00ED;a y Eslovaquia han perdido m&#x00E1;s de un tercio de su poblaci&#x00F3;n estudiantil de educaci&#x00F3;n superior, con el probable efecto negativo concomitante en el progreso socioecon&#x00F3;mico (p. 42). Adem&#x00E1;s, revela que, en cuatro de sus asociaciones nacionales de universidades miembros, el crecimiento de la financiaci&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior ha disminuido a pesar del aumento en el n&#x00FA;mero de estudiantes entre 2008 y 2019 (p. 20). Los efectos acumulativos de estos cambios financieros son percibidos como un impacto negativo en la capacidad de las universidades para ofrecer tanto graduados altamente cualificados como una investigaci&#x00F3;n l&#x00ED;der a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-27819-es">Ritzen, 2015</xref>). En 2019, la Organizaci&#x00F3;n para la Cooperaci&#x00F3;n y el Desarrollo Econ&#x00F3;mico (OCDE) public&#x00F3; su primer informe exhaustivo en una d&#x00E9;cada sobre el rendimiento de los sistemas de educaci&#x00F3;n superior en todos sus miembros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-27819-es">OCDE, 2019</xref>). Este informe se public&#x00F3; en el contexto de la preocupaci&#x00F3;n generalizada por el funcionamiento de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior en un panorama pol&#x00ED;tico r&#x00E1;pidamente cambiante. Este documento resalt&#x00F3; las dificultades que tienen las instituciones para ampliar el acceso y la participaci&#x00F3;n en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior y, al mismo tiempo, limitar los costes, garantizar la pertinencia curricular y mantener la alta calidad de la oferta. Sus conclusiones muestran que, aunque se produjo un notable aumento del gasto de los hogares en los costes asociados a la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, m&#x00E1;s de una quinta parte de los que entraron en el sector abandonaron los estudios sin haber obtenido ning&#x00FA;n tipo de titulaci&#x00F3;n. Tambi&#x00E9;n se obtuvieron resultados preocupantes en relaci&#x00F3;n con el acceso y los resultados: los estudiantes procedentes de familias cuyos padres no hab&#x00ED;an cursado una educaci&#x00F3;n universitaria ten&#x00ED;an entre un 40 % y un 60 % menos de probabilidades de iniciar unos estudios de grado, y un preocupante 30 % de los estudiantes matriculados abandonaban los estudios superiores sin las competencias de lectura y escritura necesarias para procesar incluso informaci&#x00F3;n medianamente compleja.</p>
    <p>No es de extra&#x00F1;ar por tanto que, con la aparici&#x00F3;n del virus de la COVID-19 que la Organizaci&#x00F3;n Mundial de la Salud declar&#x00F3; emergencia de salud p&#x00FA;blica de inter&#x00E9;s internacional en enero de 2020, y posteriormente pandemia el 11 de marzo de 2020, los sistemas de educaci&#x00F3;n superior, a&#x00FA;n en fr&#x00E1;gil recuperaci&#x00F3;n por la crisis financiera mundial de hace poco m&#x00E1;s de una d&#x00E9;cada, se enfrentaran a una nueva situaci&#x00F3;n grave y persistente. En Inglaterra se publicaron inquietantes titulares en los peri&#x00F3;dicos, y la <italic>British Broadcasting Corporation</italic> (BBC) anunci&#x00F3; que, sin un rescate gubernamental, trece universidades se enfrentaban a una perspectiva muy real de insolvencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-27819-es">BBC, 2020a</xref>). La ense&#x00F1;anza tuvo que pasar a la modalidad en l&#x00ED;nea debido a las medidas de confinamiento en los diferentes pa&#x00ED;ses, y las universidades se vieron obligadas a realizar grandes inversiones en tecnolog&#x00ED;a para que los estudiantes pudieran seguir participando en la ense&#x00F1;anza y el aprendizaje. Sin embargo, como subray&#x00F3; una evaluaci&#x00F3;n del estado de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior un a&#x00F1;o despu&#x00E9;s de la pandemia de la COVID-19, muchas instituciones no ten&#x00ED;an suficiente tiempo, ni experiencia, en esta nueva forma de impartir la ense&#x00F1;anza para garantizar el &#x00E9;xito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-27819-es">OCDE, 2021</xref>). El repentino cambio a la modalidad en l&#x00ED;nea repercuti&#x00F3; de forma diferente en las distintas &#x00E1;reas disciplinarias, siendo los estudios de artes esc&#x00E9;nicas, ciencias y tecnolog&#x00ED;a, y los que requieren pr&#x00E1;cticas profesionales y la observaci&#x00F3;n de la pr&#x00E1;ctica, los m&#x00E1;s afectados. La capacidad de las universidades para avanzar en los programas de investigaci&#x00F3;n se vio afectada por el cierre de los laboratorios y la imposibilidad pr&#x00E1;cticamente de colaborar a nivel internacional debido a las severas restricciones de viaje. Las universidades, muchas de las cuales depend&#x00ED;an cada vez m&#x00E1;s de los importantes ingresos de las tasas de los alumnos internacionales, experimentaron una disminuci&#x00F3;n muy importante en la movilidad de estos estudiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-27819-es">EUA, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-27819-es">OCDE, 2021</xref>), y el <italic>Times Higher Education</italic> inform&#x00F3; en febrero de 2021 de que las solicitudes de la Uni&#x00F3;n Europea a las universidades del Reino Unido hab&#x00ED;an sufrido un dram&#x00E1;tico descenso del 40 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-27819-es">THE, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Si bien se puede argumentar que los efectos de estas grandes crisis son inevitables, existe una corriente de opini&#x00F3;n p&#x00FA;blica negativa m&#x00E1;s general y persistente en relaci&#x00F3;n con el papel y el valor de las universidades contempor&#x00E1;neas. A menudo esto se refleja en titulares negativos en la prensa popular cuando surgen determinadas historias. A modo de ejemplo, y como parece que ocurre cada a&#x00F1;o, se produce un clamor cuando se publican los resultados de los ex&#x00E1;menes y hay mucha prisa por llenar las plazas universitarias, cuando la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, sobre todo en pa&#x00ED;ses como el Reino Unido donde el nivel de las tasas de matriculaci&#x00F3;n ha sido rotundamente criticado, no representa una relaci&#x00F3;n calidad-precio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-27819-es">BBC, 2020b</xref>). A medida que las influencias del mercado impregnan y moldean el sector, con un aumento en la carga de trabajo por la reducci&#x00F3;n de costes, un aumento de las expectativas y las demandas de los estudiantes como consumidores, y con lo que a menudo se percibe como amenazas a la libertad de c&#x00E1;tedra, los medios de comunicaci&#x00F3;n informan de que los niveles de estr&#x00E9;s y mala salud mental entre los acad&#x00E9;micos est&#x00E1;n aumentando (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-27819-es"><italic>The Guardian</italic>, 2019</xref>). Relacionado con esto, los titulares se&#x00F1;alan un aumento del n&#x00FA;mero de personal que abandona el sector en el Reino Unido a causa del Brexit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-27819-es"><italic>The Independent</italic>, 2019</xref>) y en los Estados Unidos debido a las preocupaciones por las pr&#x00E1;cticas laborales despu&#x00E9;s de la COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-27819-es"><italic>Chronicle of Higher Education</italic>, 2021</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-27819-es">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>l diagn&#x00F3;stico de la enfermedad: consolidaci&#x00F3;n y agitaci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>Podemos tener la tentaci&#x00F3;n de pensar que es solo en la prensa popular donde encontramos relatos preocupantes sobre el estado de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior contempor&#x00E1;nea, puesto que la prensa utiliza cualquier oportunidad para aprovecharse de una buena historia que vende. Pero esto supondr&#x00ED;a ignorar un creciente cuerpo de literatura acad&#x00E9;mica y especializada que busca exponer los males percibidos del sector de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior. Ya en la d&#x00E9;cada de 1990, en un sector en el que las universidades eran grandes empresas impulsadas por las fuerzas del mercado, y en el que los m&#x00E1;rgenes de beneficio eran mucho m&#x00E1;s importantes que el pensamiento y la b&#x00FA;squeda del conocimiento, la cultura de excelencia se articulaba en la provocadora afirmaci&#x00F3;n de que la universidad estaba en ruinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-27819-es">Readings, 1997</xref>). En 2005, Mary Evans, reflexionando sobre sus experiencias de trabajo en una universidad brit&#x00E1;nica a finales del siglo XX, anunci&#x00F3; la muerte del pensamiento y la muerte de la Universidad. Afirmaba que no escrib&#x00ED;a por el deseo de recordar una &#x00E9;poca dorada de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, un sentimiento de nostalgia por una cultura p&#x00E9;rdida, sino por el temor al futuro, uno en el que &#x00AB;las universidades [son]... instituciones que solo sirven a un amo muy mezquino: el estado burocr&#x00E1;tico racional&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-27819-es">Evans, 2005</xref>, p. 3). Y en 2018, en una penetrante cr&#x00ED;tica de la incursi&#x00F3;n de las ideolog&#x00ED;as del mercado en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, John Smyth hizo una apasionada defensa del prop&#x00F3;sito verdaderamente educativo de la universidad en medio de lo que denomin&#x00F3; &#x00AB;liderazgo zombi&#x00BB;, una cultura que celebra a las estrellas del <italic>rock</italic> acad&#x00E9;mico, y la implacable marcha de la ideolog&#x00ED;a neoliberal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-27819-es">Smyth, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>De diferentes formas, estos relatos sobre la educaci&#x00F3;n superior contempor&#x00E1;nea tratan de dar un diagn&#x00F3;stico, es decir, de poner nombre al problema. Algunos se&#x00F1;alan la excesiva regulaci&#x00F3;n del sector y la forma en que el control pol&#x00ED;tico y financiero de las universidades les ha quitado la autonom&#x00ED;a, no solo en relaci&#x00F3;n con la oferta curricular, sino tambi&#x00E9;n con la libertad pedag&#x00F3;gica. La presi&#x00F3;n para aumentar la oferta de estudios de ciencia, tecnolog&#x00ED;a, ingenier&#x00ED;a y matem&#x00E1;ticas (asignaturas STEM), con el fin de atender las necesidades de la econom&#x00ED;a y abordar el d&#x00E9;ficit de competencias, se ha producido en detrimento de los estudios de arte y humanidades. Esto sugiere un descenso de la capacidad de autonom&#x00ED;a de las universidades para gestionar sus asuntos en un r&#x00E9;gimen de creciente regulaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-27819-es">Ritzen, 2015</xref>). Asimismo, se considera que los estudios de grado que requieren la obtenci&#x00F3;n posterior de la cualificaci&#x00F3;n y acreditaci&#x00F3;n profesionales (Medicina, Odontolog&#x00ED;a, Derecho, Ingenier&#x00ED;a, Contabilidad y similares) tienen especial valor, y que sus graduados tienen una gran probabilidad de ser contratados. Esto permite a los reguladores y a los gobiernos juzgarlos como estudios con una buena relaci&#x00F3;n calidad-precio. Pero este razonamiento ha dado lugar a cambios m&#x00E1;s sutiles, e insidiosos, en la percepci&#x00F3;n del &#x00AB;valor&#x00BB; de los estudios de grado, llevando a lo que se ha denominado la &#x00AB;crisis epistemol&#x00F3;gica del significado y el valor de las humanidades y las ciencias sociales&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-27819-es">Doidge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>, p. 1126). Posteriormente, la prensa popular se ha hecho eco de la preocupaci&#x00F3;n de los ministros de gobierno por el hecho de que algunas titulaciones (de artes y humanidades) no contribuyen a mejorar las oportunidades de los estudiantes en la vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-27819-es"><italic>The Telegraph</italic>, 2020</xref>), y se han generalizado las acusaciones de &#x00AB;atontamiento&#x00BB;.</p>
<p>Son muchos los s&#x00ED;ntomas de esta enfermedad. Algunos se&#x00F1;alan la preocupaci&#x00F3;n de los altos dirigentes universitarios por la captaci&#x00F3;n y retenci&#x00F3;n de los estudiantes para garantizar las fuentes de ingresos, y el creciente n&#x00FA;mero de formas innovadoras con las que las universidades tratan de superar a sus competidores, llenar las plazas de sus carreras y atraer a los estudiantes internacionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-27819-es">Lomer <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Otros apuntan a lo que a menudo parece una obsesi&#x00F3;n con la posici&#x00F3;n en la tabla de clasificaci&#x00F3;n, y con las m&#x00E9;tricas que impulsan gran parte de la pol&#x00ED;tica y la pr&#x00E1;ctica en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior y que &#x00AB;pueden ser utilizadas como un veh&#x00ED;culo para la humillaci&#x00F3;n..., causando terror a todos aquellos implicados&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-27819-es">Heffernan y Heffernan, 2018</xref>, p. 29). La aparente alineaci&#x00F3;n de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior con el servicio a la econom&#x00ED;a a trav&#x00E9;s de la producci&#x00F3;n de graduados altamente cualificados para cubrir el d&#x00E9;ficit de competencias es, para muchos, otro s&#x00ED;ntoma de un sector que ha cambiado en lo fundamental en lo que respecta a su finalidad. Este cambio se ve en c&#x00F3;mo algunas &#x00E1;reas de ense&#x00F1;anza se han sometido a escrutinio no solo en t&#x00E9;rminos de su relaci&#x00F3;n calidad-precio percibida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-27819-es">Wilkinson y Wilkinson, 2020</xref>), sino tambi&#x00E9;n en t&#x00E9;rminos de su pertinencia y necesidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-27819-es">Moran, 2021</xref>). Este tipo de cambio, impulsado, al menos en parte, por la presi&#x00F3;n de los organismos gubernamentales y los reguladores, ha dado lugar a diferentes y mayores exigencias y expectativas de la experiencia en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-27819-es">Fulford, 2016a</xref>). Todos estos s&#x00ED;ntomas son, de diferentes maneras, ejemplos de la influencia del mercado y del paso de una econom&#x00ED;a de mercado a una sociedad de mercado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-27819-es">Sandel, 2016</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-27819-es">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>timolog&#x00ED;a: la agitaci&#x00F3;n de la mente</sc></bold></title>
<p>Al parecer, la universidad tiene problemas. Pero, &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; es lo que est&#x00E1; en juego al hacer esta afirmaci&#x00F3;n, y qu&#x00E9; implica realmente el t&#x00E9;rmino ingl&#x00E9;s que estamos utilizando para problema, &#x00AB;trouble&#x00BB;? Recurrir a la etimolog&#x00ED;a de la lengua que utilizamos a menudo puede ser &#x00FA;til. A veces, provoca una profunda alteraci&#x00F3;n de nuestra comprensi&#x00F3;n cotidiana de una palabra, y la ruptura abre nuevas formas de pensar y comprender.</p>
<p>La palabra inglesa &#x00AB;trouble&#x00BB;, del franc&#x00E9;s antiguo <italic>truble o torble</italic>, tiene una connotaci&#x00F3;n de agitaci&#x00F3;n o perturbaci&#x00F3;n emocional. En el siglo XV, el t&#x00E9;rmino &#x00AB;trouble&#x00BB; pas&#x00F3; a estar asociado a una preocupaci&#x00F3;n o un motivo de inquietud y, en la d&#x00E9;cada de 1550, al hecho de tener relaciones desfavorables con las autoridades. Pero su uso en el siglo XIII se refiere espec&#x00ED;ficamente a la &#x00AB;agitaci&#x00F3;n de la mente&#x00BB;.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Lo que esto nos brinda es una manera muy diferente de entender la relaci&#x00F3;n entre la universidad y la noci&#x00F3;n de problema. Sugiero que ofrece un cambio radical que da la vuelta a las cosas. Partiendo de este conocimiento etimol&#x00F3;gico, podemos situar la universidad de forma muy diferente: podemos verla no como una instituci&#x00F3;n <italic>con</italic> problemas, sino m&#x00E1;s bien como un lugar que <italic>causa</italic> problemas, que agita la mente. En los siguientes p&#x00E1;rrafos se propondr&#x00E1;n tres formas significativas en las que la universidad es un agitador de mentes. Sin embargo, es necesario prestar mucha atenci&#x00F3;n a lo que esta idea sugiere (y, de manera opuesta, a lo que no) para evitar cualquier posible confusi&#x00F3;n. <italic>No</italic> hay ning&#x00FA;n sentido de que la funci&#x00F3;n de la universidad sea agitar la mente en t&#x00E9;rminos de causar alg&#x00FA;n tipo de angustia o ansiedad mentales. M&#x00E1;s bien se trata de que, al estar expuestos a algo que puede cuestionar profundamente nuestras ideas convencionales o asentadas, nos sentimos movidos, o agitados, a pensar, y a ser, de una manera diferente. Este tipo de exposici&#x00F3;n (literalmente &#x00AB;ex-posici&#x00F3;n&#x00BB;, es decir, ser sacado de la posici&#x00F3;n) requiere &#x00AB;la voluntad para entrar... en el juego, liberarse de uno mismo, y ver y pensar de manera diferente&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-27819-es">Vansieleghem y Masschelein 2012</xref>, 90). Esta idea cambia radicalmente las relaciones de poder en juego en la universidad contempor&#x00E1;nea. Sugiere que la instituci&#x00F3;n de la universidad no es tanto un pe&#x00F3;n pasivo en un juego econ&#x00F3;mico y pol&#x00ED;tico m&#x00E1;s amplio, y, por tanto, sujeto a los caprichos de la pol&#x00ED;tica de cualquier partido pol&#x00ED;tico que est&#x00E9; en el poder en un momento dado, sino m&#x00E1;s bien un actor din&#x00E1;mico en la reconfiguraci&#x00F3;n del pensamiento y la creaci&#x00F3;n y configuraci&#x00F3;n del futuro.</p>
<p>En ciertos aspectos, es f&#x00E1;cil ver c&#x00F3;mo la educaci&#x00F3;n superior contempor&#x00E1;nea est&#x00E1; inmersa en la tarea de consolidar (en lugar de agitar, o de perturbar la mente). Mucho de lo que ocurre en t&#x00E9;rminos de la elecci&#x00F3;n del contenido del plan de estudios, los enfoques pedag&#x00F3;gicos o los m&#x00E9;todos de evaluaci&#x00F3;n (por lo menos en el contexto angl&#x00F3;fono) se realiza teniendo en cuenta c&#x00F3;mo punt&#x00FA;an los estudiantes su experiencia, y su satisfacci&#x00F3;n general, en varias encuestas, en particular a trav&#x00E9;s de la encuesta nacional de enorme importancia, la <italic>National Student Survey</italic> (NSS). Las opiniones sobre la satisfacci&#x00F3;n en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior son indicativas de las formas en que se ha llegado a replantear la finalidad de la universidad. Esto no quiere decir que la satisfacci&#x00F3;n de los estudiantes sea, por s&#x00ED; misma, un tema adecuado de discusi&#x00F3;n en la universidad, sino que la naturaleza rizom&#x00E1;tica de estas opiniones tiene un efecto asfixiante y destructivo. La b&#x00FA;squeda ciega del prestigio que proporcionan los altos niveles de satisfacci&#x00F3;n de los estudiantes obstaculiza otros tipos de pensamiento o de conversaci&#x00F3;n; del tipo que inquieta, y que agita o perturba la mente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-27819-es">Fulford, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>La consolidaci&#x00F3;n tambi&#x00E9;n est&#x00E1; en juego en la manera en que el estudiante mismo se posiciona en la universidad. Podr&#x00ED;a decirse que existe un riesgo cada vez mayor, al menos en la ret&#x00F3;rica pol&#x00ED;tica, de que el estudiante deje de ser visto principalmente como un acad&#x00E9;mico y un pensador, para pasar a ser un cliente y un consumidor. El estudiante es ahora un consumidor tanto de conocimientos como de experiencias, y puede ejercer sus derechos contractuales en una forma de relaci&#x00F3;n transaccional cada vez m&#x00E1;s reducida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-27819-es">Fulford, 2020</xref>). Lo que sigue a estas formas de consolidaci&#x00F3;n (del pensamiento) es la supresi&#x00F3;n de lo inesperado. Con raz&#x00F3;n se habla mucho en la educaci&#x00F3;n superior de las expectativas: los estudiantes tendr&#x00E1;n expectativas de su carrera y de su experiencia en la universidad, y las universidades, por su parte, esperar&#x00E1;n que los estudiantes tengan un inter&#x00E9;s genuino en sus estudios y se comprometan con las oportunidades que una educaci&#x00F3;n superior proporciona. Todo esto es, por supuesto, correcto y adecuado, por lo que prescindir de la idea de cumplir con las expectativas en la educaci&#x00F3;n ser&#x00ED;a inviable, y francamente absurdo. Pero lo que parece faltar en esta discusi&#x00F3;n es el lugar, no de la expectativa, sino de lo <italic>inesperado</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-27819-es">Fulford, 2016b</xref>). Encontrarse con lo inesperado es colocarse en una posici&#x00F3;n en la que las creencias m&#x00E1;s sinceras de uno son cuestionadas. El lugar de lo inesperado hace trizas nuestras preciadas teor&#x00ED;as y abre espacios de alteridad radical. Y esos espacios son profunda y educativamente inquietantes.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-27819-es">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>L<sc>a universidad como alborotadora</sc></bold></title>
<p>Lo que el debate ha puesto de manifiesto hasta ahora es que, al menos en algunos sentidos, los fundamentos mismos de lo que significa ser <italic>universitas</italic>, una comunidad de maestros y acad&#x00E9;micos, se han visto profundamente cuestionados por algunos de los imperativos pol&#x00ED;ticos predominantes a los que se ha visto sometida. Pero, en r&#x00E9;plica a aquellos que han declarado que la universidad ya est&#x00E1; en ruinas, o que han profetizado su muerte inminente, este art&#x00ED;culo pretende ejercer una especie de inversi&#x00F3;n: darle la vuelta a las cosas. No se trata solo de declarar sin fundamento que las cosas no son lo que parecen, que la trayectoria de la instituci&#x00F3;n universitaria no es problem&#x00E1;tica; eso ser&#x00ED;a imprudente dado el peso de las pruebas sobre el estado de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior contempor&#x00E1;nea. Se trata m&#x00E1;s bien de afirmar, a partir de las ra&#x00ED;ces etimol&#x00F3;gicas de &#x00AB;trouble&#x00BB;, que la esencia de la universidad est&#x00E1; ineludiblemente ligada a una de sus principales funciones como <italic>alborotadora</italic> o creadora de problemas (trouble<italic>maker</italic>). La universidad es el espacio axiom&#x00E1;tico para la agitaci&#x00F3;n de las mentes. Pensar de esta manera provoca un cambio muy necesario, pasamos de hablar de la universidad como si tuviera problemas a mantener una conversaci&#x00F3;n sobre las formas en que puede realizar su prop&#x00F3;sito como alborotadora.</p>
<p>Para desarrollar la l&#x00ED;nea de argumentaci&#x00F3;n de que la universidad es axiom&#x00E1;tica en este sentido, el resto de este art&#x00ED;culo discutir&#x00E1; c&#x00F3;mo, en virtud del hecho de que es <italic>universitas</italic>, se trata, <italic>ipso facto</italic>, de un lugar para la agitaci&#x00F3;n y la perturbaci&#x00F3;n de las mentes de tres maneras distintas. En primer lugar, la universidad es el lugar donde se crean problemas pedag&#x00F3;gicos, es decir, formas de pensamiento y aprendizaje que perturban lo esperado y exigen una respuesta; en segundo lugar, tiene un papel que desempe&#x00F1;ar en la creaci&#x00F3;n de problemas pol&#x00ED;ticos, es decir, en el desarrollo de sociedades justas en las que sus ciudadanos puedan prosperar; y, en tercer lugar, es la iniciadora de la creaci&#x00F3;n de problemas personales, es decir, de la apertura de espacios para la transformaci&#x00F3;n del yo.</p>
<sec id="sec-5-27819-es">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title><italic>La universidad como alborotadora pedag&#x00F3;gica: el ejemplo de la clase magistral</italic></title>
<p>En las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas, la educaci&#x00F3;n superior ha experimentado un cambio significativo en el pensamiento sobre la pedagog&#x00ED;a. La clase magistral, que anta&#x00F1;o era el pilar de la educaci&#x00F3;n universitaria, evoca ahora im&#x00E1;genes de aulas congestionadas, pobladas por filas de estudiantes silenciosos, y el zumbido de una voz mon&#x00F3;tona que resuena sin cesar. Tal vez no haya cambiado mucho desde el famoso grabado de William Hogarth, <italic>Estudiantes en una clase magistral</italic> (1736), que retrata precisamente una escena de este tipo: un profesor de aspecto aburrido que lee de un guion preparado, mientras los estudiantes parecen desconcertados, perplejos, desinteresados, o se limitan a apartar la vista, so&#x00F1;ar despiertos o recurrir al parloteo.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Es un t&#x00F3;pico, sin duda, pero es esta misma imagen parodiada la que ha llevado a pedir que una forma pedag&#x00F3;gica como la clase magistral quede obsoleta. Las razones sugeridas para ello son muchas: la clase magistral se ha asociado a formas m&#x00E1;s pasivas de aprendizaje que requieren poca participaci&#x00F3;n de los que escuchan. Como tal, se ha llegado a considerar una forma de pedagog&#x00ED;a pasada de moda, incluso desvalorizada, que resulta ineficaz por su falta de adaptabilidad a los contextos, experiencias, intereses y motivaciones del alumnado. No solo puede no atraer la atenci&#x00F3;n de los alumnos, sino que, lo que es m&#x00E1;s importante, no puede mantenerla a lo largo de la clase, lo que conduce a una sobrecarga cognitiva y a la posibilidad de que surjan ideas equivocadas que no se cuestionen o no se corrijan. La clase magistral no es, al parecer, atractiva <italic>per se</italic>. Dado que el compromiso es una de las palabras de moda de la educaci&#x00F3;n contempor&#x00E1;nea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-27819-es">Fulford, 2017</xref>), se trata de un diagn&#x00F3;stico terminal. Quiz&#x00E1; solo son la inercia y la familiaridad las que permiten que la clase magistral, al menos en algunas formas, sobreviva.</p>
<p>La base de muchas de las cr&#x00ED;ticas que se hacen a la clase magistral en la universidad contempor&#x00E1;nea parece tener su origen en la opini&#x00F3;n de que est&#x00E1; anclada en un modelo de ense&#x00F1;anza que tiene poca cabida en las instituciones modernas de educaci&#x00F3;n superior. El cr&#x00ED;tico m&#x00E1;s destacado de la clase magistral, el f&#x00ED;sico de Harvard Edward Mazur, incluso se refiere al uso continuado de la clase magistral como &#x00AB;poco &#x00E9;tico&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-27819-es">Mazur citado en Bajak, 2014</xref>). Pero tal vez la m&#x00E1;s &#x00E1;cida de estas cr&#x00ED;ticas sea la opini&#x00F3;n de Carl Wieman, Nobel de F&#x00ED;sica y defensor del aprendizaje activo de la Universidad de Stanford, que compara la creencia en el valor de la ense&#x00F1;anza tradicional con la creencia en la sangr&#x00ED;a en una era de la medicina moderna basada en las pruebas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-27819-es">Buitendijk, 2017</xref>). Y este tipo de opiniones ha cobrado mayor fuerza con la llegada de la pandemia de la COVID-19 a principios de 2020 y el cambio concomitante de la mayor&#x00ED;a de las universidades a la ense&#x00F1;anza en l&#x00ED;nea, puesto que los campus de todo el mundo se cerraron para cumplir con los periodos de confinamiento nacional. El obligado paso a incorporar la tecnolog&#x00ED;a digital y las formas innovadoras de pedagog&#x00ED;a fue la culminaci&#x00F3;n de un movimiento hacia formas de ense&#x00F1;anza y aprendizaje m&#x00E1;s ricas a nivel digital (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-27819-es">Laudrillard, 2002</xref>). Pero incluso antes de la pandemia, y desde principios de la d&#x00E9;cada de 1990, se han producido movimientos posiblemente m&#x00E1;s significativos a favor de lo que se ha percibido como formas m&#x00E1;s dial&#x00F3;gicas de ense&#x00F1;anza que se unen en torno a la actividad centrada en el alumno o a formas de aprendizaje mediante la resoluci&#x00F3;n de problemas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-27819-es">Cannon y Newble, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-27819-es">Biggs, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-27819-es">Honkimaki <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>Los defensores de la clase magistral han sido pocos, pero persistentes a la hora de defender sus potencialidades como componente central de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior. En 2014, Alex Small argument&#x00F3; que, por encima de cualquier otro enfoque pedag&#x00F3;gico, la clase magistral permit&#x00ED;a explicar c&#x00F3;mo un experto abordar&#x00ED;a diferentes tipos de problemas. Su valor, por lo tanto, iba mucho m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; de la capacidad de mera transmisi&#x00F3;n de hechos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-27819-es">Small, 2014</xref>). En 2017, Miya Tokumitsu se propuso dar vida a la moribunda clase magistral por lo que consideraba su valor como desarrolladora de la disciplina de la escucha del experto, una competencia fundamental en el di&#x00E1;logo y el debate p&#x00FA;blicos. &#x00AB;Las buenas clases magistrales&#x00BB;, argument&#x00F3;, &#x00AB;construyen conocimiento y comunidad, y tambi&#x00E9;n modelan la participaci&#x00F3;n c&#x00ED;vica cr&#x00ED;tica&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-27819-es">Tokumitsu, 2017</xref>). Los defensores de este tipo de opini&#x00F3;n, sin embargo, centran su atenci&#x00F3;n en las competencias que el alumno puede desarrollar al asistir a las clases magistrales (como la forma de abordar un problema o el desarrollo de la capacidad de escucha eficaz). Este tipo de competencias no solo son beneficiosas para el estudio eficaz de la disciplina elegida por el alumno, sino tambi&#x00E9;n para un futuro trabajo. Aunque los beneficios del desarrollo de competencias (como la acumulaci&#x00F3;n de conocimientos f&#x00E1;cticos) son indudablemente valiosos (y para muchos de los que critican la clase magistral, esto podr&#x00ED;a ser suficiente para persuadirles de que se replanteen algo), esta defensa solo funciona a un nivel. Lo que deja fuera es lo ontol&#x00F3;gico. La clase magistral, lejos de ser un sofocante espacio de aburrimiento, de desentendimiento, o simplemente de traspaso cotidiano de informaci&#x00F3;n, es un espacio donde pueden tener lugar las posibilidades de transformaci&#x00F3;n del yo.</p>
<p>Esta afirmaci&#x00F3;n se basa en una visi&#x00F3;n profundamente diferente de la clase magistral, que considera su funci&#x00F3;n principal como una forma de dirigirse. No en el sentido de: &#x00AB;Me dirijo a usted para contarle esto, para que tenga la misma informaci&#x00F3;n que tengo yo&#x00BB;, sino m&#x00E1;s bien de &#x00AB;Me dirijo a usted para hacerle saber c&#x00F3;mo veo el mundo; &#x00BF;tambi&#x00E9;n lo ve as&#x00ED;, o de qu&#x00E9; forma diferente lo percibe?&#x00BB;. En esta idea de dirigirse entran en juego dos cosas: la primera, la noci&#x00F3;n de dirigirse como invitaci&#x00F3;n y demanda; la segunda, la de dirigirse como encuentro. Se trata de ver la clase magistral como un espacio radical, no de difusi&#x00F3;n, sino de una forma especial de encuentro humano en el que tanto los que se dirigen, como los que son interpelados, se abren a las posibilidades de un tipo de transformaci&#x00F3;n que se asemeja a una educaci&#x00F3;n del yo. Ser interpelado es estar sujeto tanto a la invitaci&#x00F3;n <italic>como</italic> a la demanda; es ser llamado a rendir cuentas y a responder a la demanda de una respuesta. Y es este tipo de invitaci&#x00F3;n lo que perturba, lo que agita la mente a la hora de enmarcar tal respuesta. La invitaci&#x00F3;n (al acuerdo, a ofrecer una postura contraria, a rechazar la demanda) conlleva una forma de &#x00AB;encuentro&#x00BB;, del tipo que hace justicia a las ricas trazas etimol&#x00F3;gicas de esta palabra a partir de las ideas de un encuentro entre adversarios. El tipo de encuentro con las ideas que se inicia al dirigirse el profesor es uno en que, en su desaf&#x00ED;o a nuestras ideas preconcebidas, nuestra sabidur&#x00ED;a recibida y nuestras ideas y teor&#x00ED;as m&#x00E1;s preciadas, perturba la mente y demanda nuestra respuesta. Para el profesor, sensible a las formas en que puede alimentar dichas oportunidades de encuentro, y tanto para el alumno como para el profesor, receptivos a las demandas que tales encuentros conllevan, la clase magistral es &#x00FA;nicamente una de las formas pedag&#x00F3;gicas que abren tales posibilidades.</p>
<p>Podemos encontrar un ejemplo muy evocador de dicha invitaci&#x00F3;n y lo encuentro en la novela estadounidense de 1965, <italic>Stoner</italic>, de John Williams. Este cl&#x00E1;sico cuenta la historia de William Stoner, enviado en 1910 a estudiar Agricultura a la Universidad de Misuri despu&#x00E9;s de haber vivido casi en la pobreza en la granja de sus padres. Como estudiante de primer a&#x00F1;o, Stoner tiene que cursar la asignatura de Literatura inglesa. Apenas tiene dificultades con el trabajo en sus clases principales de Qu&#x00ED;mica de suelos, pero las clases magistrales de Literatura le parecen desconcertantes, sobre todo la del &#x00AB;Soneto 73&#x00BB; de Shakespeare. Estas clases, como escribi&#x00F3; William, le perturbaban e inquietaban como nada lo hab&#x00ED;a hecho antes. En una poderosa escena, el profesor de Stoner, Archer Sloane, se dirige directamente a &#x00E9;l durante la clase magistral sobre Shakespeare:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x00AB;Se&#x00F1;or Stoner, &#x00BF;qu&#x00E9; quiere decir el soneto?&#x00BB;. Stoner trag&#x00F3; y trat&#x00F3; de abrir la boca. &#x00AB;Es un soneto, se&#x00F1;or Stoner&#x00BB;, dijo Sloane con sequedad, &#x00AB;una composici&#x00F3;n po&#x00E9;tica de catorce versos, que sigue ciertas pautas que estoy seguro habr&#x00E1; usted memorizado&#x00BB;&#x2026;Mir&#x00F3; a Stoner durante un momento m&#x00E1;s&#x2026;Los ojos de Sloane regresaron a William Stoner y dijo secamente: &#x00AB;El se&#x00F1;or Shakespeare le habla a trav&#x00E9;s de trescientos a&#x00F1;os, se&#x00F1;or Stoner, &#x00BF;le escucha?&#x00BB;&#x2026;&#x00AB;&#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; le comunica, se&#x00F1;or Stoner? &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; quiere decir el soneto?&#x00BB;&#x2026;Los ojos de Stoner se elevaron lentamente y sin convicci&#x00F3;n&#x2026;&#x00AB;Quiere decir&#x00BB;, dijo, [...] y no pudo terminar lo que hab&#x00ED;a empezado&#x00BB;. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-27819-es">Williams, 1965/2012</xref>, p. 12).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En esta escena tan cotidiana de una clase magistral que podr&#x00ED;a haberse reproducido en cualquier universidad de las primeras d&#x00E9;cadas del siglo XX, ocurr&#x00ED;a algo m&#x00E1;s. No se trataba de una simple sesi&#x00F3;n de preguntas y respuestas, ni de un profesor que se burla de su alumno. Era m&#x00E1;s bien un momento de encuentro decisivo no solo entre Sloane y Stoner, o quiz&#x00E1;s entre posibles interpretaciones diferentes del soneto, sino de Stoner consigo mismo. El fil&#x00F3;sofo Stanley Cavell escribe sobre estos momentos de encuentro, marcados por las ideas de apelaci&#x00F3;n y la demanda de una respuesta, en t&#x00E9;rminos de lo que &#x00E9;l denomina &#x00AB;expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-27819-es">Cavell, 2005</xref>, p. 185).<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Para Cavell, una expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada es una invitaci&#x00F3;n a una forma de intercambio, en la que un interlocutor invoca o provoca las palabras de otro. Sloane invita a Stoner a involucrarse en el significado del soneto. Pero, en la absoluta normalidad de este intercambio, est&#x00E1;n en juego preocupaciones mucho m&#x00E1;s importantes: La respuesta emocional de Stoner a los sentimientos expresados en el soneto, su relaci&#x00F3;n con la asignatura de Literatura y, por lo que sabemos a medida que se desarrolla la trama, el curso de los estudios acad&#x00E9;micos de Stoner y su propia vida. Todo esto se inicia a partir del momento de la turbaci&#x00F3;n: la agitaci&#x00F3;n de la mente de Stoner que invoca la invitaci&#x00F3;n a la expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada o al intercambio (para decir c&#x00F3;mo ve &#x00E9;l el mundo). El momento de la turbaci&#x00F3;n de la mente es la apertura de las posibilidades para la transformaci&#x00F3;n, o la educaci&#x00F3;n (en el sentido de <italic>e-ducere</italic> una direcci&#x00F3;n) del yo.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-27819-es">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title><italic>La universidad como alborotadora pol&#x00ED;tica: repensar el concepto de &#x00AB;universidad c&#x00ED;vica&#x00BB;</italic></title>
    <p>Las universidades existen en un panorama pol&#x00ED;tico al que est&#x00E1;n ineludiblemente ligadas. El discurso p&#x00FA;blico sobre asuntos tan diversos como la movilidad social, la igualdad de oportunidades, la ocupaci&#x00F3;n juvenil, la regeneraci&#x00F3;n regional, las necesidades de cualificaci&#x00F3;n de los empresarios y el crecimiento econ&#x00F3;mico y la prosperidad afecta de alguna manera al papel y al crecimiento del sector universitario. A medida que el poder pol&#x00ED;tico se mueve entre la d&#x00ED;ada izquierda-derecha con cada elecci&#x00F3;n, el destino de la universidad parece estar relacionado con la medida en que se la considera un agente de cambio de confianza o un sector inconformista con necesidad de una gesti&#x00F3;n y una regulaci&#x00F3;n cuidadosas. En el tumulto pol&#x00ED;tico que suele producirse cuando se debate la pol&#x00ED;tica de educaci&#x00F3;n superior, las universidades no son ajenas a los intentos de reforzar su posici&#x00F3;n y asegurar su futuro. En su <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-27819-es"><italic>Manifesto for Resistance</italic></xref> de 2011, Michael Bailey y Des Freedman esbozan el tipo de demandas que se hacen a las universidades en el &#x00E1;mbito pol&#x00ED;tico, y los modos de resistencia que tienen las universidades en respuesta a los gobernantes. Se critica a las universidades por una serie de pr&#x00E1;cticas: la precariedad de algunos contratos acad&#x00E9;micos, su cuestionable compromiso con la libertad de c&#x00E1;tedra, la externalizaci&#x00F3;n de los servicios universitarios y su inadecuada respuesta a la crisis de salud mental de los estudiantes y a la preocupaci&#x00F3;n por la carga de trabajo y el bienestar del personal. Las universidades, por su parte, se resisten a las incesantes presiones pol&#x00ED;ticas para gestionar la captaci&#x00F3;n de estudiantes a trav&#x00E9;s de mecanismos de financiaci&#x00F3;n, para &#x00AB;medir&#x00BB; la calidad de la oferta a trav&#x00E9;s de m&#x00E9;tricas simplistas y para ejercer un control indebido sobre la oferta curricular. Pero las universidades rara vez perturban a la &#x00E9;lite pol&#x00ED;tica de manera significativa. Esto sugiere de nuevo una forma de consolidaci&#x00F3;n, m&#x00E1;s que de agitaci&#x00F3;n o perturbaci&#x00F3;n. Las universidades hacen un gran esfuerzo por evitar cualquier tipo de atenci&#x00F3;n medi&#x00E1;tica que pueda afectar de forma negativa a su marca y, proporcionalmente, a su captaci&#x00F3;n de estudiantes o a su posici&#x00F3;n en la tabla de clasificaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-27819-es">Downes, 2017</xref>). Por el contrario, se esfuerzan por dar la imagen m&#x00E1;s positiva de s&#x00ED; mismas, resaltando sus &#x00E9;xitos y su compromiso con las causas dignas y las campa&#x00F1;as nacionales destacadas. De este modo, las universidades demuestran que son instituciones que est&#x00E1;n en el centro de sus comunidades, que comparten sus preocupaciones y que las apoyan.</p>
<p>Lo que significa ser <italic>universitas</italic>, entonces, es ser una comunidad (de maestros y acad&#x00E9;micos) dentro de una comunidad m&#x00E1;s amplia: una <italic>polis</italic>. La forma en que esto se lleva a cabo a menudo representa una comprensi&#x00F3;n particular de la universidad c&#x00ED;vica, en la que la instituci&#x00F3;n es un donante o un benefactor para la comunidad local. Las universidades permiten que las comunidades locales hagan uso de sus instalaciones sin ning&#x00FA;n coste o a un coste reducido. El p&#x00FA;blico puede acceder a las piscinas y a los gimnasios fuera del horario en que son utilizados dentro de los programas acad&#x00E9;micos. Las universidades permiten que los grupos de deporte comunitarios utilicen sus campos deportivos al aire libre. Con frecuencia se invita a grupos escolares a los campus para que puedan acceder a los espacios de artes esc&#x00E9;nicas o a los laboratorios. Y los espacios verdes y recreativos de la universidad est&#x00E1;n abiertos para el disfrute de todos. Estas formas de abrir el campus a un p&#x00FA;blico m&#x00E1;s amplio son sin duda beneficiosas. Ayudan a desmitificar la universidad para aquellos que no est&#x00E1;n familiarizados con sus funciones, son una forma de apoyar la aspiraci&#x00F3;n a la educaci&#x00F3;n superior de los estudiantes potenciales desfavorecidos y no tradicionales y pueden contribuir a persuadir al p&#x00FA;blico sobre el valor de los impuestos para apoyar al sector de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior.</p>
<p>A pesar de todas estas respetables medidas para iniciar y mantener las relaciones con la comunidad, estas iniciativas solo representan una escasa comprensi&#x00F3;n de la universidad c&#x00ED;vica. Por ello, algunos han argumentado que es necesario un cambio significativo para pasar de la percepci&#x00F3;n de la universidad como un bien exclusivamente econ&#x00F3;mico a una concepci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s rica de su papel en la sociedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-27819-es">Sandel, 2016</xref>). En su apoyo a la obra de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-27819-es">Goddard <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> <italic>The Civic University</italic>, John Brewer escribe:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Las universidades deben replantearse lo que significa ser una universidad p&#x00FA;blica en el siglo XXI, en parte por la p&#x00E9;rdida de financiaci&#x00F3;n y funci&#x00F3;n p&#x00FA;blica, pero tambi&#x00E9;n porque deben mostrarse relevantes ante los desaf&#x00ED;os mundiales que amenazan el futuro de la humanidad.</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Esta afirmaci&#x00F3;n supone un reto importante para que las universidades reimaginen su compromiso c&#x00ED;vico y lo que est&#x00E1; en juego con la idea de la universidad como un bien p&#x00FA;blico. Adoptar este cambio de mentalidad es tambi&#x00E9;n ser consciente de las implicaciones que conlleva. Como Brewer contin&#x00FA;a:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Esta reformulaci&#x00F3;n de una antigua idea, la universidad c&#x00ED;vica, nos reta a garantizar que, a trav&#x00E9;s de la ense&#x00F1;anza y el compromiso c&#x00ED;vico, las administraciones universitarias, el personal y los estudiantes sit&#x00FA;en a las universidades en el centro del nexo local-regional-global, trabajando en los tres niveles para marcar la diferencia. El concepto c&#x00ED;vico es tanto una declaraci&#x00F3;n de valores como una nueva forma de organizar la educaci&#x00F3;n superior; se trata de animar a las universidades a tener alma.</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Lo que Brewer parece defender aqu&#x00ED; es una idea de la universidad c&#x00ED;vica entendida en sentido amplio. Parece posicionar la universidad menos como un compromiso p&#x00FA;blico que &#x00AB;hace&#x00BB; o que demuestra un esp&#x00ED;ritu p&#x00FA;blico, y m&#x00E1;s como un entendimiento de lo que significa &#x00AB;vivir &#x00E9;ticamente y actuar pol&#x00ED;ticamente&#x00BB; juntos en comunidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-27819-es">Brewer, 2013</xref>, p. 2). Esta visi&#x00F3;n de la universidad c&#x00ED;vica se apoya en un enfoque radicalmente distinto de la forma en que la universidad habla, no solo de s&#x00ED; misma, sino tambi&#x00E9;n con las comunidades, y en el &#x00E1;mbito pol&#x00ED;tico. Las universidades son muy eficaces en la autopromoci&#x00F3;n y el posicionamiento. Esta gesti&#x00F3;n es responsabilidad de las crecientes funciones administrativas a trav&#x00E9;s de los departamentos de comunicaci&#x00F3;n y relaciones exteriores. Estos protegen con vehemencia su marca y sus esl&#x00F3;ganes para enviar solo los mensajes m&#x00E1;s positivos al p&#x00FA;blico. Se trata de un gran negocio, y hay mucho en juego:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Otra manifestaci&#x00F3;n de la gesti&#x00F3;n universitaria dirigida hacia los negocios es el despliegue del lenguaje empresarial para hacer notar su diferenciaci&#x00F3;n en el mercado. Buscan la &#x00AB;diferenciaci&#x00F3;n en el mercado y del producto&#x00BB; por medio de puntos de venta &#x00FA;nicos (USP, por sus siglas en ingl&#x00E9;s), la marca corporativa, las &#x00AB;promesas de la marca&#x00BB;, los &#x00AB;esl&#x00F3;ganes&#x00BB;, las declaraciones sobre su misi&#x00F3;n, las &#x00AB;carteras en sinton&#x00ED;a con el mercado&#x00BB;, las &#x00AB;propuestas de valor&#x00BB;, los logotipos y las becas. Seg&#x00FA;n un consultor de gesti&#x00F3;n especializado en marca corporativa universitaria, el objetivo es hacer que las universidades &#x00AB;destaquen de forma tangible&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-27819-es">Brewer, 2013</xref>, p. 103).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Este tipo de enfoques constituye otra iteraci&#x00F3;n de la consolidaci&#x00F3;n cada vez m&#x00E1;s caracter&#x00ED;stica del sector de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior: evitar cualquier tipo de problema, como titulares inquietantes, asociaci&#x00F3;n a ideas perturbadoras o atracci&#x00F3;n de &#x00AB;mala prensa&#x00BB;. Por supuesto, gran parte de esto es simplemente una buena pr&#x00E1;ctica empresarial, y las universidades <italic>son</italic> grandes empresas. Pero entender la universidad c&#x00ED;vica en profundidad es entender sus relaciones pol&#x00ED;ticas de otra manera. Brewer habla de la necesidad de &#x00AB;una revoluci&#x00F3;n en las relaciones entre el gobierno y la comunidad de investigaci&#x00F3;n social&#x00BB;, pero aqu&#x00ED; solo piensa en la agenda de impacto de la investigaci&#x00F3;n y en la necesidad de que la investigaci&#x00F3;n social en las universidades ayude a determinar qu&#x00E9; funciona, y por qu&#x00E9;, y por tanto qu&#x00E9; tipos de iniciativas pol&#x00ED;ticas tienen m&#x00E1;s probabilidades de ser eficaces. Pero es al darse cuenta y actuar sobre lo que est&#x00E1; en juego en su &#x00AB;civismo&#x00BB; como valor fundamental, y su fuerza como bien p&#x00FA;blico, cuando la universidad se convierte en una alborotadora pol&#x00ED;tica. En este sentido, busca menos proteger su reputaci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s de ingeniosas campa&#x00F1;as de <italic>marketing</italic> y la estricta regulaci&#x00F3;n de sus pr&#x00E1;cticas de comunicaci&#x00F3;n, y m&#x00E1;s a trav&#x00E9;s de la forma en que trata de comprometerse con la esfera pol&#x00ED;tica para abordar los desaf&#x00ED;os globales de la humanidad.</p>
<p>Podemos recurrir de nuevo a Cavell para pensar en c&#x00F3;mo podr&#x00ED;a llevarse a cabo dicho compromiso. Como hemos visto, su noci&#x00F3;n de la expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada est&#x00E1; marcada por las ideas de invitaci&#x00F3;n, demanda y respuesta. Para Cavell, la invitaci&#x00F3;n al di&#x00E1;logo sobre temas de inter&#x00E9;s com&#x00FA;n se hace sin conocer sus efectos: si la invitaci&#x00F3;n ser&#x00E1; aceptada, pospuesta o rechazada, y cu&#x00E1;les podr&#x00ED;an ser las consecuencias de ello. La invitaci&#x00F3;n a la expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada (con las comunidades o con los gobiernos) es, por tanto, intr&#x00ED;nsecamente arriesgada. De hecho, Cavell escribe que, en el momento de la expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada, &#x00AB;me hago vulnerable a tu reprimenda&#x00BB; (2005, p. 185), y que cada ocasi&#x00F3;n de esta expresi&#x00F3;n &#x00AB;arriesga, si no cuesta, sangre&#x00BB; (2005, p. 187). Esto dista mucho de la tendencia de las universidades a gestionar sus comunicaciones (p&#x00FA;blicas) y a minimizar los riesgos. Pero es en la aceptaci&#x00F3;n de este riesgo, en la invitaci&#x00F3;n al di&#x00E1;logo y en la demanda de una respuesta donde las universidades hacen realidad sus reclamaciones c&#x00ED;vicas. No se trata de que las universidades <italic>causen</italic> problemas en el sentido de participar en el debate pol&#x00ED;tico solamente para perturbar, para privilegiar a ciertas posiciones, para explotar su acceso privilegiado a los organismos poderosos para ejercer el poder o para sofocar el discurso de otro. De hecho, Cavell llama a este tipo de enfoques &#x00AB;oratoria pol&#x00ED;tica&#x00BB; o &#x00AB;discurso del odio&#x00BB; (2005, p. 182). Se trata m&#x00E1;s bien de la perturbaci&#x00F3;n, o tal vez de la inquietud y el trastorno, de ideas, pol&#x00ED;ticas, pr&#x00E1;cticas o comportamientos que amenazan las posibilidades de que vivamos bien y progresemos juntos. Esto sit&#x00FA;a a la universidad en una posici&#x00F3;n muy diferente: no como una instituci&#x00F3;n que, en virtud de tener una pol&#x00ED;tica de relaciones exteriores, demuestra alg&#x00FA;n tipo de compromiso con la comunidad, sino m&#x00E1;s bien como creadora de comunidad, de la <italic>polis</italic>. Una forma muy pr&#x00E1;ctica de expresar este tipo de compromiso puede ser el modo en que la universidad se relaciona con el p&#x00FA;blico a trav&#x00E9;s de su investigaci&#x00F3;n. La investigaci&#x00F3;n se hace con frecuencia <italic>para</italic> las comunidades, pero menos a menudo <italic>con</italic> ellas para que vean los beneficios tangibles de la participaci&#x00F3;n. Una pr&#x00E1;ctica de la investigaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s rica y radicalmente m&#x00E1;s democr&#x00E1;tica consistir&#x00ED;a en situar a la comunidad en el centro de los procesos de investigaci&#x00F3;n: en los comit&#x00E9;s de &#x00E9;tica de las universidades, en los comit&#x00E9;s de financiaci&#x00F3;n, en los equipos de investigaci&#x00F3;n y como participantes clave en la revisi&#x00F3;n por pares de los resultados de la investigaci&#x00F3;n.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6"><sup>6</sup></xref> No se tratar&#x00ED;a de un mero ejercicio de relaciones p&#x00FA;blicas, sino de una poderosa expresi&#x00F3;n de la relaci&#x00F3;n de la universidad con las diferentes comunidades, y un medio demostrable de amplificar sus voces. Al expresarnos conjuntamente de esta manera, al hablar con pasi&#x00F3;n, como dice Cavell, &#x00AB;declaramos nuestra posici&#x00F3;n&#x00BB; con los dem&#x00E1;s y &#x00AB;nos jugamos nuestro futuro juntos&#x00BB; (2005, p. 185).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-27819-es">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title><italic>La universidad como alborotadora de las personas</italic></title>
<p>Los objetivos de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, as&#x00ED; como la naturaleza y la finalidad de las universidades, parecen resistirse a cualquier consolidaci&#x00F3;n definitiva. Sin embargo, en las &#x00FA;ltimas d&#x00E9;cadas, los debates sobre la futura orientaci&#x00F3;n del sector universitario se han centrado en las necesidades de cualificaci&#x00F3;n de las econom&#x00ED;as modernas y posindustriales. Esto ha dado lugar a un cambio distinguible en la oferta de las universidades, con una fuerte direcci&#x00F3;n y apoyo de los gobiernos, para atender esa necesidad. Y con la llegada de las tasas de matriculaci&#x00F3;n para la educaci&#x00F3;n superior, los estudiantes eligen cada vez m&#x00E1;s estudios con rutas claramente definidas hacia determinadas ocupaciones profesionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-27819-es">Kaye y Bates, 2016</xref>). Estos cambios han resultado en una preocupaci&#x00F3;n por el contenido, y por los conocimientos, competencias y cualidades que los graduados deben adquirir para tener &#x00E9;xito en el lugar de trabajo o en los estudios posteriores. Los conocimientos propositivos, en t&#x00E9;rminos de &#x00AB;saber que&#x00BB;, y los conocimientos pr&#x00E1;cticos, son fundamentales en las carreras universitarias. Se recogen en las listas de contenidos orientativos de los planes de estudio y se reafirman en los resultados del aprendizaje. En el caso de las carreras que requieren una acreditaci&#x00F3;n profesional adicional (Educaci&#x00F3;n, Contabilidad, Medicina y similares), los organismos profesionales, estatutarios y reguladores determinan el contenido de los programas de grado que deben impartirse y evaluarse. En 2019, por ejemplo, el Ministerio de Educaci&#x00F3;n de Inglaterra public&#x00F3; su <italic>Initial Teacher Training Core Content Framework</italic> [Marco de contenidos b&#x00E1;sicos de la formaci&#x00F3;n inicial del profesorado] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27819-es">DfE, 2019</xref>) que establece una secuencia coherente de contenidos para los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n en las universidades que les permitir&#x00E1; tener &#x00E9;xito como profesionales en el aula, describi&#x00E9;ndolo como una &#x00AB;habilitaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00ED;nima&#x00BB; para todos los profesores en formaci&#x00F3;n.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Este enfoque en la adquisici&#x00F3;n y el aseguramiento del conocimiento propositivo trae a la mente el modelo de &#x00AB;educaci&#x00F3;n bancaria&#x00BB; de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-27819-es">Freire (1970)</xref> y la famosa estatua <italic>Fons Sapientae</italic> en Lovaina, B&#x00E9;lgica, que con frecuencia se cree que representa el &#x00AB;vertido&#x00BB; de conocimientos.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
<p>Hay algo &#x00FA;nicamente parcial en este relato de la finalidad de la universidad. Volvamos en este punto a la novela de John Williams, <italic>Stoner</italic>. Ya hemos visto c&#x00F3;mo las clases de Literatura de Archer Sloane perturbaban e inquietaban a Stoner. En los siguientes p&#x00E1;rrafos, quiero sugerir que este incidente es ilustrativo de un prop&#x00F3;sito mucho m&#x00E1;s amplio de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior como alborotadora de las personas. A medida que se desarrolla la trama de la novela, se hace evidente que la &#x00FA;nica clase magistral que Williams describe con una prosa tan evocadora no debe tomarse como una referencia pasajera al tipo de vida que llevaba Stoner como estudiante de primer a&#x00F1;o en la Universidad de Misuri. Por el contrario, la reacci&#x00F3;n de Stoner a la clase magistral es un momento de transformaci&#x00F3;n. Algo le estaba pasando a Stoner. Mientras se apresuraba para llegar a su siguiente clase (Qu&#x00ED;mica de suelos), record&#x00F3; una reacci&#x00F3;n muy diferente: una sensaci&#x00F3;n de monoton&#x00ED;a. Pero su recuerdo de la clase de Literatura despert&#x00F3; algo en &#x00E9;l; &#x00AB;Tom&#x00F3; conciencia de s&#x00ED; mismo como nunca antes&#x00BB; (p. 13). Para Stoner, la universidad era provocadora; le hac&#x00ED;a pensar, le daba pie a la reflexi&#x00F3;n. En el sentido del t&#x00E9;rmino alem&#x00E1;n, <italic>Denkansto&#x00DF;</italic>, era el impulso provocador. Pero en la idea de la universidad como provocadora, como alborotadora de las personas, no debemos ver la provocaci&#x00F3;n al pensamiento &#x00FA;nicamente como un ejercicio intelectual, sino como el inicio de un momento transformador. Para Stoner, las implicaciones de ese momento fueron significativas. Sus planes de graduarse, y de volver a la granja de sus padres, se vieron profundamente cuestionados. Si avanzamos unas p&#x00E1;ginas en la novela de Williams, encontramos a Stoner reunido de nuevo con Archer Sloane, esta vez en su despacho:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Sloane dio unos golpecitos sobre los papeles de su escritorio. &#x00AB;Su expediente me ha informado de que proviene usted de una comunidad granjera. &#x00BF;He de entender que sus padres son granjeros?&#x00BB;. Stoner asinti&#x00F3;.</p>
<p>&#x00AB;&#x00BF;Y pretende regresar a la granja una vez se haya licenciado aqu&#x00ED;?&#x00BB;.</p>
<p>&#x00AB;No, se&#x00F1;or&#x00BB;, dijo Stoner, y la determinaci&#x00F3;n de su voz le sorprendi&#x00F3;. Pens&#x00F3; con cierto asombro en la decisi&#x00F3;n que hab&#x00ED;a tomado de repente. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-27819-es">Williams, 1965/2012</xref>, p. 18).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En esta escena, que recuerda a la de unas p&#x00E1;ginas antes, Stoner vuelve a quedarse sin palabras. Sloane le informa de sus notas y le pregunta qu&#x00E9; va a hacer si no vuelve a la granja. De nuevo, Stoner es incapaz de responder. Y es en este momento cuando las palabras de Sloane acuden a &#x00E9;l una vez m&#x00E1;s para inquietarlo y perturbarlo:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x00AB;&#x00BF;Pero no lo sabe, se&#x00F1;or Stoner?&#x00BB;, pregunt&#x00F3; Sloane. &#x00AB;&#x00BF;A&#x00FA;n no se comprende a s&#x00ED; mismo? Usted va a ser profesor&#x00BB;.</p>
<p>De repente Sloane parec&#x00ED;a muy distante y los muros del despacho se alejaron. Stoner se sent&#x00ED;a suspendido en el aire y oy&#x00F3; su voz preguntar: &#x00AB;&#x00BF;Est&#x00E1; seguro?&#x00BB;.</p>
<p>&#x00AB;Estoy seguro&#x00BB;, dijo Sloane suavemente.</p>
<p>&#x00AB;&#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo lo sabe? &#x00BF;C&#x00F3;mo puede estar seguro?&#x00BB;.</p>
<p>&#x00AB;Es amor, se&#x00F1;or Stoner&#x00BB;, dijo Sloane jovial. &#x00AB;Usted est&#x00E1; enamorado. As&#x00ED; de sencillo&#x00BB;. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-27819-es">Williams 1965/2012</xref>, p. 19).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En las p&#x00E1;ginas restantes de la novela, vemos los resultados de estas interacciones entre Stoner y Sloane. Su relaci&#x00F3;n nunca es f&#x00E1;cil, pero esa no es la cuesti&#x00F3;n. Sloane es el provocador, que hace pensar a Stoner y perturba sus planes. Que esas interacciones fueron momentos que abrieron posibilidades de transformaci&#x00F3;n se ve en c&#x00F3;mo Stoner cambia su especialidad a Literatura inglesa, c&#x00F3;mo se forja una carrera acad&#x00E9;mica, c&#x00F3;mo escribe sobre el Renacimiento ingl&#x00E9;s y estudia las influencias cl&#x00E1;sicas y medievales del lat&#x00ED;n en esa &#x00E1;rea y c&#x00F3;mo, en su lecho de muerte, llega a comprender la trascendencia de la transformaci&#x00F3;n que hab&#x00ED;a experimentado:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Hab&#x00ED;a suavidad a su alrededor y lasitud creciente en sus extremidades. El sentido de su propia identidad le lleg&#x00F3; con fuerza repentina y sinti&#x00F3; su poder. Era &#x00E9;l mismo y sab&#x00ED;a lo que hab&#x00ED;a sido. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-27819-es">Williams 1965/2012</xref>, p. 288).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Experimentar una transformaci&#x00F3;n es tambi&#x00E9;n vivir una especie de crisis, no en el sentido de calamidad o cat&#x00E1;strofe, sino m&#x00E1;s bien (siguiendo las ra&#x00ED;ces etimol&#x00F3;gicas del griego <italic>krisis</italic>), en el sentido de llegar a un punto de inflexi&#x00F3;n, en el que hay que tomar una decisi&#x00F3;n. Al igual que los p&#x00E1;jaros del c&#x00E9;lebre <italic>Walden</italic> de Thoreau, cuya temporada de muda describe como una &#x00AB;crisis&#x00BB;, nuestra transformaci&#x00F3;n humana se inicia a partir de los momentos en los que somos m&#x00E1;s vulnerables: &#x00AB;Nuestra &#x00E9;poca de muda, como la de los animales de pluma, ha de representar una fase cr&#x00ED;tica de nuestras vidas&#x00BB; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-27819-es">Thoreau 1854/1999</xref>, p. 23). Entender la universidad como alborotadora de las personas es reconocer su papel en la apertura de espacios de <italic>krisis</italic> para los estudiantes. Esto puede ocurrir de varias maneras: pedag&#x00F3;gicamente (como vimos con Stoner en la clase magistral de Sloane) o simplemente en las interacciones cotidianas entre los estudiantes y sus profesores (como vimos en la conversaci&#x00F3;n posterior de Sloane con su alumno). En ninguno de estos ejemplos hay una sensaci&#x00F3;n de gran dramatismo; no se da la situaci&#x00F3;n calamitosa que la idea de crisis podr&#x00ED;a sugerir en un principio. En cambio, lo caracter&#x00ED;stico de los encuentros entre el alumno y el profesor es que hay simplemente una sensaci&#x00F3;n de desorientaci&#x00F3;n que provoca la perturbaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
    <p>Este tipo de desorientaci&#x00F3;n puede pensarse desde un punto de vista ontol&#x00F3;gico, como algo central para pensar en nuestra condici&#x00F3;n humana, pero crucialmente tambi&#x00E9;n para las ideas de lo que significa ser educado en la universidad, para su papel como alborotadora de las personas. Lo que est&#x00E1; en juego aqu&#x00ED; es nuestro pensamiento sobre la universidad como un lugar que alimenta un sentido de falta de arraigo a la tierra o de falta de hogar. Esto parece parad&#x00F3;jico en una cultura de la educaci&#x00F3;n superior que privilegia la obtenci&#x00F3;n y demostraci&#x00F3;n de determinados resultados de aprendizaje. Hay algo m&#x00E1;s radical aqu&#x00ED; que el mero hecho de animar a los estudiantes a reconocer la naturaleza provisional del conocimiento en sus respectivas disciplinas; se trata m&#x00E1;s bien de que, como alborotadora de las personas, la universidad sea un lugar de inquietud radical. Esto tiene una fuerte conexi&#x00F3;n con la idea de Thoreau, en su famoso ensayo <italic>Caminar</italic>, de pasear, de estar <italic>sans terre</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-27819-es">1862/2006</xref>), pero tambi&#x00E9;n con la idea de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-27819-es">Heidegger (1962)</xref> de <italic>das Unheimliche</italic>, de no estar (eternamente) en casa. Reconocer el papel de la universidad como alborotadora es concebirla como un espacio para el tipo de pensamiento (perturbador) que se resiste al impulso del conocimiento; como un lugar que constituye el espacio para la interrupci&#x00F3;n de los marcos existentes de nuestro pensamiento. Solo cuando nos agitamos de este modo es cuando, en palabras de Thoreau, &#x00AB;llegamos a saber c&#x00F3;mo estamos en el... mundo&#x00BB; (1854/1999, p. 142).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-27819-es">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>L<sc>a universidad contempor&#x00E1;nea como instituci&#x00F3;n problem&#x00E1;tica</sc></bold></title>
<p>Para muchos de los que trabajan en ella, la universidad puede parecer a veces un lugar problem&#x00E1;tico. Este tipo de problemas est&#x00E1; lejos de la agitaci&#x00F3;n positiva de la mente que este art&#x00ED;culo ha expuesto. Es problem&#x00E1;tica en otro sentido, ya que provoca una especie de malestar que bloquea las posibilidades de transformaci&#x00F3;n tanto de los alumnos como de los profesores. La cultura que un sector cada vez m&#x00E1;s regulado ha generado en muchas instituciones lleva a muchos a preguntarse c&#x00F3;mo vivir como acad&#x00E9;micos cuando parece haber amenazas siempre constantes a la libertad e integridad acad&#x00E9;micas. Ante las diversas formas de precariedad de los acad&#x00E9;micos, &#x00BF;sigue teniendo sentido hablar de espacios para la disconformidad, y qu&#x00E9; tipo de vulnerabilidades se exponen a trav&#x00E9;s de dicha disconformidad?</p>
    <p>En 2013, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-27819-es">Gary Rolfe</xref> esboz&#x00F3; una respuesta a la &#x00AB;universidad arruinada&#x00BB;. Afirm&#x00F3; que la universidad estaba en peligro debido a la fuerza de discursos como la econom&#x00ED;a del conocimiento y la idea de la &#x00AB;universidad de excelencia&#x00BB;. Para Rolfe, estos discursos han dejado a la universidad &#x00AB;desprovista de cualquier funci&#x00F3;n reguladora cr&#x00ED;tica y ha permitido a los administradores y bur&#x00F3;cratas llevar a cabo su corporatizaci&#x00F3;n, y por tanto su perdici&#x00F3;n, en nombre de la excelencia y la eficiencia&#x00BB; (2013, p. 34). &#x00BF;Qu&#x00E9; esperanza hay, entonces, ante esta situaci&#x00F3;n? En lugar de hablar de redenci&#x00F3;n o de reconstruir la universidad a partir de las ruinas, Rolfe adopta la idea heideggeriana de convivir con la situaci&#x00F3;n actual. Escribe sobre la idea de una &#x00AB;universidad dentro de la Universidad&#x00BB;, refiri&#x00E9;ndose a una &#x00AB;<italic>Para</italic>versidad que discurre de forma invisible o inadvertida junto a la universidad de la excelencia y en paralelo a ella&#x00BB; (2013, p. 35), y que ocupa &#x00AB;un espacio virtual en el que puede producirse el disentimiento&#x00BB; (<italic>ibid</italic>.).</p>
<p>El concepto de <italic>Para</italic>versidad de Rolfe es problem&#x00E1;tico en varios sentidos. En primer lugar, describe sin reparos la <italic>Para</italic>versidad como &#x00AB;una red... clandestina&#x00BB; (p. 44). Esto sugiere una especie de invisibilidad y, en palabras de Rolfe, una especie de grupos org&#x00E1;nicos, desapercibidos y no jer&#x00E1;rquicos que trabajan en contra de la instituci&#x00F3;n existente. De hecho, afirma que &#x00AB;para los que trabajan fuera de ella, la paraversidad ser&#x00ED;a casi invisible... [sin] ning&#x00FA;n signo externo evidente de su existencia&#x00BB; (pp. 44-45). Tales ideas tratan la universidad como un &#x00AB;otro&#x00BB; ajeno y fuerzan una separaci&#x00F3;n profundamente in&#x00FA;til que cierra las posibilidades de di&#x00E1;logo. Hay aqu&#x00ED; l&#x00ED;neas de conexi&#x00F3;n con el pensamiento del fil&#x00F3;sofo existencialista franc&#x00E9;s, Gabriel Marcel, cuando escribe sobre lo que est&#x00E1; en juego en nuestra disponibilidad (<italic>disponibilit&#x00E9;</italic>) hacia el otro. En el contexto de la idea de la <italic>paraversidad</italic>, donde nos volvemos invisibles para los que son otros para nosotros, podr&#x00ED;amos considerar lo que propone Marcel:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Lo relevante, m&#x00E1;s bien, es el acto por el cual me expongo al otro en lugar de protegerme de &#x00E9;l, lo que lo hace penetrable para m&#x00ED; al mismo tiempo que yo me vuelvo penetrable para &#x00E9;l (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-27819-es">Marcel, 1964</xref>, p. 36).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>En segundo lugar, la idea de Rolfe de la <italic>Para</italic>versidad no busca cambiar la universidad de excelencia <italic>per se</italic>; m&#x00E1;s bien, al llevar la cr&#x00ED;tica radical a la clandestinidad, permite que la universidad (en ruinas o no) permanezca. Esto no contribuye a la realizaci&#x00F3;n de la idea de la <italic>universitas</italic> como comunidad de maestros y acad&#x00E9;micos. Como comunidad, y recurriendo a la etimolog&#x00ED;a del t&#x00E9;rmino latino <italic>com-munus</italic> (donde <italic>munus</italic> significa la carga que compartimos), tenemos el sentido de la comunidad que se realiza en el desaf&#x00ED;o de vivir con otros que pueden ser radicalmente diferentes a nosotros.</p>
<p>Con todo, a pesar de los calamitosos relatos sobre la universidad contempor&#x00E1;nea, hay esperanza. No se trata de promesas vac&#x00ED;as de un cambio cultural a gran escala en el sector, ni de un retorno a una &#x00E9;poca dorada de la universidad (si es que alguna vez existi&#x00F3; tal &#x00E9;poca), ni siquiera de movimientos clandestinos que buscan subvertir los discursos pol&#x00ED;ticos y normativos dominantes, por muy repugnantes que sean. La esperanza de transformaci&#x00F3;n a trav&#x00E9;s de las formas de agitaci&#x00F3;n pedag&#x00F3;gica, pol&#x00ED;tica y personal radica, en cambio, en ser <italic>universitas</italic>: en estar unos con otros como una comunidad de maestros y acad&#x00E9;micos. No hay nada excepcional en esto; se trata de las conversaciones m&#x00E1;s cotidianas entre estudiantes y profesores que tienen poderosos efectos perlocutivos. <italic>Stoner</italic>, de Williams, nos lo demuestra. El protagonista de la novela, el joven de primer a&#x00F1;o, se siente turbado e inquieto por las preguntas sumamente corrientes que se plantean al final de una clase magistral. Toda la trayectoria de su vida (acad&#x00E9;mica) se ve alterada por una conversaci&#x00F3;n banal sobre sus planes tras graduarse que tiene efectos extraordinarios. Es esta misma rutina de la conversaci&#x00F3;n la que marca la idea de Cavell sobre la expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada. El fil&#x00F3;sofo utiliz&#x00F3; los siguientes ejemplos: &#x00AB;Me aburro&#x00BB;, y de la &#x00F3;pera de Bizet, <italic>Carmen</italic>, las palabras de don Jos&#x00E9;, &#x00AB;Carmen, te quiero&#x00BB;. En estas palabras, a pesar de su aparente sencillez, se encuentra la invitaci&#x00F3;n y la demanda de una respuesta que es a la vez perfectamente razonable para el contexto y, sin embargo, por su fuerza, profundamente perturbadora.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1"><label>1.</label> <p>Se trata de una perspectiva particularmente asociada al contexto angl&#x00F3;fono, pero que plantea problemas en Europa, y m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1;.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>2.</label> <p>V&#x00E9;ase Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea. (2021). Comunicaci&#x00F3;n de la Comisi&#x00F3;n al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo, al Comit&#x00E9; Econ&#x00F3;mico y Social Europeo y al Comit&#x00E9; Europeo de las Regiones relativa a la consecuci&#x00F3;n del Espacio Europeo de Educaci&#x00F3;n de aqu&#x00ED; a 2025. &#x007B;SWD(2020) 212 final&#x007D; Bruselas: Comisi&#x00F3;n Europea. [En l&#x00ED;nea] Disponible en <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://education.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document-library-docs/communication-european-education-area.pdf">https://education.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document-library-docs/communication-european-education-area.pdf</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>3.</label> <p>V&#x00E9;ase <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble">https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><label>4.</label> <p>V&#x00E9;ase: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/392598?sortBy=Relevance&#x0026;ft=hogarth+lecture&#x0026;offst=0&#x0026;rpp=20&#x0026;pos=1">https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/392598?sortBy=Relevance&#x0026;ft=hogarth+lecture&#x0026;offst=0&#x0026;rpp=20&#x0026;pos=1</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>5.</label> <p>Cavell desarrolla la noci&#x00F3;n de la expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada en respuesta a la teor&#x00ED;a de los actos del habla de John Austin, y a la idea del enunciado performativo. Para un estudio m&#x00E1;s completo de los fundamentos de la idea de Cavell sobre el enunciado performativo, v&#x00E9;ase <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-27819-es">Fulford y Mahon (2020)</xref>.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>6.</label> <p>La inclusi&#x00F3;n de la comunidad en las pr&#x00E1;cticas de publicaci&#x00F3;n acad&#x00E9;mica se ve en el enfoque original de <italic>The Public Philosophy Journal</italic> y su lema &#x00AB;La beca formada por el p&#x00FA;blico&#x00BB;. Lo indican en su p&#x00E1;gina web: &#x00AB;The Public Philosophy Journal (PPJ) busca hacer filosof&#x00ED;a con el p&#x00FA;blico mediante la creaci&#x00F3;n de un espacio inclusivo en el que las voces de la comunidad sean reconocidas, escuchadas y apoyadas como vitales para las pr&#x00E1;cticas de la filosof&#x00ED;a p&#x00FA;blica. Publicamos trabajos que han sido sometidos a la revisi&#x00F3;n por pares formativa, nuestro innovador proceso de revisi&#x00F3;n dise&#x00F1;ado para fomentar el compa&#x00F1;erismo y la colaboraci&#x00F3;n&#x00BB;. V&#x00E9;ase: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://publicphilosophyjournal.org/">https://publicphilosophyjournal.org/</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><label>7.</label> <p>V&#x00E9;ase <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/initial-teacher-training-itt-core-content-framework">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/initial-teacher-training-itt-core-content-framework</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><label>8.</label> <p>V&#x00E9;ase <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Fons_Sapientiae%22_in_Leuven.JPG">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Fons_Sapientiae%22_in_Leuven.JPG</ext-link> Inaugurada en 1976, esta estatua del conocimiento puede ser una representaci&#x00F3;n de la vida estudiantil y fue encargada en memoria del 550 aniversario de la Universidad de Lovaina.</p></fn>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.27819</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.27819</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Monogr&#x00E1;fico</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>THE UNIVERSITY AS TROUBLEMAKER</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>La Universidad como alborotadora</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>FULFORD</surname>
<given-names>Amanda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
</contrib>
<aff>
<institution content-type="original">Edge Hill University. United Kingdom.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Edge Hill University</institution>
<country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-0022">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-0022</ext-link>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c01"><email>fulforda@edgehill.ac.uk</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>22</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>29</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>14</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2022 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>License CC BY-NC-ND. Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivate Works 4.0 International University of Salamanca. Its commercialization is subject to the permission of the publisher</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>This paper begins by considering the claims that in many ways, the university sector is in trouble, and that there are a variety of potential reasons for this state of affairs. Drawing on the etymological insights of the word &#x2018;trouble&#x2019;, the paper suggests that we can situate the university very differently: we can see it not as an institution <italic>in</italic> trouble, but rather as a place that troubles and that agitates the mind. It is a troublemaker. It argues that the university is &#x2013; <italic>ipso facto</italic> &#x2013; a place for the agitation and troubling of minds in three distinct ways. First, drawing on the American philosopher, Stanley Cavell&#x2019;s, idea of passionate utterance, it considers the place of the lecture, and explores how in the encounter of this pedagogical form, the university is a troublemaker. Second, in drawing on Cavell&#x2019;s ideas of invitation to dialogue, the paper offers a thick account of the civic university, and by doing this, shows how the university is a political troublemaker. Third, it draws on John Williams&#x2019; evocative (1965) novel, <italic>Stoner</italic>, to demonstrate how &#x2013; through the relationships between lecturer and student &#x2013; the university can be seen as personal troublemaker. The paper concludes by outlining two influential accounts of the way that academics and students can survive and flourish in the university given the pressures that are increasingly evident in the sector. It shows how these are both problematic, and that hope for the university &#x2013; and for re-imagining its purpose as troublemaker &#x2013; can be found in the very ordinariness of the ways in which we talk together.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Este art&#x00ED;culo comienza considerando las afirmaciones de que, en muchos aspectos, el sector universitario tiene problemas y que hay una variedad de posibles razones para que se d&#x00E9; esta circunstancia. Bas&#x00E1;ndose en las nociones etimol&#x00F3;gicas de la palabra inglesa &#x00AB;trouble&#x00BB; (problema o dificultad), el art&#x00ED;culo sugiere que podemos situar la universidad de forma muy diferente: podemos verla no como una instituci&#x00F3;n <italic>con</italic> problemas, sino m&#x00E1;s bien como un lugar que crea problemas y que agita la mente. Es una alborotadora. Sostiene que la universidad es, <italic>ipso facto</italic>, un lugar para la agitaci&#x00F3;n y la perturbaci&#x00F3;n de las mentes de tres maneras distintas. En primer lugar, partiendo de la idea del fil&#x00F3;sofo estadounidense Stanley Cavell sobre la expresi&#x00F3;n apasionada, considera el lugar donde se imparten las clases magistrales y explora c&#x00F3;mo, en el encuentro de esta forma pedag&#x00F3;gica, la universidad es una alborotadora. En segundo lugar, apoy&#x00E1;ndose en las ideas de Cavell sobre la invitaci&#x00F3;n al di&#x00E1;logo, el art&#x00ED;culo ofrece un relato extenso de la universidad c&#x00ED;vica y, al hacerlo, muestra c&#x00F3;mo esta instituci&#x00F3;n es una alborotadora pol&#x00ED;tica. En tercer lugar, se basa en la evocadora novela de John Williams, <italic>Stoner</italic> (1965), para demostrar c&#x00F3;mo, a trav&#x00E9;s de las relaciones entre el profesor y el alumno, la universidad puede ser vista como una instituci&#x00F3;n que alborota a las personas. El art&#x00ED;culo concluye con el esbozo de dos relatos influyentes sobre la manera en que los acad&#x00E9;micos y los alumnos pueden sobrevivir y prosperar en la universidad, dadas las presiones cada vez m&#x00E1;s evidentes en el sector. Muestra que ambas cuestiones son problem&#x00E1;ticas, y que la esperanza para la universidad, y para la reimaginaci&#x00F3;n de su prop&#x00F3;sito como alborotadora, puede encontrarse en la propia cotidianidad de las formas en que hablamos entre nosotros.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>university</kwd>
<kwd>trouble</kwd>
<kwd>troublemaker</kwd>
<kwd>agitation</kwd>
<kwd>engagement</kwd>
<kwd>crisis hope</kwd>
<kwd>transformation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>universidad</kwd>
<kwd>problema</kwd>
<kwd>alborotadora</kwd>
<kwd>agitaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>compromiso</kwd>
<kwd>crisis</kwd>
<kwd>esperanza</kwd>
<kwd>transformaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-27819-en">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>he university in trouble</sc></bold></title>
<p>It does not take long when browsing through the newspaper headlines, or when watching or listening to the ever-growing number of news and media outlets, to find troubling accounts of the state of our contemporary universities, and the higher education system more generally.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01"><sup>1</sup></xref> Many of these headlines highlighting the demise of the university are linked to two major crises: first, the prolonged effects of 2008 bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings in the United States that led to the unfolding of a global financial crisis; second, the more recent COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
<p>The issues highlighted with the higher education sector are not limited to one particular geographical region; rather, they are increasingly global. In Europe, the move towards greater co-operation between member states &#x2013; as seen, for example in the Bologna process initiated in 1999 to work towards more coherent and comparable higher education systems, and in the 2021 idea of a European Education Area to increase access to tertiary education and establish a network of European universities<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn02"><sup>2</sup></xref> &#x2013; has led to greater exposure of individual countries not only to potential significant benefits, but also to shared problems. Analysis by the European University Association (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-27819-en">EUA, 2020</xref>) suggests that the significant budget cuts to higher education across Europe that followed the financial crisis that began in 2008 are still being felt. In their Public Funding Observatory Report based on data collected from the member national university associations during the second semester of 2020 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-27819-en">Pruvot <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), the EUA reports that there are still disturbing statistics which expose how recovery from the global financial crisis is progressing unevenly across European member states. They cite the extreme case of Ireland where, despite strong student growth, there have been grave funding cuts (p. 20). The report highlights how Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia have lost more than a third of their higher education student populations with the probable concomitant negative effect on socio-economic progress (p. 42). Moreover, the report finds that in four of their member national university associations, funding growth for higher education has decreased despite a rise in student numbers between 2008 and 2019 (p. 20). The cumulative effects of these financial changes are suggested in terms of a negative impact on the ability of universities to deliver both high quality graduates, and world leading research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-27819-en">Ritzen, 2015</xref>). In 2019, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published their first comprehensive report for a decade on the performance of higher education systems across its membership (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-27819-en">OECD, 2019</xref>). This was in the context of widespread concerns about the operation of higher education in a rapidly shifting political landscape. This report highlighted the difficulties for institutions of widening access and participation in higher education, while at the same time constraining costs, ensuring curricular relevance, and maintaining the high quality of provision. Its findings show that while there was a marked increase in household spending on the costs associated with higher education, over one fifth of those entering the sector left without any qualification. There were also troubling findings in relation to access and outcomes: students from families where the parents had not had a university education were 40-60 % less likely to embark on undergraduate study, and a worrying 30 % of graduates left higher education without the literacy and numeracy skills required to process even moderately complex information.</p>
<p>It is unsurprising then, that with the emergence of the COVID-19 virus which the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern in January 2020, and subsequently a pandemic on 11<sup>th</sup> March 2020, that systems of higher education -still in fragile recovery from the global financial crisis of just over a decade earlier- were faced with a further serious, ongoing, predicament. In England there were troubling newspaper headlines, with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) announcing that -without a government bailout - thirteen universities faced a very real prospect of insolvency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-27819-en">BBC, 2020a</xref>). Teaching was forced to go online because of lockdown measures in different countries, and universities were faced with having to invest heavily in technology to enable students to continue to engage in teaching and learning. But, as an evaluation of the state of higher education one year into the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted, many institutions had insufficient time, or experience, of this new form of instructional delivery to ensure success (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-27819-en">OECD, 2021</xref>). The sudden shift online played out differently across different disciplinary areas, with the performing arts, science and technology courses, and those requiring professional placement and observation of practice, being most significantly affected. The ability of universities to progress research programmes was negatively impacted as laboratories closed and international collaborations became almost impossible because of severe travel restrictions. Universities, many of whom were increasingly financially reliant on the significant fee income from international students, saw a very substantial drop off in international student mobility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-27819-en">EUA, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-27819-en">OECD, 2021</xref>), with the <italic>Times Higher Education</italic> reporting in February 2021 that European Union applications to UK universities has seen a dramatic 40 % downturn (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-27819-en">THE, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>While the effects of such major crises are arguably inevitable, there is a more general and persistent undertow of negative public opinion in relation to the role and value of contemporary universities. Often this plays out in negative headlines in the popular press when particular stories emerge. As an example, and on what seems like an annual basis, there is an outcry when exam results are released and there is the rush to fill university places, that higher education -especially in those countries such as the UK where the level of tuition fees has been roundly criticised- does not represent value for money (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-27819-en">BBC, 2020b</xref>). As market influences permeate and shape the sector, with increasing workloads as a result of cost-cutting, a rise in the expectations and demands of students-as-consumers, and with what are often perceived as threats to academic freedom, the media reports levels of stress and mental ill health amongst academics are rising (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-27819-en">Guardian, 2019</xref>). Related to this, headlines report that staff are leaving the sector in increasing numbers in the UK because of Brexit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-27819-en">Independent, 2019</xref>) and in the United States because of concerns over working practices post-Covid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-27819-en">Chronicle of Higher Education, 2021</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-27819-en">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>iagnosing the disease: settling down and stirring up</sc></bold></title>
<p>We might be tempted to think that it is only in the popular press that we find troubling accounts of the state of contemporary higher education given that the press takes every opportunity to seize on a good story that sells. But this would be to ignore a growing body of academic and scholarly literature that seeks to expose the perceived ills of the higher education sector. As far back as 1990s, the culture of excellence in a sector where universities were big businesses driven by market forces &#x2013; and where profit margins were more important that thought and the pursuit of knowledge &#x2013; was articulated in the provocative claim that the university was in ruins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-27819-en">Readings, 1997</xref>). In 2005, Mary Evans, reflecting on her experiences of working in a British University in the latter part of the twentieth century, announced the killing of thinking and the death of the University. She claimed to write not from a desire to hark back to some past golden age of higher education -a sense of nostalgia for a lost culture- but from a fear of the future, one where &#x201C;universities [are]&#x2026; institutions which only serve a very small-minded master: the rational bureaucratic state&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-27819-en">Evans, 2005</xref>, p. 3). And in 2018, in a penetrating critique of the incursion of market ideologies into higher education, John Smyth provided a passionate defence of the truly educative purpose of the university amid what he called zombie leadership, a culture that celebrates academic rock stars, and the relentless march of neoliberal ideology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-27819-en">Smyth, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>In different ways, these accounts of contemporary higher education are attempting to diagnose the problem; to name the trouble. Some point to the over regulation of the sector and to the ways in which political and financial control of universities have stripped them of autonomy not only in relation to curricular offer, but also to pedagogical freedom. The pressure to increase the offer of science, technology, engineering and maths programmes (STEM subjects) in order to serve the needs of the economy and to address the skills gap, has been to the detriment of subjects in the arts and humanities. This suggests a decline in the autonomy of universities&#x2019; ability to direct their affairs in a regimen of increasing regulation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-27819-en">Ritzen, 2015</xref>). Degree programmes that also lead to professional qualification and accreditation (medicine, dentistry, law, engineering, accounting and the like) are deemed to be especially valuable, and their graduates highly employable; this allows regulators and governments to judge them as offering good value for money. But such reasoning has initiated more subtle - and insidious - shifts in the perceived &#x2018;value&#x2019; of degree programmes, leading to what has been called the &#x201C;epistemological crisis in the meaning and value of the humanities and social sciences&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-27819-en">Doidge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>, p. 1126). This has subsequently been taken up in the popular press who have reported the concerns of government ministers that some (arts and humanities) degrees do little to improve students&#x2019; life chances (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-27819-en">Telegraph, 2020</xref>), and there are widespread accusations of &#x2018;dumbing down&#x2019;.</p>
<p>The symptoms of the disease are many. Some point to the preoccupation of senior university leaders with the recruitment and retention of students in order to secure income streams, and to the increasing number of innovative ways in which universities seek to outperform competitors, fill places on courses, and attract international students (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-27819-en">Lomer <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Others point to what often seems like a fixation with league table position, and to the metrics that drive much policy and practice in higher education and that &#x201C;can be used as a vehicle for humiliation&#x2026;produc[ing] terrors for all those involved&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-27819-en">Heffernan &#x0026; Heffernan, 2018</xref>, p. 29). The seeming alignment of higher education with servicing the economy through the production of highly skilled graduates to meet skills gaps, is for many, a further symptom of a sector that has fundamentally shifted in terms of its purpose. Such a shift is seen in the way that some subject areas have come under scrutiny not only in terms of their perceived value for money (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-27819-en">Wilkinson &#x0026; Wilkinson, 2020</xref>), but also in terms of their relevance and necessity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-27819-en">Moran, 2021</xref>). This kind of shift -engendered at least in part by pressure from government bodies and regulators- has led to differing, and increased demands and expectations of the higher education experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-27819-en">Fulford, 2016a</xref>). All of these symptoms are in -different ways- examples of the influence of the market and the move from a market economy to a market society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-27819-en">Sandel, 2016</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-27819-en">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>E<sc>tymology &#x2013; the agitation of the mind</sc></bold></title>
<p>The university, it seems, is in trouble. But what is at stake in making this claim, and what does &#x2018;trouble&#x2019; really imply? Looking to the etymology of the language that we use can often be helpful. Sometimes, it elicits a profound disruption of our everyday understandings of a word, with the rupture opening up new ways of thinking and understanding.</p>
<p>The word &#x2018;trouble&#x2019; -from the Old French <italic>truble</italic> or <italic>torble</italic> is connoted with ideas of emotional turmoil or disruption. In the fifteenth century, &#x2018;trouble&#x2019; came to be associated with a concern or a cause for worry, and in the 1550s, with having unpleasant relations with the authorities. But its usage from the 1200s relates specifically to &#x2018;agitation of the mind&#x2019;.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn03"><sup>3</sup></xref> What this offers is a very different way of understanding the relationship between the university and the notion of trouble. I suggest that it offers a radical shift; it turns things on their head. Drawing on this etymological insight, we can situate the university very differently: we can see it not as an institution <italic>in</italic> trouble, but rather as a place that <italic>troubles;</italic> that agitates the mind. In what follows, this paper will suggest three significant ways in which the university is an agitator of minds. However, close attention to what is suggested by this idea (and, conversely, what is not) is needed here in order to avoid any possible confusion. There is <italic>no</italic> sense that the role of the university is to agitate the mind in terms of causing any kind of mental distress or anxiety. Rather, it is that in being exposed to what might profoundly challenge our conventional, or settled, ideas, we are stirred &#x2013; or agitated &#x2013; to think, and to be, differently. This kind of exposure (literally ex-posure - being put out of position) requires &#x201C;the willingness to put oneself...at stake, to free oneself from oneself, to see and think differently&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-27819-en">Vansieleghem &#x0026; Masschelein 2012</xref>, 90). This idea radically shifts the power relations at play in the contemporary university. It suggests that the institution of the university is less a passive pawn in a larger economic and political game &#x2013; and so subject to the whims of policy of whichever political party is in power at any given time &#x2013; but rather a dynamic actor in re-shaping thinking and creating and shaping futures.</p>
<p>In a number of ways, it is easy to see how contemporary higher education is in the business of settling down (rather than of agitating, or of stirring up the mind). Much of what happens in terms of the choice of curriculum content, of pedagogical approaches, or of methods of assessment (certainly in the English context) is with a view to how students rate their experience, and their overall satisfaction, in various surveys, particularly the hugely significant National Student Survey (NSS). Satisfaction discourses in higher education are indicative of the ways in which the purpose of the university has come to be re-envisioned. This is not to say that student satisfaction is, in itself, not an appropriate topic of discussion in the university, but rather that the rhizomatic nature of these discourses has a stifling and destructive effect. The blinkered pursuit of the prestige that high levels of student satisfaction bring, gets in the way of other kinds of thinking or talking &#x2013; the kind that unsettles, and that agitates or troubles the mind (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-27819-en">Fulford, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Settling down is also at play in the way that the student herself is positioned in the university. There is arguably a progressively increasing risk &#x2013; at least in policy rhetoric &#x2013; that the student is no longer seen primarily as a scholar and a thinker, but rather as a customer and consumer. The student is now a consumer both of knowledge and of experience, and can exercise their contractual rights in an increasingly reductive form of transactional relationship (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-27819-en">Fulford, 2020</xref>). What follows from such forms of settlement (of thinking) is the suppression of the unexpected. There is rightly much talk in higher education about expectation: students will have expectations of their course and the university experience; universities on their part will expect students to have a genuine interest in their subject of study, and to engage with the opportunities that a higher education affords. All this is, of course, right and proper, and so to dispense with the idea of meeting expectations in education would be unworkable, and frankly absurd. But what would seem to be missing from this discussion is the place not of expectation, but of the <italic>unexpected</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-27819-en">Fulford, 2016b</xref>) To encounter the unexpected is to be placed in a position where one&#x2019;s most sincerely held beliefs are put into question. The space of the unexpected rips asunder our cherished theories and opens spaces of radical alterity. And such spaces are profoundly and educatively unsettling.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-27819-en">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>he university as troublemaker</sc></bold></title>
<p>What the discussion to this point has shown is that, in some senses at least, the very foundations of what it means to be <italic>universitas</italic> -a community of masters and scholars- has been profoundly put into question by some of the prevalent policy imperatives to which it has become subject. But, in a rejoinder to those who have posited that the university is already in ruins, or who have prophesied its imminent death, this paper seeks to exercise something of a reversal: to turn things on their head. This is not simply to make an unwarranted claim that things are not as they seem -that the trajectory of the institution university is not a troubling one; that would be unwise given the weight of evidence about the state of contemporary higher education. It is rather, drawing on the etymological roots of &#x2018;trouble&#x2019;, to assert that the essence of the university is ineluctably bound up with one of its principal functions as a trouble<italic>maker</italic>. The university is the axiomatic space for the agitation of minds. Thinking in this way elicits a much-needed shift from talk of the university as being in trouble, to a conversation about the ways in which it can realise its purpose as a troublemaker.</p>
<p>In developing the line of argument that the university is axiomatic in this respect, the remainder of this paper will discuss how, by virtue of the fact that it is <italic>universitas</italic>, it is - <italic>ipso facto</italic>- a place for the agitation and troubling of minds in three distinct ways. First, the university is the site of pedagogical troublemaking &#x2013; of forms of thinking and learning that disrupt the expected and demand a response; second, it has a role to play in political troublemaking &#x2013; in the development of just societies where its citizens can flourish; third, it is the initiator of personal troublemaking &#x2013; of opening spaces for the transformation of the self.</p>
<sec id="sec-5-27819-en">
<label>4.1.</label>
<title><italic>The University as Pedagogical Troublemaker: The Example of the Lecture</italic></title>
<p>In recent decades, higher education has seen a significant shift in thinking about pedagogy. The lecture, once the mainstay of a university education, now conjures up images of stuffy lecture halls populated by rows of silent students, and the drone of a monotonous voice echoing endlessly. Perhaps not much has changed since William Hogarth&#x2019;s famous (1736) etching &#x2018;Scholars at a Lecture&#x2019; which portrays just such a scene: a dull-looking lecturer reading from a prepared script, while the students look puzzled, bemused, disinterested, or who are merely turning away, daydreaming or resorting to idle chatter.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn04"><sup>4</sup></xref> This is clich&#x00E9;d, undoubtedly, but it is this very parodied image that has led for calls to render such a pedagogical form as the lecture, obsolete. The reasons suggested for this are many: the lecture has become associated with more passive forms of learning that require little engagement from those listening. As such, it has come to be seen as an outmoded &#x2013; even denigrated &#x2013; form of pedagogy that is ineffective because of its lack of adaptability to the backgrounds, experiences, interests and motivations of the study body. Not only can it fail to attract students&#x2019; attention, but more importantly to maintain it over the period of the lecture, leading to cognitive overload, and the potential for misconceptions to arise that remain unchallenged or uncorrected. The lecture is not, it seems, engaging <italic>per</italic> se. Given that engagement is one of the buzzwords of contemporary education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-27819-en">Fulford, 2017</xref>), this is a terminal diagnosis. Perhaps it is only inertia and familiarity that allows the lecture &#x2013; at least in some forms &#x2013; to survive.</p>
<p>The basis of much of the criticism levelled at the lecture in the contemporary university seems to originate in a view that it is rooted in a transmission model of education that has little place in modern institutions of higher education. Chief amongst the lecture&#x2019;s critics, Harvard physicist, Edward Mazur, even refers to the lecture&#x2019;s continued use as &#x2018;unethical (Mazur cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-27819-en">Bajak, 2014</xref>). But perhaps the most acerbic of such criticism is the view, propounded by Carl Wieman - a Nobel prizewinning physicist and active-learning advocate from Stanford University - in his comparison between belief in the value of traditional lecturing and belief in bloodletting in an era of modern evidence-based medicine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-27819-en">Buitendijk, 2017</xref>). And such views have gained increased traction with the advent of the Covid 19 pandemic in early 2020, and the concomitant shift of the majority of university teaching online as campuses around the world shut to comply with periods of national lockdown. The forced move to embrace digital technology and innovative forms of pedagogy was the culmination of a move towards more digitally rich forms of teaching and learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-27819-es">Laudrillard, 2002</xref>). But even before the pandemic, and since the early 1990s, there have been arguably more significant moves in favour of what have been perceived as more dialogic forms of tuition which coalesce around student-centred activity or problem-solving forms of learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-27819-en">Cannon &#x0026; Newble, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-27819-en">Biggs, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-27819-en">Honkimaki <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>Defenders of the lecture have been few, but persistent in advocating for its affordances as a central constituent of a higher education. In 2014, Alex Small argued that, over and above any other pedagogical approach, the lecture enabled the modelling of how an expert might approach different types of problem. Its value, therefore, went significantly beyond its ability merely to transmit facts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-27819-en">Small, 2014</xref>). In 2017, Miya Tokumitsu aimed to breathe life into the dying lecture because of what she saw as its value as developing the discipline of expert listening, a skill central to public dialogue and debate. &#x201C;Good lectures&#x201D;, she argued, &#x201C;build knowledge and community; they also model critical civic participation&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-27819-en">Tokumistu, 2017</xref>). Defenders such as these, however, focus their attention on the skills that the student might develop as a result of attending lectures (such as how to approach a problem, or to develop effective listening skills). Such skills as these are beneficial not only for effective study in the student&#x2019;s chosen discipline, but also for future employment. While such benefits as skill development (as with the accumulation of factual knowledge) are undoubtedly valuable (and to many who decry the lecture, this might be sufficient to persuade them to something of a re-think), such defences work at one level only. What this leaves out is the ontological. The lecture, far from being a stultifying space of boredom, of disengagement, or simply of quotidian transfer of information, is a space where the possibilities of the transformation of the self can be realised.</p>
<p>This claim is based on a profoundly different view of the lecture, one that sees its primary function as a form of address. This is not in the sense of: &#x201C;I address you to tell you this, so that you now have the same information that I have&#x201D;, but rather of &#x201C;I address you to let you know how I see the world; do you see it this way too, or tell me how you perceive it differently?&#x201D; It is in this the idea of address that two things are at play: first, the notion of address as invitation and demand; the second of address as encounter. This is to see the lecture as a radical space not of dissemination, but of a special form of human encounter in which both those addressing, and those being addressed, are opened to the possibilities of a kind of transformation that is akin to an education of the self. To be addressed is to be subject both to invitation <italic>and</italic> demand; it is to be called to account and to answer the demand for a response. And it is this kind of invitation that is troubling &#x2013; that agitates the mind in its framing of such a response. The invitation (to agreement, to offer a counter position, to eschew the demand) is to engage in a form of &#x2018;encounter&#x2019;, the kind that does justice to this word&#x2019;s rich etymological tracings in the ideas of a meeting of adversaries. The kind of encounter with ideas that is initiated by the address of the lecturer is one that, in its challenge to our preconceptions, our received wisdom, our most cherished ideas and theories, troubles the mind, and demands our reply. For the lecturer, sensitive to the ways in which she might nurture such opportunities for encounter, and for both student and lecturer, receptive to the demands that such encounters bring, the lecture is just one of the pedagogical forms that open such possibilities.</p>
<p>A richly evocative example of such invitation and encounter comes from the 1965 American novel, <italic>Stoner</italic>, by John Williams. This classic text tells the story of William Stoner, sent in 1910 to study agriculture at the University of Missouri from a life of near poverty on his parents&#x2019; farm. As a freshman, Stoner has to take a class in English literature. He finds little difficulty with the work in his major classes in soil chemistry, but he finds the English lectures disconcerting, particularly the one on Shakespeare&#x2019;s &#x2018;Sonnet 73&#x2019;. These classes, as Williams wrote, troubled and disquieted him in a way that nothing had done before. In a powerful scene, Stoner&#x2019;s tutor, Archer Sloane addresses him directly as part of the Shakespeare lecture:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x2018;Mr Stoner, what does the sonnet mean?&#x2019; Stoner swallowed and tried to open his mouth. &#x2018;It&#x2019;s a sonnet, Mr Stoner&#x2019;, Sloane said dryly, &#x2018;a poetical composition of fourteen lines, with a certain pattern I am sure you have memorized &#x2026; &#x2018;. He looked at Stoner for a moment more &#x2026; Sloane&#x2019;s eyes came back to William Stoner, and he said dryly, &#x2018;Mr Shakespeare speaks to you across three hundred years, Mr Stoner; do you hear him? &#x2026; What does he say to you, Mr Stoner? What does his sonnet mean? &#x2026; Stoner&#x2019;s eyes lifted reluctantly &#x2026; &#x2018;It means&#x2019; he said, and he could not finish what he had begun to say&#x2019; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-27819-en">Williams, 1965/2012</xref>, p. 12).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In this very ordinary scene from a lecture hall that might have been replicated in any university in the early decades of the twentieth century, something else was going on. This was no mere question and answer session, or a tutor having a playful gibe at his student. It was rather a decisive moment of encounter not only between Sloane and Stoner &#x2013; or perhaps between possible differing interpretations of the sonnet &#x2013; but of Stoner&#x2019;s encounter with himself. The philosopher Stanley Cavell writes about such moments of encounter &#x2013; ones marked by ideas of appeal and the demand for a response &#x2013; in terms of what he calls, &#x201C;passionate utterance&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-27819-en">Cavell, 2005</xref>, p. 185).<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn05"><sup>5</sup></xref> A passionate utterance is, for Cavell, an invitation to a form of exchange, one in which a speaker invokes, or provokes the words of another. Sloane makes the invitation to engage on the meaning of the sonnet. But in the very ordinariness of this exchange, much weightier concerns are at stake: Stoner&#x2019;s emotional response to the sentiments expressed in the sonnet; his relationship to the subject of English literature, and (from what we learn as the plot develops), the course of Stoner&#x2019;s academic study and his own life. All this is initiated from the moment of trouble; the agitation of Stoner&#x2019;s mind that the invitation to passionate utterance or exchange (to say how the world is for him) invokes. The moment of the troubling of the mind is the opening of the possibilities for the transformation &#x2013; or the education (in the sense of <italic>e&#x2013;ducere</italic> a leading out) of the self.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-27819-en">
<label>4.2.</label>
<title><italic>The University as Political Troublemaker: Re-thinking the Civic University</italic></title>
<p>Universities exist in a political landscape to which they are ineluctably tied. Public discourse on matters as broad ranging as social mobility, equality of opportunity, youth employment, regional regeneration, the skills needs of employers, and economic growth and prosperity, all touch in some ways on the role and growth of the university sector. As political power shifts between the left<italic>&#x2013;</italic>right dyad with each election, the fate of the university seems to be related to the extent to which it is seen either as a trusted agent of change, or a maverick sector in need of careful management and regulation. In the political melee that often ensues when higher education policy is up for debate, universities are not averse to attempts to bolster their position and secure their futures. In their 2011 <italic>Manifesto for Resistance,</italic> Michael Bailey and Des Freedman outline the kind of demands that are made on universities in the political arena, and the modes of resistance that universities make in response to those in power. Criticism is laid at the doors of universities for a range of practices: the precarity of some academic contracts; their questionable commitment to academic freedom; their outsourcing of university services, and their inadequate response to the student mental health crisis and concerns over staff workload and wellbeing. Universities, for their part, resist incessant political pressures to manage student recruitment through funding mechanisms; to &#x2018;measure&#x2019; the quality of provision through simplistic metrics, and to exercise undue control over the curriculum offer. But universities rarely trouble the political elite in any meaningful sense. This is again suggestive of a form of settlement, rather than of agitation or troubling. Universities put significant effort into avoiding any kind of media attention that might negatively affect their brand, and commensurately, their recruitment or league table position (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-27819-en">Downes, 2017</xref>). Conversely, they are keen to paint themselves in the most positive of lights through highlighting their successes, and commitments to worthy causes and celebrated national campaigns. In these ways, universities demonstrate that they are institutions at the heart of their communities, who share their concerns, and who stand with them.</p>
<p>What it means to be <italic>universitas</italic>, then, is to be a community (of masters and scholars) within a wider community &#x2013; a <italic>polis</italic>. The way that this plays out often represents a particular understanding of the civic university &#x2013; one where the institution is a donor or benefactor for the local community. Universities allow their facilities to be used by local communities at no, or at reduced cost. Swimming pools and gym facilitates can be accessed by the public outside the times that they are needed in academic programmes. Universities allow community grass roots sports groups to make use of their outdoor sports pitches. School groups are regularly invited onto campuses to help with access to performing arts spaces or laboratories. And the university&#x2019;s green and recreational spaces are open for all to enjoy. These ways of opening up the campus to a wider public are undoubtedly beneficial. They help to demystify the academy for those unfamiliar with its functions; are a way of supporting aspiration towards higher education for disadvantaged and non-traditional potential students, and they may go some way towards persuading the public about the value of taxation to support the higher education sector.</p>
<p>In spite of all these worthy measures to initiate and sustain community relations, they represent only a thin understanding of the civic university. As such, some have argued that a significant shift is needed away from a perception of the university as solely an economic good towards a richer conception of its role in society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-27819-en">Sandel, 2016</xref>). In his endorsement for <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-27819-en">Goddard <italic>et al</italic>.&#x2019;s (2016)</xref> <italic>The Civic University</italic>, John Brewer writes:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Universities need to rethink what it means to be a public university in the 21st century, in part because of the loss of public funding and function, but also because they need to make themselves relevant to the global challenges that threaten the future of humankind.</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>This assertion poses a significant challenge to universities to reimagine their civic engagement and what is at stake in the idea of the university as a public good. To embrace such a shift in thinking is also to be cognisant of the implications that arise. As Brewer continues:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>This reformulation of an old idea, the civic university, challenges us to ensure that through teaching, and civic engagement, university managers, staff and students place universities at the centre of the local-regional-global nexus, working on all three levels in order to make a difference. The civic is a value statement as much as a new way of organising higher education; it is about encouraging universities to have souls.</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>What Brewer seems to be advocating for here is an idea of the civic university understood thickly. It seems to position the university less as &#x2018;doing&#x2019; public engagement or demonstrating public spiritedness, and more as understanding what it means to &#x201C;live ethically and act politically&#x201D; together in community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-27819-en">Brewer, 2013</xref>, p. 2). Such a view of the civic university is underpinned by a radically different approach to the way that the university talks not only about itself, but also with communities, and in the political sphere. Universities are highly effective at self-promotion and positioning. Managing this is the responsibility of burgeoning administrative functions through departments of communication and external relations. They fiercely protect their brand and straplines to send only the most positive messages out to the public. This is big business, and big stakes:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Another manifestation of business-led university management is the deployment of the language of business to strike home their market differentiation. They seek &#x2018;market and product differentiation&#x2019; by means of USPs (&#x2018;unique selling points&#x2019;), corporate branding, &#x2018;brand promises&#x2019;, &#x2018;strap lines&#x2019;, mission statements, &#x2018;market attuned portfolios&#x2019;, &#x2018;value propositions&#x2019; and logos as much as by scholarship &#x2013; according to one management consultant who specializes in university corporate branding, the purpose is to make universities &#x2018;sizzle tangibly&#x2019; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-27819-en">Brewer, 2013</xref>, p. 103).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>These kinds of approaches are another iteration of the settling down that is becoming increasingly characteristic of the higher education sector - an avoidance of any kind of trouble: of troubling headlines; of association with unsettling ideas, or of attracting &#x2018;bad press&#x2019;. Of course, much of this is simply sound business practice, and universities <italic>are</italic> big businesses. But to understand the civic university thickly is to understand its political relations differently. Brewer writes of the need for a &#x201C;a revolution in relations between government and the social research community&#x201D;, but he is thinking here only of the research impact agenda and the needs for social research in universities to help determine what works, and why, and so what types of policy initiative are likely to be most effective. But it is in realising and acting on what is at stake in its &#x2018;civicness&#x2019; as a core value, and its force as a public good, that the university becomes a political troublemaker. In this sense is seeks less to protect its reputation through clever marketing campaigns and the strict regulation of its communications practices, and more through the way that it seeks to engage with the political sphere to address the global challenges to humankind.</p>
<p>In thinking about how such engagement might be realised, we can turn again to Cavell. As we have seen, his notion of passionate utterance is one that is marked by ideas of invitation, demand and response. The invitation to dialogue over issues that are of common concern, is, for Cavell, made without knowing its effects: whether the invitation will be accepted, postponed or rejected, and what the consequences of this might be. The invitation to passionate utterance (with communities or with governments) is one, therefore, that is inherently risky. Indeed, Cavell writes that in the moment of passionate utterance, &#x201C;I make myself vulnerable to your rebuke&#x201D; (2005, p. 185), and that each instance of such an utterance &#x201C;risks, if not costs, blood&#x201D; (2005, p. 187). This is far from the tendency in universities to manage their (public) communications and to minimise risk. But it is in accepting this risk, in issuing the invitation to dialogue, and in demanding a response, that universities make real their civic claims. This is not about universities <italic>making</italic> trouble in the sense of engaging in political debate solely to disrupt, to privilege certain positions, to exploit their privileged access to powerful bodies to exercise power, or to stifle another&#x2019;s speech - indeed, Cavell terms these kinds of approaches &#x201C;political oratory&#x201D; or &#x201C;hate speech&#x201D; (2005, p. 182). It is rather concerned with the troubling - or perhaps the unsettling and disrupting - of ideas, policies, practices or behaviours that threaten the possibilities of our living well and flourishing together. This positions the university in a very different way: not as an institution who, by virtue of having a policy on external relations, demonstrates some kind of commitment to the community, but rather as creator of community - of the <italic>polis.</italic> One very practical way in which this kind of commitment might be expressed is through how the university engages with the public through its research. Research is often done <italic>to</italic> communities, yet less often <italic>with</italic> them such that they see the tangible benefits of participation. A richer, and radically more democratic, practice of research would be to situate the community at the heart of research processes: on university ethics committees; funding panels, research teams, and as key participants in the peer review of research outputs.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn06"><sup>6</sup></xref> This would not merely be a public relations exercise, but rather a powerful expression of the university&#x2019;s relationship with different communities, and a demonstrable means of amplifying their voices. To speak together in this way &#x2013; to speak out of passion, as Cavell puts it, we &#x201C;declare our standing&#x201D; with each other, that we &#x201C;stake our future together&#x201D; (2005, p. 185).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-27819-en">
<label>4.3.</label>
<title><italic>The University as Personal Troublemaker</italic></title>
<p>The aims of higher education, and the nature and purpose of universities, seem to resist any final settlement. In recent decades, however, discussions of the future direction of the university sector have coalesced around the skills needs of modern, post-industrial economies. This has then led to a discernible shift in the portfolio offered by universities - with strong direction and support from governments - to service such a need. And with the advent of tuition fees for higher education, students are increasingly choosing to pursue courses of study that have clearly defined routes into particular vocational occupations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-27819-en">Kaye &#x0026; Bates, 2016</xref>). These changes have led to a concern with content, and with the knowledge, skills and attributes that graduates need to acquire in order to be successful in the workplace, or in further study. Propositional knowledge, in terms of &#x2018;knowing that&#x2019;, and practical know-how, are central to university courses of study. They are enshrined in lists of indicative content for programmes, and re-stated in learning outcomes. For those courses which attract additional professional accreditation (teaching, accountancy, medicine and the like), professional, statutory and regulatory bodies determine the content of degree programmes that must be taught and assessed. In 2019, for example, England&#x2019;s Department for Education published its <italic>Initial Teacher Training Core Content Framework</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-27819-en">DfE, 2019</xref>) which lays out a coherent sequence of content for trainee teachers in universities that will allow them to be successful as professionals in the classroom, describing it as a &#x2018;minimum entitlement&#x2019; for all trainee teachers.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn07"><sup>7</sup></xref> This focus on the acquisition and securing of propositional knowledge brings to mind <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-27819-en">Freire&#x2019;s (1970)</xref>,&#x2018;banking&#x2019; model of education, and the &#x2018;pouring in&#x2019; of knowledge which the famous statue of &#x2018;Fons Sapientae&#x2019; in Leuven, Belgium is often thought to represent.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn08"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
<p>There is something only partial in this account of the purpose of the university. Let us return at this point to John Williams&#x2019; novel, <italic>Stoner</italic>. We have already seen how Archer Sloane&#x2019;s classes in English literature troubled and disquieted Stoner. In what follows, I want to suggest that this incident is illustrative of a much broader purpose of higher education as personal troublemaker. As the plot of the novel develops, it becomes apparent that the one lecture that Williams describes in such evocative prose is not to be taken as a passing reference to the kind of life Stoner led as a freshman at the University of Missouri. Rather, Stoner&#x2019;s reaction to the lecture is a moment of transformation. Something was happening to Stoner. As he hurried to his next class (in soil chemistry), he recalled a very different reaction: a feeling of drudgery. But his recollection of the English literature class awakened something in him; it was as if &#x201C;He became conscious of himself in a way that he had not done before&#x201D; (p. 13). For Stoner, the university was provocateur; it set him thinking, gave him food for thought. In the sense of the German term, <italic>Denkansto&#x00DF;</italic>, it was the provoking impulse. But in the idea of the university as provocateur, as personal troublemaker, we should not see provocation to thinking solely as an intellectual exercise, but as the initiation of a transformatory moment. For Stoner, the implications of such a moment were significant. His plans to graduate, and to return to his parents&#x2019; farm, were profoundly put into question. Reading on a few pages in Williams&#x2019; novel, we find Stoner meeting Archer Sloane, again this time in his office:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Sloane tapped the folder of papers on his desk. &#x2018;I am informed by these records that you come from a farming community. I take it that your parents are farm people?&#x2019; Stoner nodded.</p>
<p>&#x2018;And do you intend to return to the farm after you receive your degree here?&#x2019;</p>
<p>&#x2018;No sir&#x2019;, Stoner said, and the decisiveness of his voice surprised him. He thought with some wonder of the decision he had suddenly made (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-27819-en">Williams, 1965/2012</xref>, p. 18).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In this scene, reminiscent of that just a few pages before, Stoner is again at a loss for words. Sloane is reporting to him his grades, and asking him what he is to do if not to return to the farm. Again, Stoner is unable to answer. And it is in this moment that Sloane&#x2019;s words come to him once more to trouble and disquiet him:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>&#x2018;But don&#x2019;t you know, Mr Stoner?&#x2019;, Sloane asked. &#x2018;Don&#x2019;t you understand about yourself yet? You&#x2019;re going to be a teacher&#x2019;</p>
<p>Suddenly Sloane seemed very distant, and the walls of his office receded. Stoner felt himself suspended in the wide air, and he heard his voice ask &#x2018;Are you sure?&#x2019;</p>
<p>&#x2018;I&#x2019;m sure&#x2019; Sloane said softly.</p>
<p>&#x2018;How can you tell? How can you be sure?</p>
<p>&#x2018;It&#x2019;s love, Mr Stoner&#x2019; Sloane said cheerfully. &#x2018;You are in love. It&#x2019;s as simple as that&#x2019; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-27819-en">Williams 1965/2012</xref>, p. 19).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>In the remaining pages of the novel, we see the outworkings of these interactions between Stoner and Sloane. Their relationship is never an easy one, but that is not the point. Sloane is the provocateur, setting Stoner thinking and troubling his plans. That such interactions were moments that opened up possibilities for transformation are seen in how Stoner changes his major to English literature; how he carves out for himself an academic career; how he writes on the English Renaissance and studies the classical and medieval Latin influences into that area, and how, on his deathbed, he comes to understand the momentousness of the transformation he had undergone:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>There was a softness around him, and a languor crept upon his limbs. A sense of his own identity came upon him with a sudden force, and he felt the power of it. He was himself, and he knew what he had been (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-27819-en">Williams 1965/2012</xref>, p. 288).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>To undergo transformation is also to experience some kind of crisis, not in the sense of calamity or catastrophe, but rather (following the etymological roots in the Greek <italic>krisis</italic>), of reaching a turning point, where one must make a decision. Just like the birds in Thoreau&#x2019;s celebrated <italic>Walden</italic> whose moulting season he describes as a &#x2018;crisis&#x2019;, our human transformation opens up from points where we are most vulnerable: &#x201C;Our moulting season, like that of the fowls, must be a crisis in our lives&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-27819-en">Thoreau 1854/1999</xref>, p. 23). To understand the university as personal troublemaker is to acknowledge its role in opening up spaces of <italic>krisis</italic> for students. This might happen in a number of ways: pedagogically (as we saw with Stoner in Sloane&#x2019;s lecture) or simply in the everyday interactions between students and their lecturers (as we saw in Sloane&#x2019;s subsequent conversation with his student). There is no sense of high drama in either of these examples; no calamitous situation that the idea of crisis might at first suggest. Rather, what is characteristic of the encounters between student and tutor is that there is simply a sense of disorientation that the troublemaking engenders.</p>
    <p>This kind of disorientation can be thought of ontologically, as central to thinking about our human condition, but crucially also to ideas of what it means to be educated in the university &#x2013; to its role as personal troublemaker. What is at stake here is our thinking about the university as place for nurturing a sense of groundlessness or homelessness. This seems paradoxical in a culture within higher education that privileges the securing and demonstration of particular learning outcomes. There is something more radical here than merely encouraging students to recognise the provisional nature of knowledge in their respective disciplines; it is rather that, as personal troublemaker, the university should be a place of radical unsettling. There are strong connections here to Thoreau&#x2019;s idea, in his famous essay, &#x2018;Walking&#x2019;, of sauntering &#x2013; of being <italic>sans terre</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-27819-en">1862/2006</xref>), but also to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-27819-en">Heidegger&#x2019;s (1962)</xref> idea of <italic>das Unheimliche</italic> &#x2013; of (perpetually) being not at home. To recognise the university&#x2019;s role as troublemaker is to envisage it as a space for the kind of (troubling) thinking that resists the drive for knowingness; as constituting the space for the disruption of the existing frameworks of our thinking. It is only when we are troubled in this way that, in Thoreau&#x2019;s words, we &#x201C;come to know how we stand in the&#x2026;world&#x201D; (1854/1999, p. 142).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-27819-en">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>roublemaking in the contemporary university</sc></bold></title>
<p>For many who work in it, the university can sometimes seem a troubling place. This kind of trouble is far from the positive agitation of the mind that this paper has been laying out. It is troubling in a different sense of causing a kind of unease that blocks the possibilities for transformation for both students and lecturers. The culture in many institutions that an increasingly highly regulated sector has engendered, leads many to question how to live as academics when there seem to be ever present threats to academic freedom and integrity. In the face of various forms of precarious conditions for academics, is it still meaningful to talk of spaces for dissent, and what sorts of vulnerabilities are exposed through such dissent?</p>
    <p>In 2013, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-27819-en">Gary Rolfe</xref> outlined a response to the &#x2018;ruined university&#x2019;. The academy, he claimed, was in peril because of the strength of discourses such as the knowledge economy and the idea of the University of Excellence. For Rolfe, such discourses have left the university &#x201C;bereft of any critical regulating function and has allowed the administrators and bureaucrats to bring about its corporatization, and hence its ruination, in the name of excellence and efficiency&#x201D; (2013, p. 34). What hope is there, then, given this state of affairs? Rather than talking about redemption or rebuilding the academy from the ruins, Rolfe adopts the Heideggerian idea of dwelling with what is present. He writes of an idea of a &#x201C;university within the University&#x201D; -referring to a &#x201C;<italic>Para</italic>versity which runs unseen or unnoticed alongside, and in parallel with, the University of Excellence&#x201D; (2013, p. 35), and which occupies &#x201C;a virtual space where dissensus might occur&#x201D; (<italic>ibid.</italic>).</p>
<p>Rolfe&#x2019;s concept of the <italic>Para</italic>versity is problematic in a number of ways. First, he unabashedly describes the <italic>Para</italic>versity as &#x201C;an underground&#x2026;network&#x201D; (p. 44). This is suggestive of a kind of invisibility, and of, in Rolfe&#x2019;s words, organic, unnoticed and non-hierarchical groups, working counter to the existing institution. Indeed, he claims that &#x201C;To those working outside of it, the paraversity would be all but invisible&#x2026;[with] no overt outward signs of its existence&#x201D; (pp. 44-45). Such ideas &#x2018;other&#x2019; the university, forcing a deeply unhelpful separation that closes off possibilities for dialogue. There are lines of connection here with the thought of the French existentialist philosopher, Gabriel Marcel, when he writes of what is at stake in our availability (<italic>disponibilit&#x00E9;</italic>) to an other. In the context of the idea of the paraversity, where we are rendered invisible to those who are other to us, we might consider Marcel&#x2019;s question:</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>What is relevant, rather, is the act by which I expose myself to the other person instead of protecting myself from him, which makes him penetrable for me at the same time as I become penetrable for him (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-27819-en">Marcel, 1964</xref>, p. 36).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Second, Rolfe&#x2019;s idea of the <italic>Para</italic>versity does not seek to change the University of Excellence <italic>per se</italic>; rather, in taking radical critique underground, it allows the university (in ruins or otherwise) to remain. This does little to realise the idea of <italic>universitas</italic> as a community of masters and scholars. As a community - and drawing on the etymology in the Latin <italic>com</italic>-<italic>munus</italic> (where <italic>munus</italic> signifies the burden that we share), we get the sense of community as realised in the challenge of living with others who may be radically different to us.</p>
<p>Yet against the background of calamitous accounts of the contemporary university, there is hope. This does not lie in vacuous promises of wholescale cultural change in the sector, nor in a return to some bygone golden age of the academy (were there ever such an era), or even in underground movements that seek to subvert dominant policy and regulatory discourses, however repugnant these might be. Hope for transformation through forms of pedagogical, political and personal troublemaking, lies instead in being <italic>universitas</italic>; in being with each other as a community of masters and scholars. There is nothing exceptional in this; it is concerned with the most ordinary of conversations between students and lecturers that have powerful perlocutionary effects. Williams&#x2019; <italic>Stoner</italic> shows us this. The novel&#x2019;s protagonist, the young freshman, is troubled and disquieted by the very routine questions posed at the end of a lecture. The whole trajectory of his (academic) life is shifted by an unremarkable conversation about his plans post-graduation, which has extraordinary effects. It is this same routineness of conversation that marks Cavell&#x2019;s idea of passionate utterance. He used the following as examples: &#x201C;I&#x2019;m bored&#x201D;, and from Bizet&#x2019;s opera, <italic>Carmen</italic>, Don Jos&#x00E9;&#x2019;s words, &#x201C;Carmen, I love you&#x201D;. But in these words, despite their seeming ordinariness, is the invitation, and demand for a response that is at once perfectly reasonable for the context, and yet in its force, profoundly troubling.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn01"><label>1.</label> <p>This is a perspective particularly associated with the English context, but signals issues in Europe, and beyond.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn02"><label>2.</label> <p>See European Commission. (2021). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on achieving the European Education Area by 2025. &#x007B;SWD(2020) 212 final&#x007D; Brussels: European Commission. [Online] Available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://education.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document-library-docs/communication-european-education-area.pdf">https://education.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document-library-docs/communication-european-education-area.pdf</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn03"><label>3.</label> <p>See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble">https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn04"><label>4.</label> <p>See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/392598?sortBy=Relevance&#x0026;ft=hogarth+lecture&#x0026;offst=0&#x0026;rpp=20&#x0026;pos=1">https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/392598?sortBy=Relevance&#x0026;ft=hogarth+lecture&#x0026;offst=0&#x0026;rpp=20&#x0026;pos=1</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn05"><label>5.</label> <p>Cavell develops the notion of passionate utterance in response to John Austin&#x2019;s theory of language, and the idea of the performative. For a fuller discussion of the background to Cavell&#x2019;s idea of the performative, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-27819-en">Fulford and Mahon (2020)</xref>.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn06"><label>6.</label> <p>The inclusion of the community in the practices of academic publishing is seen in the original approach of the <italic>Public Philosophy Journal</italic>, and their strapline &#x2018;Scholarship shaped by the public&#x2019;. They state on their website: &#x2018;The Public Philosophy Journal (PPJ) seeks to do philosophy with the public by creating an inclusive space in which community voices are recognized, heard, and supported as vital to the practices of public philosophy. We publish work that has undergone Formative Peer Review&#x2013;our innovative review process designed to foster collegiality and collaboration&#x2019;. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://publicphilosophyjournal.org/">https://publicphilosophyjournal.org/</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn07"><label>7.</label> <p>See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/initial-teacher-training-itt-core-content-framework">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/initial-teacher-training-itt-core-content-framework</ext-link></p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn08"><label>8.</label> <p>See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Fons_Sapientiae%22_in_Leuven.JPG">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Fons_Sapientiae%22_in_Leuven.JPG</ext-link> Inaugurated in 1976, this statue of knowledge may be a representation of student life and it was commissioned in memory of the 550th anniversary of the University of Leuven.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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