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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">teri</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Teor&#x00ED;a de la Educaci&#x00F3;n. Revista Interuniversitaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TERI</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1130-3743</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2386-5660</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.26953</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.26953</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>EL PAPEL DEL CONOCIMIENTO EN LA AGENCIA DOCENTE: UN MODELO TE&#x00D3;RICO DE COMPRENSI&#x00D3;N<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1_es"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><italic>The Role of Knowledge in Teacher Agency: An Understanding Theoretical Model</italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>VER&#x00C1;STEGUI MART&#x00CD;NEZ</surname>
<given-names>Macarena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>&#x00DA;BEDA G&#x00D3;MEZ</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label><sup>*</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Fundaci&#x00F3;n Promaestro Universidad Aut&#x00F3;noma de Madrid. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Fundaci&#x00F3;n Promaestro</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad Aut&#x00F3;noma de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-1630">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-1630</ext-link>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label><sup>**</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Fundaci&#x00F3;n Promaestro Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Espa&#x00F1;a.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Fundaci&#x00F3;n Promaestro</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Espa&#x00F1;a</country>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9286-6247">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9286-6247</ext-link>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><email>macarena.verastegui@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c2"><email>jubeda@promaestro.org</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>237</fpage>
<lpage>255</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>16</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>23</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2022 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
<license-p>Licencia CC BY-NC-ND. Licencia de Creative Commons Atribuci&#x00F3;n-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional Universidad de Salamanca. Su comercializaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; sujeta al permiso del editor</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El conocimiento del profesorado es un objeto de estudio fundamental para la investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa desde que existe evidencia del impacto que tiene en la mejora de los sistemas educativos. Sin embargo, la mayor&#x00ED;a de las investigaciones desarrolladas presentan una visi&#x00F3;n parcial e incompleta sobre esta cuesti&#x00F3;n, ya que ofrecen modelos de indagaci&#x00F3;n poco operativos o que sesgan el constructo estudiado. Para superar estas limitaciones y estudiar de manera operativa la cuesti&#x00F3;n del conocimiento educativo docente es esencial partir de un enfoque de agencia del profesorado que permita comprender con claridad en qu&#x00E9; consiste la pr&#x00E1;ctica profesional. El objetivo de este art&#x00ED;culo es ofrecer un modelo te&#x00F3;rico y metodol&#x00F3;gico que vincule la agencia del profesorado con el conocimiento educativo que el docente es capaz de producir. Para ello hemos desarrollado un trabajo cr&#x00ED;tico-reflexivo sobre la documentaci&#x00F3;n existente y los conceptos en juego, partiendo de dos modelos de comprensi&#x00F3;n: el modelo de la cumbre del Conocimiento de Contenido Pedag&#x00F3;gico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>) y el modelo ecol&#x00F3;gico de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> sobre la agencia. Como resultado, ofrecemos un modelo que recoge el concepto de agencia y de conocimiento docente y que ampl&#x00ED;a la comprensi&#x00F3;n de este &#x00FA;ltimo constructo a partir de la inclusi&#x00F3;n de dos dimensiones: (1) el conocimiento que adquiere y posee y (2) el conocimiento que produce <italic>ad intra</italic> y <italic>ad extra</italic> de la profesi&#x00F3;n. Nuestra prospectiva con este modelo es observar si nos sirve como marco operativo para indagar el conocimiento educativo que el docente es capaz de producir en las pr&#x00E1;cticas reflexivas y colaborativas y situar en un espacio m&#x00E1;s productivo la cl&#x00E1;sica separaci&#x00F3;n heredada entre teor&#x00ED;a y praxis.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Teacher Knowledge is a relevant subject matter for educational research since there is evidence about the impact of teachers in the effectiveness and improvement of educational systems. However, mainly researches have a biased and incomplete approach about it, because they offer fewer operative methods of investigation or that distort the concept that is studied. To overcome these constraints and to study in a operational way teacher educational knowledge is necessary to draw from a teacher agency approach, which lead us to understand clearly what is professional practice. The aim of this paper is to offer a theoretical and methodological model which links teacher agency with educational knowledge that teacher can produce. For that we have done a critical-reflective work about the reference material and the research concepts, and we have drawn from two understanding models: <italic>Pedagogical Content Knowledge</italic> Summit model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms, &#x0026; Stoke, 2013</xref>) about Pedagogical Content Knowledge and ecological model of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> about teacher agency. As results, we offer a model that links the concepts of teacher agency and teacher knowledge, and it expands the teacher knowledge understanding because it incorporates two dimensions about it: (1) knowledge that teacher incorporates and get and (2) knowledge that teacher produces <italic>ad intra</italic> and <italic>ad extra</italic> of profession. Our prospect of this model is to observe if it is useful for studying knowledge that teachers create through reflective and collaborative practices in an operational way and to locate the inherited classic gap between theory and praxis in a more constructive place.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>Conocimiento de contenido pedag&#x00F3;gico</kwd>
<kwd>praxis</kwd>
<kwd>ense&#x00F1;anza reflexiva</kwd>
<kwd>observaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>comunidades de pr&#x00E1;cticas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>pedagogical content knowledge</kwd>
<kwd>praxis</kwd>
<kwd>reflective teaching</kwd>
<kwd>observation</kwd>
<kwd>communities of practice</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-26953_es" sec-type="introduction">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroducci&#x00F3;n</sc></bold></title>
<p>Desde 1980, el conocimiento del profesorado ha sido una l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n muy relevante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_es">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>) cuyo objetivo principal ha sido comprender qu&#x00E9; es y qu&#x00E9; conforma este conocimiento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_es">Shulman (1987)</xref> fue uno de los primeros autores en abordar esta cuesti&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Aunque desde el inicio incorpor&#x00F3;, no s&#x00F3;lo en qu&#x00E9; consist&#x00ED;a este conocimiento, sino c&#x00F3;mo el docente es capaz de generarlo, la mayor parte de la investigaci&#x00F3;n desarrollada ha partido de una idea est&#x00E1;tica del constructo, es decir, como un fen&#x00F3;meno ganado a partir de la experiencia formativa y profesional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_es">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>Los modelos que se basan en una idea din&#x00E1;mica del conocimiento, como el de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_es">Shulman (1987)</xref> y el de la cumbre del Conocimiento de Contenido Pedag&#x00F3;gico <italic>(Pedagogical Content Knowledge</italic>, en adelante, PCK) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>), parten de un enfoque en el que el conocimiento docente es producido y ampliado en el ejercicio de la pr&#x00E1;ctica. Sin embargo, esta construcci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento educativo se circunscribe <italic>ad intra</italic> de la profesi&#x00F3;n, es decir, recoge c&#x00F3;mo el docente va incorporando a su saber inicial el cuerpo de conocimientos necesario para su desempe&#x00F1;o a partir de la formaci&#x00F3;n recibida, del contexto de trabajo y de los resultados de aprendizaje de su alumnado. De esta manera, los docentes van desarrollando un amplio cuerpo de conocimientos que constituye el PCK (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_es">Medina, 2006</xref>).</p>
<p>Este enfoque del PCK como un constructo que se va generando y ampliando gracias a la praxis docente queda recogido, de manera clara, en el modelo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms &#x0026; Stokes (2013)</xref>. Estos investigadores, durante la cumbre de PCK, hicieron un esfuerzo por aunar los diversos modelos existentes sobre esta cuesti&#x00F3;n y consensuar un modelo unificado que sirviera como marco de comprensi&#x00F3;n de este constructo. Sin embargo, el modelo se circunscribe a la producci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento <italic>ad intra</italic> de la profesi&#x00F3;n docente, de tal forma que la perspectiva del docente como generador de conocimiento educativo que es proyectado hacia fuera de la profesi&#x00F3;n no aparece en la literatura de esta l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>A pesar de ello, la cuesti&#x00F3;n del docente como creador de conocimiento <italic>ad extra</italic> no es una novedad y son diversos los autores que apuestan por este enfoque de la profesi&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-26953_es">Rup&#x00E9;rez, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_es">Shulman, 1987</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-26953_es">Zeichner &#x0026; Liston, 1996</xref>). En el &#x00E1;mbito de la investigaci&#x00F3;n- acci&#x00F3;n se ha abordado ampliamente esta cuesti&#x00F3;n, ya que parte de la idea de que el docente es agente participativo de la misma y no solo sujeto investigado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-26953_es">Kemmis, 2006</xref>), por lo que se presenta como una de las mejores formas en la que el docente, junto al equipo de investigaci&#x00F3;n, es capaz de generar conocimiento educativo. Sin embargo, aunque se ha demostrado que es un modelo eficaz, los docentes poseen otras formas, m&#x00E1;s pr&#x00F3;ximas a su desempe&#x00F1;o, de indagar sobre su pr&#x00E1;ctica que tambi&#x00E9;n les permiten producir conocimiento educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_es">Croll, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_es">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_es">Reis-Jorge, <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Desde esta perspectiva, gran parte de la literatura se ha centrado en abordar esta cuesti&#x00F3;n desde los procesos necesarios para que el docente genere conocimiento educativo. As&#x00ED;, existe abundante bibliograf&#x00ED;a sobre la importancia de la reflexi&#x00F3;n para que el docente se convierta en indagador de su pr&#x00E1;ctica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_es">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_es">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>), sobre la observaci&#x00F3;n para que el docente recoja evidencias sobre la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa ejecutada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-26953_es">Burgess <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-26953_es">Firestone &#x0026; Donaldson, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-26953_es">Roth <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), sobre la relevancia de pertenecer a comunidades profesionales de aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-26953_es">Moreno, 2018</xref>) y sobre la capacidad docente para sistematizar las evidencias recogidas de la pr&#x00E1;ctica y ponerlas en discusi&#x00F3;n con las evidencias procedentes de la investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_es">Croll, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-26953_es">Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-26953_es">Perines, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Por otro lado, otras investigaciones no se han centrado tanto en c&#x00F3;mo se produce el conocimiento sino en la fuente de la que procede. En este sentido, el docente es productor del conocimiento que se genera de su pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_es">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_es">Shulman, 1987</xref>). Al ser una realidad pr&#x00E1;ctica, la teor&#x00ED;a de la acci&#x00F3;n ha sido el marco te&#x00F3;rico desde el que se ha abordado este constructo, siendo uno de sus principales objetivos comprender en qu&#x00E9; consiste la praxis del profesorado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-26953_es">Dewey, 1933</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-26953_es">Gonz&#x00E1;lez, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Si bien es cierto que se han producido avances destacados en la comprensi&#x00F3;n del fen&#x00F3;meno, todav&#x00ED;a resta por aclarar y discutir algunas cuestiones que influyen directamente en la forma de comprender la profesi&#x00F3;n docente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_es">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-26953_es">Medina &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-26953_es">Perines, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-26953_es">Vi&#x00F1;ao, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>A pesar de ello, podemos afirmar que el pragmatismo ha sido una influencia filos&#x00F3;fica decisiva en el pensamiento educativo durante el siglo XX (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_es">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-26953_es">Dewey, 1933</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-26953_es">Thoilliez, 2013</xref>), ayudando a comprender en qu&#x00E9; consiste la profesi&#x00F3;n docente y la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). En este sentido, la investigaci&#x00F3;n de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, desde fundamentos pragmatistas, hace una aportaci&#x00F3;n destacada incorporando el enfoque ecol&#x00F3;gico a la descripci&#x00F3;n de la agencia docente. Desde este enfoque, la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la agencia se obtiene a partir de las interacciones que existen entre los diversos elementos que la constituyen (esfuerzos individuales, recursos disponibles y factores contextuales y estructurales). Es por esta idea de la interrelaci&#x00F3;n entre los elementos que las claves contextuales, poco destacadas en la bibliograf&#x00ED;a anterior, adquieren un papel clave en este enfoque, ya que son necesarias para lograr una comprensi&#x00F3;n profunda y ajustada sobre la praxis docente y, por tanto, sobre su capacidad profesional para tomar decisiones y actuar en beneficio del proceso de aprendizaje de los alumnos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_es">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Sin embargo, no disponemos todav&#x00ED;a de un modelo unificado que integre la capacidad del profesorado para construir conocimiento tanto <italic>ad intra</italic> de la profesi&#x00F3;n (cuerpo de conocimientos que los docentes van generando e incorporando) como <italic>ad extra</italic> (conocimiento educativo que el profesorado transfiere al resto de la comunidad) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_es">Biesta, <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Es decir, que la producci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento educativo por parte del profesorado se convierta en una dimensi&#x00F3;n din&#x00E1;mica y transversal de la agencia.</p>
<p>El prop&#x00F3;sito de este art&#x00ED;culo es ofrecer un modelo te&#x00F3;rico y metodol&#x00F3;gico que vincule la agencia del profesorado con el conocimiento educativo que el docente es capaz de producir. Para ello partimos de dos modelos de comprensi&#x00F3;n. En primer lugar, el modelo de la cumbre de PCK (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>) sobre el conocimiento que posee el profesorado. En segundo lugar, el enfoque ecol&#x00F3;gico de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> sobre la agencia docente (siguiendo la versi&#x00F3;n ampliada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>) y, por tanto, sobre c&#x00F3;mo el conocimiento es ejecutado en la pr&#x00E1;ctica. A partir de estos dos modelos se incorpora la din&#x00E1;mica de producci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento educativo por parte del profesorado, atendiendo a los procesos que se han destacado como fundamentales para esa construcci&#x00F3;n: reflexi&#x00F3;n, observaci&#x00F3;n, discusi&#x00F3;n y sistematizaci&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Para ello hemos seguido el m&#x00E9;todo de leer, pensar y escribir (Trilla, 2005 citado en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-26953_es">Thoilliez, 2013</xref>), basado en un trabajo reflexivo que ha supuesto un ejercicio cuidadoso de lectura y documentaci&#x00F3;n que ha permitido desarrollar una comprensi&#x00F3;n y discusi&#x00F3;n cr&#x00ED;tica de los conceptos en juego. Como resultado, ofrecemos un modelo que sintetiza y recoge el concepto de agencia y de conocimiento docente y ampl&#x00ED;a la comprensi&#x00F3;n de este &#x00FA;ltimo incluyendo las dos dimensiones del conocimiento educativo del profesorado: (1) el conocimiento que adquiere y posee y (2) el conocimiento que produce <italic>ad intra</italic> y <italic>ad extra</italic> de la profesi&#x00F3;n.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-26953_es">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>L<sc>a potencialidad de la pr&#x00E1;ctica reflexiva</sc></bold></title>
<p>Dentro de las profesiones y, en concreto, en la docencia, la reflexi&#x00F3;n se ha definido a trav&#x00E9;s del concepto de pr&#x00E1;ctica reflexiva, cuya incorporaci&#x00F3;n conceptual al mundo educativo tuvo su origen en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-26953_es">Dewey (1933)</xref>. Sin embargo, este concepto adquiere especial relevancia cuando las agendas pol&#x00ED;ticas y la investigaci&#x00F3;n ponen al profesorado como agente imprescindible de la calidad educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-26953_es">Rup&#x00E9;rez, 2014</xref>). La reflexi&#x00F3;n del docente sobre su pr&#x00E1;ctica se convierte as&#x00ED; en una de las claves para la mejora educativa y en uno de los procesos imprescindibles para el fortalecimiento de la profesi&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-26953_es">Rup&#x00E9;rez, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_es">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>As&#x00ED; pues, podemos entender la pr&#x00E1;ctica reflexiva como la capacidad de desarrollar el juicio pedag&#x00F3;gico, que permite hacer frente a la realidad educativa de manera cr&#x00ED;tica, pensada, compartida y sistem&#x00E1;tica, con el fin de abordarla adecuadamente, generar conocimiento de la propia actividad profesional y buscar alternativas para la mejora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_es">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-26953_es">Zeichener &#x0026; Liston, 1996</xref>).</p>
<p>Desde este marco, son diversos los autores que han investigado la pr&#x00E1;ctica reflexiva atendiendo a su tipolog&#x00ED;a y graduaci&#x00F3;n con el fin de comprender c&#x00F3;mo potencia la agencia del profesorado y fomenta la creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_es">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>).</p>
<p>El modelo de comprensi&#x00F3;n que proponemos parte de dos aportaciones fundamentales acerca de la pr&#x00E1;ctica reflexiva y su relaci&#x00F3;n con el conocimiento educativo: la tipolog&#x00ED;a de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_es">Sch&#x00F6;n (1984)</xref> y el modelo ampliado de agencia docente de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>. En primer lugar, la distinci&#x00F3;n de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_es">Sch&#x00F6;n (1984)</xref> sobre el pensamiento pr&#x00E1;ctico (conocimiento en la acci&#x00F3;n, reflexi&#x00F3;n en la acci&#x00F3;n y reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre la acci&#x00F3;n) sigue siendo una de las tipolog&#x00ED;as m&#x00E1;s destacadas en esta cuesti&#x00F3;n. Adem&#x00E1;s, asumimos la ampliaci&#x00F3;n que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-26953_es">Killion &#x0026; Todnem (1991)</xref> realizaron sobre el trabajo de este autor, incorporando la reflexi&#x00F3;n para la acci&#x00F3;n, gracias a la cual se incorpora la dimensi&#x00F3;n proyectiva de la acci&#x00F3;n. En segundo lugar, el modelo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref> vincula los grados de reflexi&#x00F3;n con la consecuci&#x00F3;n de agencia.</p>
<p>Los grados de reflexividad mencionados forman parte de un continuo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>) que se distribuye desde el uso del conocimiento t&#x00E1;cito e impl&#x00ED;cito hasta la transferencia de un conocimiento educativo riguroso y sistematizado de la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-26953_es">Killion &#x0026; Todnem, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_es">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>). Esta graduaci&#x00F3;n depende fundamentalmente de c&#x00F3;mo la pr&#x00E1;ctica reflexiva es realizada y qu&#x00E9; se obtiene de ella, es decir, qu&#x00E9; agencia es lograda y qu&#x00E9; tipo de conocimiento educativo se moviliza y ejecuta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Para comprender esta cuesti&#x00F3;n es fundamental poner atenci&#x00F3;n en las din&#x00E1;micas profesionales que se activan, as&#x00ED; como en las herramientas utilizadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>). Por esta raz&#x00F3;n, en el modelo de comprensi&#x00F3;n recogemos tres din&#x00E1;micas profesionales orientadas a la consecuci&#x00F3;n del nivel de reflexividad que propicia la generaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento educativo sistem&#x00E1;tico y expl&#x00ED;cito: la observaci&#x00F3;n, la discusi&#x00F3;n y la sistematizaci&#x00F3;n de la pr&#x00E1;ctica con otros docentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_es">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_es">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_es">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-3-26953_es">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>La mirada que mejora: la observaci&#x00F3;n de la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa</italic></title>
<p>En primer lugar, la observaci&#x00F3;n de la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa, rigurosa y sistematizada es una de las herramientas esenciales para la pr&#x00E1;ctica reflexiva si el objetivo es generar conocimiento educativo que pueda transferirse al resto del sistema (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-26953_es">Contreras &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez de Lara, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-26953_es">Roth <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Que la observaci&#x00F3;n sea sistem&#x00E1;tica, quiere decir, tal y como define <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_es">&#x00DA;beda (2018</xref>, p. 5), que (i) se realiza conforme a unos fines orientados a la mejora, (ii) se ajusta a unos criterios de observaci&#x00F3;n elaborados por los docentes, (iii) es realizada a trav&#x00E9;s de diversas herramientas que propician la observaci&#x00F3;n, y (iv) ocupa un espacio espec&#x00ED;fico en el tiempo de aula.</p>
<p>La observaci&#x00F3;n sistematizada de la pr&#x00E1;ctica debe incorporarse tanto en su dimensi&#x00F3;n individual -autoobservaci&#x00F3;n- como en su dimensi&#x00F3;n profesional -observaci&#x00F3;n entre iguales- (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-26953_es">Spencer, 2014</xref>). Gracias a ella, la reflexi&#x00F3;n se concreta en el tiempo, pues formula unos objetivos educativos que alcanzar sobre pr&#x00E1;cticas espec&#x00ED;ficas y determina los cauces que permiten sistematizar la observaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_es">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>). De esta manera, el docente es capaz de disminuir los sesgos en la evaluaci&#x00F3;n posterior de las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas y obtener evidencias sobre lo que est&#x00E1; funcionando o no en su aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-26953_es">Burgess, <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-26953_es">Firestone &#x0026; Donaldson, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-26953_es">Roth <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-26953_es">Spencer, 2014</xref>). As&#x00ED;, la observaci&#x00F3;n permite acercarse a la pr&#x00E1;ctica con el fin de investigar sobre ella (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-26953_es">Contreras &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez de Lara, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_es">Croll, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>En este sentido, son muchos los autores que han destacado la necesidad de que el profesorado pueda realizar investigaciones en las aulas para evaluar la eficacia de sus pr&#x00E1;cticas y poder detectar las necesidades de mejora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-26953_es">Contreras &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez de Lara, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_es">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_es">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-26953_es">Zeichner &#x0026; Liston, 1996</xref>). La observaci&#x00F3;n entendida como un proceso de recogida de informaci&#x00F3;n resulta fundamental para desarrollar la investigaci&#x00F3;n en el aula y, por tanto, para la creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento que tiene como finalidad conseguir mejorar la calidad del proceso de ense&#x00F1;anza- aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_es">Croll, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Esta observaci&#x00F3;n puede darse de diversas maneras, sin embargo, para que el docente aumente su agencia y produzca conocimiento es necesaria la participaci&#x00F3;n de otros compa&#x00F1;eros de forma directa (la observaci&#x00F3;n entre iguales) o indirecta (la grabaci&#x00F3;n de las sesiones) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-26953_es">Spencer, 2014</xref>). Llegamos as&#x00ED; al reconocimiento de la importancia de la comunidad profesional y la discusi&#x00F3;n como din&#x00E1;mica fundamental para la creaci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento por parte del profesorado.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-26953_es">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>La comunidad profesional: el papel de los colegas en la discusi&#x00F3;n educativa</italic></title>
<p>Los procesos reflexivos y de observaci&#x00F3;n, propios de la indagaci&#x00F3;n en el aula, deben enmarcarse en el seno de una comunidad profesional de aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-26953_es">Moreno, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_es">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-26953_es">Spencer, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_es">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>). El conocimiento docente surge de la experiencia educativa construida colaborativamente en los contextos escolares para atender, con mayor precisi&#x00F3;n, las necesidades educativas del alumnado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-26953_es">Contreras &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez Lara, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_es">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Tal y como venimos defendiendo, la capacidad individual del docente juega un papel fundamental a la hora de conseguir agencia y construir conocimiento de su pr&#x00E1;ctica. Sin embargo, es solo una de las partes implicadas ya que las cuestiones estructurales, sociales y materiales tambi&#x00E9;n influyen en estos procesos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Por tanto, es importante centrar la mirada en la comunidad profesional y buscar qu&#x00E9; actuaciones son importantes desde esta dimensi&#x00F3;n colectiva e institucionalizada de la profesi&#x00F3;n docente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_es">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>). Esta informaci&#x00F3;n es clave a la hora de que las decisiones pol&#x00ED;ticas puedan apoyar o desincentivar al profesorado en la consecuci&#x00F3;n de la agencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-26953_es">Priestley &#x0026; Drew, 2019</xref>) y, por ende, como defendemos en este art&#x00ED;culo, en la construcci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_es">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-26953_es">Moreno, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>La capacidad del profesorado para construir conocimiento requiere de una visi&#x00F3;n colegiada sobre el grado de evidencia de las pr&#x00E1;cticas y teor&#x00ED;as educativas disponibles, que orientan la pr&#x00E1;ctica del aula y del centro educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>). Con tal objetivo, en el contexto escolar se torna imprescindible disponer de espacios y tiempos para que los docentes discutan sobre tales evidencias y, a trav&#x00E9;s de la observaci&#x00F3;n, sean capaces, conjuntamente, de discernir cu&#x00E1;les son los procesos pedag&#x00F3;gicos que en ese momento est&#x00E1;n consiguiendo mejores resultados en el aprendizaje de su alumnado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-26953_es">Priestley &#x0026; Drew, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>En definitiva, la discusi&#x00F3;n educativa colegiada permite al cuerpo docente mejorar su juicio pedag&#x00F3;gico, impulsar una cultura profesional de alto impacto y fomentar el aprendizaje constante orientado hacia la mejora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_es">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-26953_es">Priestley &#x0026; Drew, 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, debe ser sistem&#x00E1;tica y sistematizada para que sea una acci&#x00F3;n profesional institucionalizada y no meramente arbitraria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_es">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>). Esta &#x00FA;ltima clave es la que completa el ciclo de construcci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento, incorporando, por un lado, una din&#x00E1;mica interna a la profesi&#x00F3;n y, por otro, permitiendo su transferencia al resto del sistema educativo.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-26953_es">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title><italic>La sistematizaci&#x00F3;n de la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa: un previo a la transferencia</italic></title>
<p>La sistematizaci&#x00F3;n de la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa se torna fundamental para crear conocimiento a partir de ella y, as&#x00ED;, poder institucionalizarla y transferirla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_es">Groundwater- Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Tal sistematizaci&#x00F3;n se realiza a partir de procesos colaborativos y contextualizados que revelan un alto nivel de logro en la agencia del equipo docente implicado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_es">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>En primer lugar, la sistematizaci&#x00F3;n precisa de criterios comunes y objetivados que permitan conocer qu&#x00E9; es lo que funciona mejor en las aulas con relaci&#x00F3;n a los procesos de ense&#x00F1;anza- aprendizaje que se est&#x00E1;n desarrollando en los centros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_es">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>). El conocimiento sobre lo que est&#x00E1; funcionando y lo que no en cada escuela permite, por un lado, mejorar la pr&#x00E1;ctica y crear una cultura colaborativa de aprendizaje constante y, por otro, institucionalizar las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas que mejor funcionan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_es">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>). De esta manera, todos los docentes de un centro trabajar&#x00E1;n a partir de un horizonte y enfoque com&#x00FA;n, asumiendo el reto del aprendizaje de todo el alumnado de manera colaborativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_es">Biesta, 2007</xref>). Es decir, permitir&#x00ED;a a los docentes conseguir un desempe&#x00F1;o eficaz, acerc&#x00E1;ndose al cometido de que todos los estudiantes aprendan y lleguen a las competencias que la instituci&#x00F3;n escolar ha considerado esenciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, los criterios profesionales de valoraci&#x00F3;n permiten al colectivo docente fortalecerse frente a la comunidad y al sistema educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_es">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>), ya que puede presentar, a trav&#x00E9;s de las evidencias generadas a partir de su pr&#x00E1;ctica, cu&#x00E1;les son las respuestas dadas a las necesidades que tiene el centro y cu&#x00E1;l es el valor educativo de aquellas, lo que supone aportar un conocimiento necesario para el sistema educativo en su conjunto. Esta informaci&#x00F3;n es de vital importancia para los l&#x00ED;deres escolares, ya que podr&#x00ED;an poner al servicio de lo pedag&#x00F3;gico la dimensi&#x00F3;n organizativa de los centros educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>). Del mismo modo, los agentes que toman decisiones educativas desde el &#x00E1;mbito pol&#x00ED;tico deber&#x00ED;an acoger esta informaci&#x00F3;n como un bien preciado para acompasar las medidas pol&#x00ED;ticas y de gesti&#x00F3;n a las necesidades pedag&#x00F3;gicas de los centros educativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-26953_es">Vi&#x00F1;ao, 2018</xref>). Por &#x00FA;ltimo, la investigaci&#x00F3;n acad&#x00E9;mica y disciplinar podr&#x00ED;a orientar parte de sus intereses a corroborar e indagar sobre las evidencias del profesorado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-26953_es">Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-26953_es">Perines, 2018</xref>), de tal forma, que habr&#x00ED;a un equilibro entre la investigaci&#x00F3;n y la pr&#x00E1;ctica, propici&#x00E1;ndose una retroalimentaci&#x00F3;n constante entre ellas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_es">Croll, 1995</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-26953_es">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>L<sc>a praxis como concepto clave: la agencia docente</sc></bold></title>
<p>El concepto de praxis es un constructo complejo, cuya definici&#x00F3;n sigue siendo un reto epist&#x00E9;mico actual, sobre todo cuando pretendemos comprender qu&#x00E9; es y en qu&#x00E9; consiste un tipo de pr&#x00E1;ctica como es la docencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-26953_es">Medina &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-26953_es">Perines, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-26953_es">Vi&#x00F1;ao, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-26953_es">Zeichner &#x0026; Liston, 1996</xref>). A pesar de ello, son diversos los autores que han abordado esta cuesti&#x00F3;n haciendo un esfuerzo de definici&#x00F3;n y delimitaci&#x00F3;n del concepto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-26953_es">Dewey, 1933</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-26953_es">Gonz&#x00E1;lez, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen, <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>En este art&#x00ED;culo, asumimos la concepci&#x00F3;n de agencia aportada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, que procede del pragmatismo, para abordar la cuesti&#x00F3;n de la praxis docente. Su aportaci&#x00F3;n fundamental es la incorporaci&#x00F3;n del enfoque ecol&#x00F3;gico dentro de la teor&#x00ED;a de la acci&#x00F3;n, es decir, a&#x00F1;adir a la comprensi&#x00F3;n de la acci&#x00F3;n docente la interacci&#x00F3;n entre los diversos elementos que la componen. Por agencia entendemos la capacidad profesional global del docente que emerge de la interacci&#x00F3;n entre la capacidad de los docentes para formular posibilidades para la acci&#x00F3;n, la consideraci&#x00F3;n activa de tales posibilidades y el ejercicio de la elecci&#x00F3;n, y los factores contextuales, es decir, las estructuras sociales, materiales y culturales que influyen en el comportamiento humano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>, p. 23). Por tanto, la agencia docente es un &#x201C;fen&#x00F3;meno temporal y relacional; algo que ocurre a lo largo del tiempo y trata sobre las relaciones entre los actores y los entornos en y a trav&#x00E9;s del cual act&#x00FA;an&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>, p. 40).</p>
<p>Este concepto de agencia se puede encontrar en otros autores, como en la teor&#x00ED;a de la acci&#x00F3;n explicitada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-26953_es">Gonz&#x00E1;lez (1997)</xref>, en la que desglosa la praxis en cuatro conceptos (actos, acciones, actuaciones y actividades). El &#x00FA;ltimo, la actividad, es la que permite a los &#x201C;autores&#x201D; (&#x201C;agentes&#x201D; en caso de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) ser capaces de escoger una actuaci&#x00F3;n (acciones con sentido) entre diversas posibilidades.</p>
<p>La propuesta de agencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> no solo recoge la capacidad de los individuos como elemento central de la misma, sino c&#x00F3;mo esta capacidad interact&#x00FA;a con otros factores (contextuales, biogr&#x00E1;ficos, etc.). Por tanto, entienden que la agencia es un fen&#x00F3;meno que se logra en los contextos y a trav&#x00E9;s de ellos, es decir que no puede ser entendida sin tener en cuenta las interacciones que se dan entre las diferentes dimensiones que la componen. Estas dimensiones son tres: la iterativa, la proyectiva y la pr&#x00E1;ctica-evaluativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>En primer lugar, la dimensi&#x00F3;n iterativa se conforma de la experiencia previa (tanto personal como profesional), es decir, de la capacidad individual (habilidades y conocimientos), de las creencias y los valores. En ella, se constituyen esquemas mentales que permiten actuar con cierto &#x201C;<italic>habitus</italic>&#x201D; y, por tanto, desempe&#x00F1;arse profesionalmente de manera adecuada, as&#x00ED; como dise&#x00F1;ar y orientar la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa a partir de los conocimientos adquiridos en el per&#x00ED;odo de formaci&#x00F3;n inicial y a lo largo del ejercicio profesional.</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, la dimensi&#x00F3;n proyectiva, influida directamente por la dimensi&#x00F3;n anterior, es la que se vincula con los prop&#x00F3;sitos que orientan la pr&#x00E1;ctica hacia la generaci&#x00F3;n de un futuro diferente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Los prop&#x00F3;sitos perseguidos influyen a la hora de tomar decisiones en la pr&#x00E1;ctica y est&#x00E1;n vinculados a los valores y creencias que los docentes poseen. Es fundamental tener en cuenta c&#x00F3;mo los mecanismos de evaluaci&#x00F3;n del desempe&#x00F1;o juegan un papel fundamental a la hora de moldear los prop&#x00F3;sitos profesionales que tienden a ajustarse a las normas y expectativas sociales. Esta afirmaci&#x00F3;n conduce a valorar qu&#x00E9; tipo de pol&#x00ED;ticas a largo plazo se desarrollan para influir en la dimensi&#x00F3;n proyectiva del profesorado para beneficiar, en &#x00FA;ltimo t&#x00E9;rmino, al alumnado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>En tercer y &#x00FA;ltimo lugar, la agencia docente se conforma de la dimensi&#x00F3;n pr&#x00E1;ctica-evaluativa, es decir, aquella orientada en el presente y que se produce en el entorno laboral. Es decir, las percepciones e interpretaciones que el docente genera a partir de las condiciones culturales, estructurales y materiales en las que desarrolla su trabajo y a partir de las facilidades, limitaciones y recursos de los que dispone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Es por ello por lo que esta dimensi&#x00F3;n tiene una gran influencia en el logro de agencia, ya que moldea profundamente las decisiones y la acci&#x00F3;n del docente, foment&#x00E1;ndola o inhibi&#x00E9;ndola. Por un lado, permite al docente conocer lo que es pr&#x00E1;cticamente posible dada una situaci&#x00F3;n concreta y, por otro, le permite evaluar los retos que existen en esa situaci&#x00F3;n y las posibilidades de acci&#x00F3;n para cada uno de ellos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>En definitiva, el aporte fundamental de estos autores es ofrecer un enfoque ecol&#x00F3;gico a la conceptualizaci&#x00F3;n de agencia. Es decir, comprenderla, no &#x00FA;nicamente como la capacidad de actuar de los individuos, sino como un fen&#x00F3;meno que estos logran en y dentro de contextos que cambian continuamente a lo largo del tiempo y con orientaciones hacia el pasado, el futuro y el presente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>, p. 25). La idea de que el profesorado logra la agencia (y no dispone de ella) para actuar de una determinada manera nos permite colocar el conocimiento docente como un fen&#x00F3;meno emergente en un doble sentido: como aquello que emerge en una situaci&#x00F3;n dada a partir de la capacidad para tomar decisiones y actuar en un contexto educativo dado y como un conocimiento producido que requiere ser sistematizado y transferido.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-26953_es">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>L<sc>a emergencia del conocimiento educativo docente</sc></bold></title>
<p>Como ya hemos visto, reflexionar sobre la pr&#x00E1;ctica es una acci&#x00F3;n indispensable de la profesi&#x00F3;n docente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-26953_es">Medina &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez, 2017</xref>). Sin embargo, cuando a esta acci&#x00F3;n le sumamos la observaci&#x00F3;n, la colegialidad, la sistematizaci&#x00F3;n y la transferencia nos encontramos con un fen&#x00F3;meno mucho m&#x00E1;s amplio y complejo como es el de la construcci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_es">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_es">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Cuando hablamos de conocimiento educativo docente, nos referimos al conjunto de afirmaciones sobre la validez de las pr&#x00E1;cticas educativas basadas en la observaci&#x00F3;n sistematizada -b&#x00FA;squeda de evidencias- y la discusi&#x00F3;n de resultados a partir de criterios. Este conjunto de afirmaciones, adem&#x00E1;s, forma parte de un proceso de discusi&#x00F3;n entre docentes y de transferencia m&#x00E1;s all&#x00E1; del contexto de ejecuci&#x00F3;n de la pr&#x00E1;ctica. Es por ello, que la agencia docente es, al mismo tiempo, condici&#x00F3;n de posibilidad del conocimiento educativo y su fuente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_es">Shulman, 1987</xref>).</p>
<p>A la hora de definir el constructo, tal y como lo encontramos en la literatura, el conocimiento educativo docente se entiende de dos formas distintas que no suelen aparecer conectadas entre s&#x00ED; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Por un lado, aquella que comprende este concepto como el cuerpo de saberes que hacen al conjunto de profesionales ser &#x201C;buenos docentes&#x201D; (<italic>formal knowledge</italic>), que suele ser prescrito por agentes externos a la profesi&#x00F3;n. Y por otro, aquellas que abordan el concepto desde el enfoque del saber que los docentes son capaces de generar a partir de su pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa (<italic>practical knowledge</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_es">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>), que les permite mejorar los procesos de ense&#x00F1;anza- aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-26953_es">Poulou <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Ambas dimensiones del conocimiento forman parte de la agencia docente y, por tanto, se complementan entre s&#x00ED;. Sin embargo, los modelos existentes sobre esta cuesti&#x00F3;n no incorporan ambas ni mucho menos vinculan la cuesti&#x00F3;n del conocimiento docente a la agencia profesional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, en muchas ocasiones, el conocimiento pr&#x00E1;ctico se ha visto en detrimento del formal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_es">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>), un aspecto que se puede observar en la investigaci&#x00F3;n, la cual, de forma mayoritaria ha indagado sobre qu&#x00E9; conocimiento posee el docente y c&#x00F3;mo es ejecutado en la pr&#x00E1;ctica y, en menor medida, sobre c&#x00F3;mo el docente produce conocimiento que se proyecta tanto hacia dentro como hacia fuera de la profesi&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_es">Medina, 2006</xref>).</p>
<p>Dentro de esta &#x00FA;ltima, la literatura sobre investigaci&#x00F3;n-acci&#x00F3;n es la que m&#x00E1;s ha estudiado esta concepci&#x00F3;n del conocimiento docente, sin embargo, no siempre el docente puede incorporarse a estos procesos de investigaci&#x00F3;n y, a pesar de ello, sigue generando un conocimiento educativo que es valioso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-26953_es">Kemmis, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_es">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) y que, por tanto, es necesario tomar en consideraci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-26953_es">Poulou <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Por otro lado, el resto de autores que indagan la cuesti&#x00F3;n del conocimiento educativo docente desde este enfoque fortalecedor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_es">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_es">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>), no recogen una visi&#x00F3;n completa de la construcci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento, es decir, ecol&#x00F3;gica y sist&#x00E9;mica del fen&#x00F3;meno, que requiere de la interacci&#x00F3;n entre los diferentes elementos y dimensiones que lo componen y, por tanto, de procesos comunitarios- dentro del centro y fuera de &#x00E9;l- tanto en su generaci&#x00F3;n como en su transferencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_es">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Es en este sentido el modelo que aportamos en este art&#x00ED;culo pretende resolver esta cuesti&#x00F3;n, incorporando el conocimiento docente al modelo de agencia desde un enfoque din&#x00E1;mico y transversal, que permita indagar sobre el fen&#x00F3;meno desde una visi&#x00F3;n sist&#x00E9;mica que recoja, por un lado, tanto el conocimiento que el docente posee como el que produce y transfiere y, por otro, las relaciones existentes entre ellos. De esta manera, conseguimos un modelo operativo para la investigaci&#x00F3;n, que permita indagar sobre el fen&#x00F3;meno del conocimiento educativo docente y sobre la agencia del profesorado, teniendo en cuenta la relaci&#x00F3;n existente entre ellos.</p>
<p>Para ello, partimos del modelo de agencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> con las tres dimensiones de las que se compone: la iterativa, la pr&#x00E1;ctica-evaluativa y la proyectiva. Adem&#x00E1;s, hemos tenido en cuenta la ampliaci&#x00F3;n del modelo de agencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, ya que estos autores profundizan, por un lado, en los elementos de cada dimensi&#x00F3;n y, por otro, incorporan la reflexi&#x00F3;n como proceso necesario para alcanzar la agencia que permite al docente generar conocimiento de su pr&#x00E1;ctica.</p>
<p>Por otro lado, con el objetivo de integrar el fen&#x00F3;meno de conocimiento educativo docente al modelo de agencia, hemos incorporado los diversos conocimientos que el docente posee del modelo consensuado durante la Cumbre de PCK en 2013 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>). As&#x00ED;, en nuestro modelo incluimos en la dimensi&#x00F3;n iterativa el conocimiento base del profesorado y el conocimiento profesional espec&#x00ED;fico de la materia y, en la dimensi&#x00F3;n pr&#x00E1;ctica-evaluativa, el conocimiento de la pr&#x00E1;ctica de aula. Asimismo, hemos incorporado varios elementos: (i) las interacciones entre los conocimientos anteriormente mencionados, (ii) el conocimiento producido por el docente, (iii) los elementos colectivos y profesionales que influyen en la agencia docente y en la producci&#x00F3;n de ese conocimiento contextual (comunidad educativa y comunidad profesional) y (iv) una nueva categor&#x00ED;a en la dimensi&#x00F3;n proyectiva que hemos denominado conocimiento de la comunidad profesional que permite institucionalizar y transferir el conocimiento producido por el profesorado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_es">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Adem&#x00E1;s, hemos mantenido la propuesta del modelo de PCK en el que los resultados de los estudiantes aparecen como un elemento fundamental del conocimiento educativo del profesorado. Pero lo incorporamos no s&#x00F3;lo como parte influyente en el proceso de producci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento docente sino, tambi&#x00E9;n, como parte beneficiada del mismo. En este sentido, igualmente sumamos otros agentes que inciden en el proceso de transferencia del conocimiento: las decisiones y gesti&#x00F3;n pol&#x00ED;tica, la investigaci&#x00F3;n y otros agentes educativos.</p>
<p>Por &#x00FA;ltimo, la aportaci&#x00F3;n m&#x00E1;s significativa de este modelo es el nexo entre el concepto de agencia y el concepto de conocimiento educativo docente. Esta conexi&#x00F3;n se establece a partir de las din&#x00E1;micas profesionales que present&#x00E1;bamos al principio de este art&#x00ED;culo: la reflexi&#x00F3;n, la observaci&#x00F3;n, la discusi&#x00F3;n y la sistematizaci&#x00F3;n. Con respecto a la reflexi&#x00F3;n, hemos distinguido tres niveles seg&#x00FA;n el momento en el que se realiza: reflexi&#x00F3;n en la acci&#x00F3;n, reflexi&#x00F3;n sobre la acci&#x00F3;n y reflexi&#x00F3;n para la acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-26953_es">Killion &#x0026; Todnem, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_es">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>).</p>
<p>Tal y como se puede observar en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ima-1-26953_es">Imagen 1</xref>, la reflexi&#x00F3;n se entiende, por un lado, como una forma de conocimiento que orienta la acci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_es">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>) y, por otro, como aquello que favorece la explicitaci&#x00F3;n de saberes procedentes de la formaci&#x00F3;n y la experiencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Del mismo modo, la observaci&#x00F3;n, la discusi&#x00F3;n y la sistematizaci&#x00F3;n de la pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa son desarrollados por el docente cuando el objetivo es producir conocimiento educativo. Un conocimiento educativo que es influido por las tres dimensiones de la agencia, pero que tambi&#x00E9;n las moldea, como es el caso de las dimensiones iterativa y proyectiva. En el caso de la pr&#x00E1;ctica- evaluativa, la interacci&#x00F3;n es m&#x00E1;s recursiva, a medida que el docente decide y act&#x00FA;a en un determinado contexto, es capaz de generar conocimiento educativo que, a su vez, ampl&#x00ED;a y fomenta el conocimiento que posee en torno a la pr&#x00E1;ctica de aula y, por tanto, potencia su logro de agencia.</p>
<fig id="ima-1-26953_es">
<label>I<sc>magen</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>M<sc>odelo sist&#x00E9;mico de</sc> C<sc>onocimiento</sc> E<sc>ducativo</sc> D<sc>ocente</sc></title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-26953_es.jpg"/>
<attrib>Fuente: Basado en el modelo de agencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, la versi&#x00F3;n ampliada de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref> y el modelo de la cumbre de PCK (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>)</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Por &#x00FA;ltimo, el modelo presenta c&#x00F3;mo los docentes pueden transferir su conocimiento a la comunidad educativa y, a su vez, c&#x00F3;mo esta comunidad influye directamente en el conocimiento que el docente produce y, como hemos explicado, que va siendo incorporado a las distintas dimensiones que componen la agencia.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-26953_es" sec-type="discussion">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>iscusi&#x00F3;n y prospectivas</sc></bold></title>
<p>El conocimiento educativo docente ha sido y sigue siendo un objeto de estudio relevante para la investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_es">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>). Sin embargo, la mayor&#x00ED;a de las investigaciones desarrolladas presentan una visi&#x00F3;n parcial e incompleta sobre esta cuesti&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_es">Medina, 2006</xref>). Por un lado, encontramos aquellas que muestran el conocimiento educativo que el docente incorpora para ser un buen profesional, obtenido, normalmente, del &#x00E1;mbito formativo y de la investigaci&#x00F3;n; y, por otro lado, encontramos aquellas que abordan la investigaci&#x00F3;n desde el conocimiento que el docente es capaz de construir (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Adem&#x00E1;s, en estas &#x00FA;ltimas, se encuentran escasas referencias que incorporen tanto la dimensi&#x00F3;n <italic>ad intra</italic> y <italic>ad extra</italic> de la construcci&#x00F3;n del conocimiento docente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_es">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_es">Medina, 2006</xref>). Es por ello por lo que decimos que esta l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n es incompleta.</p>
<p>Asimismo, en los modelos consensuados sobre el conocimiento educativo docente se observan dos limitaciones. La primera, la mayor&#x00ED;a de los modelos no son operativos y, por tanto, no permiten indagar la realidad estudiada. En segundo lugar, los modelos operativos no recogen una visi&#x00F3;n completa del conocimiento, aquella que integra ambas dimensiones, el conocimiento obtenido y el conocimiento construido por el profesorado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_es">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>). Y, mucho menos, encontramos modelos que incorporen las dos facetas de la construcci&#x00F3;n del conocimiento docente, aquella que incide internamente y aquella que lo hace de manera externa a la profesi&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Por otro lado, si queremos estudiar de manera operativa la cuesti&#x00F3;n del conocimiento educativo docente, es esencial partir de un enfoque de praxis que nos permita comprender con claridad en qu&#x00E9; consiste la pr&#x00E1;ctica profesional, es decir, qu&#x00E9; conocimiento requiere, c&#x00F3;mo se ejecuta ese conocimiento y qu&#x00E9; conocimiento se produce a partir de ella (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Por esta raz&#x00F3;n, en nuestra propuesta hemos partido de un modelo de agencia como elemento fundamental para nuestra investigaci&#x00F3;n sobre el conocimiento educativo docente.</p>
<p>Tras realizar una revisi&#x00F3;n de los modelos que se han ido elaborando en torno al conocimiento educativo y la agencia del profesorado seleccionamos aquellos que han ofrecido un marco operativo de indagaci&#x00F3;n: el modelo de la cumbre de PCK (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>) y el modelo de agencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> en su versi&#x00F3;n ampliada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_es">Leitjen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>. El primero muestra un marco consensuado sobre el conocimiento educativo que el docente posee y que es capaz de construir de manera interna a la profesi&#x00F3;n. Y el segundo ofrece un modelo operativo sobre qu&#x00E9; es y c&#x00F3;mo es alcanzada la agencia del profesorado.</p>
<p>El modelo que presentamos en este art&#x00ED;culo pretende ampliar la investigaci&#x00F3;n ya realizada sobre la agencia y el conocimiento educativo del profesorado. En concreto, la propuesta realizada integra la producci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento educativo como un elemento que completa y mejora los modelos seleccionados y explicados con anterioridad. Espec&#x00ED;ficamente, la principal aportaci&#x00F3;n de nuestro modelo es ubicar el conocimiento educativo docente como una dimensi&#x00F3;n din&#x00E1;mica y transversal de la agencia.</p>
<p>Con tal fin, hemos incorporado, en primer lugar, el modelo de la cumbre de PCK (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_es">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>) al modelo de agencia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_es">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>. Adem&#x00E1;s, hemos ampliado el modelo incorporando, por un lado, las interacciones entre los conocimientos que posee y produce el profesorado y las dimensiones de la agencia. Y, por otro, una categor&#x00ED;a de la producci&#x00F3;n de conocimiento (conocimiento de la comunidad profesional) que se corresponde con la dimensi&#x00F3;n proyectiva de la agencia y que tiene que ver con la capacidad del cuerpo docente de institucionalizar y transferir su conocimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_es">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Por &#x00FA;ltimo, para explicitar la relaci&#x00F3;n existente entre los conceptos de agencia y de conocimiento educativo docente hemos incorporado las din&#x00E1;micas profesionales colaborativas: la reflexi&#x00F3;n, la observaci&#x00F3;n, la discusi&#x00F3;n y la sistematizaci&#x00F3;n. Es decir, aquellos procedimientos que permiten al profesorado, a partir de su agencia, construir conocimiento educativo que surge de su pr&#x00E1;ctica educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-26953_es">Priestley &#x0026; Drew, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_es">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>). Un conocimiento sistem&#x00E1;tico y transferible a la propia profesi&#x00F3;n, pero, tambi&#x00E9;n, fuera de ella (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_es">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Nuestra prospectiva con este modelo es, en primer lugar, observar si nos sirve como marco operativo para indagar el conocimiento educativo que el docente es capaz de producir en las pr&#x00E1;cticas colaborativas. Al ser una propuesta te&#x00F3;rica debemos esperar a su aplicaci&#x00F3;n pr&#x00E1;ctica para poder obtener m&#x00E1;s informaci&#x00F3;n sobre su operatividad y, por tanto, discutir con claridad la aportaci&#x00F3;n te&#x00F3;rica del mismo. Sin embargo, consideramos que este modelo podr&#x00ED;a tener la capacidad de situar en un espacio m&#x00E1;s productivo, y en realidad superador, la cl&#x00E1;sica separaci&#x00F3;n heredada entre teor&#x00ED;a y praxis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_es">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_es">Domingo, 2020</xref>). Consideramos esta posibilidad porque el modelo que proponemos sit&#x00FA;a lo que se llama &#x201C;teor&#x00ED;a&#x201D; en educaci&#x00F3;n como una de las dimensiones de la praxis docente pues el profesorado, en su agencia, se relaciona con el conocimiento como un conjunto de herramientas (reglas y usos posibles) que pueden servir para responder a las situaciones educativas dadas y que prueban su valor en su operatividad con relaci&#x00F3;n potencial a una comunidad profesional y no, s&#x00F3;lo, como un conjunto de enunciados descriptivos sobre los fen&#x00F3;menos educativos que prueban su valor con relaci&#x00F3;n a una metodolog&#x00ED;a compartida por una comunidad de investigaci&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_es">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_es">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-26953_es">Willinghan &#x0026; Daniel, 2021</xref>). A pesar de esta consideraci&#x00F3;n, nos parece que queda fuera del alcance de este art&#x00ED;culo tal discusi&#x00F3;n por lo que pensamos que es una l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n relevante para explorar en el futuro.</p>
<p>En este sentido, consideramos que otra posible l&#x00ED;nea de investigaci&#x00F3;n es la de estudiar el procedimiento de transferencia del conocimiento educativo docente al exterior de la profesi&#x00F3;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_es">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). A pesar de que desborda el objeto de este art&#x00ED;culo, creemos que es fundamental plasmar, tal y como aparece en el modelo, la necesidad de que el conocimiento docente se sistematice y transfiera para introducirlo en el &#x00E1;rea de conocimiento que se denomina educaci&#x00F3;n informada por las evidencias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_es">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_es">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Consideramos que sin una clara intenci&#x00F3;n de contar con el conocimiento docente como parte del conocimiento educativo disponible ser&#x00E1; muy dif&#x00ED;cil conseguir la ansiada mejora educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>). La investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa, as&#x00ED; como los agentes pol&#x00ED;ticos y otros agentes sociales deben tener en cuenta y tomar en serio las evidencias que surgen de la pr&#x00E1;ctica de aula y que forman parte del conocimiento de la comunidad profesional del profesorado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_es">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_es">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Asimismo, los docentes deben comprometerse con el papel activo que les corresponde en este &#x00E1;mbito y buscar su fortalecimiento como una parte fundamental de su ejercicio profesional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_es">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-26953_es">Rup&#x00E9;rez, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>Por &#x00FA;ltimo, una consecuencia directa de asumir este enfoque sobre el conocimiento educativo docente y, por tanto, de comprometerse con las evidencias procedentes del aula, es apostar de manera decidida por orientar la gesti&#x00F3;n y la organizaci&#x00F3;n educativa de modo que faciliten las din&#x00E1;micas profesionales necesarias para que este conocimiento se construya y se transfiera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_es">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_es">Medina, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_es">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>). Tambi&#x00E9;n, para que se creen los espacios y estructuras necesarios para que la evidencia educativa surja de la retroalimentaci&#x00F3;n constante entre la investigaci&#x00F3;n y la pr&#x00E1;ctica de aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-26953_es">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) y, por tanto, se pueda constituir un sistema educativo s&#x00F3;lido y sostenible informado en las mejores evidencias educativas disponibles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_es">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-26953_es">Willinghan &#x0026; Daniel, 2021</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1_es"><label>1.</label> <p>Investigaci&#x00F3;n en el marco del proyecto <italic>&#x201C;#Lobbyingteachers: fundamentos te&#x00F3;ricos, estructuras pol&#x00ED;ticas y pr&#x00E1;cticas sociales de las relaciones p&#x00FA;blico-privadas en materia de profesorado en Espa&#x00F1;a</italic>&#x201D;. (Ref. PID2019-104566RA-I00). De la Convocatoria 2019 del Programa Estatal de I+D+I.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<ref id="ref-38-26953_es"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Willinghan</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names> &#x0026;</string-name> <string-name><surname>Daniel</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></string-name></person-group> <year>2021</year> <article-title>Making Education Research Relevant. How research can give teachers more choices</article-title> <source><italic>Education Next</italic></source> <volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.educationnext.org/making-education-research-relevant-how-researchers-can-give-teachers-more-choices/">https://www.educationnext.org/making-education-research-relevant-how-researchers-can-give-teachers-more-choices/</ext-link></element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Willinghan, D., &#x0026; Daniel, D. (2021). Making Education Research Relevant. How research can give teachers more choices. <italic>Education Next</italic>, <italic>21</italic>(2). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.educationnext.org/making-education-research-relevant-how-researchers-can-give-teachers-more-choices/">https://www.educationnext.org/making-education-research-relevant-how-researchers-can-give-teachers-more-choices/</ext-link></mixed-citation>
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</ref>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">teri.26953</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/teri.26953</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE IN TEACHER AGENCY: A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es"><italic>El papel del conocimiento en la agencia docente: un modelo te&#x00F3;rico de comprensi&#x00F3;n<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1_en"><sup>1</sup></xref></italic></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>VER&#x00C1;STEGUI MART&#x00CD;NEZ</surname>
<given-names>Macarena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>*</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>&#x00DA;BEDA G&#x00D3;MEZ</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>**</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c4"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff3">
<label><sup>*</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Fundaci&#x00F3;n Promaestro Universidad Aut&#x00F3;noma de Madrid. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Fundaci&#x00F3;n Promaestro</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad Aut&#x00F3;noma de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-1630">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-1630</ext-link>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label><sup>**</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Fundaci&#x00F3;n Promaestro Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Fundaci&#x00F3;n Promaestro</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9286-6247">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9286-6247</ext-link>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c3"><email>macarena.verastegui@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<corresp id="c4"><email>jubeda@promaestro.org</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>237</fpage>
<lpage>255</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>16</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>23</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2022 Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Licencia CC BY-NC-ND. Licencia de Creative Commons Atribuci&#x00F3;n-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional Universidad de Salamanca. Su comercializaci&#x00F3;n est&#x00E1; sujeta al permiso del editor</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Teacher knowledge is a fundamental subject in educational research as there is evidence for its impact on the improvement of educational systems. However, most of the published research provides a partial and incomplete view of this question, as it features research models of limited effectiveness or ones that distort the concept studied. To overcome these constraints and effectively study teacher educational knowledge, it is necessary to start from a teacher-agency focus, which enables us to understand clearly what professional practice comprises. The aim of this article is to offer a theoretical and methodological model that links teacher agency to the educational knowledge that teachers are capable of producing. To do so, we have done critical-reflective work on the existing documentation and the concepts in play, starting from two models for understanding: the model of the Pedagogical Content Knowledge Summit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms, &#x0026; Stoke, 2013</xref>) and the ecological model of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley et al. (2015)</xref> regarding teacher agency. As a result, we offer a model that links the concepts of teacher agency and teacher knowledge, and which expands understanding of teacher knowledge by adding two dimensions to it: (1) knowledge that teachers acquire and possess; and (2) knowledge that teachers produce within and outside the profession. Our consideration of this model involves observing whether it is useful for studying the educational knowledge that teachers are capable of creating through reflective and collaborative practices and for positioning in a more productive space the inherited classic gap between theory and praxis.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>El conocimiento del profesorado es un objeto de estudio fundamental para la investigaci&#x00F3;n educativa desde que existe evidencia del impacto que tiene en la mejora de los sistemas educativos. Sin embargo, la mayor&#x00ED;a de las investigaciones desarrolladas presentan una visi&#x00F3;n parcial e incompleta sobre esta cuesti&#x00F3;n, ya que ofrecen modelos de indagaci&#x00F3;n poco operativos o que sesgan el constructo estudiado. Para superar estas limitaciones y estudiar de manera operativa la cuesti&#x00F3;n del conocimiento educativo docente es esencial partir de un enfoque de agencia del profesorado que permita comprender con claridad en qu&#x00E9; consiste la pr&#x00E1;ctica profesional. El objetivo de este art&#x00ED;culo es ofrecer un modelo te&#x00F3;rico y metodol&#x00F3;gico que vincule la agencia del profesorado con el conocimiento educativo que el docente es capaz de producir. Para ello hemos desarrollado un trabajo cr&#x00ED;tico-reflexivo sobre la documentaci&#x00F3;n existente y los conceptos en juego, partiendo de dos modelos de comprensi&#x00F3;n: el modelo de la cumbre del Conocimiento de Contenido Pedag&#x00F3;gico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>) y el modelo ecol&#x00F3;gico de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley et al. (2015)</xref> sobre la agencia. Como resultado, ofrecemos un modelo que recoge el concepto de agencia y de conocimiento docente y que ampl&#x00ED;a la comprensi&#x00F3;n de este &#x00FA;ltimo constructo a partir de la inclusi&#x00F3;n de dos dimensiones: (1) el conocimiento que adquiere y posee y (2) el conocimiento que produce ad intra y ad extra de la profesi&#x00F3;n. Nuestra prospectiva con este modelo es observar si nos sirve como marco operativo para indagar el conocimiento educativo que el docente es capaz de producir en las pr&#x00E1;cticas reflexivas y colaborativas y situar en un espacio m&#x00E1;s productivo la cl&#x00E1;sica separaci&#x00F3;n heredada entre teor&#x00ED;a y praxis.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords</italic>:</title>
<kwd>pedagogical content knowledge</kwd>
<kwd>praxis</kwd>
<kwd>reflective teaching</kwd>
<kwd>observation</kwd>
<kwd>communities of practice</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title><italic>Palabras clave</italic>:</title>
<kwd>Conocimiento de contenido pedag&#x00F3;gico</kwd>
<kwd>praxis</kwd>
<kwd>ense&#x00F1;anza reflexiva</kwd>
<kwd>observaci&#x00F3;n</kwd>
<kwd>comunidades de pr&#x00E1;cticas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-26953_en" sec-type="introduction">
<label><bold>1.</bold></label>
<title><bold>I<sc>ntroduction</sc></bold></title>
<p>Since 1980, the knowledge of teachers has been a very important line of research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_en">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>), its main aim being to understand what this knowledge is and what it comprises. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_en">Shulman (1987)</xref> was one of the first authors to tackle this question (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Although, since the beginning, research has considered not only what this knowledge comprises but also how teachers are capable of generating it, most of the work done has started from a static idea of the construct, in other words, treating it as a phenomenon gained on the basis of training and professional experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_en">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>The models based on a dynamic idea of knowledge, like <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_en">Shulman&#x2019;s (1987)</xref> and that of the Pedagogical Content Knowledge Summit (PCK) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>), start from a focus in which teacher knowledge is produced and expanded while carrying out teaching practice. Nonetheless, this construction of educational knowledge is limited to within the profession, in other words, it reflects how teachers add the body of knowledge needed to do their work to their initial know-how on the basis of training they receive, their working context, and the learning achievements of the students. Accordingly, teachers develop a broad body of knowledge that comprises PCK (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_en">Medina, 2006</xref>).</p>
<p>This focus on PCK as a construct that is created and expanded through teaching praxis is set out clearly in the model of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms and Stokes (2013)</xref>. During the PCK Summit, these researchers made an effort to combine the different pre-existing models relating to this question into an accepted unified model to act as a framework for understanding this construct. Nonetheless, this model limits itself to production of knowledge within the teaching profession, and so the view of the teacher as someone who creates educational knowledge that is projected outside of the profession does not appear in the literature relating to this line of research.</p>
<p>Despite this, the question of the teacher as creator of knowledge that has an effect outside the profession is not new and many authors view the profession in this way (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-26953_en">Rup&#x00E9;rez, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_en">Shulman, 1987</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-26953_en">Zeichner &#x0026; Liston, 1996</xref>). This question has been given considerable attention in the field of action research as it starts from the idea of the teacher as an agent who participates in research and not just as the research subject (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-26953_en">Kemmis, 2006</xref>), and so it appears to be one of the best ways for the teacher, along with the research team, to generate educational knowledge. Nonetheless, although this has been shown to be an effective model, teachers have other ways, closer to their work, of exploring their practice that also enable them to produce educational knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_en">Croll, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_en">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_en">Reis-Jorge, <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>From this outlook, much of the literature has focussed on tackling this question from the perspective of the processes needed for teachers to create educational knowledge. As a result, there is a large amount of literature on the importance of reflection for teachers to become researchers in their practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_en">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_en">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>), on observation so that teachers can collect evidence about the educational practice they perform (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-26953_en">Burgess <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-26953_en">Firestone &#x0026; Donaldson, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-26953_en">Roth <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), on the importance of belonging to professional learning communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-26953_en">Moreno, 2018</xref>), and on teachers&#x2019; capacity to systematise the evidence collected from practice and compare it with evidence from educational research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_en">Croll, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-26953_en">Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-26953_en">Perines, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>In addition, other research has focussed not so much on how knowledge is produced but on its source. In this sense, teachers are the producers of the knowledge generated in their educational practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_en">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_en">Shulman, 1987</xref>). As this is a practical reality, theory of action is the theoretical framework from which this construct has been approached, with one of its main objectives being to understand what teachers&#x2019; praxis comprises (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-26953_en">Dewey, 1933</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-26953_en">Gonz&#x00E1;lez, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). While it is true that there have been notable advances in the understanding of this phenomenon, some questions still remain to be clarified that directly affect how the teaching profession is understood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_en">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-26953_en">Medina &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-26953_en">Perines, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-26953_en">Vi&#x00F1;ao, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Pragmatism has been a decisive philosophical influence on educational thought throughout the 20th century (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_en">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-26953_en">Dewey, 1933</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-26953_en">Thoilliez, 2013</xref>), helping provide an understanding of what the teaching profession and educational practice comprise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). In this regard, the research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestly <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, built on pragmatist foundations, makes a notable contribution, incorporating the ecological focus into the description of teacher agency. From this focus, an understanding of agency is obtained on the basis of the interactions between its various elements (individual effort, available resources, and contextual and structural factors). It is through this idea of the interrelation between the elements that the contextual keys, which have little prominence in earlier literature, come to play a key role in this focus, as they are necessary to achieve an in-depth, tailored understanding of teaching praxis and, therefore, of teachers&#x2019; professional capacity to take decisions and act to benefit students&#x2019; learning process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_en">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Nonetheless, we still do not have a unified model that integrates the capacity of teachers to construct knowledge both within the profession (a body of knowledge that teachers generate and incorporate) and outside it (educational knowledge that teachers transfer to the rest of the community) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_en">Biesta, <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). In other words, the production of educational knowledge by teachers is a dynamic and transversal dimension of agency.</p>
<p>The aim of this work is to provide a theoretical and methodological model that links teacher agency to the educational knowledge that teachers can produce. To do so, we start from two models of comprehension. Firstly, the model from the PCK Summit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>) of the knowledge that teachers possess. Secondly, the ecological focus of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> on teacher agency (following the expanded version of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>) and, therefore, on how knowledge is implemented in practice. Drawing on these two models, the dynamic of production of educational knowledge by teachers is incorporated, taking into account the processes that have been identified as fundamental for this construction: reflection, observation, discussion, and systematisation.</p>
<p>To do this, we have followed the reading, thinking and writing method (Trilla, 2005 cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-26953_en">Thoilliez, 2013</xref>), based on reflexive work involving a careful exercise of reading and documentation that has made it possible to develop an understanding and a critical discussion of the concepts in play. As a result, we offer a model that synthesises and brings together the concepts of teacher agency and teacher knowledge, and expands the understanding of teacher knowledge by incorporating both dimensions of teachers&#x2019; educational knowledge: (1) knowledge that teachers acquire and possess; and (2) knowledge that teachers produce within and outside the profession.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-26953_en">
<label><bold>2.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>he potential of reflective practice</sc></bold></title>
<p>Within professions, and especially in teaching, reflection has been defined through the concept of reflective practice, with the incorporation of this concept into the world of education beginning with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-26953_en">Dewey (1933)</xref>. However, this concept is especially important when political agendas and research make teachers essential agents in the quality of education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-26953_en">Rup&#x00E9;rez, 2014</xref>). Reflection by teachers on their practice becomes one of the key factors for improving education and one of the vital processes for strengthening the profession (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-26953_en">Rup&#x00E9;rez, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_en">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>We can, therefore, understand reflective practice as the capacity to develop pedagogical judgement that makes it possible to approach educational reality in a critical, well thought-through, shared and systematic way, with the aim of approaching it adequately, creating knowledge of one&#x2019;s own professional activity and seeking ways to improve it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_en">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-26953_en">Zeichener &#x0026; Liston, 1996</xref>).</p>
<p>From this framework, various authors have researched reflexive practice, considering its types and levels with the aim of understanding how it boosts teachers&#x2019; agency and encourages the creation of educational knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_en">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>).</p>
<p>The model of understanding we propose starts from two fundamental contributions regarding reflexive practice and its relationship with educational knowledge: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_en">Sch&#x00F6;n&#x2019;s typology (1984)</xref> and the expanded model of teacher agency of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>. Firstly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_en">Sch&#x00F6;n&#x2019;s distinction (1984)</xref> regarding practical thought (knowing in action, reflection in action, and reflection on action) is still one of the most notable typologies on this question. We also accept the expansion of the work of this author that <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-26953_en">Killion and Todnem (1991)</xref> carried out, adding reflection for action, through which the projective dimension of action is incorporated. Secondly, the model of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref> links levels of reflection with the achievement of agency.</p>
<p>The levels of reflection mentioned form part of a continuum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>) that ranges from the use of tacit and implicit knowledge to the sharing of a rigorous and systematised knowledge of educational practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-26953_en">Killion &#x0026; Todnem, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_en">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>). This levelling fundamentally depends on how reflexive practice is carried out and what is obtained from it, in other words, what agency is achieved and what type of educational knowledge is mobilised and implemented (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). To understand this question, it is necessary to pay attention to the professional dynamics in play, as well as the tools used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>). For this reason, in the comprehension model we collect three professional dynamics aimed at achieving a level of reflection that fosters the creation of systematic and explicit educational knowledge: observation, discussion, and systematisation of practice with other teachers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_en">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_en">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_en">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-3-26953_en">
<label>2.1.</label>
<title><italic>The gaze that improves: observation of educational practice</italic></title>
<p>Firstly, rigorous and systematic observation of educational practice is one of the essential tools for reflective practice if the objective is to create educational knowledge that can be transferred to the rest of the system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-26953_en">Contreras &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez de Lara, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-26953_en">Roth <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Observation being systematic means, as &#x00DA;beda observes (2018, p. 5), that: (i) it is done in accordance with aims directed at improvement; (ii) it fits observation criteria drawn up by the teachers; (iii) it is done using various tools that facilitate observation; and (iv) it occupies a specific space in classroom time.</p>
<p>Systematic observation of practice should be incorporated both in its individual dimension &#x2013;self-observation&#x2013; and its professional dimension &#x2013; peer observation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-26953_en">Spencer, 2014</xref>). Thanks to it, reflection takes shape over time, because it formulates educational objectives to achieve that relate to specific practices and it determines the channels that make it possible to systematise observation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_en">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>). In this way, teachers can reduce bias in the subsequent evaluation of educational practices and obtain evidence about what does and does not work in the classroom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-26953_en">Burgess, <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-26953_en">Firestone &#x0026; Donaldson, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-26953_en">Roth <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-26953_en">Spencer, 2014</xref>). Observation therefore makes it possible to approach practice with the aim of researching it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-26953_en">Contreras &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez de Lara, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_en">Croll, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>On these lines, many authors have underscored the need for teachers to be capable of doing research in the classroom to assess the effectiveness of their practices and to be capable of detecting where there is a need for improvement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-26953_en">Contreras &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez de Lara, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_en">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_en">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-26953_en">Zeichner &#x0026; Liston, 1996</xref>). Observation understood as a process of collecting information is vital for carrying out research in the classroom and so for creating knowledge with the aim of improving the quality of the teaching&#x2013;learning process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_en">Croll, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>This observation can be done in various ways. However, for teachers to increase their agency and produce knowledge, participation by other colleagues is necessary, either directly (peer observation) or indirectly (recording sessions) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-26953_en">Spencer, 2014</xref>). In this way we come to recognise the importance of the professional community and of discussion as a fundamental dynamic for knowledge creation by teachers.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-26953_en">
<label>2.2.</label>
<title><italic>The professional community: the role of colleagues in educational debate</italic></title>
<p>The processes of reflection and observation that are typical of enquiry in the classroom must be framed within a professional learning community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-26953_en">Moreno, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_en">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-26953_en">Spencer, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_en">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>). Teacher knowledge derives from educational experience built collaboratively in school settings to meet the educational needs of students more precisely (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-26953_en">Contreras &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez Lara, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_en">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>As we have argued, the individual capacity of the teacher plays a fundamental role when achieving agency and building knowledge of one&#x2019;s practice. However, it is only one of the elements involved, as structural, social and material questions also influence these processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Therefore, it is important to focus one&#x2019;s gaze on the professional community and establish which actions are important from the perspective of this collective and institutionalised dimension of the teaching profession (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_en">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>). This information is key when political decisions can support or disincentivise teachers in achieving agency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-26953_en">Priestley &#x0026; Drew, 2019</xref>) and, ultimately, as we argue in this article, in constructing educational knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_en">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-26953_en">Moreno, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>The capacity of teachers to build knowledge requires a collegial vision of the degree of evidence for the available educational practices and theories that guide practice in the classroom and educational centre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>). With this objective, it is vital to have spaces and times in the school setting for teachers to discuss such evidence and, through observation, be capable as a group of discerning which pedagogical processes currently give the best results in their students&#x2019; learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-26953_en">Priestley &#x0026; Drew, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Ultimately, collegial educational discussion enables the teaching profession to improve its pedagogical judgement, put in place a high-impact professional culture, and foster continuous learning aimed at improvement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_en">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-26953_en">Priestley &#x0026; Drew, 2019</xref>). Nevertheless, it must be systematic and systematised if it is to be an institutionalised professional action and not just an arbitrary one (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_en">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>). This last requirement completes the cycle of knowledge construction, on the one hand incorporating a dynamic that is internal to the profession and, on the other, permitting its transfer to the rest of the educational system.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-26953_en">
<label>2.3.</label>
<title><italic>The systematisation of educational practice: a preliminary step before transfer</italic></title>
<p>The systematisation of educational practice is fundamental for creating knowledge on the basis of it and so being able to institutionalise and share it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_en">Groundwater- Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Such systematisation is done on the basis of collaborative and contextualised processes that reveal a high level of achievement in the agency of the teaching team involved (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_en">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Firstly, systematisation requires shared and objective criteria that make it possible to establish what works best in the classrooms in relation to the teaching&#x2013;learning processes used in the schools (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_en">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>). Knowledge about what does and does not work in each school makes it possible to improve practice, create a collaborative culture of continuous learning, and also institutionalise the educational practices that work best (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_en">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>). In this way, all of the teachers in a school will work on the basis of a shared outlook and focus, collaboratively accepting the challenge of ensuring all of the students&#x2019; learning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_en">Biesta, 2007</xref>). That is to say, it would enable teachers to achieve effective performance, approaching the task of ensuring that all of the students learn and acquire the competences that the educational institution considers essential (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Secondly, the professional assessment criteria put teaching profession in a position of greater authority with regards to the community and the educational system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_en">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>); through the evidence generated on the basis of its practice, it can set out how it has responded to the needs of the school and what is the value of these educational responses, something that involves contributing knowledge that is necessary for the educational system as a whole. This information is of vital importance for school leaders as it will enable them to put the organisational dimension of schools at the service of pedagogy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>). Similarly, educational decision makers from the political sphere should embrace this information as a valuable asset for fitting political and administrative measures to the pedagogical needs of the educational centres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-26953_en">Vi&#x00F1;ao, 2018</xref>). Finally, academic and disciplinary research could direct part of their interest towards corroborating and exploring the evidence from teachers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-26953_en">Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-26953_en">Perines, 2018</xref>), to provide a balance between research and practice, fostering a process of continuous feedback between them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-26953_en">Croll, 1995</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-26953_en">
<label><bold>3.</bold></label>
<title><bold>P<sc>raxis as a key concept: the teaching agency</sc></bold></title>
<p>Praxis is a complex construct, and defining it is an ongoing epistemic challenge, especially when we aim to understand what type of practice teaching is and what it comprises (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-26953_en">Medina &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-26953_en">Perines, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-26953_en">Vi&#x00F1;ao, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-26953_en">Zeichner &#x0026; Liston, 1996</xref>). Despite this, a number of authors have tackled this question, making efforts to define and delineate the concept (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-26953_en">Dewey, 1933</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-26953_en">Gonz&#x00E1;lez, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen, <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>In this article, we use the concept of agency provided by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestly <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, which proceeds from pragmatism, to consider the question of teaching praxis. Its main contribution is the addition of the ecological focus to the theory of action, in other words, adding to our understanding of teaching action, the interaction between the various elements that comprise it. By agency we mean the overall professional capacity of the teacher that emerges from the interaction between teachers&#x2019; capacity to formulate possibilities for action, active consideration of such possibilities and the exercise of choice, and contextual factors, that is to say, the social, material and cultural structures that influence human behaviour (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>, p. 23). Therefore, teaching agency is &#x201C;both a temporal and a relational phenomenon; it is something that occurs over time and is about the relations between actors and the environments in and through which they act&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>, p. 40).</p>
<p>This concept of agency can be found in other authors, for example in the theory of action set out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-26953_en">Gonz&#x00E1;lez (1997)</xref>, in which he breaks praxis down into four concepts (acts, actions, deeds, and activities). The last of these, activity, is the one that enables &#x201C;authors&#x201D; (&#x201C;actors&#x201D; in the case of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) to choose a deed (meaningful action) from among various possibilities.</p>
<p>The model of agency of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestly <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> not only includes individuals&#x2019; capacities as a core element of it, but also how this capacity interacts with other factors (contextual, biographic, etc.). Therefore, they understand agency to be a phenomenon that is achieved in and through contexts, in other words, it cannot be understood without taking into account the interactions between the different dimensions that comprise it. There are three of these dimensions: the iterational, the projective and the practical-evaluative (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Firstly, the iterational dimension comprises previous experience (both personal and professional), in other words, individual capacity (skills and knowledge), of beliefs and values. In it, mental schemas are created that make it possible to act with a certain &#x201C;<italic>habitus</italic>&#x201D; and, therefore, perform professionally in an appropriate way, as well as to design and direct educational practice on the basis of the knowledge acquired in their period of initial training and throughout their professional careers.</p>
<p>Secondly, the projective dimension, influenced directly by the previous dimension, is linked to the goals that guide practice towards the creation of a different future (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The goals pursued have an influence when taking decisions in practice and are linked to teachers&#x2019; values and beliefs. It is vital to take into account how mechanisms for evaluating performance play a vital role when shaping professional aims, which tend to fit in with social norms and expectations. This statement leads to appraisal of what type of policies are developed in the long term to influence the projective dimension of teachers, ultimately in order to benefit the students (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Thirdly and finally, teaching agency includes the practical-evaluative dimension, in other words, the one that focusses on the present and occurs in the workplace. That is to say, the perceptions and interpretations that teachers create on the basis of the cultural, structural, and material conditions in which they do their work and, on the facilities, limitations, and resources available to them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). This is why this dimension has a great influence on the achievement of agency as it profoundly shapes the dimensions and action of the teacher, fostering or inhibiting agency. On the one hand, it allows teachers to know what is possible in practical terms in a given situation, and on the other, it enables them to evaluate the challenges that exist in that situation and the possibilities for action in each of them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Ultimately, the fundamental contribution of these authors is to offer an ecological focus on the conceptualisation of agency. In other words, they see it not only as individuals&#x2019; capacity to act, but also as a phenomenon they achieve in and within contexts that continuously change over time and are directed towards the past, future, and present (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>, p. 25). The idea that teachers achieve agency (and do not already have it) in order to act in a certain way enables us to position teacher knowledge as a phenomenon that emerges in two ways: as something that emerges in a given situation based on the capacity to take decisions and act in a given educational context and as produced knowledge that needs to be systematised and transferred.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-26953_en">
<label><bold>4.</bold></label>
<title><bold>T<sc>he emergence of teacher educational knowledge</sc></bold></title>
<p>As we have already seen, reflecting on practice is a vital activity for the teaching profession (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-26953_en">Medina &#x0026; P&#x00E9;rez, 2017</xref>). Nonetheless, when we add observation, collegiality, systematisation, and transference to this action, we find ourselves with a much broader and more complex phenomenon: the construction of educational knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_en">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_en">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>When speaking of teacher educational knowledge, we refer to the set of statements about the validity of educational practices based on systematised observation &#x2013; searching for evidence &#x2013; and the discussion of results on the basis of criteria. This set of statements is also part of a process of discussion between teachers and of transfer beyond the context of execution of practice. This is why teaching agency is, at the same time, a condition of possibility for educational knowledge and its source (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-26953_en">Shulman, 1987</xref>).</p>
<p>When defining the construct, as we find it in the literature, teacher educational knowledge is understood in two different ways that often seem not to be connected (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). On the one hand, there&#x2019;s the form that comprises this concept as the body of knowledge that makes the professionals as a group into &#x201C;good teachers&#x201D; (formal knowledge), which is usually prescribed by agents outside the profession. And on the other, the form that approaches the concept from the focus of the knowledge that teachers are capable of creating based on their educational practice (practical knowledge) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_en">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>), that enables them to improve teaching&#x2013;learning processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-26953_en">Poulou <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Both dimensions of knowledge form part of teacher agency and, therefore, complement one another. However, the existing models relating to this question do not include both and certainly do not link the question of teacher knowledge to professional agency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Furthermore, practical knowledge has often been to the detriment of formal knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_en">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>), something that is apparent in research, which has on the whole considered what knowledge teachers have and how it is executed in practice and has paid much less attention to how teachers produce knowledge that is projected both inside and outside the profession (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_en">Medina, 2006</xref>).</p>
<p>Within this last type, literature on action-research has studied this concept of teacher knowledge the most. However, although teachers cannot always join in with these processes of research, they continue to generate educational knowledge that is of value (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-26953_en">Kemmis, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_en">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) and which it is therefore necessary to take into consideration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-26953_en">Poulou <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). On the other hand, the other authors who investigate the question of teacher educational knowledge from this empowering focus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_en">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-26953_en">Villar Angulo, 1995</xref>) do not capture a complete vision of the construction of knowledge. In other words, an ecological and systemic vision of the phenomenon that requires interaction between the different elements and dimensions that comprise it and, therefore, of community processes &#x2013; inside and outside the school &#x2013; both in their generation and in their transfer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_en">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>It is in this sense that the model we provide in this article sets out to resolve this question, incorporating teacher knowledge into the agency model from a dynamic and transversal focus, which makes it possible to approach the phenomenon from a systematic perspective that includes, on the one hand, the knowledge teachers possess and that which they produce and transfer and, on the other hand, the relationships between them. In this way, we achieve a working model for research, that makes it possible to explore the phenomenon of teacher educational knowledge and teacher agency, while taking into account the relationship between them.</p>
<p>To do so, we start from the model of agency of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestly <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> with its three constituent dimensions: iterational, practical-evaluative and projective. Furthermore, we have taken into account the expansion of the model of agency by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, as these authors consider in greater depth the elements of each dimension and also incorporate reflection as a necessary process for achieving the agency that allows teachers to create knowledge in their practice.</p>
<p>Moreover, with the objective of integrating the phenomenon of teacher educational knowledge with the agency model, we have incorporated the various types of knowledge that teachers possess into the model agreed on during the PCK Summit in 2013 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>). So, in our model we include teachers&#x2019; basic knowledge and their subject-specific professional knowledge in the iterational dimension, and their knowledge of classroom practice in the practical-evaluative dimension. We have also added several other elements: (i) interactions between the types of knowledge mentioned above; (ii) knowledge produced by the teacher; (iii) collective and professional elements that have an influence on teaching agency and on the production of this contextual knowledge (educational community and professional community); and (iv) a new category in the projective dimension that we have called knowledge of the professional community, which makes it possible to institutionalise and spread the knowledge produced by teachers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_en">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Furthermore, we have kept the proposal from the PCK model in which students&#x2019; results are a fundamental element of teachers&#x2019; educational knowledge. However, we include it not only as an influential part of the process of teacher knowledge production but also as a part that benefits from it. In this sense, we also note other agents that affect the process of knowledge transfer: political decisions and administration, research, and other educational agents.</p>
<p>Finally, the most significant contribution of this model is the link between the concept of agency and the concept of teacher educational knowledge. This connection is established on the basis of the professional dynamics we set out at the start of this article: reflection, observation, discussion, and systematisation. In the case of reflection, we have distinguished three levels depending on the moment in which it takes place: reflection in action, reflection on action, and reflection for action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-26953_en">Killion &#x0026; Todnem, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_en">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>).</p>
<fig id="fig-1-26953_en">
<label>F<sc>igure</sc> 1</label>
<caption><title>S<sc>ystemic model of teacher educational knowledg</sc>e</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-26953_en.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Based on the model of agency of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestly <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, the expanded version of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref> and the model from the PCK Summit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>)</attrib>
</fig>
<p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-26953_en">Figure 1</xref> shows, reflection is understood to be a form of knowledge that guides action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-26953_en">Sch&#x00F6;n, 1984</xref>) and also as the thing that favours the setting out of knowledge that derives from training and experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). In the same way, observation, discussion, and the systematisation of educational practice are carried out by the teacher when the objective is to produce educational knowledge. Educational knowledge, which is influenced by the three dimensions of agency but also shapes them, as in the case of the iterational and projective dimensions. In the case of the practical-evaluative dimension, the interaction is more recursive; given that teachers decide and act in a given context, they are capable of creating educational knowledge, which in turn broadens and advances the knowledge they possess regarding classroom practice and so enhances their achievement of agency.</p>
<p>Finally, the model presents how teachers can share their knowledge with the rest of the educational community and, in turn, how this community directly influences the knowledge that teachers produce and that, as we have explained, is incorporated into the different dimensions that comprise agency.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-26953_en" sec-type="discussion">
<label><bold>5.</bold></label>
<title><bold>D<sc>iscussion and future perspectives</sc></bold></title>
<p>Teacher educational knowledge has been and continues to be an important area of study in educational research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_en">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>). However, most of the research carried out presents a partial and incomplete vision of this question (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_en">Medina, 2006</xref>). On the one hand, there is research that shows the educational knowledge that teachers incorporate in order to be a good professional, normally obtained, from the formative field and from research; and on the other hand, there is work that approaches research from the knowledge that the teacher is capable of constructing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Furthermore, in this second type, there are few references that incorporate both the internal and outward-looking dimensions of the construction of teacher knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_en">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_en">Medina, 2006</xref>). This is why we say that this line of research is incomplete.</p>
<p>Similarly, in the accepted models of teacher educational knowledge, two limitations are apparent. The first is that most of the models are not operational and, therefore, do not make it possible to examine the situation studied. Secondly, the operative models do not contain a complete vision of the knowledge, one that integrates both the dimensions of the knowledge obtained and the dimension of the knowledge constructed by teachers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-26953_en">Fern&#x00E1;ndez, 2014</xref>). And, to a much lesser extent, we find models that incorporate both facets of the construction of teacher knowledge, the one that has an internal effect and the one that has an effect outside the profession.</p>
<p>On the other hand, if we want to study the question of teacher educational knowledge at an operational level, it is essential to start from a praxis focus that allows us to comprehend clearly what professional practice comprises, in other words, what knowledge it requires, how this knowledge is executed, and what knowledge is produced on the basis of it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leijen <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). For this reason, we started in our proposal with a model of agency as a fundamental element in our research into teacher educational knowledge.</p>
<p>After reviewing the models that have been developed around educational knowledge and teacher agency, we selected the ones that offer an operative framework for inquiry: the PCK Summit model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>) and the agency model of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> in the version of it expanded by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-26953_en">Leitjen <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>. The former provides an agreed framework for the educational knowledge that teachers possess and are capable of building from within the profession. The latter provides a working model of what teacher agency is and how it is achieved.</p>
<p>The model we present in this article is intended to build on existing research into teacher agency and educational knowledge. In particular, the proposal we make integrates the production of educational knowledge as an element that completes and improves on the models selected and explained above. Specifically, the main contribution of our model is to locate teachers&#x2019; educational knowledge as a dynamic and transversal dimension of agency.</p>
<p>To this end we first included the model of the PCK Summit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-26953_en">Helms &#x0026; Stokes, 2013</xref>) in the agency model of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-26953_en">Priestley <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>. We then expanded the model by incorporating the interactions between the knowledge teachers possess and produce and the dimensions of agency. And, in addition, a category of knowledge production (knowledge of the professional community) that corresponds with the projective dimension of agency and relates to the capacity of teachers as a group to institutionalise and transfer their knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_en">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Finally, to explain the relationship between the concepts of agency and teacher educational knowledge, we included collaborative professional dynamics: reflection, observation, discussion, and systematisation. In other words, the procedures that allow teachers, on the basis of their agency, to construct educational knowledge that derives from their educational practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-26953_en">Priestley &#x0026; Drew, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-26953_en">Ver&#x00E1;stegui, 2019</xref>). A knowledge that is systematic and can be transferred both within the profession and also outside it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-26953_en">&#x00DA;beda, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Our approach with this model is first to observe whether it provides us with an operational framework for examining the educational knowledge that teachers are capable of producing in collaborative practices. As it is a theoretical proposal, we must await its practical application to obtain more information about its functionality and so be able to discuss its theoretical contribution with clarity. However, we believe that this model could have the capacity to situate the classical inherited separation of theory and praxis in a space that is more productive and actually goes beyond this separation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_en">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-26953_en">Domingo, 2020</xref>). We consider this possibility because the model we propose situates &#x201C;theory&#x201D; in education as one of the dimensions of teaching praxis given that teachers, in their agency, relate to knowledge as a set of tools (potential rules and customs) that can be used to react to given educational situations and which demonstrate their value in their capacity that potentially relates to a professional community and not just as a set of descriptive statements about educational phenomena that prove their value in relation to a methodology shared by a research community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_en">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_en">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-26953_en">Willinghan &#x0026; Daniel, 2021</xref>). Despite this consideration, it seems to us that such a debate falls outside the scope of this article and so we suggest that it would be an interesting line of research to pursue in future.</p>
<p>Similarly, we believe that another possible line of research would be to study the procedure for transferring teacher educational knowledge outside the profession (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_en">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Although it goes beyond the scope of this article, we believe that it is fundamental to set out, as it appears in the model, the need for teacher knowledge to be made systematic and transferred to introduce it in the area of knowledge known as evidence-based education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_en">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_en">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). We believe that without a clear intention to make teaching knowledge part of educational knowledge, it will be very difficult to achieve the desired educational improvement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>). Educational research, as well as political agents and other agents in society, must take into account and take seriously the evidence that comes from classroom practice and forms part of the knowledge of the professional community of teachers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_en">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-26953_en">Groundwater-Smith <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Similarly, educators must commit to the active role that corresponds to them in this field and seek to strengthen it as a fundamental part of their professional practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-26953_en">Reis-Jorge <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-26953_en">Rup&#x00E9;rez, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>Finally, a direct consequence of accepting this focus on the teacher educational knowledge and, consequently, of committing to the evidence coming from the classroom, is to back decisively the orientation of educational management and organisation in a way that facilitates the necessary professional dynamics for the construction and transfer of this knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-26953_en">Malpica, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-26953_en">Medina, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-26953_en">Moya &#x0026; Luengo, 2019</xref>). And also so that the spaces and structures necessary for educational evidence are created from constant feedback between research and classroom practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-26953_en">Biesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) and, therefore, a solid and sustainable educational system can be built guided by the best available educational evidence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-26953_en">Biesta, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-26953_en">Willinghan &#x0026; Daniel, 2021</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1_en"><label>1.</label> <p>Research undertaken as part of the project <italic>&#x201C;#Lobbyingteachers: theoretical foundations, political structures and social practices of public-private relations regarding teachers in Spain</italic>&#x201D;. (Ref. PID2019-104566RA-I00). From the 2019 Call of the State R&#x0026;D Programme.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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